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THE  ENCYCLOPEDIA 


Face  and  Form  Reading 

HOW  TO  READ  CHARACTER  AND  PERSONAL  CHARACTERISTICS 
BY  THE  GENERAL  APPEARANCE 

Practical  and  Scientific  Physiognomy  " 


A  Systematic  Manual  of  Instruction  Based  upon  WELL-ESTAHLisiiKn  1'kix- 
ciPLEs  OF  Anatomy  and  Physiology.    Readily  Cojii'kk- 

HKNSIBLE  to  THE  GENERAL   READER 


By  MARY  OLMSTED  STANTON 


ID  scikntTfitti 


AUTHDR  or  "A  rRAirrii:Ai.  and  sciKNflrir  trratise  on  phtsiognomt"  :  "a  ciiaht  fob  thk   dki.ineation   or   mk.vtai, 

AND   I-IIYSIOI.O6I0AI.  CH ARACTEK18TI08."    KTC. 


With  an  Outline  of  Study,  Glossary  and  Classified  Suggestive  Questions  and  Aids  to  the 

Study,  together  with  Original  Articles  upon  Vital  Subjects 

by  Distinguished  Authorities 


Second  edition— Revised.    Profusely  Tllustraied 


PHILADELPHIA,    NEW    YORK,   CHICAGO 

THE  F.  A.  DAVIS  COMPANY,  PUBLISHERS 

1900 


9  flJ 


^1®^  By  desire  and  direction  of  both  Author  and  PnbUsher.  this  work  is  sold  only 
by  snbscnptlon,  at  the  advertised  prices,  by  Agents  regularly  authorized,  who 
.  are  absolutely  pledged  to  maintain  prices  and  manner  of  sale.  Its  presence, 
therefore,  in  any  booli-store  which  is  not  an  authorized  agency,  and  which 
seUs  otherwise  than  by  subscription,  save  as  a  second-hand  copy,  or  its  being 
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gainst  which  the  public,  and  espedaUy  honest  and  upright  book-sellers,  are 
hereby  warned. 


COPYRIGHT,  ia89. 

BY 

MABT  OLMSTED  STANTON. 


COPYMOHT,  1895, 

BY 

MARY  OLM8TKD  STANTON. 


SUGGESTIONS  AND  AIDS. 

COPYRIGHT,  1896. 

BY 

THE  F.   A.  DAVIS  COMPANY. 


&t/ 


P. 


PhilkdalpUk,  P».,  D.  8.  A. 

The  Medio!  Balletin  Printing-HoDM, 

1916  Cherrv  Street 


TO   THE 

LOVERS   OF   SCIENCE, 

TO   THE 

EARNEST   AND    ENTHUSIASTIC    SEARCHERS   FOR   TRUTH 
THROUGHOUT   THE   WORLD, 

THIS   WORK 

IS   AFFECTIONATELY   DEDICATED 


P7002 


AUTHOR'S  PREFACE. 


If  one  had  asserted  a  few  years  ago  that  the  time  was  near 
when  men  could  converse  with  each  other  fifty  miles  apart,  he 
would  have  been  looked  upon  as  a  lunatic.  Had  he  also  remarked 
that  quite  as  soon  men  could  learn  to  read  each  other's  characters 
by  a  glance  at  the  face,  he  would  have  been  regarded  as  an  idiot. 
Yet,  just  as  surely  as  one  can  converse  at  a  great  distance  by  the 
aid  of  the  telephone,  just  so  surely  can  men  read  each  other's  faxxs 
by  rule  and  law  settled  and  defined. 

The  art  and  science  of  physiognomy,  as  shown  in  "  The 
Encyclopaedia  of  Face  and  Form  Reading,"  will  put  the  reader  in 
possession  of  this  almost  superhuman  power. 

The  art  of  character-reading  by  the  face  is  universal  and  in- 
stinctive. Every  one  gathers  some  knowledge  of  those  he  asso- 
ciates with  by  inspection  of  their  facial  features.  Not  only  does 
he  glean  from  this  source,  but  he  derives  some  impressions  (and 
often  correct  ones)  from  the  voice,  the  walk,  the  movements,  and 
gestures ;  but  as  with  all  branches  of  knowledge  one  is  more 
certain  of  the  correctness  of  his  observations  if  he  possess  some 
established  rules  to  go  by,  so  in  the  study  of  human  character 
(the  highest  and  most  important  of  all  studies)  laws  and  rules 
cannot  be  dispensed  with.  This  book  gives  these  laws  and  rules, 
and  those  who  learn  to  apply  them  may  be  certain  that  the  infor- 
mation gained  from  their  application  is  perfectly  correct, 

WHAT   MAKES   SOME  PEOPLE   SUCCESSFUL? 

In  every  community  there  are  many  talented  instinctive  phys- 
iognomists ;  these  persons  are  the  successful  parents,  teachers, 
lawyers,  doctors,  actors,  authors,  artists,  and  employes.  These 
people  are  successful  because  they  have  this  inherited  gift  of  char- 
acter-reading. How  much  greater  would  be  their  power  did  they 
have  some  well-established  laws  to  guide  them ! 

(V) 


vi  author's  preface. 

WHAT   MAKES   SOME   PEOPLE    UNSUCCESSFUL'? 

There  are  many  others,  unfortunately,  who  do  not  possess  so 
great  a  degree  of  the  knowledge  of  human  nature  as  the  former ; 
how  highly  important  for  those  is  the  knowledge  which  this  book 
contains ! 

In  these  pages  I  have  made  a  chart  of  the  face,  in  which  I 
have  located  fifty  signs  of  character,  in  so  plain  and  simple  a 
manner  that  any  one  can  easily  learn  it  and  put  this  knowledge 
into  immediate  practice. 

I  also  show  the  meanings  of  the  several  forms  of  the  body,  of 
the  hands,  fingers,  finger-nails ;  the  lines,  the  wrinkles,  the 
dimples;  as  well  as  the  colors  of  the  skin,  hair,  eyes,  and  eye- 
brows, and  the  meaning  of  the  form,  color,  and  quality  of  the 
beard  and  moustache. 

A  GREAT   DISCOVERY. 

Every  internal  organ  has  its  sign  in  the  face,  which  I  have 
discovered  and  mapped  out  on  a  diagram,  by  the  inspection  of 
which  one  can  readily  know  which  of  the  visceral  organs  are  weak 
and  which  are  by  nature  strong.  The  heart,  the  liver,  the  lungs, 
the  kidneys,  the  reproductive  system,  etc.,  have  their  certain  sign 
or  features  by  which  the  inherited  condition  of  each  organ  may  be 

known. 

This  knowledge  puts  a  great  power  into  the  hands  of  parents, 
for,  by  knowing  in  advance  which  organs  are  weak  and  liable  to 
disorder,  they  can  prevent  such  calamity  by  the  advice  also  given 
in  this  book. 

"The  Encyclopaedia  of  Face  and  Form  Reading"  should  be 
in  the  hands  of  every  parent,  teacher,  minister,  doctor,  lawyer, 
artist,  superintendent,  banker,  mechanic,  and  all  persons  who  deal 
with  human  nature  in  their  daily  occupation. 

The  Teacher,  by  studying  and  applying  its  laws,  can  be  most 
successful  with  her  scholars ;  for  by  one  glance  at  the  face  she  can 
see  wliich  mental  faculties  are  strongest,  which  weakest,  and  she 
can  then  apply  the  rule  suited  to  each  condition  as  given  in  these 
pages. 

The  Minister  can  gain  a  correct  understanding  of  the  moral, 
mental,  and  spiritual  status  of  his  parishioners,  and  may,  by  apply- 
ing physiognomic  laws  to  the  reading  of  faces,  become  better 


AUTHOR  S   PREFACE.  VU 

acquainted  with  his  charge  in  one  visit  than  he  could  otherwise 
by  years  of  acquaintance. 

The  Doctor  will  find  in  these  pages  most  important  ideas  and 
theories  which  cannot  be  found  in  any  medical  book  in  the  world. 
It  is,  indeed,  a  text-book  which  should  lie  on  the  table  of  every 
physician,  and  be  daily  consulted  by  him. 

To  the  Artist,  in  every  department  of  art,  it  will  give  new 
and  original  ideas,  including  the  basic  principles  of  form,  color, 
time,  and  memory,  with  directions  how  to  improve  each.  All  of 
these  theories  are  of  immense  importance  to  artists,  aside  from 
their  physiognomic  value. 

The  Lawyer  will  find  in  these  pages  a  sure  way  to  read  the 
characters  of  judge,  juror,  client,  and  witness  with  instantaneous 
rapidity. 

The  Actor  will  be  greatly  benefited  in  his  studies  of  character 
by  knowing  the  meaning  and  the  shape  of  each  facial  feature,  as 
well  as  the  shape  of  each  bodily  structure  and  their  associated 
characteristic  gesture,  pose,  and  movement. 

The  Author  can  learn  how  to  describe  scientifically  the  physi- 
ognomic peculiarities  of  the  forms,  faces,  and  features  of  each  one 
of  his  characters,  so  that  they  shall  be  true  to  nature.  The  physi- 
ognomic descriptions  of  the  heroes  and  heroines  of  George  Eliot 
are  not  surpassed  by  any  in  English  literature,  and  they  were 
scientifically  correct, — that  is,  in  accord  with  physiognomic  law. 

To  Bankers  the  knowledge  of  physiognomy  is  invaluable.  A 
banker  once  wrote  me :  "  Had  I  possessed  the  knowledge  con- 
tained in  your  book  thirty  years  ago,  it  would  have  saved  me 
thousands  of  dollars  and  much  anxiety."  All  bankers  should 
apply  these  rules  to  the  faces  of  employes,  and  thus  learn  whom 
they  can  and  cannot  trust. 

Superintendents  of  Schools^  Manufactories^  Asylums^  Re~ 
formatoi'ies,  and  Business-Houses  cannot  afibrd  to  dispense  with 
a  knowledge  of  "  Face  and  Form."  Those  who  have  the  care  of 
large  numbers  of  youth  will  be  greatly  aided  in  the  work  of  men- 
tal and  moral  developments  of  their  charges  by  using  the  light  of 
this  science. 

To  the  Unmarried  the  knowledge  contained  in  this  work  is 
absolutely  essential.  Within  its  pages  may  be  found  such  descrip- 
tions and  analyses  of  character  as  will  teach  those  intending  mar- 


•VIU  AUTHOR  S   PREFACE. 

riage  how  to  choose  the  one  best  adapted  to  produce  harmony  and 
beautiful  and  talented  offspring. 

"The  Encyclopaedia  of  Face  and  Form  Reading"  offers  to 
every  one  a  solution  of  many  of  life's  most  mysterious  problems. 
Not  only  does  it  teach  how  to  choose  friends,  business-partners, 
husbands,  wives,  and  employes,  but  it  gives  directions  how  to  de- 
velop every  department  of  mind  and  all  of  the  physical  functions. 

WILL  IT  PAY? 

In  short,  the  reading  of  this  book  will  pay  a  greater  interest 
than  any  other  scientific  book  ever  published  on  this  or  any  other 
subject;  because  it  treats  of  the  most  important  subject  to  man, — 
viz.,  human  nature. 

Ladies  and  Gentlemen  can  make  a  most  interesting  Parlor 
Entertainment  of  this  science  by  reading  the  faces  of  the  company 
present.  It  is  far  more  popular  than  palmistry,  and  can  be  made 
both  profitable  and  attractive  by  those  who  care  to  master  its  laws. 

This  work  is  the  result  of  a  life-time  of  constant  study,  obser- 
vation, and  research.  It  contains  veiy  many  original  ideas  and 
theories  never  before  put  forth.  In  short,  it  is  the  most  advanced, 
practical,  and  complete  work  on  physiognomy  extant. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  these  ideas  may  lead  to  a  correct  knowl- 
edge of  man,  and  that  this  may  conduce  to  his  welfare  physically, 
morally,  and  intellectually. 

The  Author. 


PUBLISHERS'  PREFACE. 


The  purpose  has  been  to  combine  into  this  encyclopaedia  all 
that  is  known  to-day  regarding  "  Face  and  Form  Reading,"  cloth- 
ing the  scientific  facts  in  such  simple  language  as  to  make  it 
adapted  equally  to  the  uses  of  the  beginner  and  the  adept.  Even 
the  compendious  presentation  of  the  subject  has  required  a  large 
volume;  but,  believing  that  the  merit  of  the  subject  and  the 
demand  for  a  comprehensive  and  acknowledged  authority  upon  it 
will  insure  a  sale  which,  from  the  financial  stand-point,  will  war- 
rant the  experiment,  it  is  published  at  a  price  far  below  its  intrinsic 
worth,  and  one  which  brings  it  within  the  reach  of  the  most  mod- 
erate purse.  The  encyclopaedia  answers  the  needs  of  its  user  not 
only  while  mastering  the  rudiments  of  the  study,  but  also  becomes 
more  valuable  as  he  becomes  more  proficient  in  its  most  intricate 
details.  With  the  aid  of  the  glossary,  the  index^  and  the  most 
elaborate,  suggestive  index  and  outline  of  study,  it  is  made  avail- 
able to  all  readers.  It,  however,  gains  greater  value  from  the 
special  articles  prepared  expressly  for  it  by  the  distinguished  gen- 
tlemen whose  names  appear  in  connection  therewith.  It  is  believed 
that  no  important  science  was  ever  before  so  simplified  and 
arranged  for  convenient  and  easy  assimilation  as  this.  The  person 
who  uses  and  becomes  familiar  with  this  encyclopaedia  has  spread 
before  him  the  practical  application  of  the  principles  of  evolution, 
of  anatomy  and  physiology,  of  mechanics,  of  physical  and  mental 
philosophy,  and  of  many  of  the  kindred  sciences.  Tlie  reader 
therefore  gains  an  amount  of  general  and  practical  knowledge 
which  cannot  fail  to  be  an  almost  incalculable  benefit  all  through 
life.  In  conclusion,  for  systematic  study,  it  is  urged  that  the 
general  reader  shall  begin  at  Part  II  and  return  to  Part  I.  Best 
of  all,  though,  let  him  use  the  hints  and  suggestions  of  the  outline 
of  study  for  constant  reference  or  casual  consultation. 

(ix) 


CONTENTS. 


Author's  Preface, t 

Publisher's  Preface, ix 

List  of  Illustrations, .        .  xxvii 

Aids  to  the  Study, A-3 

Introduction, 1 

PART  I. 

THEORETICAL    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

CHAPTER  I. 
The  Bases  of  Principles  of  Scientific  Physiognomy. 

Definition ;  Lavater's  work ;  Theory  of  Practical  and  Scientific  Physi- 
ognomy ;  What  it  teaches ;  How  the  discoveries  were  made ; 
General  laws  and  principles.  The  human  face  the  index  of  all 
Nature;  Tliree  grand  divisions — Chemical,  Architectural, Mathe- 
matical.    Mineral  forms.     The  physical  basis  of  Mind,     .         .         7 

CHAPTER  II. 

The  Basic  Principles  of  Form. 

Rotatory  motion  the  origin  of  Form  ;  The  movement  of  the  earth  has 
a  direct  bearing  on  the  form  and  destiny  of  created  beings. 
Relation  between  nniversal  existence  and  mathematical  law. 
Number  the  proper  index  to  the  volume  of  Being  ;  The  human 
countenance  the  index  to  these  laws  and  principles.  The  law  of 
Scalenism,  or  perversion  ;  Disease  a  temporary  return  to  abnor 
mal  or  perverted  types ;  Straightness  of  the  bones  indicates 
straightness  of  tlie  mind.  The  normal  factors  of  Form  and 
Being  in  Nature,  Art,  and  Science, 27 

CHAPTER  III. 

The  Five  Organ  Systems  which  Create  Form  and  Character. 

All  is  symbolic  in  Nature  ;  Form  the  decisive  factor  in  the  interpreta- 
tion of  character.  The  five  ditterent  organ  83'stem8.  Form, 
character,  and  earliest  appearance  of  cell  life  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  animal  tissue ;  The  structure  of  organized  bodies,         .       59 

The  Vegetative  System,     .        .        . 67 

Characterization  of  the  vegetative  adult ;  The  organ  systems  in 
the  chemical  or  vegetative  division;  Faculties  derived  from  the 
development  of  these  organs. 

(xi) 


Xll  CONTENTS. 

The  Thoracic  Systkm, 71 

Facial  signs  for  the  internal  organs  ;  Diseases  which  assail  the 
thoracic  system. 

The  Muscular  System, 75 

Arrangement  of  the  muscles  ;  Yoluntary  and  involuntary ;  The 
varied  expressions  of  the  human  face  due  to  the  muscles ;  The 
mechanical  and  artistic  principles  included  in  the  action  of 
the  muscular  system  ;  Faculties  that  have  signs  located  in  the 
muscular  division  ;  Diseases  which  assail  the  muscular  sj^stem ; 
The  dominant  systems  of  man's  organism  control  his  capacities. 

The  Osseous  or  Bony  System, 83 

Classification  of  the  bones ;  Firmness  and  integrity  of  character 
depend  upon  the  bones ;  Composition  of  the  bony  structure ; 
Kind  of  food  necessary  for  good  bones ;  Prominent  men  who 
have  excelled  in  morality,  endurance,  and  heroism  ;  Bony  people 
the  best ;  Faculties  derived  from  the  bony  system ;  Faculties 
in  the  architectural  division ;  Diseases  incident  to  the  bony 
system  ;  Remedy  for  an  excessive  development  of  bone.  The 
points  of  character  which  depend  upon  the  several  organ  sys- 
tems of  the  body. 

The  Brain  and  Nervous  System, 94 

Size  of  the  brain  alone  not  a  proof  of  great  mental  power; 
Form  and  congenital  quality  the  most  potent  factors ;  Texture 
of  the  skin  significant  of  mental  quality ;  Physiology  of  the 
brain  and  nerves ;  Diseases  which  assail  this  system. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

The  Sub-Basic  Principles  of  Physiognomy. 

Form  and  Size  ;  A  large  head  no  indication  of  superior  intelligence ; 
The  nose  the  best  indication  of  power.  Quality  or  mental  power ; 
Fine  hair  and  skin  to  be  considered  first.  Form ;  Persons  of 
creative  or  constructive  minds  are  round  in  form  ;  The  arch,  the 
curve,  the  circle,  the  ovoid,  the  square,  and  straight  line ;  Each 
illustrates  diflferent  phases  of  character.  Color ;  The  mineral 
the  original  source ;  Pure  air  the  best  cosmetic  ;  Color  and  heat 
synonjmous, 101 

The  Law  of  Proportion  or  Harmonious  Development,  ,        .        .     131 
Proportion  a  potent  factor  in  determining  character;  One  or 
more  faculties  excessively  developed  dominate  and  influence 
the   action   of   other  faculties ;  Secretiveness ;  Cautiousness  ; 
Acquisitiveness. 

Health 137 

The  basis  of  all  really  useful  character  fo  inded  on  health; 
Organic  perfection  and  morality  ;  Precocious  children  ;  Sensi- 
tive, nervous  children;  Drug  medication;  Pure  air  the  best; 
Compensation ;  The  established  laws  of  compensation. 


CONTENTS.  xiii 


CHAPTER  V. 

Rationale  of  Physical  Functions  and  Mental  Faculties,  and 
THEIR  Signs  in  the  Face. 

The  brain  not  the  sole  seat  of  the  mind.    Hope  directly  related  to  the 
liver.     The  source  of  moral  power. 

The  Kidney  System, 158 

Faculties  dependent  upon  it ;  Analysis  of  Conscientiousness ; 
Morality  dependent  on  the  action  of  the  kidneys  ;  Color-blind- 
ness ;  Analysis  of  Firmness. 

Faculties  Derived  from  the  Different  Systems. 

The  Intestinal  System, 1 65, 185 

Digestion  or  Alimentiveness  ;  Mental  power  of  the  nerves  of  the 
digestive  apparatus ;  Relation  of  the  visceral  organs  to  the  brain. 
Friendship  ;  Its  selfish  and  unselfish  action  ;  Its  connection  with 
and  dependence  on  other  faculties :  Analysis ;  The  liver  as  a 
clearing-house  of  the  entire  organism. 

The  Glandular  System,      .        . 169 

Benevolence;  Value  of  the  lips  as  indicators  of  pathological  and 
morbid  states  of  the  body  ;  Economy  ;  The  grade  of  intellectual 
development  shows  the  kind  of  economy ;  Hospitality ;  Love 
of  Home ;  Patriotism. 

The  Reproductive  System, ITT 

Amativeness,  or  love  of  the  sexes;  Its  moral  and  physiological 
importance  should  be  taught ;  Love  of  Young ;  Mirthfulness  • 
Sanativeness ;  Pneumativeness. 

The  Liver, 182 

Hope ;  Its  dependence  upon  the  liver. 

The  Nerves  op  the  Skin,   .        . 190 

Modesty ;  Analysis  of  the  glandular  system  and  olfactory  gan- 
glia; Cautiousness  ;  The  correlation  of  function  with  faculty. 

The  Osseous  System, 192 

Veneration  ;  Its  connection  with  the  stomach. 

The  Osseous  and  Muscular  Systems, 194 

Executiveness. 

The  Muscular  System, 1 95,  213 

Self-will ;  Credenciveness  ;  Uses  of  this  faculty.  Calculation  ; 
Music ;  All  art  is  founded  on  a  circle  or  sections  of  it ; 
Analysis  of  Music ;  Language  ;  Shown  by  a  high  qualit}'  of  the 
muscular  system ;  Musical  qualities  observed  in  language. 


XIV-  CONTENTS. 

The  Osseous  and  Nervous  Systems, 199 

Observation. 

The  Muscular  and  Brain  Systems, 200 

Memory  of  Events  ;  A  faculty  of  the  five  systems  of  functions ; 
A  great  memory  only  is  no  indication  of  intellect  or  wisdom ; 
Memory  depends  upon  a  healthy  condition  of  the  body; 
Weight ;  A  high  development  of  the  muscular  system  a  power- 
ful ally  to  art ;  Locality ;  Large  in  those  whose  muscular  sys- 
tem is  supreme. 

The  Glandular  and  Arterial  Systems, 206 

Analysis  of  color. 

The  Brain  and  Nerve  System, 209,  233 

Mental  order ;  Physical  order.  Intuition  ;  A  true  and  distinct 
sense ;  Division  of  the  nervous  system  into  two  parts ;  De- 
scription of  the  powers  and  action  of  these  two  departments  of 
the  brain  system  ;  Organs  and  functions  from  which  the  mental 
faculties  derive  their  powers. 

The  Five  Superior  Systems, .        .210 

Time ;  Lacking  where  the  vegetative  system  predominates ; 
Time  as  well  as  Order  one  of  the  leading  characteristics  of  the 
bony  system. 

The  Brain  System, 227 

Comparison;  Causality;  Reason;  Development  of  reasoning 
faculties  among  the  masses;  Children  should  be  drilled  in 
logical  reasoning. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

Theories  of  the  Mode  of  Action  of  Certain  Traits. 

Analysis  of  Amativeness ;  Should  be  judged  by  the  adjoining  facial 
signs.  Analysis  of  Jealousy ;  The  result  of  one  of  three  causes. 
Analysis  of  Revenge,  Analysis  of  Secretiveness  ;  Intended  by 
Nature  to  conceal  the  lack  of  some  other  facult3\  Theory  of 
Suspicion.  Analysis  of  Anger,  Will,  and  Temper  ;  A  dark  man 
has  the  strongest  temper ;  Its  effect  on  the  system ;  Self-will 
the  basis  of  Anger  and  Temper  ;  What  true  religion  consists  of. 
Analysis  of  Selfishness  ;  Two  distinct  and  opposite  methods  of 
action;  Caused  bj-  an  insufficient  development  of  the  glandular 
system.  Self-conceit;  Egotism.  Analysis  of  Scorn  and  Con- 
tempt. Analysis  of  Enthusiasm  ;  Faculty  that  leads  to  great 
efforts.  Analj^sis  of  Laziness  ;  Obstinacy  ;  Contrariness  ;  Phj'si- 
ognomy  teaches  that  all  defects  can  be  remedied,  to  a  large 
extent 239 


CONTENTS.  XV 

PART  II. 

PRACTICAL   PHYSIOGNOMY. 
CHAPTER  I. 

The  Three  Natural  and  Primitive  Divisions  of  the  Face 
Created  by  the  Mouth,  the  Nose,  and  the  Eyes. 

The  mouth ;  The  centre  of  the  most  primitive  system  of  function. 
The  nose ;  Represents  the  mental  powers.  The  eyes ;  Repre- 
sent the  muscular  development  of  the  entire  body.  Facial 
signs  of  the  physiological  organs  and  functions.  Digestion,  or 
Alimentiveness.  Location  of  the  signs  for  the  visceral  organs. 
Physiognomy  properly  a  part  of  medical  science.  The  glands. 
The  reproductive  system.  Lactation.  The  kidneys ;  Conscien- 
tiousness dependent  on  this  system.  Method  of  localizing  the 
higher  developments  of  the  bod^- ;  The  lungs  and  heart ;  The 
Liver ;  The  stomach.  The  muscular  or  motive  system ;  The  eye ; 
Motion  ;  Vision ;  Hearing.  The  osseous  system  ;  Denoted  by 
the  bones  of  the  eyebrow.  The  brain  and  nerve  s^'Stem  ;  Train- 
ing the  feeble-minded  and  imbecile  ;  The  sense  of  touch,  .        .     273 

Mental  Signs  of  Character  in  the  Face, 287 

Five  practical  subdivisions  ;  The  width  and  length  of  the  face  ; 
The  nose  high  and  broad  the  entire  length  a  good  sign  ;  The 
lower  part  of  the  forehead  and  eyebrows  an  important  part  to 
consider ;  Great  size  of  the  forehead  no  criterion  of  mentality ; 
Local  signs  for  the  mental  faculties ;  Summary  to  the  five  prac- 
tical subdivisions  of  the  face. 

CHAPTER  n. 

Location  and  Description  of  Signs  of  Character  in  the  Face. 

Fifty  separate  and  distinct  faculties  described ;  The  adaptability  of 
the  human  mind ;  Man  does  not  possess  a  greater  number  of 
mental  faculties  than  woman ;  Gestures  significant  in  disclos- 
ing character ;  The  face  an  exact  register  of  all  mental  facul- 
ties and  bodily  functions  and  conditions, 297 

The  Faculty  op  Conscientiousness, 302 

Definition ;  An  excess  and  deficiency  of  this  faculty ;  Facial 
and  bodily  signs  ;  The  color  of  the  face  an  indication  of  the 
general  integrity  of  a  person  ;  Bodily  signs  of  Conscientious- 
ness ;  Description  of  Conscientiousness ;  Conscientiousness 
large  where  the  bony  system  predominates. 

The  Faculty  of  Firmness, 312 

Definition ;  What  an  excess  or  deficjenc^^  causes ;  Facial  and 
bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Firmness  ;  A  receding  chin  an  in- 
dication of  weakness  ;  The  signs  for  Firmness  observed  all  over 
the  individual. 


XVI  CONTENTS. 

The  Faculty  of  Economy, 318 

Definition  ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Economy ; 
A  normal  degree  of  Economy  indicates  a  normal  or  balanced 
condition  of  mind ;  Acquisitiveness  not  Economy. 

Love  of  Home, .    324 

Definition  ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Love  of 
Home  ;  This  trait  should  be  cultivated  in  children. 

Patriotism, 329 

Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Definition  of  Patriotism. 

Benevolence, 335 

Definition  ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Benevo- 
lence ;  Faculties  in  combination  modifj^and  influence  this  trait; 
Difference  between  benevolence  and  friendship. 

Bibativeness, ,        .     339 

Definition ;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  faculty  indi- 
cates ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Bibativeness ; 
Situation  of  this  sign  most  suggestive;  Indicates  the  func- 
tional purity  of  the  entire  organism. 

Alimentiveness,  or  Digestion, 348 

Definition ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Alimentive- 
ness ;  Tlie  mouth  by  its  shape  and  color  gives  the  general  tone 
or  grade  of  the  individual. 

Amativeness, 355 

Definition ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Amative- 
ness ;  Training  in  sexual  morality ;  Works  that  all  young 
people  should  read ;  Signs  for  emotional  traits  found  in  the 
glands  and  muscles,  not  the  bones. 

Love  of  Young, 367 

Definition ;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  faculty  may 
lead  to ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Love  of 
Young ;  Should  be  balanced  by  reason  and  justice ;  Does  not 
necessarily  impart  a  tone  of  kindness  to  the  individual. 

MiRTHFULNESS, 3T3 

Definition ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs ;  Description ;  Mental  uses 
of  Mirthfulness. 

Approbativeness, 3Y8 

Definition ;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  indicates ;  Facial 
and  bodily  signs;  Description  of  Approbativeness ;  Essential 
to  the  success  of  some  people. 

Friendship, 385 

Definition ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Friendship ; 
Selfish  and  unselfish  frien'dship ;  Friendship  with  fine  inherited 
quality  shows  a  strong,  magnetic  nature ;  Diverse  manifesta- 
tions of  Friendship. 


CONTENTS.  Xvii 

Hospitality, 392 

Definition  ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Hospitality. 

Pneumativeness, 397 

Definition  ;  Wiiat  an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  faculty  may 
lead  to ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Pneumative- 
ness ;  Tiie  most  essential  factor  is  pure  air ;  Manifestation^  of 
Pneumativeness ;  Acuteness  of  scent ;  Great  energy  of  mind 
and  body. 

Glandular  and  Arterial  System. 

Color, 408 

Definition  ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Color  ;  A 
higli  cultivation  of  the  color-sense  a  religious  duty ;  Aids 
toward  cultivating  this  sense  ;  What  the  color  of  the  face  reveals ; 
Color-blindness. 

Sanativeness, 427 

Definition  ;  What  a  deficiency  of  this  facultj^  leads  to ;  Facial 
and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Sanativeness ;  One  of  the 
normal  and  primitive  functions  ;  Magnetic  healers ;  The  faculty 
of  Sanativeness  should  be  large  in  physicians ;  Longevity  of 
life ;  Facial  signs  that  a  good  surgeon  or  physician  should 
possess. 

Self-esteem, 436 

Definition  ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Self-esteem  ; 
Its  relation  to  other  faculties  ;  Self-assertion  and  Positiveness ; 
The  combination  of  Self-esteem  with  other  faculties;  Whata  short 
upper  lip  denotes. 

Modesty, 445 

Definition  ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Modesty  ; 
Blushing  ;  Downcast  looks  not  an  indication  of  Modesty ;  Shy- 
ness sometimes  spelt  "  slyness." 

Force, 454 

Definition  ;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  facult}'^  leads 
to ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Force  ;  Possessors 
of  round  muscles  are  the  most  vigorous ;  Children  should  be 
thoroughly  trained  in  gymnastics  ;  Force  gives  to  the  voice 
clearness  and  resonance  ;  Color  of  great  service  in  determining 
what  degree  of  force  will  be  exhibited. 

Resistance, 463 

Definition  ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Resistance ; 
Sometimes  takes  the  form  of  combativeness  or  contrariness; 
Mental  resistance. 

Secretiveness, .    469 

Definition ;  What  an  excess  or  deficienc}'  of  this  faculty  leads 
to ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Secretiveness  ; 
Physiological  peculiarities  of  secretive  men ;  What  deficiency 
of  faculties  Secretiveness  indicates  ;  This  faculty  large  in  priests 
and  physicians  ;  Characteristics  of  Secretiveness. 


XVm  CONTENTS. 

Cautiousness, 419 

Definition  ;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  faculty  leads 
to ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Cautiousness  ;  The 
nose  the  principal  sign ;  Its  connection  with  other  faculties. 

Hope, 486 

Definition  ;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  faculty  leads 
to  ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Hope  ;  Hygienic 
remarks  ;  Its  connection  with  and  indication  of  the  general  con- 
dition of  the  internal  organs  ;  Temporary  disorders  of  the  liver ; 
A  clear,  fresh-colored  complexion. 

Analysis, 493 

Definition  ;  What  a  deficiency  of  this  faculty  indicates  ;  Facial 
and  bodily  signs;  Description  of  Analysis ;  The  capacity  for 
analyzing  ;  Large  in  all  talented  persons ;  Of  great  help  in  the 
investigation  of  human  charactiir ;  Must  be  judged  in  combina- 
tion with  other  faculties. 

Mental  Imitation, 499 

Definition  ;  What  a  deficiency  of  this  facult}'  indicates ;  Facial 
and  bodily  signs;  Description  of  Mental  Imitation;  What  is 
the  basis  of  suppl}'  of  Mental  Imitation  ;  All  features  subject 
to  the  modif}' ing  action  of  the  law  of  Quality- ;  Signs  for  literary 
and  artistic  faculties  grouped  about  the  tip  of  the  nose ; 
Nosology  ;  Normal  uses  of  Imitation. 

Sublimity, 506 

Definition  ;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  faculty  leads 
to ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  the  faculty  of 
Sublimity  ;  Mental  phase  of  Sublimity- ;  This  facujjy  an  attri- 
bute of  old  and  perfected  races  ;  Largely  observed  in  the  faces 
of  the  Hebrews ;  Prominent  Hebrews ;  Sublimity  in  combi- 
nation with  other  faculties. 

Ideality, 514 

Definition  ;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  faculty  indi- 
cates ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Idealit}' ;  Physi- 
ological base  of  Ideality ;  Great  diversities  of  degree  of  this 
faculty  exhibited ;  Natural  allies  and  assistants  of  Ideality ; 
The  dimpled  chin. 

Human  Nature, 525 

Definition ;  What  an  excess  or  deficienc}^  of  this  faculty  indi- 
cates; Facial  and  bodily  signs;  Description  of  Human  Nature; 
The  beneficial  uses  of  the  faculty  of  Human  Nature. 

Acquisitiveness, 534 

Definition;  Facial  and  bodily  signs;  Description  of  Acquisi- 
tiveness ;  Should  be  judged  in  combination  with  other  faculties  ; 
The  outline  of  each  feature  and  limb  reveals  the  entire  man  ; 
Acquisitiveness  useful  in  connection  with  literary  pursuits. 


CONTENTS.  XIX 

CONSTRUCTIVENESS, 544 

Definition  ;  What  a  deficiency  of  this  faculty  indicates  ;  Facial 
and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Constructiveness ;  Physio- 
logical and  anatomical  description  of  the  base  of  each  separate 
and  mental  manifestation ;  A  predominance  of  the  muscular 
system  necessary  in  all  artistic  pursuits  ;  Analj^ze  the  combina- 
tions of  systems  of  functions  observed  in  each  individual ;  With 
a  knowledge  of  physiognomy  a  knave  cannot  be  mistaken  for  an 
honest  man ;  Combination  of  Constructiveness  with  other 
faculties. 

Veneration, 553 

Definition  ;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  faculty  indi- 
cates ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Veneration ; 
Large  where  the  bony  system  predominates;  Exhibited  in  vary- 
ing degrees  and  in  diverse  ways  ;  The  "  scooped  "  or  pug  nose ; 
The  uses  of  Veneration  ;  Natural  religion. 

EXECUTIVENESS, .  .      561 

Definition  ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Executive- 
ness ;  Its  relationship  to  the  stomach  ;  All  power  not  in  the 
brain ;  Ditlerent  forms  of  Executiveness  ;  A  vigorous  thoracic 
system  a  great  adjunct. 

Self-will, 569 

Definition ;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  faculty  indi- 
cates ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Self-will ;  This 
faculty  sometimes  necessary  to  make  other  traits  conspicuous  ; 
Secondary  signs  of  Self-will  ;  Distinction  between  Self-will  and 
Firmness  ;  Self-will,  where  deficient,  can  be  cultivated  by  gym- 
nastic exercises. 

Credenciveness, 578 

Definition ;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  faculty 
causes;  Facial  and  bodil}'  signs;  Description  of  Credencive- 
ness; This  faculty  universal;  Its  uses  in  the  artistic  line;  The 
best  use  of  Credenciveness ;  Rationale  of  Credenciveness. 

Prescience, 588 

Definition;  Facial  and  bodily  signs;  Description  of  Prescience; 
Its  action  best  observed  in  aged  persons  ;  The  possession  of  the 
Prescient  faculty  gives  a  love  and  desire  for  a  future  life ; 
Manifestations  of  Prescience  different  in  each  individual. 


XX  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER  II. 

(Continued.) 

The  Practical  Division  of  the  Face. 

A  consideration  of  the  practical  or  mechanical  group  of  faculties ; 
Bones  of  the  skull  and  face  changed  by  a  regular  law  of 
development,        .         .         . 601 

FoEM, 602 

Definition ;  What  a  deficiency  in  Form  indicates ;  Facial  and 
bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Form  ;  The  basis  of  all  trades  and 
professions  ;  The  art  of  spelling  depends  upon  the  development 
of  this  faculty;  Chess-players  large  in  form  and  size. 

Size, 609 

Definition ;  What  a  deficiency  in  size  indicates ;  Facial  and 
bodily  signs;  Description  of  Size ;  Impossibility  of  judging 
the  sliape  and  size  of  the  brain  by  an  external  examination ; 
The  uses  of  this  faculty  in  conjunction  with  others. 

Observation, 617 

Definition  ;  What  a  deficiency  of  this  faculty  indicates ;  Facial 
and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Observation ;  Persons  with 
excessive  Credenciveness  never  develop  this  sign  ;  Attention 
must  be  paid  to  the  peculiar  expression  of  the  eye ;  Animal 
observation. 

Memory  of  Events,        .        , 624 

Definition  ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Memory  ; 
Analysis  of  the  Memory  ;  How  to  strengthen  this  faculty  ;  Dif- 
ferent kinds  of  Memory  ;  Memory  is  not  wisdom ;   Disorders 
that  this  faculty  is  subject  to. 

Locality, 635 

Definition  ;  What  a  deficiency  of  this  faculty  indicates  ;  Facial 
and  bodily  signs ;  General  and  diffused  through  the  muscular 
system ;  Description  of  Locality ;  Surgeons  and  anatomists 
require  a  fine  development  of  this  faculty ;  How  children  can 
be  taught  to  develop  it ;  The  study  of  physiognomy  one  of 
great  interest  to  children. 

The  Muscular  System — Weight, 643 

^  x^efinition;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  faculty  indi- 
"cates  ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Weight ;  Its  uses 
in  every-day  life. 

Language, 652 

Definition  ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Language ; 
A  combination  of  several  faculties;  Color  has  a  controlling 
influence  upon  Language  ;  Analysis  of  this  faculty ;  How  the 
degrees  of  force  of  Language  are  revealed. 

Music, .    665 

Definition ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Music ; 
Round,  muscular  persons  make  the  best  musicians  ;  Curves  one 


CONTENTS.  XXI 

of  the  elements  of  sound  ;  The  eye  and  ear;  Connection  of  this 
faculty  with  Amativeness  ;  The  entire  system  must  be  built  upon 
the  curved  or  arched  pattern;  Round  form  denotes  harmoniously- 
constructed  organism  ;  Childish  capriciousness  of  great  singers; 
Other  faculties  necessary  to  make  the  perfect  musical  structure. 

The  Mathematical  Division  of  the  Face. 

Faculties  which  assist  the  mathematical  computation  and  demonstra- 
tion found  in  the  upper  division  of  the  face,      ....     680 

Time, .     681 

Definition  ;  Comprised  in  the  five  systems  of  functions  ;  What 
an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  faculty  indicates  ;  Facial  and 
bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Time ;  Kinds  of  time  inherent  in 
the  thoracic  system;  In  the  osseous  system  ;  In  the  muscular 
system ;  In  the  vegetative  83'stem  ;  Elements  of  Time ;  Its  con- 
nection and  operation  with  other  faculties  ;  Motion  the  basis  of 
Time. 

Order,  Mental  and  Physical, 695 

Definition  of  Mental  Order  ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs ;  Descrip- 
tion of  Mental  Order ;  Physical  Order ;  Squareness  of  the 
bones  an  indication ;  Different  kinds  of  Order ;  A  necessary 
and  natural  ally  to  other  faculties ;  Exhibited  by  animals  and 
insects. 

Calculation, 705 

Definition ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Calculation ; 
The  base  of  ever3'thing  mathematical  or  numerical ;  Persons  of 
large  and  sound  reasoning  powers  possess  sound  and  strong 
bodies  ;  Its  cultivation  in  children. 

Causality, 715 

Definition ;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  faculty  leads 
to ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Causality  ;  Mere 
questioning  not  true  investigation ;  The  value  of  Causality 
governed  by  the  surrounding  faculties. 

Comparison, ^  .     726 

Definition  ;  What  a  deficiency  of  this  faculty  indicates  ;  Faciei 
and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Comparison ;  The  natural 
ally  and  companion  of  certain  faculties ;  Inductive  reasoning. 

Intuition, 737 

Definition ;  How  this  faculty  can  be  cultivated  ;  Facial  and 
bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Intuition  ;  A  separate  faculty 
from  human  nature ;  Cause  and  base  of  Intuition ;  Women  as 
a  class  possess  a  more  general  endowment  of  this  trait  than 
men  ;  The  investigation  of  human  nature  greatly  aided  by  In- 
tuition ;  Children,  as  a  rule,  possess  a  high  development  of  this 
faculty  ;  Intuitional  genius  of  animals. 


XXU  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER  in. 

The  Human  Face  in  Outline,  Motion,  Feature,  Expression, 

AND  Color. 

Every  form  in  Nature  reveals  its  own  history;  The  muscular 
mechanism  of  the  face;  Tlie  osseous  formation;  The  nervous 
distribution  of  the  same  ;  The  glandular  formation  of  the  face  ; 
The  outline  exhibited  by  each  separate  being  and  epitome  of 
the  entire  character;  The  superior  power  of  the  face  as  a  revealer 
of  character  to  that  of  the  skull ;  (Jeometrical  forms  of  the  face ; 
Five  general  outlines  of  the  face,  caused  by  shape  and  degree 
of  activity  of  the  internal  organs, 749 

Motions  and  Form, 757 

Motion  also  reveals  the  mind  of  the  individual ;  Natural  ges- 
tures strongly  indicative  of  character;  Congenital  or  profes- 
sional criminals  use  very  few  gestures ;  Movements  of  the 
mouth ;  Difterences  in  the  form  of  the  internal  organs ;  Basic 
elements  of  form  as  exhibited  in  the  features. 

The  Chin, .        .        .769 

The  signs  of  the  chin ;  Three  general  forms  of  the  chin — the 
globose,  the  oval,  and  the  square;  The  three  positions  of  the 
chin ;  Forms  of  the  centre  of  the  chi*^  ;  Three  general  classes 
of  character ;  Dimpled  chins  ;  Forms  of  the  chin  ;  The  effemi- 
nate chin. 

The  Jaw, 791 

Forms  of  the  jaw ;  The  upper  and  the  lower;  The  embrj^otic 
lower ;  The  infantile  jaw  ;  A  dyspeptic  jaw  ;  The  weak,  or  nega- 
tive ;  The  consumptive  jaw ;  The  crafty  and  witty  jaw ;  The 
curved,  or  artistic  ;  The  dramatic  jaw  ;  The  square  jaw — moral, 
mechanical,  scientific ;  The  angular,  or  contrary  jaw ;  Prog- 
nathous jaw ;  Prognathism  of  the  upper  jaw. 

The  Lips, 795 

The  signs  in  the  lips  ;  The  movements  of  the  mouth,  lips,  and 
adjacent  parts  highly  significant  of  character ;  The  lower  lip ; 
The  embryonic  lower  lip ;  The  infantile  lower ;  The  gustatory 
lip  ;  The  sociable  lip  ;  The  linguistic  lower  lip;  The  witty  lower 
lip ;  The  benevolent  or  sympathetic  lower  lip ;  The  secretive 
lower  lip;  The  criminal  lower  lip;  Crookedness  of  the  muscles 
indicates  crookedness  of  the  language ;  The  undeveloped  lower 
lip  ;  The  stupid  lower  lip  ;  The  destructive  lower  ;  Visions  of  the 
lower  lip  ;  The  embryonic  upper ;  The  undeveloped  upper  ;  The 
philoprogenitive  upper  lip ;  The  modest  upper ;  The  imitative 
upper  lip ;  The  secretive  upper  lip ;  The  self-estimative  upper 
lip ;  The  amative  upper ;  The  normal  upper  lip ;  The  mirthful 
upper  lip. 

The  Yoice, 825 

Intensity  of  motion ;  Analysis  of  the  voice ;  Reveals  the  domi- 
nant system  or  systems  of  the  organism  ;  Peculiarities  of  voice 
of  those  in  whom  the  thoracic  system  is  dominant — ^the  vegeta- 


CONTENTS.  XXIU 

tive  system,  the  muscular  system ;  The  clearer  the  voice,  the 
clearer  the  mind ;  Lisping  tones  betray  a  want  of  balanced  judg- 
ment; Impediment  to  perfect  articulation;  Evolution  of 
language  in  connection  with  evolution  of  the  voice ;  Harsh 
voices  ;  Unconscious  imitation  ;  Elocutionary  exercises  ;  A  man 
capable  of  emitting  sound  independent  of  the  organs  of  speech  ; 
Comparison  of  the  tones  of  the  ditterent  races  of  civilization. 

The  Mouth, 837 

The  line  of  closure ;  Analyzing  a  mouth ;  The  graminivorous 
mouth  ;  The  singing  mouth  ;  The  ai-tistic  mouth  ;  The  conver- 
sational and  oratorical  mouth ;  The  meditative  mouth ;  The 
common-sense  mouth ;  The  orderly  mouth ;  The  economical 
mouth;  The  destructive  or  carnivorous  mouth;  Criminal  mouths. 

The  Cheeks,  . 848 

General  remarks ;  The  two  divisions  of  the  cheeks ;  The  om- 
br3'onic ;  The  globose,  or  infantile ;  The  gluttonous ;  Oval  or 
artistic  cheek ;  The  rectangular  or  conscientious  cheek ;  The 
dimpled  or  beautiful  cheek  ;  The  concave,  or  consumptive  ;  The 
dyspeptic ;  The  criminal ;  Normal  upper  cheek ;  Abnormal 
form  of  cheeks. 

The  Nose,    . 866 

The  evolution  of  the  naso  ;  The  physiology  of  the  nose  ;  The 
anatomical  formation  of  the  nose ;  Table  of  elements  to  be 
considered  in  relation  to  the  nose ;  General  remarks ;  Lower 
division — artistic  and  literary ;  Middle  division — constructive ; 
Upper  division — executive ;  The  three  general  outlines  of  the 
nostrils  ;  The  form  or  outline  of  the  nose  ;  The  three  basilar 
forms  of  the  nose ;  The  concave  or  immature  nose  of  the 
adult,  negative  character;  Embryotic  type;  Infantoid  type; 
Idiotic  type ;  Snub  type ;  Pup  type  ;  Retroussee  type  ;  Sing- 
ing type;  Straight  class — passive  character;  Poetic  type; 
Artistic  type ;  Literary  type ;  Critic's  tj^pe ;  Philosophic 
type ;  Dramatic  type ;  Constructive  type  ;  Athletic  types ; 
Convex  class — osseous  system  dominant — positive  character; 
Argumentative  type ;  Commercial  type ;  Melancholy  type ; 
Dishonest  type ;  Scientific  type ;  Mechanic  type ;  Abnormal 
type. 

The  Eye, 936 

The  foi-ms  of  the  eye ;  The  three  general  forms  of  the  eye ; 
Artistic  type ;  Reflective  type ;  The  agreeable  eye ;  The  lin- 
guistic eye;  Politic  eye;  IFntruthful  eye ;  Upward  oblique; 
Double  obliquity ;  Observing  eyelid ;  Licentious  and  un- 
principled form ;  Secretive  and  acquisitive  eye ;  Truthful  eye ; 
Normal  eye  ;  Abnormal  type  ;  The  size  of  the  eye  ;  Expres- 
sion of  the  eye  ;  Artistic  expression  ;  Observant  expression ; 
Magnetic  expression  ;  Brutal  expression  ;  Gluttonous  expres- 
sion ;  Shallow  and  passionate  expression ;  Nictitating  fold. 

The  Eyelashes, , 969 

The  interciliary  space;  Artistic  interciliary  space;  Super- 
stitious type. 


XXIV  CONTENTS. 

The  Eyebrows, 974 

Normal  position  of  the  inner  termini ;  The  conceited  brow ; 
The  observing  eyebrow ;  The  credulous  eyebrow ;  Position  of 
the  middle  of  the  brows — the  impractical  brow ;  The  artistic 
brow  ;  Position  of  the  outer  termini — the  arithmetical  brow ; 
The  deceptive  eyebrow  ;  The  aesthetic  eyebrow ;  The  inventive 
eyebrow ;  The  vital  eyebrow ;  The  delicate  eyebrow ;  Move- 
ments of  the  brows ;  The  colors  of  the  eyebrow. 

The  Forehead, 987 

The  practical  forehead ;  The  projecting  forehead ;  Infantile 
forehead ;  The  mechanical  forehead  ;  The  artistic  forehead ; 
The  scientific  and  mechanical  forehead. 

The  Head, 993 

The  Hair, 997 

The  evolution  of  the  hair;  The  quality  or  texture  Of  the  hair; 
The  quantity  of  the  hair ;  The  various  colors  of  the  hair ; 
The  remedy  for  gray  hair;  Various  sorts  of  curly  hair; 
Straight  hair ;  Cause  and  cure  for  baldness ;  The  beard  ;  The 
texture  of  the  beard. 

The  Ear, 1015 

The  significations  of  the  forms  of  the  ear ;  The  position  of 
the  ear ;  Defective  positions ;  The  external  and  internal  ear ; 
The  three  divisions  of  the  ear ;  The  color  of  the  ear ;  The 
forms  of  the  ear ;  The  musical  ear ;  The  unmusical  ear ;  The 
oratorical  ear ;  The  commercial  ear ;  Generous  versus  stingy 
ear ;  The  courageous  ear ;  The  timid  ear  ;  The  linguistic  ear ; 
The  refined  ear ;  The  unrefined  ear ;  The  abnormal  ear. 

The  Human  Face, 1032 

The  lines  of  the  face  ;  The  wrinkles  of  the  face ;  The  wrinkles 
in  the  chin ;  The  wrinkles  in  the  lower  cheeks ;  Wrinkles  of 
the  lower  lip ;  Wrinkles  about  the  ej^es ;  Mirthful  wrinkles  at 
the  outer  corners  of  the  eyes ;  Wrinkles  under  the  eyes ; 
Wrinkles  on  the  forehead ;  Wrinkles  of  the  neck ;  General 
wrinkles. 

Dimples, 1042 

Signification  of  dimples ;  Dimples  in  the  chin ;  Dimples  in 
the  cheeks. 

The  Teeth, 1045 

The  physiognomical  significance  of  the  teeth ;  Animal  tj'^pes 
of  the  teeth. 

The  Gums, 1050 

The  Tongue, 1052 


CONTENTS.  XXV 

Physiognomy  of  Smiles  and  Laughter, 1054 

The  Neck, 105T 

The  wilful  neck. 


The  Hand, 1067 

The  construction  and  divisions  of  the  hand ;  The  position  of 
the  hand ;  The  lines  of  the  hand  ;  The  vegetative  or  infantoid 
hand;  Muscular  class  of  hands  ;  Muscular  class  No.  II  (round 
muscles) ;  The  osseous  class  (square  bones) ;  Brain  class ; 
Mixed  hands ;  Beautiful  hands  j  Texture  of  the  hand ;  The 
color  of  the  hand. 


The  Nails, 1082 

The  color  of  the  nails. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

Signs  of  Health  and  Disease,  Strength  and  Weakness,  Beauty 
AND  Ugliness,  in  the  Human  Face  and  Body. 

Signs  of  strength;  Compression  of  the  female  waist;  Signs 
of  beauty  in  woman;  The  facial  features  as  revelators  of 
strength  and  beauty ;  The  nose,  the  chin,  cheeks,  and  lips ; 
The  complexion ;  Use  of  stimulants ;  Disease  of  the  eyes  ;  The 
forehead  ;  Bilateral  symmetry  of  the  face ;  The  thorough-l3red ; 
What  are  the  indications  of  a  thorough-bred  person;  How  to 
reduce  the  size  without  losing  strength, 1085 


CHAPTER  V. 

Choice  of  Vocations. 

The  Combinations  op  Faculties  for  Trades  and  Professions,      .     1111 

The  method  to  pursue  in  reading  character;  The  combination 
of  systems  and  faculties  suitable  for  a  hotel  or  boarding  house 
keeper;  The  combination  of  systems  and  faculties  required  for 
a  mechanic ;  The  combination  of  systems  and  faculties  required 
for  a  printer ;  The  systems  and  faculties  essential  to  a  dress- 
maker or  designer  of  women's  fashions ;  The  systems  and 
faculties  required  by  a  cook;  The  combination  of  systems 
and  faculties  required  for  a  farmer ;  The  combination  of  sys- 
tems and  faculties  required  for  an  engineer ;  The  system  and 


XXVI  CONTENTS. 

faculties  essential  to  merchants ;  The  systems  and  faculties 
required  for  a  speculator;  The  systems  and  faculties  essential 
for  a  painter ;  Systems  and  faculties  essential  to  a  player ;  The 
faculties  necessary  to  a  tragedian  ;  The  systems  and  faculties 
essential  to  a  comedian ;  The  systems  and  faculties  essential 
to  a  society  belle  ;  The  systems  and  faculties  necessary  for  an 
opera-singer ;  The  systems  and  faculties  requisite  for  a  musical 
composer;  The  systems  and  faculties  essential  to  a  sculptor; 
The  systems  and  faculties  required  by  a  physician ;  The  systems 
and  faculties  required  for  a  surgeon ;  Other  classes  of  surgeons ; 
The  systems  and  faculties  essential  to  the  orator ;  The  electric 
class  of  orators  ;  Magnetic  class  of  orators ;  The  systems  and 
faculties  essential  to  a  clergyman  ;  The  systems  and  faculties 
essential  to  a  lawyer ;  The  systems  and  faculties  essential  to 
an  inventor ;  The  systems  and  'faculties  needed  by  a  commander; 
The  systems  and  faculties  necessary  to  a  scientist ;  The  systems 
and  faculties  required  by  a  civil  engineer ;  The  S3^stems  and 
faculties  required  by  a  banker;  The  systems  and  faculties 
required  by  a  philanthropist ;  The  systems  and  faculties  neces- 
sary to  a  philologist ;  The  sj'stems  and  faculties  essential  to  an 
editor ;  The  systems  and  faculties  required  by  a  writer  of 
fiction ;  Tlie  systems  and  faculties  required  by  a  statesman. 

Conclusion, 1182 


APPENDIX  TO  PART  I. 

Origin  and  Evolution  of  the  Visceral  Organs  and  Facial  Features,  1187 

Summary  op  the  Origin  and  Evolution  of  the  Visceral  Organs 

AND  Facial  Features, 1205 

Tabulated  Summary  of  the  Origin  and  Evolution  of  the  Organs,  1209 

Bibliography, 1211 

Glossary, 1213 

Index, 1217 


H 


LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS.  XXIX 

Fio.  103.  Madame  Anne  Geemaine  de  Stael 654 

"    104.  Noah  Webster, 655 

"    105.  Annie  Louise  Cart 666 

"     106.  LuDWiG  Van  Beethovek, 667 

"    107.  Etelka  Gerster 668 

"    108.  AuGUSTE  Emil  Wilhelmu 669 

"     109.  Sir  Isaac  Newton 682 

"     110.  Miss  Maria  Mitchell, 683 

"     111.  SiGN.OR  LuiGi  Arditi, 684 

"    112.  Patrick  S.  Gilmore, .685 

"    113.  Miss  Ida  Williams 687 

"    114.  Mrs.  Emily  C.  Judson, 696 

"    115.  Baron  Cuvier 697 

"     116.  Galileo  Galilei, 706 

"    117.  Joseph  Louis  de  Lagrange, 707 

"    118.  Antoinette  L.  B.  Blackwell 716 

"     119.  Goldwin  Smith 717 

"    120.  Elizabeth  Cady  Stanton 728 

"     121.  Benjamin  Thompson  (Count  Rumford), 729 

"    122.  Hermann  Louis  Helmholtz 730 

"     123.  Leland  Stanford, 731 

"     124.  Charlotte  Bronte, 738 

"    125.  Richard  Owen 739 

"    126.  The  Muscular  Mechanism  of  the  Face, 751 

"    127.  The  Osseous  Formation  of  the  Face 752 

"    128.  The  Nervous  Distribution  of  the  Face, 753 

"    129,  The  Glandular  Formation  of  the  Face, 754 

"     130.  Geometrical  Forms  of  the  Face 755 

"    131.  Localization  of  Signs  in  the  Chin 770 

"    132.  Three  General  Forms  of  the  Chin — The  Globose 771 

"    133.  The  Oval 771 

"    134.  The  Square 771 

"  135.  The  Three  Positions  of  the  Chin — The  Perpendicular,        .                    773 

"  136.                                                                The  Receding,         .        .                .773 

"  137.                                                                 The  Projecting,       ....     773 

"  138.  Forms  of  the  Centre  of  the  Chin — Flat,  or  Stupid,     ....    775 

"  139.                              .                                   Convex,  or  Brutal,       .        .        .    775 

"    140.  Indented, 775 

"     141.  A  Round-Dimpled  Chin 777 

"     142.  A  Cleft-Dimpled  Chin, 777 

"    143.  The  Broad  and  Square  Chin 779 

"    144.  A  Narrow  and  Receding  Chin, 779 

"    145.  A  Sharp,  Pointed  Chin, 779 

"    146.  The  Long,  Peaked,  and  Upturned  Chin, 779 

"    147.  A  Chin  Composed  of  Fatty  Tissue 779 

"     148.  A  Convicted  Thief, 779 

"     149.  Prince  Talleyrand 783 

"     150.  Human  Embryo, .784 

"    151.  Countess  of  Huntington  (Jaw), 785 

"    152.  Oliver  Goldsmith, 785 

"     153.  Laurence  Sterne  (Jaw) 786 

"     154.  Claude  Lorraine  (Jaw), 788 

"    155.  Benjamin  R.  Haydon, 789 

"    156.  Lord  Byron, 789 

"    157.  Sir  Isaac  Newton  (Jaw), 790 

"    158.  Voltaire  (Jaw) 791 


XXX  LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Fig.  159.  Prognathous  Jaws 793 

"  160.  Mart  and  Susie 803 

"  161.  Alexandre  Dumas  (Lip), 804 

"  162.  William  Pitt  (Lip) 805 

"  163.  De  Witt  Talmage  (Lip) 806 

"  164.  Jules  Favre  (Lip), 806 

"  165.  Wilberforce  (Lip) 807 

"  166.  A  Convict  (Lip), 808 

"  167.  A  Bashkir .        .  811 

"  168.  The  Destructive  Lower  Lip, 813 

"  169.  Divisions  of  Upper  Lip 814 

"  170.  Upper  Lip  Divided  Horizontally 814 

"  171.  A,  Normal  Position  of  Lips;   B,  Lips  of  ah  Egotist 815 

"  172.  An  Imbecile  (Lip) 817 

"  173.  The  Philoprogenitive  Upper  Lip,      . 817 

"  174.  Sir  Walter  Scott  (Lip),      . 818 

"  175.  Mirthful  May  (Lip), 819 

"  176.  Robespierre  (Lip) 821 

"  177.  The  Self-estimative  Upper  Lip, 821 

"  178.  Henry  Ward  Beecher  (Lip) 823 

"  179.  Normal  Upper  Lip, 823 

"  180.  Count  Cavour  (Lip), 824 

"  181.  Normal  Line  of  the  Mouth, 837 

"  182.  Normal  Margin  of  the  Mouth, 837 

"  183.  Miss  Emma  Thursby  (Mouth), 839 

"  184.  Rosa  Bonheur  (Mouth), 840 

"  185.  Jean  Jaques  Rousseau  (Mouth), 841 

"  186.  John  Quincy  Adams  (Mouth) 841 

"  187.  Samuel  Houston  (Mouth) 842 

"  188.  Benjamin  Franklin  (Mouth), 844 

"  189.  Wm.  E.  Gladstone  (Mouth), 844 

"  190.  Michael  Faraday  (Mouth), 844 

"  191.  Chief  Geronimo  (Mouth), 846 

•'  192.  A  Sensual  Mouth, 847 

"  193.  The  Two  Divisions  of  the  Cheeks 851 

"  194.  Cherub,  by  Raphael, 853 

"  195.  The  "Diamond  Fat  Lady," 854 

"  196.  Lady  Pitt, 855 

"  197.  Roger  Sherman  (Cheek), 856 

"  198.  Dimpled  Cheeks 857 

"  199.  The  Concave  or  Consumptive  Cheek 860 

"  200.  Concave  or  Dyspeptic  Cheek 861 

"  201.  A  Convicted  Thief, 862 

"  202.  Normal  Upper  Cheek, 863 

"  203.  Abnormal  Cheeks 864 

"  204.  Savage  Cheek-Bones, 865 

"  205.  The  Nose  Subdivided, 878 

"  206.  Location  in  the  Nose  of  the  Signs  of  the  Visceral  Organs,       .        .  879 

"  207.  Local  Signs  for  the  Mental  Faculties, 881 

"  208.  The  Horizontal  Outline  of  the  Nostrils, 891 

"  209.  The  Upward  Outline  of  the  Nostrils, 891 

"  210.  The  Downward  Outline  of  the  Nostrils,        .        .        .        .        .        .  891 

"  211.  The  Concave  Form  of  the  Nose, 891 

"  212.  The  Straight  Form  of  the  Nose 891 

"  213.  The  Convex  Form  of  the  Nose, 891 

"  214.  Embryotic  Nose, 894 


LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS.  XXXI 

FiQ.  215.  Idiotic  Nose  and  Forehead, 896 

"    216.  Sndb-nose, 897 

"    217.  Pug-nose 898 

"    218.  Blunt  Pug-nose, 898 

"    219.  The  Nez  ReteoussJie 900 

"    220.  Singing  Nose 901 

"     221.  Greek  Nose 903 

"    222.  Straight  Nose 903 

"    223.  Artistic  Nose,        ...'..' 911 

"    224.  Dickens  (Nose) 912 

"     225.  OuiDA  (Nose) 912 

"    226.  Critic's  Nose, 913 

"    227.  Philosophic  Nose, 913 

"    228.  Dramatic  Nose, 915 

"    229.  Constructive  Nose, 917 

"    230.  Athletic  Nose 918 

"    231.  Argumentative  Nose 923 

"    232.  Commercial  Nose, 924 

"    233.  Executive  Nose, 924 

"    234.  Commercial  Nose, 924 

"    235.  Melancholy  Nose 928 

"    236.  Dishonest  Nose,    ...» 929 

"    237.  Mechanical  Nose 933 

"     238.  Abnormal  Nose, 934 

"     239.  Animal  Type 935 

"    240.  Revengeful  Nostrils, 935 

"    241.  The  Muscles  of  the  Eye 943 

"    242.  Large  and  Round  Eye, , 946 

"    243.  Narrow  and  Elongated  Eye, 946 

"    244.  Oblique  Eye 946 

"    245.  Artistic  Eye, 947 

"    246.  Reflective  Eye 947 

"    247.  Agreeable  Eye, •    .        .        .        .  948 

"    248.  Linguistic  Eye, 948 

"     249.  Politic  Eye, 949 

"    250.  Untruthful  Eye 949 

*'    251.  Double  Obliquity, 949 

"    252.  Observing  Eyelid, 950 

"    253.  Licentious  and  Unprincipled  Eye 950 

"    254.  Secretive  Eye,    .... 951 

"     255.  Acquisitive  Eye, 951 

"    256.  Truthful  Eye 952 

"    257.  Normal  Eye, 953 

"    258.  Abnormal  Eye, 953 

"    259.  Polygamic  Eye 954 

"     260.  MoNOGAMic  Eye, 954 

"    261.  Conjugal  Eye, 955 

"    262.  Large  Eye, 959 

"    263.  Medium  Eye, 959 

"    264.  Small  Eye 959 

"     265.  Artistic  Eye 962 

"    266.  Observant  Eye 963 

"     267.  Magnetic  Eye, ' 963 

"    268.  Brutal  Eye, •    ...  963 

"     269.  Gluttonous  Eye 964 

"    270.  Beautiful  Eyelashes,        . 970 


XXXU  LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Fig.  271.  Aetistic  Inteeciliaey  Space, 971 

272.  SuPEESTiTious  Type  or  Inteeciliaey  Space, 972 

273.  Obseevant  Type  of  Inteeciliaey  Space, 973 

274.  FoEMS  OF  THE  Eyebeow, 977 

275.  Position  of  the  Innee  Teemini  of  the  Eyebeows 978 

276.  Conceited  Eyebeow, 978 

277.  Obseeving  Eyebeow, 979 

278.  Ceedulous  Eyebrow, 979 

279.  Impeactical  Eyebeow,        .        .    t 981 

280.  Aetistic  Eyebeow, 981 

281.  Aeithmetical  Eyebeow 983 

282.  iEsTHETic  Eyebeow, 983 

283.  Inventive  Eyebeow, 983 

284.  Vital  Eyebeow 984 

285.  Delicate  Eyebeow, 984 

286.  Peependicdlae  Foeehead, 988 

287.  Receding  Foeehead, 988 

288.  Peactical  Foeehead, 989 

289.  Peojecting  Foeehead, 989 

290.  Infantile  Forehead, 990 

291.  Mechanical  Forehead 990 

292.  Aetistic  Forehead, 991 

293.  Scientific  Forehead 991 

294.  Vital  Beard 1008 

295.  Vital  Moustache, 1009 

296.  External  and  Internal  Eae, 1023 

297.  Three  Divisions  of  the  Eae •  .        .        .        .  1024 

298.  Eae  of  Patti, 1027 

299.  Ear  of  Gerster, 1027 

300.  Ear  of  Lucca 1027 

301.  Ear  of  Sembrick 1027 

302.  Eae  of  Capoul 1027 

303.  Ear  of  Annie  Louise  Cary 1027 

304.  Ear  OF  Master  Solomon, 1027 

305.  Ear  of  Passmore, 1027 

306.  Ear  of  Master  Gibson, 1027 

307.  Ear  of  Campanini, 1027 

308.  Unmusical  Ear 1028 

309.  Oratorical  Ear 1029 

310.  Commercial  Ear, 1029 

311.  Normal  Direction  of  Primitive  Line 1032 

312.  Primitive  Line  in  Upper  Lip 1033 

313.  Talker's  Wrinkle ■      .        .  1036 

314.  Approbative  Wrinkle, 1036 

315.  Malicious  Wrinkles, 1038 

316.  Executive  Weinkles, 1038 

317.  Conscientious  Wrinkles, 1038 

318.  Persevering  Wrinkles, 1039 

319.  Mirthful  Wrinkles, 1040 

320.  Talented  Wrinkles, 1041 

321.  The  Wilful  Neck, 1060 

322.  The  Amative  Neck, 1061 

323.  The  Attentive  Neck, 1062 

324.  The  Sagacious  Neck, 1063 

325.  The  Graceful  Neck 1064 


LIST  OF   ILLUSTRATIONS.  XXxiii 

Fig.  326.  The  Neck  of  Coquetry, 1065 

327.  The  Avaricious  Neck 1066 

328.  The  Vegetative  Hand 1072 

329.  Spatulate  Hand 1072 

330.  Artistic  Hand, 1075 

331.  Superstitious  Hand, 1075 

332.  Scientific  Hand 1077 

333.  Philosophic  Hand, 1077 

334.  Mental  Hand 1079 

335.  Useful  Hand 1079 

336.  Beautiful  Hands 1080 

337.  Beautiful  Hand, 1081 

338.  The  Farnesian  Hercules, 1087 

339.  Normal  Female  Waist, 1090 

340.  Abnormal  Female  Waist, 1090 

341.  The  Venus  de  Medici, 1091 

342.  Egeria 1091 

343.  Daniel  Appleton, 1120 

344.  John  Wanamaker, 1121 

345.  Phineas  T.  Barnum 1122 

346.  Michael  Angelo, 1123 

347.  Raphael  Sanzio 1124 

348.  Alfred  Tennyson 1125 

349.  Torquato  Tasso 1126 

350.  Edwin  Booth, 1127 

351.  Adelaide  Ristori, 1128 

352.  Blanche  Barretta 1130 

353.  Joseph  Jefferson, 1131 

354.  Madame  Recamier, 1134 

355.  GiULiA  Grisi, 1135 

356.  Franz  Schubert, 1137 

357.  Richard  Wagnee 1138 

358.  Ariadne 1140 

359.  M.  Pasteur 1142 

360.  Edward  Jenneb, 1143 

361.  John  Hunter 1144 

362.  Master  Harry  Shannon, 1147 

363.  Henry  Clay 1148 

364.  Ernestine  L.  Rose 1149 

365.  Henry  Hart  Milman, 1152 

366.  Cardinal  Henry  Edward  Manning, 1153 

367.  Cyrus  Hall  McCokmack, 1167 

368.  Caius  Julius  Cesar, 1160 

369.  Sir  Charles  John  Napier, 1161 

370.  Mary  Somerville, 1164 

371.  Karl  Vogt 1165 

372.  Washington  A.  Roebling, 1166 

373.  James  B.  Eads, 1167 

374.  Anthony  Rothschild, 1170 

375.  George  Peabody, 1172 

376.  William  Dwight  Whitney, 1174 

377.  Mrs.  Frank  Leslie 1176 

378.  Charles  Dickens, ' 1178 

379.  William  Makepeace  Thackeray 1179 

380.  Armand  Richelieu, 1181 


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FACE  AND  FORM  READING 

WITH  A  VIEW  TO  ITS  PRACTICAL  APPLICATION. 


To  AID  in  thoroughly  understanding  this  work  and  to  make 
its  principles  of  practical  application,  we  have  had  prepared  a 
series  of  questions  on  Special  Topics  by  gentlemen  eminent  for 
their  knowledge  in  the  particular  directions  indicated. 

The  publishers  have  also  had  the  co-operation  of  educators 
and  students  of  Psychology  in  preparing  a  still  further  list  of 
Special  Topics  (all  pertinent  to  the  subject),  in  order  to  render  this 
department  of  "  Aids  "  of  special  use  in  tlie  study  of  "  The  Ency- 
clopaedia of  Face  and  Form  Reading,"  and  to  make  the  work  as 
far  as  possible  Self-interpreting.  This  we  commend  to  you  for 
careful  consideration  and  use. 

Special  Articles. 

Please  read  the  Special  Articles  and  stiidy  the  answers  care- 
fully, every  one  of  which  has  been  prepared  specially  for  this  work 
by  persons  eminent  in  their  various  specialties  and  acknowledged 
as  an  authority  upon  Ms  particular  topic. 

Husband  and  Wife.  How  can  "  Face  and  Form  Reading  "  be  made  useful 
to  Husband  and  Wife  in  creating  and  developing  The  Ideal  Home 
through  Happy  Marriage  ? 

See  article  by  E.  E.  Montgomery,  M.D.,  Clinical  Professor 
Gynaecology  Jefferson  Medical  College,  Gyntecologist  to  Jefferson 
and  St.  Joseph's  Hospitals,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Employer  and  E>iployb.  How  can  "  Face  and  Form  Reading  "  be  made  of 
great  use  to  Employer  and  Employe?  - 

See  article  by  Hamilton  Disston,  Esq.,  of  H.  Disston's  Sons, 
Keystone  Saw  and  Tool  Works,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

(A-3) 


A-4  HOW   TO   USE   FACE   AND   FORM   READING. 

Teachers. — How  can  "  Face  and  Form  Reading  "  be  made  an  Assistant  to 
the  School-Teacher  in  the  Training  and  Development  of  the  scholar, 
with  especial  reference  to  the  Refractory  and  Dull  pupil. 

See  article  by  Prof.  H.  B.  Whittington,  Principal  Keystone 
Boys'  Grammar-School,  Nineteenth  and  Chestnut  Streets,  Phila- 
delphia, Pa. 

Teachers  (Special).  How  can  *'  Face  and  Form  Reading  "  be  rendered 
a  Valuable  Assistant  to  Teachers  in  Schools,  Academies,  and 
Colleges  ? 

See  article  by  Edward  Brooks,  A.M.,  Superintendent  of 
Public  Schools,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Son  and  Daughter.  How  will  "Face  and  Form  Reading"  assist  in  the 
Physical  and  Mental  Development  of  the  Son  and  Daughter? 

See  article  by  Egbert  H.  Grandin,  M.D.,  Obstetric  Surgeon 
New  York  Maternity  Hospital,  Gynaecologist  to  French  Hospital, 
'     etc..  New  York. 

Tendency  to  Consumption,  etc.  How  will  "  Face  and  Form  Reading"  indi- 
cate Consumptive  or  Catarrhal  Tendencies  in  Son  and  Daughter? 
See  article  by  O.  B.  Douglas,  M.D.,  President  New  York  State 
Medical  Society,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Nose  and  Throat, 
New  York  Post-Graduate  Medical  School  and  Hospital,  etc.,  New 
York,  N.  Y. 

Discernible  Signs  in  Health  and  Disease.  The  Discernible  Facial  and 
Bodily  Signs  of  the  Visceral  Organs :  their  Condition  of  Devel- 
opment and  of  Health  and  Disease. 

See  article  by  A.  R.  Thomas,  M.D.,  Dean  of  Hahnemann  Col- 
lege, Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Pneumative  Patients.  The  Physiognomy  of  Pneumative  Patients  and  its 
Relations  to  Diagnosis  and  Treatment. 

See  article  by  Frank  Woodbury,  A.M.,M.D.,  Honorary  Pro- 
fessor of  Medicine  in  Medico-Chirurgical  College,  Philadelphia,  Pa. ; 
Associate  Editor  Journal  American  Medical  Association  ;  Fellow 
of  the  College  of  Physicians,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Beauty,  etc.     Physiognomy  in  Beauty  of  Face  and  Form. 

See  article  by  John  V.  Shoemaker,  A.M.,  M.D.,  Professor  of 
Materia  Medica,  Pharmacology^,  Therapeutics,  etc.,  Medico-Chi- 
rurgical College,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

The  Physician,  Professionally  and  Socially.  How  "  Face  and  Form 
Reading  "  can  be  made  useful  to  the  Ph3'sician  Professionally  and 
Socially. 

See  article  by  Egbert  Guernsey,  A.M.,  M.D.,  Consulting  Phy- 
sician Hahnemann  Hospital,  N.  Y. ;  President  Medical  Board  Met- 
ropolitan Hospital,  Blackwell's  Island,  N.  Y. ;  President  New 
York  State  Homoeopathic  Medical  Society ;  Formerly  Vice- 
President  State  Hospital  for  the  lusane,  etc.,  Middletown,  N.  Y. 


HOW  TO  USE  FACE   AND   FORM   READING. 


A-5 


Church  Organization  and  Development.  How  will  a  study  of  "  Face  and 
Form  Reading  "  aid  the  Pastor  in  Church  Organization  and  De- 
velopment ? 

See  article  by  Rev.  Geo.  A.  Peltz,  D.D.,  Associate  Pastor 
"  The  Temple,"  Broad  and  Berks  Streets,  Philadelpliia,  Pa. 

Lawyer  and  Counselor.  The  aid  "  The  Encyclopaedia  of  Face  and  Form 
Reading "  may  be  made  to  render  those  interested  in  Legal, 
Judicial,  and  Deliberative  Professions. 

See  article  by  Hon.  George  S.  Graham,  District  Attorney, 
Philadelphia,  Pa.;  assisted  by  Hon.  John  L.  Kinsey,  Assistant 
District  Attorney,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Railroad  Management  and  Operation.     Subjects  of  interest  to  those  en- 
gaged in  Managing  and  Operating  Railroads. 
See  article  by  The  Publishers. 

The  Child.  How  will  a  study  of  "  Face  and  Form  Reading  "  aid  Parents 
and  Guardians  in  the  Raising,  Training,  and  Education  of  the 
Child? 

See  article  by  The  Publishers. 

Longevity  through  Hygiene.     How  will  "  Face  and  Form  Reading  "  aid 
in  attaining  Longevity  through  Hygiene? 
See  article  by  The  Publishers, 

Human  Improvement  and  Development.  What  Light  will  "  Face  and 
Form  Reading "  throw  on  Human  Improvement  and  Human 
Development  ? 

See  article  by  The  Publishers. 


Additional  Valuable  Aids. 

In  connection  with  the  above  special  articles  from  the 
eminent  gentlemen  whose  names  are  appended  thereto,  we  would 
call  your  attention  to  the  following  additional  topics : — 


Teachings  of  Physiognomy,  etc. 

What  is  Physiognomy,  or  Face  and 
Form  Reading,  and  how  does  the 
encyclopaedia    teach    it?       Pages 

1-n. 

Of  what  is  the  Human  Face  the 
index,  and  how  does  the  encyclo- 
psedia  show  it  ?     Pages  15, 16. 

What  creates  Form  and  Character? 
Page  59. 

Upon  what  is  Physiognomy,  or  Face 
and  Form  Reading,  based  ?  Pages 
27-58. 


C  HEST-D  E  VELOPMENT. 

What  does  it  indicate,  and  of  what 
importance  to  Health  and  Char- 
acter?    Pages  71-75. 

See  also  articles  by  Drs.  Mont- 
gomery, Shoemaker,  Woodbury, 
Grandin,  Douglass,  etc. 


Muscular  Development. 

In  what  wa}'  does  it  assist  in  forming 
and  developing  character?     Pages 

75-79. 


A-6 


HOW   TO   USE   FACE   AND   FORM    READING. 


Muscular  Development  (continued). 

See  also  special  articles  by  Drs. 
Shoemaker,  Woodbury,  Grandin, 

Douglass,  etc. 

In  selecting  trades  or  professions 
for  our  cliildren,  to  what  should 
particular  attention  be  paid  ?  Pages 
91,  92. 

Will  a  study  of  "  Face  and  Form 
Reading  "  aid  you  in  developing 
the  Son  and  Daughter,  Mentally 
and  Physically?  Read  carefully 
pages  137-147. 

Will  "  Face  and  Form  Reading " 
point  out  to  you  tlie  signs  for 
good  digestion  ?     Pages  165-168. 

What  depends  upon  good  diges- 
tion?    Pages  165-168 

See  also  articles  by  Drs.  Shoe- 
maker, Grandin,  Woodbury,  Mont- 
gomery, etc. 


Mental  Powers. 

Upon  what  does  a  good  memory 
depend  ?     Page  203. 

Where  and  from  what  do  the  Men- 
tal faculties  derive  their  power? 
Pages  236,  237. 

Upon  an  analysis  of  each  of  the  fol- 
lowing Mental  Faculties,  what  do 
we  learn  as  to  their  force,  and 
how  can  we  distinguish  their 
signs  in  Face  and  Form  ?  Pages 
242-270. 

Amativeness,  Jealousy,  Re- 
venge, Secretiveness,  Suspicion, 
Anger,  Will,  Temper,  Selfishness, 
Self-conceit,  Scorn,  Enthusiasm, 
Laziness,  Obstinacy,  etc. 

Along  with  the  analysis  of  each 
of  these  separate  traits  are  sugges- 
tions as  to  usefulness,  how  to  re- 
strain if  in  excess,  how  to  de- 
velop if  deficient. 

This  is  of  special  importance, 
and  we  ask  you  to  carefully  read 
so  as  to  gain  a  balanced  character. 


Internal  Organs. 

How  does  the  face  indicate  the  con- 
dition of  the  following  internal 
organs?     Pages  276-287. 

Kidneys,  Intestines,  Reproduct- 
ive Organs,  Liver,  Lungs,  Heart, 
Stomach,  Muscles,  Bones,  Brain, 
Nerves,  etc. 

See  also  articles  by  Drs.  Thomas, 
Shoemaker,  Grandin,  Woodbury, 
Douglass,  etc. 

Faculties. 
Please   examine    chart.     Page   288. 

You  will  there  find  Forty-five 
Mental  Faculties  accurately  lo- 
cated, a  study  of  which  will  aid 
you  in  locating  signs  of  character 
in  the  human  face. 

For  the  definition  and  descrip- 
tion of  the  signs  and  powers  of 
these  Fort3'-five  Mental  Faculties 
or  traits,  see  examples  and  read 
carefully  from  page  302  to  748. 

How  is  the  faculty  of  Amativeness, 
or  Sex-Love,  instrumental  in  de- 
veloping beauty  ?     Page  357-367. 


Analysis  of  Character  from 
Portraits. 

What  do  we  learn  of  the  character 
of  the  following? 

Thomas  Jefferson   (States- 
man).    Page  438. 

Arch.  Forbes  (War  Corre- 
spondent).    Page  457. 

Robespierre      (Revolution- 
ist).    Page  471. 

Gustav  Dord  (Artist).  Page 

487. 

H.  Rider  Haggard  (Author, 
Novelist).     Page  517. 

Wm.  Shakespeare  (Drama- 
tist).    Page  527. 

John  Ericsson    (Inventor). 
Page  544. 


HOW   TO   USE   FACE    AND   FORM   READING. 


A-7 


Analysis  of  Character  from 
Portraits  {continued). 

W.  H.  Seward  (Statesman). 
Page  563. 

General  Garibaldi  (Com- 
mander).    Page  570. 

Rosa  Bonheur  (Artist). 
Page  610. 

Bayard  Taylor  (Traveler, 
Author).     Page  619. 

Charlotte  Bronte  (Novel- 
ist).    Page  738. 

How  does  the  faculty  of  Sublimity 
assist  in  giving  nobility  to  tlie 
character  ?     Page  509. 

Special   Facial  Signs  in  Reading 
Character. 

Noses.     Pages  878-936. 

Eyes.     Pages  939-973. 

Eyebrows.     Pages  974-986. 

Foreheads.     Pages  787-992. 

Hair  {color,  quality^  and  quantity). 
Pages  997-1015. 

Beard  (color,  quality,  and  quantity). 
Pages  1010-1015. 

Ears  (very  significant).  Pages  1020- 
1032. 

Ears,  Musical  (examples.)  Page 
1027. 

Facial  Lines.     Pages  1032-1042. 

Smiles  and  Laughter.  Pages  1054- 
1057. 

Necks.     Pages  1057,  1058. 

Willful.     Pages  1059,  1060. 


Amative.     Page  1060. 
Self-esteem.     Page  1061. 
Attentive.     Page  1061. 
Sagacious.     Page  1063. 
Timid.     Page  1063. 
Graceful,  etc.     Page  1063. 

Hand.  Shape,  contour,  etc.  All 
have  weight  in  indicating  mental- 
ity.   Read  from  page  1067  to  1084. 

Features. 

How  do  the  features  reveal  health, 
disease,  strength,  weakness, 
beauty,  etc.?  Pages  1093-1106. 
Also  special  articles  of  Drs.  Mont- 
gomery, Shoemaker,  Woodbury-, 
etc. 

How  can  j'^ou  tell  the  well-bred  or 
thorough-bred  person  ?  Pages 
1108-1109. 

Vocations. 

What  shall  be  the  vocation  of  my 
son,  and  why?     Page  1111. 

What  the  vocation  of  my  daughter? 
Page  1111. 

How  can  I  learn  the  character  and 
mental  faculties  of  myself  and 
others  ?  See  "  Method  to  Pursue," 
etc.     Pages  1114,  1115. 

What  physical  systems  and  what 
mental  faculties  are  required  in  the 
different  trades  and  professions? 
Read  carefully  the  whole  article, 
particularly  if  you  are  choosing  a 
profession  or  trade  for  your  son 
or  daughter.     Pages  1116-11 83. 


Conclusion. 

These  hints  for  the  use  of.  Face  and  Form  Reading,  in  con- 
nection with  the  special  articles  to  which  we  again  call  your  atten- 
tion, will  show  you  how  a  thorough  study  and  application  of  the 
principles  of  Physiognomy  cannot  fail  to  be  of  great  practical  use 
in  every  walk  and  condition  of  life. 


HUSBAND  AND  WIFE. 

How  TO  Become  the  Ideal  Wife  ;   How  to  Recognize  the  Ideal 
Husband  ;   How  to  Achieve  the  Ideal  Home. 

By  E.  E.  MONTGOMERY,  M.D., 

Clinical  Professor  of  Gynaecology  in  the  Jefiferson  Medical  College;  Gynaecologist  to 
Jefferson  and  St.  Joseph's  Hospitals. 


No  relation  can  so  affect,  for  weal  or  woe,  the  life  of  any 
individual  as  that  of  husband  and  wife.  Probably  no  great  move, 
in  the  course  of  one's  life,  is  ever  made  with  less  thought  or  con- 
sideration than  that  which  unites  two  souls  as  one,  and  influences 
their  destinies  both  here  and  hereafter.  Not  only  theirs,  but  that 
of  those  who  come  after  them  for  generations. 

Propinquity,  or  a  fancy,  will  direct  two  lives  into  one  current 
to  subsequently  irritate  and  disturb  each  other  until  death  affords 
a  grateful  release.  Neither  the  chooser  nor  the  chosen  has  had 
the  least  appreciation  of  the  injunction,  "know  thyself,"  and  con- 
sequently are  in  deepest  ignorance  of  what  qualities  should  be 
found  in  a  life-companion  to  afford  the  highest  degree  of  happi- 
ness. The  stock-raiser  exercises  the  greatest  care  in  breeding 
domestic  animals,  and  the  advantages  of  such  study  can  only  be 
appreciated  when  we  compare  the  cultivated  witli  a  neglected  herd. 
Experience  has  demonstrated  that  by  careful  and  systematic 
breeding  blemishes  can  be  eradicated  and  desirable  qualities  culti- 
vated and  developed. 

It  is  a  source  of  deepest  regret,  under  such  circumstances, 
that  the  seeds  of  this  knowledge  cannot  be  implanted  in  the  minds 
of  individuals  sufficiently  early  to  induce  the  young  person  con- 
templating matrimony  to  choose  a  companion  who  will  aid  in 
propagating  a  strong  and  healthful  progeny.  Not  only  should 
good  health  be  a  desideratum,  but  those  qualities  of  head  and 
heart  which  will  render  his  companionship  delightful  or,  at  least, 
endurable  should  be  discovered.  The  parents  who  are  anxious  for 
the  comfort  and  happiness  of  their  children  will  endeavor  to  point 
out  their  inherited  tendencies  with  the  proper  method  of  training 
to  lessen  their  evil  influence,  and  instruct  them  as  to  the  qualities 
in  a  life-companion  required  to  supplement  their  faults  and 
strengthen  and  develop  their  good  qualities. 

The  aim  of  every  woman  is  to  retain  her  beauty,  and  thus 
insure  the  maintenance  of  her  personal  charms.     It  should  not  be 

(A-9) 


A-10 


HUSBAND    AND    "WIFE. 


forgotten  that  physical  beauty  is  dependent  upon  health  of  body, 
ari'd  that  many  of  the  frailties  of  mind  which  render  her  compan- 
ionship ofttimes  unendurable  are  due  to  ill  health.  Health  of 
body  and  mind  are  obtained  and  maintained  only  through  obedi- 
ence to  the  laws  of  hygiene,  exercise,  and  diet. 

That  face  and  form  is  an  index  of  character  has  long  been 
well  known,  and  is,  possibly,  more  or  less  insensibly  utilized  in  all 
our  relations  with  our  fellow-men. 

Its  systematic  interpretation  is  the  object  of  this  work,  and  to 
render  it  available  in  the  choice  of  a  life-companion  shall  be  the 
aim  in  the  introduction  of  the  following  references  and  ques- 
tions : — 


Probably  no  one  vice  of  the  present 
day  has  a  move  baneful  influence 
upon  the  life  and  comfort  of  the 
woman  than  the  habit  of  Tight 
Lacing.     Page  1092. 

Indications  of  defective  lung-power 
and  nutrition  are  found  upon  page 
1096. 

Special  signs  of  disease  and  consti- 
tutional defects.    Pages  1097, 1098. 

Disclosure  of  the  character  deter- 
mined by  observation  of  the  eye 
and  forehead.     Page  1103. 

Hints  as  to  cause  of  ill  health  and 
poor  appearance  of  the  woman. 
Page  1089. 

How  to  secure  reduction  of  size 
without  loss  of  strength.  Pages 
1109,  1110. 

The  advantage  of  a  knowledge  of 
Physiognomy.     Page  1105. 

Diseases  of  the  kidneys  and  repro- 
ductive organs  indicated  by  the 
eyes.     Page  1103. 

Diseases  to  which  a  woman  defective 
in  pigment  or  color  is  liable.  Page 
1098. 

Disorders  induced  by  Tight  Lacing. 
Pages  1091,  1092. 

How  can  this  work  be  utilized  in 
correcting  faults  and  promoting 
Marital  Happiness?  Pages  270, 
1185. 

Self-love  the  most  prevalent  form  of 
mental  weakness.     Page  1209. 

How  is  it  influenced,  and  upon  what 
is  Hope  dependent  (the  normal 
activity  of  the  entire  body)  ?  Page 
189. 


Of  what  advantage  is  the  possession 
of  Self-love  in  normal  proportion? 
Pages  178,  179. 

What  is  the  facial  indication  of 
Hope?     Page  188. 

The  advantage  of  a  good  chest- 
development  in  a  companion.  Page 
73. 

How  can  we  improve  the  race  ?    Page- 
99. 

How  may  we  choose  a  vocation  for 
a  life-companion  ?     Page  1113. 

How  can  a  well-bred  person  be  recog- 
nized?    Pages  1108,  1109. 

What    information    regarding    love, 
will  the  eye  reveal?     Page  956. 

What  is  the  Conjugal  Eye?  Page 
955. 

What  information  is  revealed  by  the 
mouth  ?     Page  845. 

How  is  beauty,  strength,  and  char- 
acter expressed  ?     Page  801. 

How  is  Love  of  Children  indicated? 
Page  817. 

How  is  a  weak  nature  disclosed  ? 
Page  785. 

How  would  you  recognize  a  contrary  ^ 
person  ?     Page  791. 

How  is  Self-will  indicated?  Page 
570. 

What  are  the  results  of  excess  and 
deficiency  of  Self-will?  Pages  569, 
570. 

What  will  be  the  advantage  of  a  fair 
proportion  of  Veneration?  Page 
557. 

How  may  compensation  through 
training  be  procured  for  the  ab- 
sence of  Veneration  ?     Page  556. 


HUSBAND   AND   WIFE. 


A-U 


How  is  Veneration  indicated  ?  Page 
553. 

How  may  the  faculty  of  Ideality  be 
recognized  ?     Page  517. 

What  is  tie  advantage  of  the  pos- 
session of  Ideality?     Page  522. 

How  is  Hoj-e  designated  ?    Page  486. 

In  what  way  does  Hope  prove  at- 
tractive?    Pages  48T,  492. 

What  is  th(!  advantage  of  possessing 
well-balanced  Self-esteem  ?  Page 
442. 

How  may  it  be  recognized?  Page 
436. 

It  should  be  judiciously  combined 
with  Force  and  Modesty.  Pages 
446,  455,  460. 

How  may  Sanativeness  be  desirable 
in  both  husband  and  wife,  and 
especially  in  the  latter?  Pages 
42T-429. 

How  ma)'  the  possessor  of  Sanative- 
ness be  recognized  ?     Page  427. 

How  may  Friendship  be  most  de- 
lightfully combined  ?     Page  391. 


What  is  Amativeness  ?     Page  355.  - 

What  are  the  physical  signs  of  Ama- 
tiveness ?     Page  355. 

What  combination  of  Amativeness 
will  make  a  delightful  conjugal 
companion  ?     Pages  5,  361. 

How  is  Love  of  Home  indicated  ? 
Page  324. 

How  should  Love  of  Home  be  culti- 
vated ?     Page  326. 

In  what  way  may  Love  of  Home  be 
developed  in  the  young?  Page 
328. 

What  are  the  signs  of  Economy? 
Page  318. 

In  how  far  is  Economy  a  desirable 
trait  ?     Page  322. 

What  may  be  said  of  Real  Econo- 
mists ?     Page  323. 

What  is  the  best  Economy  ?  Page 
322. 

How  is  Conscientiousness  indicated? 
Page  302. 

In  what  way  do  Gestures  disclose 
character?     Page  299. 


I  feel  confident  that  consideration  of  the  qviestions  given  will 
indicate  to  the  attentive  reader  that  much  useful  information  can 
be  derived  from  the  study  of  "  Face  and  Form  Keading."  The 
grouping  of  these  different  faculties,  or  the  index  that  has  been 
arranged  from  experience,  may  be  found  on  pages  277  and  288. 

In  this  relation,  as  in  every  other  in  life,  "  knowledge  is 
power."  Under  the  most  favorable  circumstances  married  life  is 
a  compromise  in  which  each  party  must  bear  and  forbear.  She 
who  is  equipped  with  the  ability  to  detect  the  weak  places  in  the 
characters  of  herself  and  her  companion,  being  forewarned,  is  armed 
to  meet  and  overcome  difficulties.  While  it  cannot  be  claimed  that 
the  science  of  physiognomy  has  reached  perfection,  we  feel  assured 
that  a  study  of  the  foregoing  pages  will  repay  any  woman,  and  will 
enable  her  to  so  systematize  her  knowledge  of  Human  Nature  as 
to  better  fit  her  for  life's  duties. 


THE  DAUGHTER. 

The   Ideal   Education  to  Fit   her  for  the   Greatest   Possibilities  of 
Womanhood,  Happy  Selection  in  Marriage,  and  Perfect  Mother- 
hood.    The  Aid  "  Face  and  Form  Reading  "  may  be  Made 
to  Render  in  such  Education  and  Training. 

By  EGBERT  H.  GRANDIN,  M.D., 

Obstetric  Surgeon  to  the  New  York  Maternity  Hospital ;  President  of  the  New  York 
County  Medical  Society,  etc. 


A  CRITICAL  study  of  this  "Cyclopaedia  of  Face  and  Form  Read- 
ing" convinces  me  that  the  subject  matter  rests  on  a  scientific 
basis,  and  that  the  work  is  one  which  miglit  to  great  advantage  be 
placed  in  tlie  hands  of  every  thinking  man  and  woman  in  the 
land.  Further,  it  is  an  eminently  safe  work  to  give  to  our  chil- 
dren, the  diction  being  pure  even  when  referring  to  topics  which 
an  absurd  custom  has  forced  us  to  hide  from  our  young  until,  in 
the  growth  of  inquiring  mind,  they  come  to  us  as  parents  for  in- 
formation or,  through  shame-facedness,  have  sought  to  acquire  the 
craved-for  knowledge  from  companions  whose  thoughts,  not  being 
pure,  have  tinctured  the  extended  information  with  the  inklings  of 
the  impure. 

A  busy  professional  career,  which  has  thrown  me  chiefly  in 
contact  with  the  female  sex,  has  taught  me  that  our  methods  of 
training  our  children  might  in  certain  respects  be  bettered,  par- 
ticularly in  regard  to  the  giving  of  information  in  reference  to  the 
sexual  function — its  necessity  and  its  purpose.  As  well  expect  the 
newborn  infant  to  walk  unaided  as  to  expect  our  daughters  to  be 
guided  by  other  than,  frequently,  mere  fancy  in  the  selection  of  a 
partner  for  life,  when  ignorant  as  they  are  of  the  great  purpose  of 
marriage  and  of  the  necessary  function  of  reproduction.  Even  as 
I  am  convinced  that  it  is  tlie  duty  of  mothers  to  give  their  daughters 
information  in  regard  to  the  married  state,  after  the  pure  manner 
which  will  come  naturally  to  good  and  to  pure  minds,  even  so  does 
it  seem  to  me  that  the  reading  of  this  treatise  under  the  guidance 
of  parents  will  result  in  the  acquisition  of  much  knowledge  which 
must  aid  the  girl  in  the  selection  of  a  partner  for  life  fitted  to  make 
her  and  her  children  happy,  and  which,  further,  must  assist  her  in 
avoiding  the  choice  of  a  roue  and  a  libertine — the  type  that  makes 
not  alone  a  brutal  husband,  but  which  starts  unhealthy  and  cruel, 
often  criminal,  children  on  life's  pathway. 

Without  committing  myself  definitely  to  the  opinion  that  all 
in  this  work  is  golden, — that  is  to  say,  is  founded  on  a  scientific  basis; 

(A-12) 


THE  DAUGHTER. 


A-13 


for  much  more  than  a  cursory  reading  is  necessary  to  fully  grasp 
the  subject-matter  in  its  entirety, — I  am  prepared  to  acquiesce  in  the 
statements  wliich  follow  the  questions  appended  below,  and  which 
have  been  selected  with  the  end  in  view  of  calling  the  attention  of 
my  readers  to  the  fashion  after  which  this  work  may  prove  of  as- 
sistance to  Daughters  in  selecting  .suitable  husbands,  and  to  Sons 
in  selecting  proper  wives.  There  are  critics  who  will  object  to 
making  of  marriage  a  species  of  Natural  Selection,  robbing  it  as 
it  were  of  romance  ;  but  even  such,  on  proper  thought,  must  admit 
that  fewer  unhappy  and  uncongenial  marriages  would  result  were 
both  the  Son  and  the  Daughter  educated  to  weigh  this  most  im- 
portant step  in  life  less  from  the  stand-point  of  the  moment's  fancy 
and  more  from  the  stand-point  of  future  possibilities.  We  may 
even  go  farther  and  test  this  question  from  the  stand-point  of  the 
bringing  into  the  world  of  children  Healthy  not  only  in  Body,  but 
also  in  Mind.  Hastily-  and  unthinkingly-  contracted  marriages  are 
responsible  for  many  an  idiotic  or  epileptic  child;  I  might  add,  for 
many  a  criminal.  A  careful  reading  of  this  work,  therefore,  may 
redound  to  the  good  not  alone  of  the  individual,  but  also  of 
Society,  using  the  term  in  its  broad  sense  of  the  Commonwealth. 

The  dream  of  every  woman  is  to  have  a  happy,  congenial 
Home,  and,  if  her  thoughts  extend  so  far,  healthy  children :  the 
aim  of  every  man  is  to  possess  a  pure  woman  as  Wife,  capable  of  . 
healthy  and  strong  Motherhood.  Anything  which  leads  to  the 
fulfillment  of  this  dream  and  to  the  fruition  of  this  aim  is  worthy 
of  commendation  from  a  citizen,  irrespective  of  his  vocation. 


Amativeness  (or  Sex-Love)  and 
Conjugality. 

In  what  part  of  the  face  is  the 
primary  or  first  sign  of  Amative- 
ness to  be  found  ?     Page  355. 

How  is  vigor  and  development  of 
the  Reproductive  System  shown 
by  this  feature?     Page  355. 

What  is  the  second  general  sign  of 
Amativeness  as  shown  by  the 
form  ?     Page  355. 

Where  has  this  been  localized  by  the 
author  as  an  important  secondary 
sign  ?     Page  355. 

What  feature  of  the  face  distin- 
guishes Conjugality,  or  fitness  for 
tiie  married  state,  most  fully? 
Page  358. 

Which  persons  are  likely  to  have  the 
most  Creativeness  or  Originality  ? 
Page  360. 


What  is  the  full  definition  of  Ama- 
tiveness ?     Page  355. 

What  faculty,  in  connection  with 
Amativeness,  insures  constancy 
and  devotion  ?     Page  361. 

What  are  the  facial  signs  of  this 
faculty  ?     Pages  303-385. 

What  additional  faculty  indicates 
zeal  and  devotion,  the  possessor 
of  which  will  defend  the  intei-ests 
and  honor  of  his  companion  with 
ardor,  and  remain  faithful  through 
all  the  vicissitudes  of  health  and 
fortune?    Pages  361,362. 

Walk  and  Gestures. 

Have  you  ever  noticed  an}'  peculiar- 
ities in  walk,  gestures,  speech,  or 
laughter' of  your  daughter?  Have 
they  any  significance?  If  so, 
what?     Pages  II,  U,  15. 


A-14 


THE   DAUGHTER. 


Hospitality,  Good  Nature,  and 
Amiability, 

What  and  wliere  are  the  general 
facial  and  bodily  signs  for  Good 
Natnre,  Amiability,  and  Cheerful- 
ness?    Page  373. 

Where  is  to  be  found  the  facial  sign, 
for  Hospitality,  so  important  in 
making  a  happy  home?    Page  392. 

Correlation  op  the  Mental  and 
Physical. 

In  what  manner  is  the  Mental  de- 
pendent upon  the  Physical  ?  Pages 
23,  73. 

Harmony  and  Equilibrium. 

Nature  uses  her  forces  to  produce 
Harmon^' and  Equilibrium,  How 
can  the  thoughtful  parent  assist 
Nature  ?     Pages  53-57. 

What  hygienic  measures  should  you 
adopt  if  your  daughter's  body  is 
weak  and  not  in  harmony  with  her 
mind  ?     Pages  59-61. 

If  your  daughter  is  studying  hard 
and  her  physical  growth  not  keep- 
ing pace  with  her  mental  progress, 
how  can  you  discern  this,  and  what 
does  tiie  author  recommend  to 
produce  Harmony  ?  Pages  80, 
81,  98,  99. 

What  is  a  well-balanced,  harmonious 
mind  ?  If  not  possessed  by  your 
daughter,  can  it  be  attained  ? 
How  ?  Read  carefully  pages  133- 
135. 

Precocious  Daughters. 

If  the  daughter  is  young,  but  has  a 
precocious  mind,  what  are  the  best 
means  to  thoroughl}'^  harmonize 
body  and  mind  and  prevent  early 
decay  or  decline?  (An  important 
chapter;  read  carefully.)  Pages 
138,  139,  etc. 

Color. 

What  is  the  complexion  of  your 
daughter  ?  Blonde,  Brunette,  or  a 
Composite  of  both?  Has  she 
Light  or  Dark  Hair  and  Eyes? 
What  does  it  signify  as  to  health 


or  disease  and  the  tendency  to 
either?  What  general  character 
and  faculties  does  it  indicate? 
Pages  128-130. 

Health. 

What  bearing  has  good  health  on 
the  character  and  development  of 
the  daughter  mentally  and  phys- 
icall}^  and  how  is  it  best  con- 
served?    Page  103. 

What  tendency  has  compression  of 
the  female  waist  to  induce  a  train 
of  evils  detrimental  to  health  and 
beauty,  and  why  should  reform  in 
this  matter  be  gentl3',but  lirmly, 
urged  upon  the  daughter?  Page 
81. 

Order. 

What  part  of  the  face  indicates  Love 
of  Order  and  Neatness  ?  Pages 
445,  696. 

Sports  and  Recreations. 

Fond  and  indulgent  parents,  as  a 
rule,  are  ver^-  apt  to  be  easy  with 
the  daughter,  more  particularly  if 
an  only  one.  They  are  solicitous 
that  she  does  not  work  too  hard. 
Should  you  not  be  as  solicitous 
as  to  the  kind  and  amount  of  her 
sports  and  recreations,  and  guide 
her  ,  into  such  channels  as  will 
tend  to  develop  all  latent  forces  ? 
Pages  141,  142. 

Companionship. 

"What  kind  of  a  companion  will  the 
daughter  be  if  she  is  quick  to  learn 
and  of  a  restless  and  eager  dis- 
position ?     Page  73. 

If  this  tendency  is  in  excess,  how 
can  it  be  directed  and  controlled  ? 
Page  73. 

Parents  should  draw  close,  to  the 
daughter ;  endeavor  to  learn  her 
thoroughly,  her  hopes  and  fears  ; 
shield,  protect,  and  mold  her  body 
and  mind  for  every  duty  and  re- 
sponsibility, and  fortify  against 
every  vicissitude  of  life.  What 
aid  will  "  Face  and  Form  Read- 
ing "  give  you  in  this  labor  of 
Love  and  Duty?     Pages  118-120. 


CONSUMPTIVE  AND  CATARRHAL 
CONDITIONS. 

Face  and  Form  Reading  of  Pneumative  Patients,  and  its  Relations 
TO  Diagnosis  and  Treatment. 

By  FRANK  WOODBURY,  A.M.,  M.D., 

Honorary  Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine,  Medico-Cliirurgical  Collego,  Philadelphia; 

Associate  Editor  of  the  Journal  of  the  American  Medical  Association ; 

Fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


Two  distinct,  but  distantly-related,  questions  are  discussed  in 
"  The  Encyclopsedia  of  Face  and  Form  Reading."  Both  are  of 
great  importance  to  society,  especially  to  all  who  are  interested  in 
solving  the  problems  of  psychology  and  physiology,  under  various 
conditions  of  health  and  disease.  The  physician,  more  than  any 
other  member  of  the  community,  is  engaged  in  this  study  and  in 
applying  the  results  to  practical  uses.  The  first  of  the  questions 
considered  by  the  author  is:  To  what  extent  are  moral  traits  and  in- 
tellectual capacity  revealed  by  face  and  form  ?  The  second  question 
is :  What  do  physical  features  indicate  with  regard  to  diathesis  or 
actual  disease]  The  first  question  appeals  to  the  poet,  the  painter, 
and  the  philanthropist  especially,  but  is  of  general  interest  to  all 
who  are  brought  into  daily  contact  with  their  fellow-men.  The 
second  question  more  directly  attracts  the  attention  of  the  phy- 
sician, since  it  bears  upon  the  process  of  diagnosis,  and  also  con- 
cerns the  prognosis,  since  it  enables  him  to  predict  to  some  degree 
the  future  course  of  the  disease. 

Restricting  the  comments  which  I  shall  make  to  the  physi- 
ognomy of  pneumative  patients,  I  will  now  proceed  to  inquire  to 
what  extent  the  diagnosis  and  prognosis  of  diseases  of  the  air- 
passages  are  indicated  by  physiognomy,  or  the  outward  traits  of 
feature  and  form.  Pneumativeness  is  the  name  of  the  physiolog- 
ical function  which  presides  over  the  introduction  of  oxygen  and 
other  gases  into  the  body,  the  interchange  of  gases  in  the  blood, 
and  the  expulsion  of  vapors  and  gases  from  the  system.  Our 
author,  under  this  head,  also  includes  "  the  mental  faculty  which 
tahes  cognizance  of  air,  gases,  and  vapors."  (See  page  397.)  As 
this  also  has  a  bearing  upon  medical  practice,  it  will  be  interesting 
to  note  that,  in  the  author's  words,  "  tliis  faculty  gives  the  love  and 
desire  for  fresh,  pure  air,  and  a  capacity  for  distinguishing  readily 

(A-15) 


A-16  CONSUMPTIVE   AND    CATARRHAL   CONDITIONS. 

the  differences  in  atmospheres ;  detects  odors  and  effluvia  arising 
from  decomposition.;  gives  keenness  of  scent,  and  enables  one  at 
a  distance  to  scent  the  slightest  odor  of  smoke,  gas,  or  any  peculiar 
change  in  the  composition  of  atmospheric  air.  It  gives  a  love  for 
out-door  life  and  a  dislike  to  crowds,  close  rooms,  vitiated  atmos- 
phere, and  of  vile  odors.  Tliose  who  have  a  large  measure  of  this 
function  and  faculty  exhibit  great  recuperative  powers,  also  ability 
for  imparting  health  to  others  by  hand-rubbing  and  by  their 
cheerful  and  moral  atmosphere."  It  is  clear  that  this  function 
and  faculty  should  be  the  special  study  of  physicians,  since  it 
"  gives  a  love  of  life  and  activity,  as  well  as  power  to  resist  and 
overcome  disease."  Since  an  excess  "  cannot  be  considered  in- 
jurious unless  it  lead  one  to  pass  too  much  time  in  out-door  sports 
to  the  neglect  of  ordinary  business,"  and  "  a  deficiency  tends  to 
weakness  of  all  tlie  moral  and  mental  powers,  to  consumption  and 
early  death,"  the  importance  of  the  knowledge  of  pneumativeness 
and  of  the  means  of  its  cultivation  when  deficient  is  very  obvious. 
The  facial  and  bodily  signs  by  which  it  can  be  recognized  and  the 
method  of  developing  weak  organs  so  as  to  increase  this  indis- 
pensable function  are  given  at  some  length  in  the  work,  and  need 
not  be  repeated  here. 

The  special  point  to  which  attention  should  be  directed  is  the 
fact  that  the  size  of  the  lungs  and  so-called  vital  capacity  is  related 
to  the  width  of  the  nostrils,  the  color  of  the  skin,  the  breadth  of 
the  face  externally  to  the  eyes,  and  the  expression  of  the  counte- 
nance. Narrow  nostrils,  mouth-breathing,  and  pallid  faces  accom- 
pany contracted  chests  and  insufficient  pulmonary  development. 
The  latter  class  are  particularly  liable  to  suffer  from  catarrhal  affec- 
tions, nasal  hypertrophies,  enlarged  tonsils,  sore  throat,  laryngitis, 
bronchitis,  and  chronic  pulmonary  affections.  The  author  very 
ably  indicates  the  method  of  appropriate  exercises  to  overcome  the 
physical  condition  underlying  deficient  pneumativeness  and  to  in- 
crease the  size  of  the  chest  and  the  respiratory  power.  Incidentally 
it  is  intimated  that  the  mental  faculty  corresponding  thereto  will 
also  be  developed,  and  that  the  acquiring  of  the  power  to  overcome 
and  to  heal  disease  is  also  within  the  possibility  of  those  who  de- 
sire to  grow  in  grace  and  knowledge,  and  will  take  the  trouble  to 
work  out  their  own  salvation. 

As  regards  the  actual  application  of  these  observations  to 
clinical  medicine,  we  recall  the  fact  that  the  consumptive  face  has 
long  been  an  object  of  study,  and  with  the  aid  of  composite  pho- 
tography its  principal  features  have,  to  some  extent,  become  estab- 
lished. When  the  patient  presents  a  hectic  flush  restricted  to  two 
small  sp6ts  in  the  upper  part  of  the  cheeks,  the  rest  of  the  face 


CONSUMPTIVE   AND   CATARRHAL   CONDITIONS.  A-17 

pale,  the  nostrils  narrow,  the  lips  thin,  the  face  somewhat  drawn, 
and  the  eyes  brightened  by  fever,  there  is  little  doubt  about  the 
diagnosis,  and  the  condition  is  universally  recognized  ;  taking  from 
this  the  incidental  element  of  the  fever,  and  the  physiognomy  of 
an  earlier  stage  is  apparent.  As  already  stated,  the  narrow  nostrils 
and  want  of  breadth  across  the  upper  part  of  the  face,  with 
deficient  color  in  the  skin,  indicate  a  tendency  to  phthisis,  which 
should  suggest  to  the  acute  observer  the  timely  adoption  of  pre- 
ventive measures.  Such  a  condition  also  indicates  a  tendency  to 
catarrhal  disorders,  especially  quinsy  and  chronic  throat  diseases. 

For  the  diagnosis  of  diseased  conditions  we  have  special  indi- 
cations in  physiognomy.  For  instance,  the  expression  is  very  much 
changed  by  the  growth  of  nasal  polypi,  by  which  the  nose  may  be 
so  broadened  at  the  base  as  to  give  a  frog-like  appearance  to  the 
face.  As  the  result  of  chronic  catarrh  or  specific  inflammation  or 
of  injury,  the  bridge  of  the  nose  may  be  depressed ;  or,  owing  to 
deviation  of  the  nasal  septum,  the  nose  may  be  deformed  or  dis- 
torted. Enlarged  tonsils  and  mouth-breatliing  cause  a  stupid 
expression  of  the  face.  Various  forms  of  growths  in  the  antra,  in 
the  frontal  sinuses,  and  in  the  nasal  chambers  seriously  alter  the 
shape  of  the  features.  The  color  is  affected  by  obstructed  respira- 
tion, and  the  face  may  be  swollen  and  dusky  and  the  lips  blue  in 
croup,  diphtheria,  and  laryngeal  spasm,  or  oedema. 

If,  as  the  author  states,  deep  breathing  stands  in  close  rela- 
tionship to  "  high  thinking,"  it  is  evident  that  it  is  well  to  practice 
respiratory  gymnastics  for  moral  and  intellectual,  as  well  as  for 
hygienic,  reasons. 


TENDENCY  TO  CONSUMPTION  AND 
CATARRH. 

How  WILL  Face  and  Form  Reading  Indicate  Consumptive  or 

Catarrhal  Tendencies  in  Son  and  Daughter,  and  Aid 

IN  Overcoming  or  Eradicating  the  Same. 

By  O.  B.  DOUGLAS,  M.D., 

Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Nose  and  Throat  in  the  Post-Gradnate  Medical  School  and 

Hospital ;  Surgeon  to  Manhattan  Eye  and  Ear  Hospital,  Throat  Department; 

Late  President  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  County  of  New  York  ; 

Fellow  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  etc. 


"As  the  dial  is  to  the  clock,  so  is  the  face  to  man." — Page  20. 

What  do  we  read  in  the  face  and  form  of  child  or  friend  1 
What  may  we  read  regarding  their  physical  condition  and  ten- 
dency to  disease  %  Can  we  detect  the  beginning  of  trouble  to  be 
avoided,  and  differentiate  what  will  prove  fatal,  if  not  combated, 
from  conditions  they  will  pretty  certainly  recover  from  "?  AVhy  do 
some  escape  without  effort  from  the  ills  of  life  against  which 
others  wage  ceaseless  warfare,  only  to  succumb  finally  to  the 
inevitable'?  And  is  there  an  index  to  the  evils  that  our  son  or 
daughter  will  meet,  and  are  there  labors  and  pleasures  which 
they  cannot  endure  %  How  are  these  things  revealed  to  the  wise 
and  prudent!    May  I  acquire  such  knowledge  1 

Let  us  see  what  "Face  and  Form  Reading"  means.  It  is 
really  diagnosis  under  a  different  name.  If  our  friend  is  sick,  we 
sen/V  for  a  physician  that  he  may  discover  the  cause  of  illness,  make 
a  diagnosis,  and  prescribe  a  remedy.  We  prefer  that  he  should 
see  the  patient,  an(^^  the  conscientious  physician  would  hesitate 
before  taking  the  responsibility  of  prescribing  for  one  he  has  not 
seen;  only  quachs  do  that.  The  shilled  doctor  has  studied  this 
science  of  signs,  and  all  may  learn  much  by  systematic  observation. 
The  medical  profession  concedes  the  vast  practical  value  of  being 
able  readily  to  read  the  face  and  form  accurately.  To  know  the 
cause  of  certain  effects  is  preliminary  to  knowing,  in  many  cases, 
how  to  ward  off  those  effects. 

Of  all  the  ills  common  to  humanity  catarrhal  diseases  are  the 
most  common,  and  they  cause  most  suffering  in  the  aggregate ; 
they  are  far-reaching  and  destructive  to  usefulness  and  happiness 
(A-18) 


TENDENCY   TO   CONSUMPTION   AND   CATARRH. 


A-19 


as  they  have  been  most  neglected  or  improperly  cared  for.  In 
no  class  of  diseases  are  facial  and  bodily  signs  more  marked  and 
significant  than  in  catarrhal  and  consumptive  conditions.  What 
can  this  science  of  "  Face  and  Form  Reading  "  teach  parents  regard- 
ing the  physical  tendencies  of  their  sons  and  daugliters  toward 
pulmonary  and  catarrhal  diseases  1  How  can  such  a  tendency  be 
overcome]  How  may  every  father  and  mother  learn  to  read  these 
signs  in  their  earliest  manifestations'?  It  is  impossible  to  compute 
the  number  of  lives  lost  that  might  have  been  saved,  and  the 
amount  of  suffering  endured  that  might  have  been  avoided,  if 
parents  had  possessed  the  knowledge  required  to  detect  a  tendency 
to  disease  and  had  pursued  the  course  necessary  to  escape  its  dire 
effects. 

I  have  read  this  work  with  interest  and  with  special  reference 
to  the  detection  of  these  diseases  and  their  treatment.  Most  of  its 
instructions  are  valuable,  practical,  and  adapted  to  popular  use. 
To  obtain  the  greatest  benefit  from  it,  the  work  should  be  studied 
until  its  strong  points  are  well  understood  and  its  teachings  made 
effective  by  practical  application.  Yet  a  single  hint  may  be  seed 
planted  that  shall  develop  glorious  fruitage  through  all  time. 

I  must  reserve  the  privilege  of  differing  with  the  author  in 
some  of  her  deductions,  which  I  cannot  here  enumerate  and  which 
do  not  bear  directly  upon  this  subject.  I  Avould  like  to  have  seen 
in  this  work  more  regarding  environment,  cliange  of  climate,  etc., 
in  conditions  under  consideration.  J  believe  many  lives  might 
be  saved  and  untold  sufferino^  prevented  by  carefully  selecting 
a  climate  adapted  to  the  individual  case.  The  public,  as  well 
as  physicians,  should  more  thoroughly  understand  the  benefits  to 
be  derived  from  climatic  advantages.  Different  sections  of  our 
country  offer  various  excellent  conditions,  but  perhaps  the  Gulf 
coast  of  Florida,  especially  that  portion  known  as  the  Tr  oon 
Springs  region,  is  unexcelled  as  a  suitable  home  for  catarrl\al  nd 
consumptive  'patients.  It  has  been  appropriately  named  the 
"American  Riviera"  and  possesses  unquestic  ,ed  excellencies. 

In  concluding  this  article,  perhaps  I  can  in  no  betdcr  manner 
impress  upon  all  the  importance  of,  studying  this  CTicyclopsedia 
than  by  asking  the  following  questions,  and  suggesting  portions 
of  the  work  to  be  carefully  read.  Other  parts,  equally  excellent, 
you  will  discover. 


Pernicious  .  Methods. 

What  is  said  of  pernicious  methods 
of  dressing  by  women,  and  its 
effects  upon  the  lungs?  Page 
133. 


Precocious  Children. 

Note  carefully  what  is  said  regarding 
precocious  children  and  the  treat- 
ment that  should  be  adopted  re- 
garding them?     Page  139. 


A-20 


TENDENCY   TO    CONSUMPTION    AND   CATARRH. 


Precocious  Children 
(continued). 

What  is  pneumativeness  ?    Page  397. 

To  what  does  a  deficiency  of  Pneu- 
mativeness tend  ?     Page  397. 

What  are  the  signs  of  Pneumative- 
ness as  regards  the  nostrils,  the 
nose,  breadth  of  the  face,  bright- 
ness of  the  eye,  color  of  the  com- 
plexion and  of  the  gums  and  lips? 
Condition  of  the  skin?  Appetite 
for  food  and  drink?  Condition  of 
the  chest?     Page  398. 

Gestures,  Motions,  etc. 

What  is  said  as  to  the  motions,  gest- 
ures, expression,  gait,  and  condi- 
tion of  the  body  of  those  well 
endowed  with  Pneumativeness? 
Page  898. 

Harmonious  Relation. 

What  three  features  of  the  individual 
are  said  to  be  in  most  harmonious 
relation  and  proportion  where  this 
function  is  largely  developed  ? 
Page  398. 

What  is  said  of  the  palms  of  the 
hands  and  the  finger-tips,  color  of 
the  nails,  etc.,  where  this  condition 
exists  ?     Page  398. 

Features. 

What  is  said  to  perform  the  most 
important  office  of  the  body,  and 
what  feature  is  said  to  be  the 
facial  register  of  these  organs  ? 
Page  399. 

To  what  feature,  therefore,  must  we 
look  primarily  for  our  facial 
knowledge  of  Pneumativeness  ? 
Page  399. 

Perniciousness  of  Mouth-  ' 
Breathing. 

Of  what  are  mouth-breathing  and 
the  mouth  being  more  or  less  open 
habitually  a  sign  ?     Page  399. 

What  is  said  of  persons  who  breathe 
through  the  mouth  as  compared 
with  those  who  brenthe  deeply  and 
respire  profoundly  ?  Read  all  of 
page  400. 


Love  of  Life. 

Read  carefully  paragraph  at  foot  of 
page  401,  commencing  "  Love  of 
life " ;  also,  paragraph  at  top  of 
page  403,  "  Great  energy  of  mind 
and  bodj'." 

What  do  large  lungs  create?  Page 
408. 

What  is  said  of  bright,  fresh  color 
of  the  skin  and  ej'es,  and  from 
what  ate  they  derived  ?   Page  403. 

Acuteness  of  Scent. 

Read  carefully  pages  404  and  405, 
particularly  paragraphs  commenc- 
ing "  Keenness  of  sensation  and 
activity"  and  "Acuteness  of 
scent." 

What  should  one  do  to  remedy 
defective  Pneumativeness?  Page 
413.  Read  carefully  two  first 
comi)lete  paragraphs. 

What  tendencies  do  very  light,  al- 
most colorless,  e3'es  and  hair  and 
colorless,  pallid  skin  indicate? 
Page  424. 

Sanativeness. 

What  is  Sanativeness?     Page  427. 
What  are  its  facial  and  bodily  signs  ? 

Page  427. 
What  are  the  bodil}'  signs  of  deficient 

Sanativeness  ?     Page  827. 

Executiveness. 

What  advice  given  on  page  568  as  to 
how  to  increase  the  faculty  of  Ex- 
ecutiveness in  son  or  daughter 
valuable  in  buildmg  them  up  to 
resist  Consumptive  and  Catarrhal 
tendencies  ? 

What  form  of  face  reveals  a  pure 
mind  and  indicates  development 
of  lungs  and  liver  ?     Page  756. 

Narrow  Faces. 

What  do  narrowness  of  the  face  at 
the  upper  part  of  the  cheek,  flat- 
ness of  the  malar  bones,  narrow 
sharp  nose,  thin  nostrils,  hollow 
cheeks,  and  usually  a  thin  lower 
lip  indicate  ?     Page  786. 


TENDENCY   TO   CONSUMPTION    AND   CATARRH. 


A-21 


Narrow  Faces  (continued). 

What  is  said  of  the  term  of  life  of 

a  person  thus  constitued?     Page 

786. 
What  is  said  of  the  mental  ability 

of  such  a  person  ?     Page  786. 
Read    carefully    last   paragrai)h    on 

page  833,  continued  on  page  834. 

Narrow  Cheeks.. 

Of  what  are  extremely  narrow 
cheeks  the  sign  ?     Page  860. 

Read  carefully  the  article,  "  The 
Concave  or  Consumptive  Cheek," 
page  860. 

Noses. 

What  is  the  chief  characteristic  of 
the  nose  where  tliere  is  consump- 
tive tendency  ?     Page  873. 

How  does  deep  breathing  aid  in 
overcoming  such  a  tendency  ? 
Page  873. 

Read  carefully  the  article  entitled, 
"  The  Physiology  of  the  Nose," 
commencing  on  page  872. 

Shape  of  the  nose  of  a  consumptive. 
Page  873. 

Also  general  remarks  under  the  head 
page  878.  In  fact,  the  entire  article 
upon  "  Tiie  Nose  "  can  be  read  to 
good  advantage,  but  those  por- 
tions here  mentioned  should,  by 
all  means,  be  read  with  great  care. 

Mouth. 

When  the  gums  show  to  a  great  ex- 
tent when  the  mouth  is  in  repose 
or  while  engaged  in  conversation, 


of    what  is  it   indicative?     Page 
1050. 
How   is   this   condition  usually  ac- 
quired ?     Page  1050. 

Strength  and  Weakness. 

Read  carefull}'  signs  of  strength 
and  weakness  on  pages  1089  to 
1092,  and  the  article  entitled 
"  The  Nose,"  commencing  on  page 
1 094.  Also  article  entitled  "  Face, 
Cheeks,  and  Lips."     Page  1097. 

What  advice  is  given  to  those  who 
inherit  a  feeble  development  of 
the  Thorax?     Page  74. 

Good  Health. 

What  essentials  to  good  health  are 
mentioned  on  page  134? 

Ventilation. 

What  effect  has  defective  ventilation 
upon  the  growing  son  or  daughter  ? 
Page  139. 

How  is  the  breathing-power  of  the 
lungs  indicated  ?     Page  280. 

YoiCE. 

What  peculiarity  of  the  voice  indi- 
cates a  Consumptive  or  Catarrhal 
tendency?     Pages  832-835. 

How  can  we  decide  upon  the  possi- 
bility of  lunij-power  in  our  son  or 
daughter  ?     Page  1096. 

Indications  for  Catarrh. 

How  does  weakness  or  failing  mem- 
ory indicate  catarrh?     Page  1100. 


Additional  Questions  by  the  Publishers  Having  a  Direct  or 
Indirect  Bearing  upon  the  Foregoing. 


Good  Digestion. 

Where  is  the  principal  sign  for  Good 
Digestion  found,  and  what  is  the 
relation  between  good  digestion 
and  good  health  ?    Pages  165, 166. 

Do  the  pleasurable  emotions  assist 
the  secretion  of  Gastric  Juice,  and 


what  effect  has  Grief  on  Digestion  ? 
Page  182. 

How  does  the  Liver  affect  Mental 
conditions,  and,  upon  this  point, 
how  is  the  theory  of  the  author 
corroborated  by  the  opinion  of  Dr. 
John  William  Draper?    Page  184. 


A-22 


TENDENCY  TO  CONSUMPTION  AND  CATARRH. 


Good  Digestion  (continued). 

Why  should  every  one,  particularly 
the  young,  be  thoroughly  informed 
as  to  matters  of  Hygiene,  etc.  ? 
Page  185. 

How  necessary  is  a  sound  Liver,  and 
why  does  a  diseased  liver  have  a 
tendency  to  develop  a  condition 
favorable  to  Catarrh  and  Consump- 
tion?    Page  189. 

How  is  the  theory  that  low  forma- 
tion of  nose  and  long,  slim  necks 
indicate  a  Dyspeptic,  Consump- 
tive, or  Catarrhal  tendency  proven 
by  Coniparative  Physiology  ? 
Page  194. 

Blondes. 

Why  should  children  of  light  hair 
and  eyes  and  blonde  complexions 
be  particularly  guarded  against 
the  insidious  tendencies  to  Con- 
sumption and  Catarrh  ?    Page  209. 

Language. 

Does  Language  indicate  the  Physical 
condition?  If  so,  how  important, 
then,  for  tiie  parent  to  note 
changes  in  Voice  to  detect  Ca- 
tarrhal and  Consumptive  tenden- 
cies ?     Page  225. 

Defects. 

What  will  a  study  of  the  encyclo- 
l^sedia  teach  you  in  reference  to 
the  correction  of  defects  and  ten- 
dencies toward  disease?  Page 
270. 

Visceral  Organs. 

What  will  yon  learn  by  consulting 
and  carefully  reading  the  "  Lo- 
cation of  the  Signs  for  the  Vis- 
ceral Organs  "?  Will  it  not  aid 
you  in  looking  for  tendencies  to 


Consumption  and  Catarrh  in  Son 
and  Daughter?     Page  27T. 

Bronchial  Diseases. 

What  is  one  of  the  most  predisposing 
causes  of  Bronchial  and  Lung  af- 
fections in  the  young,  and  what 
hygienic  measures  will  remedy  this 
tendency  ?     Page  401. 

The  Nose. 

The  Nose  being  the  "  Porch  of  Res- 
piration," will  not  the  condition 
of  this  organ  indicate  a  tendency 
to  Consumption  or  Catarrh? 
Pages  405,  406. 

What  relation  does  the  sense  of 
Smell  bear  to  Taste?  And  if  the 
"  smelling  sense  "  is  deficient  or 
morbid,  does  it  not  indicate  ten- 
dency to  throat  or  lung  troubles? 
Page  407. 

Remedies. 

What  means  are  at  your  command 
to  remedy  these  defects  and  over- 
come these  tendencies  ?   Page  408. 

Signs  of  Weakness. 

How  does  the  Face  show  Weakness 
and  a  tendency  to  Lung  troubles, 
and  what  part  does  Color  of  skin 
play  in  such  indication?  Pages 
1086,  1089. 

How  can  we  know  the  natural  pre- 
disposition to  diseases,  and,  know- 
ing such  tendenc3%  will  not  Face 
and  Form  Reading  aid  us  in  ap- 
plying a  remedy-  ?     Page  1097. 

How  and  in  what  wa}'  does  the  con- 
dition of  the  eyes  indicate  Con- 
sumptive or  Catarrhal  tendencies? 
Pao-e  1103. 


BEAUTY  OF  FACE  AND  FORM. 

The  Relations  of   Face  and   Form  Reading  to   an  Understanding  op 
THE  Basic  Principles  of  Beauty  in  Face  and  Form. 

By  JOHN  V.  SHOEMAKER,  A.M.,  M.D., 

Professor  of  Materia  Medica,  Pharmacology,  Therapeutics,  and  Clinical  Medicine,  and 

Clinical  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Skin  in  the  Medico-Chirurgical 

College  of  Philadelphia. 


The  student  of  physiognomy  must  contemplate  dull  as  well 
as  animated  countenances,  plain  as  well  as  beautiful  lineaments, 
cruel  no  less  than  benevolent  ftices.  A  habit  of  observing  the 
peculiarities  of  the  human  face  leads  one  to  reflect  upon  the  man- 
ner in  which  character  is  displayed  in  its  forms  and  lines.  The 
relation  between  mind,  tastes,  acquirements,  character  and  expres- 
sion, together  with  the  efl'ect  which  the  face  produces  upon  the 
thoughtful  beholder,  is  most  forcibly  demonstrated  if  one  has  the 
opportunity  of  watching,  year  by  year,  the  changes  which  slowly, 
but  inevitably,  stamp  themselves  upon  tlie  countenance.  These 
alterations  of  form  and  expression  depend  upon  the  original  dis- 
position of  the  individual  and  the  manner  in  which  it  has  been 
modified  by  his  surroundings. 

It  has  been  said  that  "  Beauty  is  in  the  eye  of  the  beholder." 
No  absolute  standard  of  beauty,  as  applied  to  the  human  being, 
can  be  formulated.  The  three  essential  attributes,  however,  are : 
Form,  Color,  and  Expression.  Form  and  Color  depend  princi- 
pally upon  good  hygiene.  Expression  is  the  result  of  the  opera- 
tions of  the  mind.  To  thoughtful  people,  therefore,  the  counte- 
nance tliat  is  animated  by  intellect  possesses  a  charm  independent 
of  the  form,  of  tlie  features  and  brilliancy  of  complexion.  But, 
when  the  three  characteristics  which  we  have  named  are  united  in 
one  person,  every  beholder  at  once  yields  tribute  to  the  presence 
of  beauty.  A  well-developed  and  rounded  form  and  grace  of 
motion  should  be  associated  with  a  fair  face  in  order  to  produce 
the  most  commanding  effect  of  personal  beauty. 

All  these  elements  may  be  studied  not  only  from  a  purely 
artistic  point  of  view,  but  also  with  the  object  of  understanding 
how  they  have  originated,  and  of  using  them  as  a  key  by  which 
we  may  acquaint  ourselves  Avith  individual  character.  Physiog- 
nomy is  not  a  mere  exercise  of  intellectual  acumen,  but  is  an  in- 
tensely practical  subject,  and  is  capable  of  being  applied  with  ad- 

(A-23) 


A-24 


BEAUTY   OF   FACE    AND   FORM. 


vantage  to  the  varying  circumstances  of  active  life.  In  this  work 
the  structure  of  the  features  and  the  contour  of  trunk  and  limbs 
are  examined  in  relation  to  the  proper  functions  of  the  various 
organs  of  the  body,  the  activity  of  the  intellect,  the  action  of  the 
passions  and  emotions,  and  the  development  of  the  moral  faculties. 
This  work  demonstrates  how  intimately  physical  beauty  is  associ- 
ated with  bodily  health,  how  strictly  mental  abihty  and  energy 
depend  upon  the  perfect  performance  of  organic  functions.  The 
influence  of  mental  and  moral  training  upon  the  expression  of 
the  countenance  is  thoroughly  recognized.  Active  respiration  af- 
fords an  ample  supply  of  a  vital  element  to  the  blood  and  tissues ; 
a  vigorous  circulation  conveys  pure  blood  to  all  parts  and  pro- 
motes general  nutrition ;  a  normal  performance  of  the  functions 
of  digestion,  assimilation,  and  elimination  maintains  the  quality 
of  the  blood ;  fresh  air  and  physical  exercise  give  tone  and  force 
to  the  muscular  system  and  develop  the  frame-work  of  the  body. 

All  these  topics  are  elaborated  in  this  work  with  the  special 
object  of  showing  the  influence  of  each  factor  in  producing  a 
beautiful,  animated,  and  expressive  countenance,  a  pleasing  and 
attractive  figure.  But,  as  physical  health  may  co-exist  with  moral 
obliquity,  the  evil  eflects  upon  the  face  of  the  ignoble  passions  are 
also  thoroughly  traced.  Biology  and  History  are  alike  called  upon 
to  explain  the  meaning  of  the  human  face ;  and  the  result  is  a 
work  which  all  may  read  with  profit.  As  an  illustration  of  the 
character  and  scope  of  the  work,  in  this  particular  line  of  thought, 
the  following  series  of  questions  is  appended,  the  answers  to  which 
are  to  be  found  upon  the  pages  indicated : — 


What  is  the  use  of  color  to  the 
human  family,  and  what  its 
method  of  action?     Page  126. 

What  is  the  relation  between  color 
sense  and  pictorial  art?  Pages 
126,  127. 

What  is  the  relation  between  .heat, 
color,  and  activity?     Page  12Y. 

What  is  the  relation  between  color 
and  national  characteristics  ? 
Page  127. 

What  is  the  relation  between  color, 
health,  and  strength?     Page  128. 

What  is  the  influence  of  musical 
talent  upon  the  conformation  of 
the  features  ?     Pages  218  et  seq. 

What  is  the  relation  between  ex- 
pression of  thought  in  words  and 
in  the  features  of  the  face  ?  Page 
22. 


What  is  the  effect  of  health  upon 

character?     Page  138. 
How  does  the  color  of  the  face  indi- 
cate the  general  integrity  of  the 

person  ?     Page  306. 
What   eftect   has   open-air    exercise 

upon    color,   form,    and    beauty? 

Page  413. 
What    is   the   normal    standard    of 

form   as  regards  beautj^  ?      Page 

1085. 
What  is  the  relation  between  health 

of  the  bodily  organs  and  beauty? 

Page  1086. 
In  what  manner  will  digestion  influ- 
ence personal  comeliness?     Page 

1089. 
In  what  manner  do  features  of  the 

face  reveal  strength  and  beauty  ? 

Page  1093. 


BEAUTY   OF    FACE    AND   FORM. 


A-25 


What  are  the  chief  indications  of 
female  beauty  ?     Page  1092. 

What  are  the  principal  characterist- 
ics of  a  beautiful  face  ?     Page  801. 

Wliat  influence  have  the  muscles  of 
the  face  upon  beauty?     Page  754. 

What  is  the  relation  of  pliysical 
health  and  beauty  of  outline  of 
face  and  body  ?     Page  1085. 


What  will  the  form  of  the  nose  teach 
us  as  regards  beauty,  strength,  and 
character?     Pages  1094  et  seq. 

What  is  the  relation  between  com- 
])lexion,  disposition,  and  beauty? 
Page  1099. 

What  bearing  lias  the  study  of  physi- 
ognomy upon  morality  and  civili- 
zation?    Page  1105. 


The  foregoing  list  of  questions  will  serve  to  suggest  the  com- 
prehensive character  of  this  work.  The  author  presents  us  with 
a  very  broad  conception  of  the  subject  of  physiognomy.  She  has 
spent  many  years  in  the  scientific  observation  of  the  human  face 
and  form.  She  perceives,  in  this  study,  a  wide  field  the  cultiva- 
tion of  which  may  have  an  important  influence  upon  the  char- 
acter, health,  beauty,  and  history  of  mankind.  This  work  teaches 
that  the  ability  to  read  character  by  the  signs  of  the  face  is  but 
the  beginning  of  the  power  and  usefulness  of  face  and  form  read- 
ing. This  work  is  also  a  digest  of  all  that  has  been  written  on 
the  subject  from  Aristotle  to  the  present  day.  The  significance 
of  the  different  features  of  the  face  has  been  sought  with  careful 
patience.  The  evolution  of  organs,  the  nature  of  their  functions, 
and  the  reciprocal  connections  between  the  human  organism  and 
external  nature  are  exemplified,  and  it  is  shown  that  a  thorough 
study  of  physiognomy  involves  or  leads  to  an  acquaintance  with 
the  most  important  and  practical  of  the  modern  physical  sciences. 
It  is  needless  to  add  that  the  questions  which  we  have  selected  as 
examples  might  be  indefinitely  increased  in  number. 


FACE  AND  FORM  READING  FOR  THE 
DIAGNOSTICIAN. 

The  Disceenible  Facial  and  Bodily  Signs  of  the  Visceral 
Organs,  Their  Conditions  of  Development  and 
OF  Health  and  Disease. 

By  A.  R.  THOMAS,  A.M.,  M.D., 

ProfeBSor  of  Anatomy  and  Dean  of  Hahnemann  Medical  College  and  Hospital, 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 


Proposition  No.  1. — Has  Nature  outward  signs  for  each 
physical  organ  by  the  prominence  or  insignificance  of  which  the 
normal  condition  of  strength  and  development  of  the  organ  (of 
which  it  is  a  sign)  can  be  divined"?  Or  can  abnormal  and  patho- 
logical conditions,  when  they  exist,  be  recognized'? 

Proposition  No.  2. — Can  the  careful  observer  distinguish  the 
sign  for  each  organ  or  system,  its  normal  qualities  and  develop- 
ment, and  its  condition  in  health  or  disease,  by  a  close  and  critical 
study  of  "  The  Encyclopaedia  of  Face  and  Form  Heading  "  1 

I  am  asked  to  give  my  views  relative  to  tlie  foregoing  propo- 
sitions. After  many  years  of  special  study  of  anatomy,  both  as  a 
student  and  teacher  as  well  as  a  general  practitioner  and  observer 
of  disease  and  its  signs,  I  can,  with  some  qualifications,  answer 
the  foregoing  questions  in  the  affirmative. 

Only  an  indifterent  knowledge  of  pathology  is  necessary  to 
enable  a  physician  to  form  an  opinion,  w  ith  an  approximate  degree 
of  correctness,  as  to  the  condition  of  a  patient  from  the  face  with  its 
accompanying  changes,  resulting  from  his  interrogations.  This 
impression  is  gained  quickly,  and  shows  that,  from  an  inspection 
of  the  face  as  a  whole,  much  accurate  and  practical  information 
can  generally  be  secured. 

If  asked  to  specify  what  portions  of  the  face  are  scrutinized 
in  seeking  for  evidences  of  the  condition  of  the  several  internal 
organs,  we  sliould  be  disposed  to  claim  that  the  whole  face,  rather 
than  sharply-defined  regions,  is  to  be  studied,  color  and  expression 
being  the  principal  guides  for  forming  an  opinion.  Without 
denying  that  the  internal  organs  may  have  facial  centres  of  repre- 
sentation, we  feel  that  further  observation  wdll  be  required  to  locate 
positively  tliose  centres. 

As  the  ideas  advanced  by  the  author  of  this  work  may  seem 
(A-26) 


FACE   AND   FORM   READING   FOR   THE   DIAGNOSTICIAN.      A-27 

at  first  a  little  visionary  to  the  general  reader,  it  may  not  be  out 
of  place  to  call  attention  to  some  eminent  authorities  who  have 
hinted  at  the  correctness  of  this  theory,  and  I  cannot  do  better 
than  to  begin  by  referring  to  the  eminent  Dr.  Gray,  whose  "  Sys- 
tem of  Anatomy  "  has  stood  pre-eminently  at  the  head  of  medical 
literature  for  years. 

I  would,  therefore,  call  the  attention  of  the  reader  to  the 
quotation  from  Dr.  Gray  in  this  work,  to  be  found  on  pages  753 
and  754.  Also  from  Sir  Charles  Bell,  pages  755  and  756.  Still 
another  statement  is  made  on  pages  528  and  529  of  this  work, 
from  no  less  an  authority  than  Darwin's  "Mind  in  the  Lower 
Animals."  Other  references  to  eminent  writers  are  also  given, 
which  it  is  unnecessary  to  outline  here. 

When  we  consider  of  what  vast  significance  are  the  com- 
monly-quoted words,  "  a  sound  mind  in  a  sound  body,"  it  would 
seem  that  one  could  not  too  urgently  advise  the  careful  study  of 
the  principles  which  the  author  of  this  work  has  so  conscientiously 
embodied  in  its  pages. 

In  conclusion,  I  Vvould  suggest  that  in  the  study  of  tliis  work 
the  reader  seek  for  the  author's  answers  to  the  following  questions, 
which  can  be  found  on  the  indicated  pages : — 


How  do  tlie  visceral  organs  shape 
or  mold  the  facial  features  ?   Page 
277. 
What  are  the  signs  for  the  following 
organs, and  where  are  they  found? 
Glandular.     Page  278. 
Reproductive   organs,   lac- 
tation, etc.     Pages   278, 
279. 
Kidneys.    Page  279. 
Heart    and    lungs.       Page 

280. 
Liver.     Page  282. 
Stomach.     Page  282. 
Muscular    sj'stem.       Page 

283. 
Osseous    or   bony   S3'stem. 

Page  284. 
Brain  and  nervous  system. 
Pages  285,  286. 
How  is  the  condition  of  the  liver 


indicated;  its  fadial  sign,  etc.? 
Pages  182   183,  280. 

How  is  the  condition  of  the  kidneys 
indicated  ;  signs,  etc.  ?  Pages  158, 
159. 

What  denotes  enfeebled  condition  of 
any  feature  or  member?  Pages 
1085,  1086. 

What  denotes  strength  and  har- 
monious development  ?  Pages 
1087,  1088. 

What  are  the  signs  of  health  and 
disease,  strength  and  weakness  ? 
Read  carefully  pages  1085  to  1091. 

How  does  the  nose,  chin,  cheek,  lips, 
and  complexion  show  morbid  con- 
dition ?     Pages  1097,  1098. 

How  does  the  face  indicate  the  use 
of  stimulants  to  an  unhealthy  ex- 
cess?    Pages  1102,  1103. 


THE  PHYSICIAN. 

What  Proficiency  in  Face  and  Foem  Reading  can  do  for  the  Physician, 
BOTH  IN  A  Social  and  Professional  way. 

By  EGBERT  GUERNSEY,  A.M.,  M.D  , 

Consulting  Physician  Hahnemann  Hospital,  New  York ;   President  Medical  Board  Metropolitan 
Hospital,  Blackwell's  Island,  N.  Y. ;  President  New  York  State  Homoeopathic  Medical  So- 
ciety'; Formerly  Vice-President  State  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  etc.,  Middletown,  N.  Y. 


To  deny  the  practicability  of  "Face  and  Form  Heading" 
would  be  to  discard  a  most  important  portion  of  medical  diagnosis. 

We  all  know  how  carefully  we  watch  the  signs  of  the  coun- 
tenance, the  lips,  the  eyes,  the  fullness  or  leanness  of  the  cheeks, 
the  color,  and  the  voice. 

That  what  is  used  to  such  good  advantage  in  medicine  should 
not  be  of  equal  value  in  all  other  walks  of  life  seems  unreasonable, 
and  I  therefore  cannot  but  feel  that  this  work,  widely  circulated 
and  used  by  all  classes,  will  be  productive  of  great  good. 

There  is  no  profession  to  which  the  structure  of  the  human 
form  and  the  expression  of  tlie  face  speak  in  as  strong,  emphatic, 
and  truthful  language  as  to  the  physician. 

The  expression  of  the  eye,  the  mouth,  the  nose,  the  lips,  the 
color  of  the  cheeks,  and  the  pose  of  the  head  form  an  open  book 
upon  whose  pages,  with  more  or  less  certainty,  the  character  of  the 
man,  his  motive,  and  his  worth  is  delineated. 

Two  physicians  start  out  together,  one  clear-brained,  logical, 
and  deeply  versed  in  the  science  of  his  profession ;  the  other,  less 
scientific,  less  logical,  but  a  careful  student  of  physiognomy,  and 
possessing  that  ready  tact  in  the  sick-room  and  in  social  life  which 
places  him  en  rapport  with  his  patients.  Is  there  any  doubt  which 
will  meet  with  the  greater  success"? 

This  habit  of  .careful  observation  and  watching  the  play  of 
features,  the  lines  of  the  face,  and  form  may  be  somewhat  tedious 
at  first,  but  after  a  time  it  becomes  almost  instantaneous,  so  quick 
is  the  impression  conveyed  to  the  brain. 

Sir  Astley  Cooper,  on  meeting  a  young,  but  brilliant,  member 
of  his  profession  in  consultation,  said:  "Your  patient  will  die." 
"Upon  what  do  you  found  your  conclusion'?"  w^as  the  startled 
reply.  "I  cannot  formulate  it  in  words,"  said  Sir  Astley,  "but 
there  is  a  certain  expression  upon  that  face  which  observation  has 
taught  me  is  a  sure  index  of  death." 

(A-28) 


THE   PHYSICIAN. 


A-29 


The  physician  who  is  not  a  student  of  Physiognomy  has  yet 
to  learn  the  true  secret  of  doing  tlie  greatest  amount  of  good  in  his 
profession. 

I  have  been  asked,  Irom  my  own  experience  with  this  work, 
to  indicate  some  portions  of  it  which  have  impressed  me  with  its 
particuhir  value  to  the  physician. 

The  entire  work  seems  to  me  both  interesting  and  valuable 
from  a  medical  stand-point,  and  in  saying  this  I  reserve  to  myself 
(as  I  think  all  scientific  men  will)  the  right  to  differ  with  the 
author  in  some  of  the  deductions  made. 

The  physician  should  be  a  diagnostician,  tactician,  and  meta- 
physician. His  power  for  doing  good  rests  on  these  points.  The 
first,  to  see  and  understand  what  is  needed ;  the  second,  to  obtain 
that  control  of  patient  and  environment  essential  to  the  greatest 
results  from  means  employed;  the  third,  to  read  the  signs  and  judge 
of  the  interrelations  and  interdependence  of  mind  and  body.  Hence 
a  mastery  of  the  general  principles  laid  out  in  this  work  will  aid 
wonderiuUy  in  building  up  these  essentials. 

If  the  author's  system  of  Physiognomy  were  studied  in  every 
Tiouse,  there  would  be  less  misunderstanding  and  much  greater 
harmony  in  the  social  and  scientific  world  than  at  present. 

At  the  request  of  the  publishers  I  have  appended  a  score  of 
questions  which  are  of  interest  to  every  physician  in  his  relations 
to  the  patient.  The  answers,  to  my  surprise,  I  found  remarkably 
well  given  (on  the  pages  indicated).  I  am  satisfied  that  1000 
equally  interesting  and  as  well-answered  questions  might  be  formu- 
lated without  exhausting  the  subject: — 


Hospitality. 

Why  should  a  physician  be  hospit- 
able?    Page  114. 

What  benefit  will  accrue  to  him  from 
possessing  the  faculty  of  making 
and  keeping  friends  (Friendship)  ? 
Pages  187,188. 

Cautiousness  and  Observation. 

Why  should  the  physician  possess 
these  two  faculties?  Pages  192, 
200. 

Conscientiousness. 

Why  should  this  trait  or  facult}^  be 
of  prime  importance  to  the  phy- 
sician?    Pages  302,  303. 

What  and  where  are  its  facial  and 
bodily  signs  ?     Pages  303,  304. 


Firmness. 

Why  is  this  necessary  to  the  phy- 
sician, and  what  is  its  sign  ?  Pages 
312,313. 

In  long-continued  sickness,  what  im- 
portant part  does  it  play  ?  Page 
316. 

Mirthpulness. 
Of  what  use  to  the  physician  ?   Pages 

376,377. 
To  what  does  it  conduce,  and  what 

and  where  are  its  bodily  signs  ? 

Pages  373-377. 

Self-esteem. 

Why  should  the  physician  put  a  high 
estimate  on  his  character  and  live 
up  to  it?     Pages  441-445. 


A-30 


THE   PHYSICIAN. 


Force. 

Of  what  use  is  this  faculty  to  the 

physician  ?     Page  459. 
To  what  extent  is  Force  necessaiy  to 

the   promotion  of  tlie   Science  of 

Healin<>- ?     (Read  article  by  Jno, 

Cross,  M.D.)     Page  459. 

Resistance. 

Why  is  this  faculty  necessary  to  the 
success  of  the  physician?  Pages 
464-468. 

Hope. 

Why  should  a  physician  possess  a 
large  fund  of  this  faculty  ?  Pages 
486,  488. 

How  does  it  sustain  Life  and  Health  ? 
Page  491. 

Analysts. 

Wliy  should  a  physician  be  possessed 
of  tlie  power  of  Mental  and  Ph3'8i- 
cal  Analysis?     Page  493. 

Will  it  aid  him  in  making  a  diagno- 
sis of  disease?     Pages  493-495. 


Secrettveness. 

Why  should  the  physician  possess 
this  faculty,  what  is  it,  and  what  are 
its  signs  ?     Pages  469-474. 

Human  Nature. 

This  should  be  cultivated  bv  every 
physician.     Why?     Page  525. 

Wliat  and  where  are  its  Facial  and 
Bodily  Signs  ?     Page  526. 

What  do  Drs.  Dalton,  Lyjdsay, 
Quatrefages,  and  Francis  Galton 
sav  on  this  subject  ?  Pasces  528- 
531. 

Executiveness. 

What  is  it,  and  where  are  its  signs? 

Page  561. 
Wh}'  should  a  physician  possess  this 

faculty,  and  how  can  he  cultivate 

it?     Pages  563-569. 

Mental  Faculties. 

What  Mental  Faculties  should  a 
physician  possess  to  be  successful 
professionally  and  socially?  Pages 
1141-1146. 


Additional  Questions  by  the  Publishers  on  the  Value  of 
"Face  and  Form  Reading"  to  the  Physician. 


Mind. 

According  to  the  views  of  the  lead- 
ing scientists  of  the  day,  what  is 
the  oflice  and  function  of  the 
Mind  ?     Page  vi  of  Preface. 

As  to  the  theory  of  the  "  Diffusive 
Locale  "  of  the  Mind,  what  emi- 
nent physicists  and  ph3'sicians 
support  this  view?  Page  vi  of 
Preface. 

From  a  Physical  and  Scientific  stand- 
point, how  do  we  know  and  what 
do  we  know  of  Nature's  method 
in  the  evolution  of  Man,  mentally 
and  physically  ?     Page  1188. 

Is  not  the  stud}^  of  Man's  Mind 
("  the  Highest  Manifestation  of 
Creative  Energy  ")  useful  to  the 
physician?  Read  all  of  Preface 
and  Introduction. 


From  the  stand-point  of  Advanced 
Medical  Thought,  what  bearings 
have  Comparative  Anatomj'^, 
Physiology,  and  Embryology 
upon  the  Science  of  "  Face  and 
Form  Reading"?  Pages  1188, 
1189. 

Basic  Principles. 

What  are  the  Physical  Basic  Prin- 
ciples of  Physiognomj^,  according 
to  the  author?     Pages  7-11. 

What  are  the  deductions  of  Quatre- 
fages and  Dr.  Maudsley  as  to  the 
Phvsical  Basis  of  Mind?  Page 
10." 

What  is  Cuvier's  Law  on  the  "  Cor- 
relation of  Organs"?     Page  14. 

Upon  what  is  the  "  Philosoph}'  of 
Expression"  based?  Page  27. 
Read  article  by  Dr.  J.  Buck. 


THE  PHYSICIAN. 


A-31 


What  is  the  Physical  theory  of  Mind, 
and  why  do  such  eminent  men  as 
I) IS.  G.  H.  Lewis,  H.  Maudsley, 
Alex.  Bain,  and  J.  Lauder  Lind- 
say advocate  this  theory  ?  Pages 
22-24. 

Pathological  and  Physiological. 

Are  Pathological  mysteries  unveiled 
by  the  Human  Face?     Page  157. 

As  to  the  contributory  power  of  the 
Viscera  to  Mental  Manifestations, 
what  are  the  oi)inions  of  Drs.  Sir 
Charles  Bell,  (x.  IL  Lewis,  and 
others?     Page  158. 

In  "Mind  and  Body"  Dv.  Henry 
Maudsley  states  that  ''  persons  of 
defective  physical  organization 
have  not  a  strictly  true  moral 
sense.  Is  not  this  startling? 
Page  160. 

Do  the  Nerves  possess  "  Instinctive 
Intelligence"?  (Dr.  Cutter's 
"  Physiology,"  p.  27.)  Pages  166, 
167. 

What  does  Sir  Astley  Cooper  sa}'  ? 
Pages  166,  167. 

Of  what  value  are  the  Lips  as  indi- 
cators of  Morbid  Conditions  of 
the  Physical  System?     Page  170. 

What  do  thin  cheeks  indicate  ?  Page 
170. 

Where  do  the  faculties  obtain  their 
vigor?     Page  172. 

What  effect  has  a  diseased  Liver  on 
the  Mind?     Pages  182,  183. 

What  are  the  Facial  Signs  for  Liver 
troubles?     Pages  182,  183. 

Drs.  Tuke,  Budd,  Philip,  J.  William 
Draper,  and  others  hold  the  opin- 
ion that  affections  of  the  Liver 
have  distinct  Facial  Signs.  Why  ? 
Page  184. 

Correlation  op  Functions. 

What  are  the  deductions  of  the  au- 
thor as  to  "  Correlation  of  Func- 
tion"?    Page  191. 

What  relation  does  Speech  bear  to 
Pulsation  or  Heart-Beat?  Page 
225. 


Is  this  opinion  borne  out  b}^  the 
facts  ?     Page  225. 

Brain, 

Is  the  Brain  the  sole  and  exclusive 
seat  of  Mind,  Intelligence,  and  all 
Mental  Sensations  ?     Page  236. 

Do  the  experiments  of  anatomists 
on  the  Brain  disclose  its  capacity 
for  thought  ?     Pages  285,  286. 

Enthusiasm. 

What  has  Enthusiasm  done  to  ad- 
vance Medical  and  Surgical 
Knowledge  ?     Page  267. 

Signs  for  Mental  Faculties. 

What  are  the  Mental  Signs  for  Char- 
acter, and  where  located  in  the 
Human  Face?  Pages  287,  288. 
Study  chart  carefully. 

Color. 

Does  the  Color  or  tint  reveal,  to  any 
extent,  the  Physical  condition  of 
the  System?     Page  413. 

What  is  understood  by  Color  as  ap- 
plied to  the  complexion?  Pages 
413-416. 

Why  is  Color  a  Physiological  Con- 
stituent of  Man  ?     Page  419. 

Sanativeness. 

Are  there  any  natural  qualifications 
for  the  physician  and  surgeon? 
Page  427. 

What  is  Sanativeness  ?     Page  427. 

What  faculties.  Mental  and  Phys- 
ical, should  the  physician  and  sur- 
geon possess?     Page  435. 

What  the  trained  nurse  or  attend- 
ant upon  the  sick?  Pages  435, 
436. 

Self-esteem. 

Why  should  the  phj^sician  possess 
a  goodly  share  of  Self-esteem? 
Pages  436,  437. 

What  effect  has  this  faculty  upon 
the  patient  in  time  of  sickness, 
and,  if  deficient,  how  can  it  be 
cultivated  ?    Page  487. 


A-32  THE   PHYSICIAN. 

The  foregoing  questions  will  give  you  a  faint  idea  of  the 
many  that  could  he  formulated  bearing  on  the  Profession  of  Heal- 
ing, and  will,  we  trust,  show  you  the  importance  of  "  Face  and 
Form  Reading  "  to  the  progressive,  up-to-date  physician.  Almost 
every  to})ic  discussed  in  tlie  work  is  interesting  and  suggestive  to 
the  physician  from  a  scientific  stand-point,  as  well  as  from  that  of 
novelty,  and  much  will  be  found  to  interest  and  instruct. 


THE  PROGRESSIVE  TEACHER. 

The  Uses  op  Face  and  Form  Reading  to  the  Progressive  Teacher. 
By  EDWARD  BROOKS,  A.M., 

Superintendent  of  Public  Schools,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


During  many  years'  ex- 
perience as  an  educator  of 
youth  and  superintendent  of 
schools,  the  question  has 
frequently  presented  itself 
whether  any  method  can  be 
formulated  whereby  one  can 
have  a  more  intimate  knowl- 
edge of  his  pupils  and  of  the 
teachers  under  his  super- 
vision. 

Such  knowledge  is  of 
paramount  importance.  A 
superintendent  or  principal 
of  a  school  should  know 
whether  a  certain  person  is 
adapted  mentally  or  physic- 
ally to  the  training  of  children 
or  the  teaching  of  certain  branches  of  knowledge ;  for  success  in 
teaching  dei)euds  upon  tlie  power  to  set  in  activity,  unfold  and 
develop  all  tlie  latent  faculties  and  forces  of  the  pupil;  and  only 
such  teachers  sliould  be  employed  in  the  schools  of  the  country. 

In  the  recitation-room  we  meet  with  all  grades  of  character 
and  mental  activity ;  the  bold  and  fearless,  the  timid  and  diffident, 
the  dull  and  pldegmatic,  and  the  bright  and  energetic  boy  or  girl 
who  is  interested  in  every  kind  of  mental  activity  and  ambitious 
to  attain  high  standing  among  their  fellows.  To  understand  these 
differences  and  be  able  to  adapt  instruction  and  training  in  accord- 
ance witli  them  are  essential  factors  in  the  work  of  the  teacher.  "^ 

Whetlier  form  and  heredity  have  anything  to  do  with  tliese 
contrasts  in  human  character  is  a  question  often  asked.  If  they 
have,  how  can  one  unravel  the  mystery  and  trace  the  intangible 
threads  of  influences  that  go  to  mokl  the  mental  babits  and  char- 

(A-33) 


EDWARD  BROOKS.  A.M., 

Superintendent  of  Public  Schools,  Pliiladelphia,  Pa. 


A-34  THE    PROGRESSIVE    TEACHER. 

acter  1  How  can  one  learn  to  stimulate,  unfold,  develop,  and  har- 
monize the  diverse  elements  of  character,  and  lay  the  foundation 
for  a  noble  manhood  or  a  pure  and  beautiful  womanhood'?  These 
and  other  similar  questions  often  arise  in  the  mind  of  tlie  teacher 
and  educator,  and  one  who  desires  to  attain  high  success  in  the 
vocation  must  deal  with  such  questions  and  endeavor  to  solve 
them ;  for  upon  the  solution  of  such  problems  aU  real  progress  in 
education  must  be  based. 

Germane  to  the  solution  of  these  problems,  I  would  call 
attention  to  "  The  Encyclopaedia  of  Face  and  Form  Reading,"  a 
new  work  on  the  nature  of  the  mind  in  relation  to  the  physical 
system,  recently  published.  It  is  a  valuable  work,  and  covers  a 
wide  scope  of  discussion  relative  to  the  general  question  of  edu- 
cation and  social  development. 

After  a  somewhat  careful  examination  of  the  work,  I  do  not 
hesitate  to  say  that  I  am  pleased  to  find  that  the  author  has  thrown 
much  light  on  the  solution  of  the  problem  suggested.  The 
"  Encyclopiedia  "  can  be  recommended  to  the  perusal  and  careful 
consideration  of  the  teachers  of  Philadelphia,  and  will  at  least 
stimulate  and  direct  thought  if  it  do  not  give  final  answers  to 
the  important  questions  suggested. 

The  publishers  have  prepared  a  list  of  questions  in  respect  to 
the  teacher's  work  which  will  assist  in  the  examination  of  the 
treatise,  and  no  doubt  be  of  special  interest  to  teachers.  Many  of 
these  questions  lie  right  along  the  path  of  a  teacher's  daily  thought 
and  occupation,  and  they  will  suggest  lines  of  pedagogical  inquiry 
even  though  the  author  may  not  always  present  a  satisfactory 
solution  of  the  questions ;  and,  after  all,  the  most  useful  function 
of  any  work  is  that  it  shall  awaken  thought  in  the  minds  of  its 
readers,  and  stimulate  to  further  reading  and  investigation. 

The  Teacher. 

From  a  careful  study  and  intelligent  use  of  the  Theory,  Prin- 
ciples, Facts,  and  Truths  of  "  Face  and  Form  Reading  "  you  can 
arrive  at  central  and  vital  truths  as  to  the  mental  and  moral  con- 
ditions of  your  pupils,  know  their  peculiarities,  their  adaptability 
for  certain  studies,  and  so  shape  your  methods  and  course  as  to 
render  the  control  of  pupils  easier  and  better,  more  satisfactory 
to  yourself,  their  parents  or  guardians,  thus  molding  and  building 
up  the  mental  and  moral  character  of  the  child  to  a  higher  level. 

Please  read  Preface  page  v  (bottom)  as  to  object,  purpose, 
etc.,  of  this  work. 


THE    PROGRESSIVE    TEACHER. 


A-35 


Questions  showing  the    Usefulness   of   "  The   Encyclopaedia 
OF  Face  and  Form  Reading"  to  the  Teacher. 

Wliy  should  the  teacher  be  possessed 
of  a  fair  share  of  this  system? 
Page  80. 

How  can  you  distinguish  scholars 
of  this  type?     Page  75. 

If  yourself  or  scholars  are  deficient 
in  this,  how  can  you  more  thor- 
oughly develop  it  and  thus  be- 
come healthier  and  better  able  to 
peribrm  3'our  duties,  and  how 
have  your  scholars  better  perform 
theirs  ?     Page  83. 


Faculties  Needed  by  Teachers. 

What  are  the  requisite  qualities  and 
faculties  required  in  a  progressive, 
practical  teacher?  This  requires, 
as  it  were,  a  composite  character. 
Please  read  Philologist,  page  1173 ; 
Scientist,  page  1163;  Commander, 
page  1159  ;  Clergyman,  page  1136  ; 
Musical  Composer,  page  1136,  and, 
in  fact,  all  of  Chapter  V,  from 
pages  nil  to  1184. 

Vegetative  or  Assimilative 
System. 

What  is  the  Vegetative  or  Assimi- 
lative S3^stem?     Page  67. 

How  can  this  sj'stera  be  made  useful 
and  normal?     Page  69. 

How  can  3'ou  distinguish  this  type 
among  your  scholars?     Page  68. 

What  part  does  it  play  in  the  human 
econom}'  ?     Page  70. 

If  a  scholar  is  deficient,  what  are  the 
signs?     Page  70. 

What  faculties  will  be  most  promi- 
nent in  a  scholar  in  which  this 
system  predominates?     Page  71. 

How  does  this  system  blended  with 
the  others  create  health  and  hap- 
piness?    Page  71. 

Thoracic  or  Chest  System. 

If  some  of  your  scholars  are  rest- 
less, eager,  and  apt,  what  system 
predominates  ?     Page  73. 

What  and  where  are  its  signs? 
Page  78. 

In  what  will  they  excel  ?     Page  73. 

What  particular  line  of  study  would 
you  suggest?     Wh}' ?     Page  73. 

What  kind  of  companions  do  chil- 
dren of  this  type  usually  make? 
Page  73. 

What  kind  of  a  disposition  does  it 
engender  in  teacher  and  pupil? 
Page  73. 

Muscular  System. 

For  what  kind  of  effort  does  it  give 
ability  ?    Page  80. 


Force  op  Character. 

Why  is  it  a  prime  essential  in  the 
teacher?     Pages  78,  79. 

How  can  you  develop  it?  Pages 
78,  79. 

What  are  the  deductions  of  Herbert 
Spencer  on  education?  Carefully 
read  foot  of  page  81. 

Hence  is  it  not  important  to  j'ou 
to  endeavor  to  know  yourself  and 
those  with  whom  you  come  in  con- 
tact, and  to  analyze  the  various 
emotions  common  to  mankind? 
Pages  82,  83. 

How  can  you  do  this  ?     Pages  82, 83. 

Osseous  or  Bony  System. 

What  does  this  give  to  the  scholar 
and  to  the  teacher  ?     Page  86. 

How  is  it  known  ?     Page  85. 

When  the  bones  are  round  and  small, 
what  does  it  indicate  ?     Page  86. 

For  what  are  those  possessing  large- 
ness of  bone  noted  ?     Page  91. 

Where  are  the  signs  found  ?  Page 
91. 

What  is  the  remedy  for  excessive 
bone  development?     Page  92. 

What  for  poor  development  ?  Page 
92. 

How  can  you  best  succeed  with 
scholars  of  this  type?     Page  93. 

Brain  and  Nervous  System. 

Upon    what    is    all    mental    power 

based  ?     Page  95. 
What    is    the    origin   of   thought? 

Page  95. 


A-36 


THE    PROGRESSIVE    TEACHER. 


If  you  have  a  scholar  with  a  small 
but  well-formed  head,  what  does 
it  usually  indicate?     Page  98. 

If  a  schohir  is  very  active,  well  de- 
veloped in  Brain  System,  but  the 
body  is  puny,  how  would  you 
treat  this  scholar  to  get  the  best 
results  ?     Page  98. 

What  will  this  establish?     Page  99. 

What  faculties  endow  man  with  the 
power  of  abstract,  mathematical 
reasoning,  and  how  and  wh}'  are 
these  faculties  useful  to  the  teach- 
er ?     Page  99. 

How  can  you  tell  the  quality  of  the 
brain  in  your  scholars  ?  Pages 
112,  113. 

What  are  the  signs?  Pages  112, 
113. 

If  the  eye  of  the  scholar  is  particu- 
larly bright,  what  do  you  decide 
as  to  quality  of  mental  power? 
Page  113. 

You  sometimes  have  a  scholar  who 
appears  to  be  all  nerves  or  ''  brains 
all  over."  How  can  you  distin- 
guish such?     Page  114. 

How  should  you  treat  them  ?  Page 
114. 

If  you  have  a  scholar  courageous, 
determined,  and  efficient,  how  is 
the  hair  an  index?     Page  119. 

Form. 

Its    relation   to   character :    if   you 

have  a  scholar  of  a  round  form, 

what    character    does    it    U8uall3' 

indicate?     Page  120. 
If  squarely  built,  what?     Page  120. 
Forms  of  noses  are  indices  of  the 

character  in  children  as  well  as  in 

adults.  Page  127. 
If  a  scholar  is  angular  or  skewed  in 

form,  what  does  it  indicate  ?    Page 

120. 
How  had  you  better  treat  such  a 

one?     Page  124, 

Color. 

Why  and  how  is  Color  a  potent 
factor  indicating  character  ?  Page 
125. 

What  is  the  local  sign?    Page  129. 


If  a  scholar  has  a  bright,  fresh  color, 
what  does  it  usually  indicate  ? 
Page  127. 

Proportion. 

How  is  the  law  of  scientific  propor- 
tion and  beauty  illustrated  ?  Page 
132. 

How  can  disproportion  be  reduced? 
Page  134. 

Cannot  the  teacher,  by  noting  the 
scholars  not  developed  in  true 
proportion,  formulate  a  plan  to 
enable  him  or  her  to  get  better 
results  and  more  thorough  devel- 
opment?    Page  136. 

Health. 

What  is  the  base  of  all  really  useful 
character?     Page  137. 

How  should  precocious  scholars  be 
treated  ?     Page  139. 

What  do  they  need  ?     Page  139. 

"All  work  and  no  play,"  etc.  Now, 
you  !ire  very  careful  to  oversee 
your  scholars  at  their  tasks ; 
should  3'ou  not  be  as  careful  how 
they  play?  Page  141.  (Read 
this  paragraph  very  carefully.) 

Sub-Basic  Principles  of  Face  and 
Form. 

If  you  wish  to  read  the  character 
of  3''our  scholars  or  your  friends, 
how  can  you  do  it?     Page  143. 

Will  you  kindly  read  bottom  of  page 
146? 

We  will  now  pass  to  the  considera- 
tion of  the  signs  for  and  locality 
of  the  Mental  Faculties. 

Mind. 

What  is  Mind?     Page  12. 

The  office  of  the  mind  is  threefold. 
Upon  what  are  these  three  depart- 
ments founded?     Page  151. 

Properly  read,  the  human  face  will 
reveal  what?     Page  151. 

Hope. 

What  faculty  should  be  manifested 
in  a  teacher  who  really  loves  the 
work,  and  where  is  its  sign  ?  Page 
179. 


THE    PROGRESSIVE    TEACHER. 


A-37 


If  you  notice  a  scholar  full  of  Hope 
or  possess  this  yourself,  how  can 
you  distinguish  it,  and  where  is 
its  sign?     Pages  182,  183. 

Friendsuip. 

What  are  the  signs  for  Friendship  ? 

Pages  185,  18G. 
A  very  useful  trait.     How  can  you 

cultivate  and  develop  it  in  your 

scholars?     Page  187. 

EXECUTIVENESS. 

You  can  judge  of  this  faculty  by 
carefully  watching  your  scholars, 
friends,  and  those  with  whom  you 
come  in  daily  contact..  Where  is 
this  sign?     Page  194. 

Self-will. 

What  are  the  indications  for  a  strong 

Will?     Page  195. 
Which  in  excess  is  called  Self-will  ? 

Page  195. 
Properly    balanced,   why   is    this   a 

precious  inheritance?     Page  196. 
If  this  faculty  is  deficient  and  the 

person    is   of    a  weak,   irresolate 

will,  how  can  it  be  best  remedied? 

Page  197. 
If  in  excess,  how  ?    Page  197. 

Credenciveness. 

What  are  its  signs  ?     Page  197. 

What  is  it?     Page  197. 

How  can  the  teaclier  render  it  useful 

and  subordinate  it  to  Observation 

and  other  useful  faculties  ?     Page 

97. 
What  and  where  are  its  signs  ?   Page 

200. 

Observation. 

This  useful  faculty  in  pupil  and 
teacher  is  very  essential.  If  de- 
ficient, how  can  it  be  cultivated  ? 
Page  199. 

Memory. 

If  j'ou  have  a  pupil  whose  Memory 
is  poor,  what  means  would  you 
employ  to  remedy  it  ?  Pages  202, 
203. 


Where  is  its  sign  ?     Page  200. 
Upon  what  does  it  depend  ?     Page 
208. 

Locality  and  Color. 

This  facult3'  with  Color  is  usually 
possessed  in  a  normal  quantity  b}' 
the  young.  How  can  you  indicate 
them  ?     Page  208. 

Mental  and  Physical  Order. 

Where  and  what  are  its  signs  ?   Page 

209. 
Why  important  to  teacher   and  to 

pupil?     Page  210. 
To  what  is  it  adapted  ?     Page  210. 

Calculation. 

In  what  formation  is  it  usually  found 

the  best?     Page  213. 
How  can  it  be  cultivated  if  deficient? 

Page  213. 

Music. 

What  are  the  indications  of  the  fac- 
ulty for  Music?     Pages  677,  678. 

Why  should  it  be  encouraged  and 
developed  in  schools?  Pages  218, 
679. 

What  is  its  tendency  ?     Page  679. 

What  have  geometrical  measure- 
ments and  Form  to  do  with  Mu- 
sic?    Page  218. 

Language. 

Why  should  a  teacher  endeavor  to 
cultivate  a  love  of  pure,  free,  and 
fluent  Language  in  the  scholar? 
Page  225. 

Is  it  any  indication  of  intellectual 
powers  ?     Page  225. 

What  and  where  are  its  signs  ?  Page 
223. 

What  is  Language  ?  Page  225.  (Read 
all  of  page.) 

Comparison,  Causality,  and 
Reason. 

What  are  their  signs  ?     Page  228. 

Why  should  a  teacher  have  a  good 
share  of  these  faculties,  and  why 
should  the  teacher  endeavor  to 
develop  them  in  the  scholar? 
Pages  227-231. 


A-38 


THE    PROGRESSIVE    TEACHER. 


To  know  more  we  must  be   more. 
Why  ?     Page  230.. 

Intuition. 

What  is  it  ?     Page  234. 

Please  examine  carefully  pages  236 

and  237. 
What  is  the  basis  of  exhibitions  of 

anger  or  temper  ?     Page  257. 
What  diseases  does  it  often  cause? 

Page  257. 
Enthusiasm  moves  the  world.  Should 

not  the  teacher  liave  a  large  fund, 

and,  if  so,  why?     Page  258. 
Can  defects  of  organization  be  rem- 
edied ?     Page  270. 
Please   examine    charts,  pages    273, 

275,  277,  288. 
What  is  the  most  salient  feature  of 

the  face  ?     Page  289. 
Wliat    are    its    indications?     Page 

289. 
Read  Sir  Thomas  Brown,  M.D.,  on 

"  Face  and   Form   Reading,"  top 

of  page  297. 
Why  is  it  proper  and  womanly  for  a 

woman  to  cultivate  a  logical  mind? 

Page  299. 


Gestures. 


Page 


Of  what   use   are   gestures? 

299. 
What  do  they  mean  ?     Page  300. 
How  can  you  interpret  them  ?   Pages 

299,  300. 
Why   are   women   better   fitted,  by 

nature,  as  teachers  of  the  j^oung  ? 

Pages  372,373.    (Read  carefully.) 


Approbativeness. 

What  will  often  prove  a  powerful 
incentive  to  better  conduct  in  a 
scholar?     Page  385. 

How  can  this  faculty  be  developed? 
Page  385. 

Pneumativeness. 

Why  and  how  is  deep  breathing  in 
close  relationship  with  high  think- 
ing and  high  teaching?  Page 
400. 

How  can  you  cultivate  it  ?  Page 
400. 

Read  G.  H.  Lewis  and  others  on 
"Mind."     Page  12. 

Will  3'ou  kindly  read  Victor  Cousin 
on  "  The  Beautiful  "?     Page  59. 

Will  you  read  Professor  Le  Conte 
on  "  The  Advance  of  Science  "  ? 
Page  3. 

How  will  a  thorough  knowledge  of 
this  work,"  Face  and  Form  Read- 
ing," aid  you  in  your  work  ?  Page 
vii  (Introduction). 

Conclusion. 

And  in  conclusion, dear  Teacher, can 
you  not  know  more  of  self,  your 
scholars,  your  friends,  increase 
your  usefulness,  add  to  your  hap- 
piness, and  round  out  and  assist 
others  in  forming  a  pure  and  noble 
character,  b3-  reading  and  using 
the  suggestions  in  "  Face  and 
Form  Reading  "? 

Will  you  not  try  ? 


TEACHER    AND   PUPIL. 

Value  op  Face  and  Form  Reading  in  the  Management  op 
Refractory  and  Insubordinate  Pupils. 

By  PROF.  H.  B.  WHITTINGTON, 

Principal  Keystone  Boys'  Grammar  School,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


The  present  century  is 
the  most  remarkable  in  the 
history  of  the  world's  prog- 
ress in  all  that  pertains  to 
harnessing  the  forces  of  Na- 
ture and  making  them  obedi- 
ent to  the  will  of  man. 

It  does  seem  almost  in- 
comprehensible that  Peda- 
gogy as  a  science  lagged  so 
far  behind  this  material  prog- 
ress ;  that  it  should  be  the 
last  to  feel  this  irresistible 
spirit  of  progress,  as  mani- 
fested in  all  that  pertains 
to  our  physical  ease  and 
comfort. 

It  is,  therefore,  a  cause 
for  congratulation  that  the 
influence  of  such  great  edu- 
cational reformers  as  Hux- 
ley, Darwin,  Herbert  Spen- 
cer. Sully,  Bain,  and  a  host 
of  others  is  now  being  felt, 

and  that  something  broader  and  deeper  in  mental  culture  is 
required  from  the  teacher  than  the  meagre  attainments  necessary 
to  give  instruction  in  the  "  tliree  Rs."  Perhaps  nothing  has  done 
more  to  elevate  the  profession  of  teaching  and  place  Pedagogy  on 
a  scientific  basis  than  the  application  of  Psychology  to  education 
and  the  introduction  of  Physiology  into  the  curriculum  of  studies 

(A-39) 


A-40  TEACHER    AND    PUPIL. 

in  our  public  schools.  While  the  former  enables  the  teacher  to 
draw  out  the  faculties  of  the  mind  in  the  natural  order  of  their 
development, — such  as  Perception,  Conception,  Judgment,  Imag- 
ination, Memory,  etc., — it  gives  no  clue  to  the  teacher  how  to  gain 
a  pre-knowledge  of  those  psychological  and  physiological  forces 
that  are  the  secret  springs  of  the  mental  activities  as  manifested 
in  the  daily  life  of  the  child.  ^ 

Our  most  successful  teachers  intuitively  read  the  character 
and  disposition  of  a  pupil,  and  are  thus  enabled  to  curb  or  restrain 
in  such  a  manner  as  will  conduce  to  bring  an  hitherto  refractory 
pupil  obedient  to  authority. 

The  autlior  of  this  work,  a  student  of  Psychology  and  Physi- 
ology, has,  for  the  first  time,  in  a  most  attractive  and  interesting 
style,  united  the  two  and  evolved  a  third — "  Physiognomy,  or  Face 
and  Form  Reading  " — that  is  a  fitting  supplement  to  the  first  and 
a  most  appropriate  complement  to  the  hitter. 

Physiology,  as  taught  in  our  schools,  gives  the  pupil  a  fair 
knowledge  of  the  structure  of  the  body,  its  organs  and  tlieir  func- 
tions. Hygiene  as  taught  gives  him  a  knowledge  of  the  common 
laws  of  health,  especially  in  the  influence  of  alcohol  and  narcotics 
on  the  system ;  but  the  study  of  Physiology  does  not  give  the 
teacher  or  pupil  any  insight  into  how  much  influence  the  organs, 
form,  and  contour  of  the  body  have  in  determining  temperament, 
character,  disposition,  etc.,  as  manifested  in  action  directed  by  the 
will. 

The  author  has  made  a  long  step  in  advance  by  her  forcible 
and  logical  reasoning,  in  which  she  is  in  full  accord  with  the  best 
authorities  in  giving  the  mind  a  (so  to  speak)  dual  locality  in  the 
body ;  not  as  many  teach,  "  that  the  mind  is  localized  in  the  brain 
alone,"  but  that  all  the  vital  organs  are  as  intimately  associated 
with  a  healthy  mental  organism  as  the  brain  ;  that  is,  "  a  sound 
mind  in  a  sound  body,"  not  in  a  sound  brain  alone. 

The  writer,  therefore,  most  cordially  recommends  this  book 
and  its  careful  study  to  his  fellow-teachers,  fully  persuaded  that  it 
will  do  much  to  give  them  a  clear  and  unfailing  insight  into  the 
temperament  and  character  of  their  pupils,  and  thus  lighten  their 
labors  and  better  enable  them  to  properly  restrain  and  discipline 
refractory  pupils. 

The  following  topics  in  the  book,  with  the  pages  in  which 
they  are  treated,  will,  the  writer  believes,  be  of  great  assistance  to 
teachers  in  reading  the  work : — 


TEACHER   AND    PUPIL. 


A-41 


The  Human  Face  the  Index  of  all 

Nature.     Page  1. 

Precocious  Cliildren,  Sensitive  and 
Nervous  children.     Page  137. 

The  Brain  not  the  Sole  Seat  of  Mind. 
Page  158. 

Hospitality,  Love  of  Home,  Patriot- 
ism.    Page  169. 

Memory  and  Locality.     Page  200. 

Anger,  Will,  and  Temper.    Page  239. 


Logical     Reasoning    in     Children. 
Page  227. 


Language  and  Music. 
665. 


Order :  Mental  and  Physical 
695. 


Pages  652  to 
Page 


Intuition. 
The  Voice. 


Page  737. 
Page  825. 


The  Method   to  Pursue  in  Reading 
Character.     Page  1111. 


So  prolific  is  the  work  in  suggestions,  valuable  to  the  live  and 
progressive  teacher,  that  the  above  list  of  topics  might  be  greatly 
extended ;  but  these  are  sufficient  to  show  what  a  comprehensive 
and  exhaustive  treatise  the  author  has  given  on  the  subject,  that 
should  not  be  confounded  with  Phrenology,  which,  in  the  hands  of 
charlatans,  has  done  so  much  to  bring  discredit  on  the  science  of 
Physiognomy. 


THE  EMPLOYER  AND  EMPLOYE. 

The  Practical  Value  of  Face  and  Form  Reading  to  Employers. 
By  HAMILTON  DISSTON,  Esq., 

Of  H.  Disston's  Sons,  Keystone  Saw  and  Tool  Works,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


There  is  no  question  in 
my  mind  that  "  Face  and 
Form  Reading,"  often,  per- 
haps, unconsciously  done,  is 
an  accomplisliment  of  all  suc- 
cessful employers.  No  better 
evidence  of  this  is  needed  than 
the  fact  that  seldom,  and  then 
only  on  the  strength  of  un- 
questioned recommendations, 
does  the  judicious  employer 
fill  an  important  position 
without  a  2^c^'sonaI  interview. 
Why  is  this  %  It  is  in  order 
that  he  can  observe  and  read 
the  applicant,  can  note  per- 
sonal appearance,  color,  eyes, 
expression,  form,  gesture,  step, 
voice, — all  that  enters  into 
"  Face  and  Form  Reading," — and  from  observation  ot  this 
combination  the  decision  is  formed.  That  all  these  features  are 
the  signs  of  human  character — not  only  physical  and  mental, 
but  moral  also — no  intelligent  person  can  doubt.  They  have 
been  so  recognized  in  all  ages,  and  possess  to  no  class  a  greater 
value  than  to  the  employer  and  organizer.  The  employer  who 
can  read  and  recognize  these  signs,  who  can  properly  estimate 
and  weigh  the  various  combinations  and  traits  of  which  Nature 
has  furnished  the  outward  signs,  has  the  most  important  of  the 
qualifications  required  for  great  success.  A  close  study  of  men 
prominent  in  any  line  of  life  will  show  this  trait  strong  in  each. 
Man  is  not  great  as  an  individual ;  but  when  he  possesses  the 
faculty  of  always  discerning  the  proper  man  for  each  place,  of 
making  human  combinations,  each  unit  of  which  is  the  proper 
(A-42) 


THE  EMPLOYER  AND  EMPLOYE. 


A-43 


unit  for  its  respective  situation,  it  is  then  that  he  becomes  a  mighty- 
factor  in  society. 

I  should  like  to  see  all  employers  (except  my  competitors) 
versed  in  this  useful  and  fascinating  science,  and  believe  the 
result  would  be  still  pleasanter  relations  between  labor  and  capital, 
and  improved  conditions  for  both. 

The  following  questions  will,  if  the  encyclopaedia  is  studied 
sufficiently  to  find  out  the  answers,  call  attention  to  some  of  the 
portions  of  which  I  particularly  approve: — 


Muscular  System. 

Should  you  have  occasion  to  emplo}' 
a  mechanic,  en(2;ineer,or  a  man  for 
any  special  woric,  requirini;  exact- 
ness, nicety,  and  symmetry,  why 
would  you  employ  one  of  good 
chest  development  ?     Page  73. 

What  kind  of  ability  does  a  good 
share  of  the  Muscular  System 
usually  indicate?  If  deficient, 
how  can  it  be  developed?  Page 
80. 

Methods. 

If  you  wish  to  read  the  character  or 
acquaint  yourself  with  the  facul- 
ties of  an  employ^,  what  method 
would  you  pursue?  Pages  1114, 
1115. 

If  an  enthusiastic  person  should 
come  to  you  with  some  scheine  or 
invention  promising  great  tilings, 
and  ask  your  help  to  push  it 
through,  can  you  tell  if  he  is 
practical  or  a  mere  dreamer  or 
theorist?     How?     Pa«:e  1104. 


Noses. 

Should  you  require  a  mechanic  in  a 
particular  line  of  duty,  requiring 
activity,  quick  perception,  and  of 
good  executive  ability',  would  you 
choose  one  with  narrow,  pinched 
nostrils?  If  not,  why  not  ?  Pages 
1095,  109G. 

Is  there  any  wa}'  you  can  tell  an 
avaricious  or  dishonest  employd 
from  shape  or  contour  of  nose? 
Page  935. 

What  type  of  nose  indicates  the 
mechanic?     Pages  933,  933. 


If  an  emplo}-^  possesses  large,  wide 
nostrils,  bright  eyes,  fresh  color, 
what  does  it  indicate  ?  Anything 
more  than  good  health  ?  Page  398. 

What  kind  of  character  and  abilit}'^ 
does  this  s^^stem  develop?  Page 
403. 

Voice. 

You  wish  a  whole-souled,  heart}', 
active,  and  honest  man  in  your 
business  as  book-keeper,  clerk, 
master-mechanic,  etc. ;  what  would 
the  intonation  of  voice  reveal  as 
to  his  physical  and  mental  condi- 
tion ?     Why  ?     Pages  828-838. 

Comparison  and  Causality. 

You  have  a  particular  line  of  work, 
requiring  a  first-class  workman, 
with  Comparison  highly  developed. 
How  can  you  tell  who  possesses 
it  ?  What  and  where  are  its  signs? 
Pages  726,  727. 

You  are  a  mechanic  or  inventor  or 
both  ;  you  have  a  crude  idea  of  a 
machine  which,  in  your  opinion, 
will  revolutionize  old  methods, 
and  you  wish  to  employ  a  first- 
class  man  to  assist  you  in  devel- 
oping and  carrying  out  these  ideas. 
How  can  you  tell  if  the  applicant 
possesses  the  necessary  qualities  ? 
Page  716. 

What  are  the  signs  of  Causality  ? 
Page  717. 

Calculation  and  Order. 

What  kind  of  men  do  we  usually 
find  possessing  high  Order,  and 
how  is  Order  allied  to  Mechanics  ? 
Page  696. 


A-44 


THE  EMPLOYER  AND  EMPLOYE. 


Calculation  and  Order 
{continued). 

In  the  higher  mechanics,  such  as 
engine-building,  manufacturing 
machine-tools,  and  instruments 
and  machines  of  precision,  a  large 
amount  of  Calculation  of  a  high 
grade  is  necessary  in  the  employ^. 
What  are  the  facial  and  bodily 
signs  indicating  this  faculty  ? 
Page  106. 

High-grade  mechanics  constantly  use 
the  sense  or  faculty  of  Weight. 
How  is  it  useful  in  setting  up  and 
running  machinery,  and  what  are 
the  signs  for  it?  Where?  Pages 
643-648. 


Observation  and  Continuity. 

What  incentive  to  invention  is  Ob- 
servation ?  Why  ?  Its  signs  ? 
Pages  618-620. 

Why  are  round  persons  who  are 
broad  between  the  eyes  better 
adapted  for  superintendents,  fore- 
men, or  bosses  in  large  industrial 
establishments  than  others  ?  Page 
605. 

A  machine  is  to  be  constructed  or  a 
certain  work  performed  requiring 
Continuity  of  tiiought  and  purpose 
to  work  out  to  a  successful  issue 
certain  ideas  ;  now,  in  choosing  an 
employ^  for  this  special  work,  how 
would  you  tell  if  he  was  fitted  for 
the  task  ?  Page  574,  second  para- 
graph. 


EXECUTIVENESS   AND    CONSTRUCT- 
IVENESS. 

How  can  3'^ou  tell  if  an  employ^  pos- 
sesses the  requisite  amount  of 
Executiveness  to  forward  your  in- 
terests ?  What  is  its  sign  ?  Page 
561. 

What  combination  with  large  Con- 
structiveness  produces  such  men 
as  Roebling,  Watt,  Fulton,  Edi- 
son, and  Ericsson.     Page  552. 


Human  Nature  and  Analysis. 

Why  is  a  good  share  of  Human  Na- 
ture needed  in  the  employer? 
Why  in  the  employe?  What  is  its 
sco[)e,  and  how  is  it  manifested  ? 
Pages  627,  528. 

How  does  keen  Analysis  assist  the 
manufacturer,  inventor,  mechanic, 
etc.,  in  times  when  he  must  rely 
solely  on  self?  How  does  it  aid 
the  judgment.  Pages  493,  494, 
495,  498. 

Force  and  Self-esteem. 

A  man  of  Force,  what  is  it  ?  What 
does  it  create  ?  What  use  is  it  in 
overcoming  obstacles  and  carrj- 
ing  forward  great  engineering  and 
business  enterprises.     Page  455. 

Why  should  employers  and  em- 
f)loyds  as  well  have  a  good  amount 
of  Self-esteem?  How  essential  in 
managers,  superintendents,  etc. 
Pages  430,  441,  442. 

Firmness. 

What  important  part  does  Firm- 
ness play  in  the  human  economy  ? 
Page  316.  Its  most  decisive  sign  ? 
Page  312.  Wh^'  essential  in  the 
higher  grade  of  employes  ?  Page 
312. 

Economy. 

In  order  that  you  may  reach  the 
maximum  of  production  at  the 
minimum  of  cost,  it  is  necessary 
the  foremen,  superintendents,  and 
emploj'ds  should  possess  the  trait 
of  Economy.  How  can  j'ou  tell 
easily  if  employes  possess  it  ? 
Pages  316,  319,  320. 

There  are  many  practical,  vital  ques- 
tions which  "  Face  and  Form 
Reading"  answers  cogentl}',  logi- 
callj^,  and  conviucingl}'.  Among 
the  portions  of  the  work  of  special 
interest  to  the  employer,  I  particu- 
larly^ recommend  the  following 
pao-'es:  267-289,  52.5-584,.  1085- 
llTo,  1114,  1115,  1116,  1119, 1158, 
1183,  1184,  etc. 


THE  EMPLOYER  AND  EMPLOYE. 


A-45 


Additional  Questions  by  the  Publishers,  showing  the  Value 

OF  Face  and  Form  Reading  to  the  Inventor, 

Mechanic,  Engineer,  etc. 

The  following  questions  by  the  publishers  will  enable  you  to 
grasp  the  intents  and  purposes  of  this  book,  and  give  you  some 
idea  of  its  practical  usefulness  to  all  grades  of  persons  in  every 
tvalk  of  life,  more  particularly  the  Mechanic  who  wishes  to 
advance  and  take  front  rank  among  the  Industrial  forces  of  this 
Electric  Century, 

The  publishers  commend  the  work  to  you  for  its  eminent 
practicality,  believing  that  a  knowledge  of  yourself  in  particular, 
and  mankind  in  general,  will  redound  to  your  credit  financially 
and  socially. 

If  so,  our  mission  is  accomplished. 


Faculties. 

What  Physical  System  and  Mental 
Faculties  are  the  most  conducive 
to  the  success  of  the  Inventor, 
Mechanic,  etc.     Page  1156. 

Does  not  the  success  of  Edison, 
Howe,  Morse,  McCormick,  etc., 
prove  this?     Page  1156. 

How  ai-e  the  Mental  Faculties  and 
the  Character  developed?  Page 
1158. 

What  Physical  Systems  create  Form 
and  Character?     Page  61. 

What  kind  of  faculty  is  necessary 
for  one  engaged  in  the  manufact- 
ure, setting  up,  and  tuning  of 
Musical  Instruments,  and  what 
does  the  Ear  indicate  as  to  the 
possession  of  this  faculty  ?  Pages 
1026,  1027. 

Noses. 

What  type  of  nose  is  called  the 
Mechanical  ?     Pages  932,  933. 


Lips. 

What  indication  does  the  curve, 
formation,  etc.,  of  the  Upper  Lip 
give  us  as  to  the  possession  of  the 
Imitative  ability,  and  what  has 
Imitation  to  do  with  Mechanical 
ability?     Page  819. 


Intuition. 

What  benefit  is  this  faculty  to  the 
Mechanic,  etc.?  How  can  it  be 
cultivated  ?     Page  737. 

Comparison. 

To  what  does  this  faculty  lead,  and 
why  is  it  of  importance  to  the 
Mechanic,  Inventor,  etc.?  Pages 
727-732. 

Causality. 

What  are  the  relations  existing  be- 
tween Causality  and  Practicality  ? 
Pages  721. 

What  kind  of  study  will  develop 
this  faculty  in  the  Mechanic,  etc., 
and  wh3^  should  such  methods  of 
reasoning  be  encouraged  ?  Pages 
720-726. 

Why  should  Inventors  especially 
cultivate  the  faculty  of  reasoning 
from  effect  to  cause?     Page  721. 

Calculation. 

In  all  branches  of  Mechanics  it  is 
absolutely  essential  to  advance- 
ment or  progress  that  Calculation 
of  a  high  order  be  possessed. 
What  are  the  signs  showing  its 
possession,  and  how  can  this  fac- 
ulty be  cultivated  ?  Pages  706- 
712. 


A-46 


THE  EMPLOYER  AND  EMPLOYE. 


Order. 

Why  are  some  Mechanics  ver}^  neat 
and  orderh^,  and  whj^  some  slov- 
enly, in  work,  habits,  etc.  ?  Page 
696. 

How  can  Order  and  System  be  cul- 
tivated?    Page  700. 

Time. 

Why  is  this  in  connection  with  Order 
very  essential  to  the  Mechanic? 
Page  690. 

Locality. 

Why  should  this  faculty  be  culti- 
vated by  the  active  Mechanic,  and 
how  can  it  be  so  cultivated  as  to 
aid  him  ?     Pages  635-640. 

Observation. 

To  the  Architect,  Engineer,  and 
High-Gnide  Mechanic  this  trait  is 
an  important  one,  aiding  him  to 
seize  upon  important  facts  seen  in 
his  daily  intercourse  with  the 
world  and  adojiting  them  to  use 
in  his  special  line.  How  can  this 
faculty  be  cultivated,  and  what  aid 
and  incentive  to  Invention  is  it? 
Pages  618-620. 

Form  and  Size. 

Persons  of  round  formation,  broad 
between  the  eyes,  usually  make  the 
best  Sui)erintendents,  Foremen, 
Bosses,  etc.     Why?     Page  605. 


Two  important  faculties  of  every- 
day use  to  the  Inventor,  Machinist, 
and  Mechanics  of  all  kinds.  Defi- 
ciency in  these  faculties  incapaci- 
tates one  for  many  mechanical 
pursuits,  lience  the  necessity  for 
thorough  development.  Of  what 
importance,  and  why  ?  Pages  605- 
615. 

CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 

This  faculty  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant to  the  Architect  and 
Bnihler  as  well  as  the  Millwright 
and  Constructive  Maciiinist,  and 
should  be  cultivated  to  the  highest 
possible  degree.  Whnt  will  aid  in 
its  cultivation  ?     Page  545. 

Why  were  such  men  as  Roebling, 
Watt,  Fulton,  Ericsson,  and  others 
so  successful  as  Inventors?  Page 
552. 

Ideality. 

The  Higher  grade  of  Mechanics, 
Architects,  Inventors,  Builders, 
etc.,  need  this  facult}'.  Why  ? 
Panes  515-523. 


Hope. 

All  grades  of  Industrial  workers 
need  Hope.  What  is  its  capacity 
as  a  sustainer  under  adverse  cir- 
cumstances and  iu  sickness  ? 
Pages  486-491. 


THE  CLERGY. 

How  WILL  A  Study  of  Face  and  Form  Reading  Aid  the  Pastor 
IN  Church  Organization  and  Church  Development? 

By  GEORGE   A.   PELTZ,   D.D., 

Associate  Pastor  of  The  Temple,  Broad  and  Berks  Streets,  Philadelphia. 


"  Whenever  I  have  an  im])ortant  business  interview  on  hand, 
I  face  my  man  to  the  light  and  myself  to  the  darkness."  So  said 
one  of  Pliiladelpliia's  shrewdest  business  men,  in  a  recent  inter- 
view. Why  did  he  face  his  man  to  the  light?  Because  he  knew 
that  the  man's  face  would  tell  much  that  his  lips  would  leave 
untold.  The  form  of  the  face,  as  well  as  its  many  phases,  and, 
indeed,  tlie  form  of  the  entire  body  and  its  various  movements,  all 
are  significant  of  the  inner  man,  whose  visibility  and  tangibility 
they  constitute. 

Just  how  far  face  and  form  indicate  personality  may  be 
debatable ;  but  no  close  observer  of  men  doubts  that  they  are  of 
large  value ;  indeed,  most  of  the  conclusions  in  "  The  Encyclo- 
paedia of  Face  and  Form  Heading"  may  be  unhesitatingly  accepted 
as  substantially  correct. 

That  knowledge  and  skill  in  these  lines  would  abundantly 
aid  every  clergyman  is  beyond  question.  It  is  recorded  of  our 
Lord  himself  that  he  "knew  all  men,  and  needed  not  that  any 
should  testify  of  man :  for  he  knew  what  was  in  man  "  (John  2 : 
24,  25).  In  this  respect,  as  in  many  others,  his  servants  have 
need  to  strive  to  be  like  him  ;  and  as  they  approach  him  in  char- 
acter, they  will  also  approximate  more  closely  to  his  success. 

In  the  phenomenal  work  at  Tlie  Temple,  the  accurate  esti- 
mating and  fitting  employment  of  men  have  had  much  to  do. 
The  Rev.  Mr.  Coiiwell,  the  leader  of  that  great  work,  excels  in 
his  appreciation  of  just  wliat  the  people  need  at  any  given 
moment ;  also  of  the  most  direct  way  to  meet  that  want.  Then 
comes  into  play  his  ability  to  select  leaders  and  organize  measures, 
and,  by  his  rare  and  almost  unerring  capacity  here,  he  has  won 
many  of  his  most  conspicuous  achievements.  He  seldom  fails  to 
select  tlie  much-desired  "right  man,"  and  to  get  him  into  "the 
right  place."  A  quick  and  correct  estimate  of  men,  whether 
from  face  or  figure,  expression  or  action,  is  immensely  valuable  to 
every  clergyman,  as  to  every  other  man  who  is  expected  to  meet 

(A-47) 


A-48 


THE   CLERGY. 


and  to  mold  his  fellows ;  and  what  has  proved  to  be  good  m  one 
field  is  wortliy  of  careful  trial  elsewliere.     ' 

It  is  a  matter  of  congratulation  that  the  contents  of  this 
elaborate  work  on  "  Face  and  Form  Reading  "  have  been  set 
forth  fully  in  a  well-digested  Table  of  Contents  and  Index ;  but 
a  special  series  of  questions  also  has  been  prepared  for  clergymen, 
whereby  they  are  put  directly  on  the  road  to  those  topics  they 
most  need  to  consider.  Without  passing  judgment  on  the  book 
as  a  whole,  or  assuming  to  indorse  all  its  positions,  one  is  wholly 
safe  in  pronouncing  it  a  most  helpful  volume,  and  commending  it 
to  his  fellow-clergymen. 


Health  and  Harmonious 
Development. 

Essential  to  the  clerg3\     How  best 

attained?     Pages  131-137. 
"Mens    Sane    in    Coi-pora     Sano." 

Wliat    is   necessar^'^    for   a   sonnd 

mind  ?     Page  94. 
What  are  the  Normal  factors  in  Form 

and  Being  in  Nature,  Science,  and 

Art  ?     Page  57. 

A  PPROBATI  VENESS. 

Of  what  use?  When  desirable?  Its 
tendency  ?     Page  378. 

Enthusiasm. 

dan  we  anal_yze  it?  What  is  neces- 
sary to  become  enthusiastic  ?  Page 
267. 

Love. 

"  The  Greatest  Thing  in  the  World." 
What  is  it?  Upon  what  does  it 
depend  ?     Page  242. 

Manly  men  and  womanly  women. 
What  makes  ?     Page  242. 

Knowledge. 

What  is  the  most  important  to  man, 
and  how  should  this  interest  the 
clergy?     Pages  182-185. 

Force  and  Self-esteem. 

If  you  are  deficient,  how  can  you 
develop  tliis  trait?     Page  461. 

Why  should  the  clergyman  possess 
Self-esteem?  What  will  it  lend 
to  the  character  ?     Pages  437-462. 


What  effect  will  it  have  upon  preach- 
ing?    Page  461. 

Deep  Breathing  and  Energy. 

What  relation  does  deep  breathing 
bear  to  Energy,  physical  and 
mental  ?     Page"^403. 

How  can  deep  breathing  be  devel- 
oped and  weak  throat  and  lungs 
made  stronger?     Pages  400,  401. 

Friendship  and  Hospitality. 

Two  strong,  essential  traits.  How 
do  they  add  to  your  usefulness 
and  extend ^our  influence  ?  Pages 
385-397. 

Ideality  and  Sublimity.  , 

Whj-  should  these  faculties  be  pos- 
sessed by  the  clergy  ?     Page  514. 

How  does  it  aid  in  Sermon-writing, 
Preachinof,  and  Lectnring  ?  Pages 
506-518.  " 

Hope. 

How  is  it  useful  to  the  Clergy,  and 
how  to  every  one  in  liealth  and 
also  in  disease?     Pages  488-491. 

What  kind  of  a  force  is  it?  If 
deficient,  how  can  it  be  obtained  ? 
Page  491. 

Resistance. 

Why   should   a   clergyman    possess 

this   faculty  ?     To   what    does    it 

tend  ?     Pages  463-469. 
Wliat   does   a   study    of    the    Faces 

and  Forms  of  talented  divines,  etc., 

show  ?     Page  458. 


THE    CLERGY. 


A-49 


EXECUTIVENESS. 

A  Pastor,  SuiKluy-School  Superin- 
teiulent,  und  otliers  having  any 
authority  in  chureli  work  should 
possess  tliis  laculty.  How  can 
you  tell  if  possessed  ?  Pages  561- 
564. 

Veneration. 

Should  be  a  faculty  in  every  pastor. 
How  is  it  indicated  ?  Pages  553- 
558. 

How  can  you  develop  it  if  deficient, 
and  what  lias  logical  reasoning  to 
do  with  it  ?     Page  559. 

Where  is  the  highest  form  of  re- 
ligion exhibited,  and  what  are  the 
relations  between  Veneration  and 
Virtue  ?     Page  560. 

CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 

Upon  this  faculty  depends  the  power 
to  build  up  a  logical  discourse. 
Why?     Page  545. 

How  can  you  develop  if  weak  ? 
Page  544. 

Human  Nature. 

This  faculty  is  of  vast  importance. 
How  do  you  know  if  you  possess 
it,  and  how  can  you  acquire  it  ? 
Page  525. 

Memory. 

Upon  what  dependent?  What 
causes  its  impairment,  and  how 
can  it  be  cultivated  ?  Pages  625- 
627. 

Observation. 

A  desirable  faculty  to  the  minister. 
How  can  a  deficiency  be  sup- 
plied ?  How  does  it  tend  to  ren- 
der a  minister  aid  in  preaching, 
lecturing,  etc?     Pages  618,  621. 

Self-will. 

If  not  in  excess,  very  desirable. 
Why  so  to  the  minister?  Page 
675. 


Language  and  Eloquence. 

What  is  necessary  in  order  to  con- 
verse well  ?  How  can  one  become 
eloquent?     Page  661. 

Gestures. 

Have  they  a  meaning  ?  If  so,  what  ? 
Pages  759-761. 

Intuition, 

How  can  this  faculty  be  made  to 
subserve  the  interests  of  the  cler- 
gy'man  ?     Page  746. 

Mozart's  Self-analysis  is  an  exam- 
ple.    See  pages  742,  743. 

Comparison  and  Causality. 

Why  should  a  clergyman  possess  a 
large  fund  of  Comparison  ?  Pages 
732-735.  .     . 

Why  possess  the  faculty  of  Caus- 
ality ?     Page  722. 

What  relation  does  Causality  bear 
to  Progress?  And  can  Causality 
be  cultivated?     Pages  720,  721. 

Eyes,  Nose,  Mouth,  and  Lips. 

What  does  the  form  and  expression 
of  the  Eye  indicate  ?  Page  936 
et  seq. 

How  does  the  Nose  indicate  charac- 
ter ?     Pages  866-936 

How  ranch  is  revealed  and  concealed 
by  the  Mouth  ?     Pages  837-848. 

Does  the  contraction,  expansion, 
compression,  etc.,  of  the  Lips  in- 
dicate mental  condition  ?  Pages 
795-824. 

Necks,  Ears,  and  Hair. 

Does  the  poise  of  the  head,  the  atti- 
tude of  the  neck,  etc.,  have  any 
meaning?     Pages  1057-1066. 

Various  forms  of  ears  greet  us,  do 
these  varieties  each  have  a  different 
meaning?     Pages  1015-1032. 

What  does  coarse,  stubborn  hair 
mean  ?  Has  hair,  its  color,  texture, 
etc.,  an}'  signification  in  reading 
character  or  ability  ?  Pages  997- 
1012. 


A-50 


THE   CLERGY. 


General  Fitness,  etc. 

How  can  you  know  your  parishioners 
so  as  to  be  able  to  call  out  all  latent 
powers  and  know  their  fitness  for 
their  duties?     Pages  1114,  1115. 

How  can  you  tell  the  impostor? 
Pages  1106-1109. 

A  clergyman  is  endeavoring  to  fit 
his  congregation  to  lead  better 
lives  here  and  hereafter.  Why 
should  he  be  a  student  of  Physi- 
ognomy, and  what  will  aid  him  ? 
Page  1154. 


Uses. 

To  what  uses  can  a  clergyman  put  a 
l)ractical  knowledge  of  Face  and 
Form  Reading?  Pages  1182- 
1184. 

Physical  and  Mental  Systems. 

"What  physical  systems  are  required 
by  a  clergyman?  Pages  1151, 
1152. 

What  are  the  mental  faculties  essen- 
tial to  a  successful  ministry  ? 
Pages  1153,  1154. 


LAWYER  AND  COUNSELOR. 

The  Aid  "The  Encyclopaedia  of  Face  and  Form  Reading"  May  be 

Made  to  Render  Those  Interested  in  Legal,  Judicial, 

and  Deliberative  Professions. 

By  Hon.  GEORGE  S.  GRAHAM, 

District  Attorney,  Philadelphia,  Pa. ; 
ASSISTED   BY 

Hon.  JOHN  L.  KINSEY, 
Assistant  District  Attorney,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


Of  course,  the  science  of  physiognomy  would  be  most  useful 
to  any  one  whose  business  leads  him  into  dealing  with  human 
beings,  and  the  characters  and  acts  of  whom  are  the  data  with 
which  he  has  to  do. 

As  to  how  far  the  author  of  the  book  you  have  submitted  to 
me  has  been  able  to  reduce  this  subject  to  a  science,  I  am  not  at 
this  time  prepared  to  pronounce  judgment,  for  the  reason  that  I 
have  not  l3een  able,  in  a  very  busy  professional  life,  to  secure  time 
sufficient  to  consider  carefully  the  great  number  of  facts  collected 
into  this  large  and  crowded  volume,  and  the  inferences  drawn  from 
them.  I  am  obliged,  however,  to  say  that  some  of  tlie  generalizations 
appear  too  broad  and  seem  not  warranted  because  of  the  limited 
number  of  observations  made.  A  comprehensive  rule  is  sometimes 
laid  down  from  the  contemplation  of  a  few  instances.  Lavater 
attempted  to  formulate  for  the  first  time  physiognomy  into  a  sci- 
ence in  1807.  From  that  time  until  Darwin,  within  our  own  day, 
gave  the  matter  an  impetus,  little  or  notliing,  save  the  classic  pro- 
duction of  Charles  Bell,  was  done  for  this  subject. 

In  this  restless  age,  which  is  seeking  a  cause  for  every  effect 
relating  to  the  inner  or  outer  nature  of  man,  as  may  be  instanced, 
by  way  of  illustration,  the  great  progress  made  in  the  subjects  of 
psijchology  and  pliyslologij,  no  doubt  that  'physiognomy  will  like- 
wise, in  a  short  time,  make  great  advances.  Your  work  has 
treated  this  theme  with  most  exfreme  mhiufeness  and  exhanstive 
particularity^  and  to  an  extent  that  has  never  before  been 
approximated.  In  this  respect  it  is  quite  ^entertaining  and  sug- 
gestive of  possibilities  which  may  be  later  realized.  Y ox  practical 
utility  many  hints  may  be  obtained  from  it  which  will  be  of  great 
convenience  and  service  to  us  in  our  relations  to  our  fellow-beings. 

CA-51) 


A-52 


LAWYER   AND    COUNSELOR. 


Every  one  of  us  is  necessarily  more  or  less  of  a  physiognomist,  and 
has  unconsciously  become  so  through  experience  with  men,  and 
we  have  acquired  certain  rules  by  which  we  judge  from  appear- 
ances ;  so,  therefore,  anij  hook  which  will  aid  us^  especially  a 
laimjer^  to  accurately  estimate  the  character  or  the  mental  mood 
of  the  persons  with  whom  he  has  to  do,  from  the  expression  of 
the  face,  would  be  of  incalculable  value.  Suitors,  jurors,  wit- 
nesses, and  judges  daily  ]mss  under  our  inspection,  and  to  their 
appearance  and  expression,  as  it  varies,  we  adapt  our  action  or 
argument.  We  will  take,  for  instance,  the  argument  of  counsel 
to  a  jnry.  There  the  contest  between  mind  and  mind  is  more 
keen,  intense,  and  vivid  than  can  be  fopnd  in  any  other  debate. 
Throughout  the  argument  the  speaker  scans  momently  the  face  of 
each  juror,  noting  the  posture  of  his  body,  expression  of  the  eye, 
the  knitting  of  the  eyebrows,  quiver  of  muscles  about  the  mouth, 
turn  of  the  head,  a  movement  of  hand  or  foot;  in  fact,  any  change 
which,  as  he  proceeds  with  his  argument,  leads  him  into  a  parallel 
train  of  thougl.it  as  to  what  is  the  condition  of  mind  of  his  auditor 
which  leads  to  the  movement  observed.  Therefore,  when  physi- 
ognomy is  able  to  give  us  a  reliable  rule  by  which  we  can 
instantly  interpret  the  meaning^  of  any  siu;h  movement,  it  will 
give  us  the  secret  to  aid  greatly  the  more  successful  practice  of 
our  profession. 

It  will  not  be  amiss  for  any  lawyer  to  read  this  work,  as  he 
will  find  it  not  only  entertaining,  but  much  in  it  that  the  results 
of  his  own  observation  can  corroborate. 


Faculties  Needed. 

What  Physical  Systems  and  what 
Mental  Faculties  should  be  most 
prominent  in  a  lawyer  ?  Why  ? 
Pages  1154-1156. 

Why  should  a  lawyer  make  a  careful 
study  of  the  Laws,  Principles,  and 
Facts  of  "  Face  and  Form  Read- 
ing "  ?     Page  1183. 

How  will  such  knowledge,  practicall3^ 
applied, aid  liim  in  arriving  at  cen- 
tral truths  in  the  examination  of 
witnesses?     Pages  1183,  1184. 

Wiiat  will  scientific  "  Face  and  Form 
Reading  "  teach  you  ?    Page  1113. 

The  Tiiorough-bred. 

If  a  client  wishes  to  retain  you  as 
his  counsel  and  professes  to  be  a 


thoroughly  re/ined  person,  how  can 
you  tell  if  this  person  is  thorough- 
bred?    Pages  1108,  1109. 

Necks. 

Suppose  you  are  examining  a  wit- 
ness who  has  a  long,  shriveled  neck 
stretching  far  out,  what  would  you 
think  was  the  leading  trait  of  char- 
acter of  that  person  ?  Page 
1066. 

Suppose  a  lady  client  who  carries 
her  head  high  has  a  habit  of  toss- 
ing and  nodding  her  head  forward 
and  sideways  v,'\\\\e  in  conversation 
with  vou,  what  would  this  indi- 
cate?"  Page  1065. 

Will  yon  kindly  read  the  article  on 
''Necks''?     Page  1057. 


LAWYER   AND    COUNSELOR. 


A-53 


Smiles  and  Laughter, 

What  do  they  indicate?  Can  you 
analyze  them?  How?  Pages 
1054-1056. 

A  client  comes  to  you  for  advice 
(probably  a  stranger),  you  say 
something  that  causes  him  to 
laugh,  suppose  it  is  of  a  chuckling 
or  suppressed  nature,  what  does  it 
indicate  ?     Page  1056, 

We  here  give  you  a  wrinkle — please 
take  it  in  the  spirit  intended — do 
wrinkles  reveal  character?  Did 
you  ever  think  of  them  as  indic- 
ative of  mental  condition?  If 
not,  why  not?  Can  they  be  read  ? 
Pages  1034-1042. 

Just  observe  a  middle-aged  lawyer 
(a  friend)  who  has  achieved  an 
enviable  reputation,  and  look  for 
wrinkles  iinder  chin  to  the  side  ; 
then  compare  with  figure  313  and 
see  if  our  analysis,  page  1036,  is 
not  correct. 

Head. 

Does  size  of  head  indicate  great 
talent?  If  not,  why  not  Page 
994. 

Eyebrows. 

Eyebrows  indicative  of  character, — 
how?  Read  article,  pages  969- 
985. 

Eyes. 

Watch  the  eyes  of  the  criminal 
classes  with  whom  you  occasion- 
ally come  in  contact,  and  what 
do  you  read  therein  recorded  ? 
Why?     Page  967. 

What  is  a  magnetic  eye  ?  Have  you 
ever  seen  it?     Page  963. 

What  a  wonderful  organ  is  the  eye  f 
How  ranch  it  expi-esses  !  Can  this 
expression  be  read?  How?  Will 
you  carefuU}'  read  pages  93'J-968, 

Noses. 

Are  Noses  verj'  significant  in  study- 
ing character  ?    Why  ?    Page  928. 


Can  you  tell  if  a  witness  (or  would- 
be  client)  is  honest  or  dishonest  by 
carefully  noting  the  length,  breadth , 
and  curvature  of  the  7iose  ?  If  so, 
how  ?     Page  929. 

How  can  yon  tell  if  a  lawyer  or  coun- 
selor is  talented  in  debate  or  of  an 
argumentative  mind  ?  Pages  922, 
923. 

Of  all  classes  of  the  world's  thinkers 
and  workers  you  probably  need  an 
accurate  knowledge  of  ''  Face  and 
Form  Reading "  more  than  any 
other.     Why?     Page  881. 

Local  Signs. 

On  page  881  you  will  find  the  Local 
Signs  for  the  Mental  Faculties. 
Can  you  not  gain  some  knowledge 
of  the  undei'lying  principles  of  this 
science  from  a  careCul  study  of  this 
chart?  Please  turn  to  it.  Page 
881. 

Many  of  the  criminal  classes  are 
born  so.  Can  you  find  any  signs 
in  the  face  to  Wiform  you  of  this 
fact?     Where?     Page  862. 

How  do  mouths  and  their  expression 
indicate  character?     Page  837. 

What  will  observation  and  compari- 
son of  a  collection  of  photographs 
of  notorious  criminals  show  ?  Page 
847. 

Please  read  pages  837-848. 

Voice. 

How  does   the   voice   often   reveal 

character?     Page  837. 
How  do  words  reveal  the  intellectual 

state?     Page  833. 
If  a  person  approaches  you  with  a 

voice  of  excessive  softness,  look  out 

for  him.     Why?     Page  832. 
Su|)pose  a  person  addresses  j^ou  in 

a  7-ich,  full,  rounded  voice.    What 

does  this  indicate  ?     Why  ?    Page 

828. 

Lips. 

Their  motion  in  expression  are  land- 
marks denoting  character.  How 
can  we  read  their  meaning  ?  Pages 
795-824. 


A-54 


LAWYER   AND   COUNSELOR. 


Lips  (continued). 

Will  permanent  facial  signs  follow 
as  the  result  of  repeated  emo- 
tions and  speech  ?  Why  ?  Page 
797. 

How  can  you  tell  a  secretive  person  ? 
Page  809. 


Where  and  how  do  confirmed  crimi- 
nals usually  show  their  depravity  ? 
Page  810. 

Chins. 

Is  there  character  in  the  chin  ?  How 
can  you  know  ?     Pages  770-780. 


In  order  to  show  you  the  iisefuhiess  of  "  Face  and  Form 
Reading,"  we  will  introduce  to  you  the  faculties  which  should 
predominate  in  the  general  make-up  of  the  attorney,  by  which 
you  can  readily  appreciate  the  importance  of  this  work. 


Intuition. 

Do  3'ou  possess  this  faculty?  If 
not,  can  you  cultivate  it  ?  How  ? 
Page  737. 

How  can  you  distinguish  it?  Where 
are  the  signs  ?     Pages  737,  738. 

What  has  Dr.  Carpenter  to  say 
about  ^^  Intuition  ^^  ?  Pages  741, 
742. 

Read  Mozart's  beautiful  introspec- 
tion and  self-analysis.  Pages  742, 
743. 

How  does  Intuition  assist  the  law- 
yer?    Pages  743,  744. 

Will  a  full  knowledge  and  applica- 
tion of  "  Face  and  Form  Read- 
ing" have  a  tendency  to  develop 
Intuition?   How?    Pages  746-748. 

Comparison. 

This  faculty  a  lawyer  needs,  and 
needs  largely?  What  is  it?  Page 
731.  Facial  and  bodily  signs, 
where  found  ?  Page  727.  How 
distinguished  ?     Page  728. 

In  order  to  complete  and  perfect  the 
reasoning  process  in  Ilan,  what 
two  traits  are  absolutely-  essential  ? 
Page  730. 

As  the  law3-er  must,  if  successful, 
be  able  to  reason  logically,  does  it 
not  follow  that  he  must  be  an 
adept  in  Comparison'^  What 
abilit}^  does  it  give?     Page  731. 

How  does  it  aid  an  eloquent  lawyer 
in  addressing  a  jury  or  in  open- 
ing or  closing  a  case  ?     Page  735. 

How  is  it  related  to  Causality  ?  Page 
737. 


Causality. 

What  is  the  meaning  of  this  term  ? 
Why  is  it  important  to  those 
dealing  with  large  interests  to 
possess  this  faculty  (or  trait)  to  a 
large  degree  ?     Page  715. 

Where  are  its  most  prominent  signs 
— facial  and  bodily?  Pages  716- 
718. 

Those  lawyers  who  are  noted  for 
their  ability  to  get  at  bottom  facts 
possess  this  trait  largelv.  Can  it 
be  cultivated?  Page  721.  What 
effect  has  its  cultivation  on  the 
mind  ?  Page  726.  In  your  re- 
lations with  3'our  client,  in  order 
to  put  your  case  strongly  before 
the  court,  you  wish  to  arrive  at  all 
the  bottom  facts  ;  now,  if  3'ou  have 
a  large  share  of  Causality,  you  will 
ask  such  questions  as  will  give 
you  the  central  truths  tersely  and 
accurately,  hence  mere  questioning 
is  not  investigation.  Read  pages 
721-726. 


Calculation. 

You  need  this  faculty.  Why  ?  Page 
707.  You  very  often  have  in- 
terests of  your  clients  at  stake 
where  it  is  absolutely  essential 
that  you  be  possessed  of  a  general 
kn?>wledge  of  accounts  and  the 
science  of  numbers.  If  you  are 
deficient,  it  is  essential  that  you 
remedy  the  deficiencv  ?  Can  you 
doit?     Pages  706,  707. 


LAWYER   AND   COUNSELOR. 


A-55 


Order. 

Mental  and  Physical.  Do  you  pos- 
sess this  desirable  faculty  ?  How 
do  you  know  ?     Page  696. 

Why  should  j'ou  possess  it?  Page 
700. 

Language, 

What  is  it?  What  the  facial  and 
bodily  signs  ?  Page  652.  What 
does  the  capacity  to  express  words 
intelligently  involve  ?     Page  655. 

In  order  to  converse  well,  what  is 
essential?    Why?     Page  655. 

What  are  the  salient,  points  of  true 
oratory  t     Page  661. 

In  order  to  speak  with  telling  effect 
to  a  jury,  what  must  the  speaker 
possess?     Page  661. 

Can  this  desirable  faculty  be  culti- 
vated ?     How  ?     Page  663. 

What  does  Ruskin  say  about  "  Lan- 
guage "  ?     Page  225. 

Memory. 

Memory  is  a  faculty  the  possession 
of  which  greatly  aids  the  law\'er 
in  all  his  multifarious  duties? 
How?     Page  631. 

How  is  memory  often  lost  or  im- 
paired ?  Page  632.  How  can  it 
be  strengthened  and  developed  ? 
Page  627. 

How  can  you  tell  if  a  person  has  a 
good  memory  ?  What  are  the 
signs  ?     Page  625. 

Observation. 

Why  is  it  necessar}^  that  a  lawyer 
should  possess  gr'eat  powers  of 
Observation  ?  Signs,  etc.  Pages 
618-620. 

What  does  a  cultivation  of  this 
faculty  lead  to  ?     Page  623. 

C  REDENCI VENESS. 

You  should  have  a  fair  amount  of 
this  faculty.     Why  ?     Page  586. 


Self-will. 

What  is  it  ?  What  are  its  signs  ? 
Pages  569,  570. 

Why  should  you  possess  it  ?  Pages 
574,  575\ 

How  does  it  aid  a  lawj^er,  and  to 
what  does  it  tend?  Pages  571, 
572. 

Did  it  ever  occur  to  3^ou  that  a  great 
deal  of  the  wickedness  of  the  world 
can  be  attributed  to  a  lack  of  Self- 
will  ?     Page  570. 

If  you  were  exaniining  a  ivitness  or 
a  criminal,  how  would  you  tell 
whether  they  were  deficient  in 
will-power  ?     Page  570. 

If  you,  yourself,  are  deficient  in  will- 
power  and  wish  to  possess  this 
factor  of  success,  how  can  you  do 
so  ?     Page  578. 

Executiveness. 

The  possession  of  this  faculty''  is  an 
absolute  necessity  to  one  who 
wishes  to  command.  Why?  Page 
564. 

This  faculty  can  be  highly  cultivated. 
How?     Page  561. 

In  choosing  a  partner,  or  in  dele- 
gating an  assistant  to  perform  any 
business  requiring  Decision  and 
Judgment,  how  could  you  tell  if 
the  i)erson  chosen  possessed  this 
essential  trait  ?  What  is  its  sign, 
and  where  located  ?     Page  561. 

CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 

If  you  want  to  build  up  your  case 
and  make  it  strong  and  convincing 
to  court  and  jury,  you  must  know 
liow  to  build  ;  hence  a  fair  share  of 
Gonstructiveness  aids  you,  does  it 
not  ?  Why  ?  How  ?  Pages  544- 
552. 

Human  Nature. 

Why  should  a  lawyer  possess  it  in  a 
large  degree?     Page  527. 

How  can  he  make  it  subserve  his  in- 
terests ?     Page  532. 

Is  there  any  method  whereb}^  you 
can  read  others  like  a  book  ?  Page 
532. 


A-56 


LAWYER    AND    COUNSELOR. 


Ideality. 

We  have  often  heard  of  gifted  law- 
yers who  are  able  to  strongly  in- 
Jluence  a  jury  through  the  use 
of  beautiful  language,  metaphors, 
similes,  etc.  This  indicates  Ideal- 
ity in  a  high  degree.  How  do  you 
know  this?     Pages  515-517. 

Can  you  cultivate  this  desirable 
trait  ?    How  ?     Page  522. 

Analysis. 

Here  is  a  faculty  you  need  and  must 
cultivate.     Why  ?     Page  493. 

You  need  it  to  sift  the  evidence  put 
before  you.  You  need  it  in  pre- 
paring your  brief,  and,  in  fact,  it 
is  a  prime  factor  of  success  in  all 
tlie  operations  of  the  law.  Why  ? 
Page  494. 

If  deficient  in  this  faculty,  you  can 
cultivate  it.     How  ?     Page  495. 

Hope. 

Tliis  faculty  is  a  great  sustainer,  and 
enables  30U  to  battle  agaiust  odds 
and  ofteu  win  your  point  by  pure 
push, persistency ,  and  stick-to-it-ive- 
ness ;  sometimes  called  ''  Gall." 

How  can  you  distinguish  it  ?  Page 
486. 

How  can  you  cultivate  it?  Page 
491. 

Upon  what  does  it  depend?  Page 
489.   . 

How  important  is  it,  then,  that  you 
keep  good  health  ?     Page  489. 

Caution. 

How  does  this  faculty  act  as  mentor 
over  our  character?     Page  483. 

What  are  its  signs  ?     Page  479. 

How  does  it  aid  us  in  all  the  walks 
of  life?     Pages  483-485. 

Resistance. 

You  meet  this  in  many  people  with 
whom  you  come  in  contact,  and 
would  like  to  develop  some  plan 
to  combat  it  in  others  who  possess 


more  than  vou  ?     How  can  you  do 
this?     Page  464. 
How  can  you  read  it  in  others  ?     Or 
kuow  vour  own  deficiency  ?    Pages 
463-466. 

Force. 

What  is  force  ?     Page  455. 

Its  signs?  Where  found  ?  Page  454. 

Without  force  of  character  we  are 
of  little  accouut.  Can  we  culti- 
vate it  ?     How  ?     Pages  460-463. 

Why  should  a  lawyer  possess  it  to  a 
large  degree?  (Important.)  Page 
461. 

Self-esteem. 

This  faculty  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
portaut  in  the  whole  human  char- 
acter, and  one  a  lawyer  should 
specially  cultivate.  Why  ?  How 
can  you  know  if  3'ou  possess  it, 
and  how  detect  it  in  others  ?  Page 
436. 

What  does  this  faculty  impart? 
Page  437. 

How  does  it  assist  the  character  and 
create  confidence  ?     Page  439. 

What  does  it  teach  man  ?  How  is  it 
a  tower  of  strength  ?     Page  441. 

Conscientiousness. 

What  is  the  relation  between  Con- 
scientiousness and  Thoroughness  ? 
Page  311. 

What  are  the  facial  and  bodily  signs 
for  a  thor-oughly  conscientious  per- 
son ?     Page  303. 

Why  should  the  honest  lawyer  pos- 
sess a  large  share  of  Conscientious- 
ness? How  will  it  aid  him?  Page 
304. 

Gesture. 

Gestures  are  of  much  importance  in 
reading  character,  taken  in  con- 
nection with  facial  and  bodily 
signs.     Read  bottom  of  page  299. 

What  and  where  are  the  local  signs 
for  the  Mental  faculties?  See  Fig. 
15,  page  288. 

Locate  in  the  face  the  signs  for  the 
Visceral  Organs.     Page  277. 


LAWYER   AND   COUNSELOR.  A-57 

Enthusiastic  people  move  the  world.  To  be  eminently  suc- 
cessful at  the  bar  you  must  be  brimiVil  of  enthusiasm.  Can  you 
not,  from  a  careful  study  of  the  foregoin<^  questions  and  answers, 
see  how  vital  a  knowledge  and  use  of  "  Face  and  Form  Read- 
ing "  will  be  to  you "?  AVill  it  not  hroaden  your  vision  and  enlarge 
your  ideas  as  to  Qimn,  his  character,  his  failings,  liis  capahilities, 
the  means  for  his  mental,  moral,  and  physical  improvement,  and 
teach  you  .  to  hno(i:>  and  appreciate  your  fellow-man  at  his  true 
worth  \     The  answer  we  leave  to  your  own  convictions. 


RAILROAD  MANAGEMENT. 

How  "  The  Encyclopedia   of   Face   and   Form   Reading  "  Can  Aid  in 
Managing  and  Operating  Railroads. 

By  THE    PUBLISHERS. 


From  a  careful  study  of  the  followin<r  questions  and  answers, 
do  you  not  think  that  "  Face  and  Form  Reading  "  is  of  great  use 
to  all  raih'oad  officials  in  formulating  a  series  of  questions  of 
use  in  Examinations  for  all  grades  of  railroad  employes  in  the 
various  departments  ? 

See  also  tlie  special  article  on  "  Employer  and  Employe,"  by 
Hamilton  Disston,  Esq.,  President  Keystone  Saw,  Tool,  and  Steel 
Works,  and  the  questions  accompanying  it. 


If  a  railroad,  bridge,  culvert,  eause- 
wa}',  etc.,  is  to  be  built,  requiring 
accuracy  and  nicety  of  construc- 
tion, a  Civil  Engineer  will  be 
required  to  draw  the  jolans,  etc. 
What  are  the  Physical  and  Mental 
requirements  of  a  Civil  Engineer? 
Pages  1165-1168. 

How  is  character  developed  ?  Page 
1158. 

Wliat  are  the  Physical  and  Mental 
faculties  necessary  in  a  Locomo- 
tive Engineer?     Paoes  1119. 

TXT 

What  in  a  Machinist  or  Mechanic  ? 
Page  1116. 

Is  size  of  Head  always  an  indication 
of  Mental  power  ?     Page  109. 

What  is  a  prominent  exponent  of 
the  quality  of  Brain  power?  Pa^e 
113. 

What  is  a  most  important  factor  in 
revealing  and  comprehending  hu- 
man character  ?     Page  120. 

If  you  are  about  employing  a  man 
for  a  certain  line  of  duty  in  the 
railroad  service,  and  he  has  some 
very  peculiar  Gestures,  what  sig- 
nification, if  any,  have  they  in 
revealing  his  character  or  capa- 
bilities ?     Page  299. 

(A-58) 


In  reading  the  character  of  those 
appl3nng  for  an^'  position  on  a 
railroad,  how  would  you  proceed? 
Pages  1114,  1115. 

•  Conscientiousness. 

All  employes  about  a  railroad  should 
be  conscientious.  How  can  you 
tell  if  thev  possess  this  trait  ? 
Pages  303,  304. 

What  is  it  ?  To  what  does  it  tend? 
Pages  305,  306. 

How  is  it  rehited  to  Thoroughness? 
Page  311. 

Approbativeness. 

A  fair  share  of  this  trait  is  a  good 
friend  to  all.  Why  ?  Pages  379- 
385. 

In  reading  the  character  and  facul- 
ties of  those  engaged  in  or  apply- 
ing for  positions  on  railroads,  in 
any  capacity,  what  principles 
guide  us?     Pages  146,  147. 

Firmness. 

What  shaped  persons  are  the  most 
Creative,  and  why  are  such  useful 
in  railroading?     Page  121. 


RAILROAD    MANAGEMENT. 


A-59 


A  desirable  trait  in  all  engaged  in 
railroading,  fi-om  the  highest  to 
the  lowest.  Why  ?  How  is  it 
indicated?  Pages  164,165,  312- 
317. 

In  these  days  of  close  calculation, 
observable  in  the  fixing  of  freight- 
and  passenger-  rates,  etc.,  economy 
of  management  becomes  the  gen- 
eral order  all  through  ;  hence  you 
want  those  ideutitied  with  you 
who  possess  the  faculty  of  Econ- 
omy. IIow  can  you  tell  who  may 
possess  it?  Pages  171-173,  318, 
319. 

COLOE. 

We  commend  to  all  interested  in  the 
management,  building,  promotion, 
etc.,  of  railroads  the  author's 
whole  article  on  Color.  Pages 
125-131,  409-413. 

In  what  class  of  men  is  the  sense  of 
Color  deficient  ?  Why  ?  Page 
128. 

Why  should  Engineers,  Firemen, 
Brakemen,  Conductors,  and  Train- 
men generally  have  a  fine,  discrim- 
inating sense  of  Color  ?  How  can 
you  distinguish  the  signs,  etc.? 
Page  129. 

Color-blindness. 

To  what  is  it  usually  due?     Page 

163. 
What    is    Color-blindness  ?      Pages 

417,418. 
How  can  it  be  told,  and  what  is  the 

remedy,  if  not  inherited  ?     Pages 

408-426. 

Health. 

Why  should  general  good  health  be 
a  sine  qua  non  of  all  applicants  for 
railroad  positions?  Pages  137- 
143. 

Friendship. 

Its  facial  and  bodily  signs?     Page 

385. 
Why  necessary  to  one  in  authority  ? 

Page  388. 
Why  necessary  to  a  "railroader"? 

Page  389. 
Can  it  be  cultivated  ?     How  ?     Page 

391. 


Pneumativeness. 

What  is  it,  and  what  are  its  signs  ? 

Pages  397,  398. 
Why   useful    to    railroad    oflScials? 

Pages  403,  404. 
How  related  to  high  thinking  and 

high  efibrt  ?    Page  404. 

Self-esteem. 

Men  in  all  stations  of  life  should 
possess  this.  Why,  and  what 
ability  does  it  impart  to  the  pos- 
sessor ?     Pages  437-441. 

Force. 

When  we  say,  "  He  is  a  man  of 
Force,"  what  do  we  mean  ?  Page 
454. 

How  does  it  aid  a  Railroad  Super- 
intendent or  Boss  ?     Page  455. 

How  does  the  Language  one  uses 
indicate  the  quality  of  Force? 
Page  460. 

What  does  Force  impart  to  the 
Voice?     Page  461. 

Resistance. 

How  is  it  indicated  ?     Page  463. 
Whj^,and  to  what  extent,  is  it  needed 

by  the  railroad  official  ?  Page  463. 
What  characteristics  are  shown  by 

those    deficient    in    Resistance? 

Page  469. 

Secretiveness. 

A  fair  share  of  this  faculty  needed. 
Why  ?     Page  473. 

Hope. 

Why  is  a  fair  share  of  Hope  desir- 
able? What  and  where  are  its 
signs?     Pages  183-189,  468. 

Cautiousness. 

Railroad  Engineers,  Brakemen,  Fire- 
men, Conductors,  etc.,  must  all 
possess  Cautiousness,  in  order  to 
perform  arduous  duties  with  a  mini- 
mum of  losses  and  accidents.  Page 
483. 

What  IS  Cautiousness  ?     Page  479. 

What  is  its  principal  facial  sign? 
Pages  191,  479. 


A-60 


RAILROAD    MANAGEMENT. 


E  XECUTI VENESS. 

Here  is  a  man  of  Executive  ability. 

How   do   we    know   this  ?     Wliat 

are  the  indications  ?     Pages  561- 

565. 
Why  highly  necessary  to  all  officials, 

particularly   those    of    railroads? 

Pages    566,    567.     (Kindly    read 

carefully    the    whole    article    on 

Executiveness.) 

Self-will. 

How  does  this  faculty  aid  great 
enterprises,  and  why  should  those 
high  in  autliority  in  Railroad 
Circles  cultivate  it,  if  deficient  ? 
Pages  569-578. 

What  are  its  facial  and  bodily  signs  ? 
Pages  569,  570. 

Human  Nature. 

Should  not  every  official,  Superin- 
tendent, Boss,  etc.,  be  a  good 
physiognomist?     Pages  525-527. 

Are  tliere  not  many  good  piij'siog- 
nomists  (unconsciously')  at  pres- 
ent ?  What  are  its  beneficial  uses  ? 
Page  532. 

CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 

Why  should  the  constructive  ability 
be  one  of  the  leading  faculties  in 
the  general  make-up  and  character 
of  all  railroad  people?  How  can 
you  tell  if  one  does  possess  it? 
Read  all  of  chapter.  Pages  544-551. 

Form  and  Size. 

How  do  these  faculties  assist  in 
building  up  character  and  ability  ? 
Pages  602-614. 

Of  what  use  are  these  faculties  to 
all  grades  of  mechanics,  more 
particularly  railroad  mechanics  ? 
Pages  602-614. 

Locality. 

What  desire  does  this  faculty  give 
to  its  possessor?     Page  638. 

Why,  and  to  what  extent,  is  it  useful 
to  the  Engineer,  Machinist,  Super- 
intendent, etc.  ?     Pages  638,  639. 


Why  is  it  essential  ?     Page  642, 
How  can  the   Localizing    Sense  be 
cultivated?     Pages  640,  641. 

Observation. 

Why  is  this  faculty  of  great  use  in 
operating  and  managing  great 
enterprises?     Page  618. 

Of  what  is  it  the  basis  ?     Page  618. 

What  results  from  the  cultivation  of 
this  desirable  faculty'  ?     Page  623. 

Memory  and  Weight. 

What  power  does  the  possession 
of  these  faculties  give  to  their 
possessors  in  the  forwarding  of 
great  works  of  engineering  and 
railroading?     Pages  627-651. 

How  can  a  weak  memory  be  strength- 
ened ?     Pages  627-632. 

Physical  Order. 

Of  what  use,  and  from  what  derived  ? 

Pages  209,  210. 
To  wiiat  does  it  tend  in  employes? 

Pages  698-705. 

Time. 

Why  highly  essential  to  the  Loco- 
motive Engineer  and  Conductor? 
Page  681. 

Calculation. 

Calculation,  pure  and  simple,  enters 
into  every  branch  of  railroading? 
What  is  its  origin,  and  where  are 
the  best  natural  calculators  ?  Page 
213. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs.  Page 
706. 

Comparison,  Causality,  Reason. 

Should  not  these  faculties  be  pos- 
sessed by  all  connected  with  rail- 
road enterprises?    Pages  227-231. 

Where  is  this  shown  most  promi- 
nentl  V  in  the  Human  Face  ?  Pages 
227,  716,  717. 

How  does  it  cause  Practicality? 
Page  721. 

Of  what  does  Comparison  take  cog- 
nizance?    Pages  732-735. 


RAILROAD    MANAGE^TENT. 


A-61 


Enthusiasm. 

Are  not  railroads  usually  an  evidence 
of  the  exercise  of  this  force  ? 
How  can  jou  tell  the  enthusiasts 
who  will  do  and  dare  for  your 
interests?     Pages  267,  268. 

Chins  and  Jaws. 

Their  use  as  indicators  of  Character 
and  Ability  ?     Pages  773-794. 

Voice. 

Its  modulation  and  intonation  as  in- 
dicating Cliaracter  and  Abilit3\ 
Pages  827-828. 

How  do  words  reveal  the  intellectual 
condition?     Page  833. 

Harsh  voices,  as  a  rule,  belong  to 
what  kind  of  people?     Page  832. 

Mouth. 

If  you  want  a  man  of  plain,  practi- 
cal common  sense,  who  will  carry 
out,  with  the  discipline  of  a  sol- 
dier, all  orders  given  him,  why 
would  you  choose  one  with  a 
mouth  of  medium  size,  showing 
considerable  of  the  red  portion, 
gentl}-  closed,  and  fairly  well- 
proportioned?     Pages  843,844. 

Wliv  reject  one  like  Fig.  191  ?  Page 
846. 

Noses. 

Noses    play   an   important    part   in 

read intr  character.    Why?    Pages 

879,  880. 

Please  observe  carefully  chart. 

Page  881. 
How  does  the  Nose  indicate  ability? 

Page  92 L 


How  does  the  Nose  show  the  pos- 
session of  Executiveness  in  a 
marked  degree?  Pages  887-889, 
917. 

How  is  the  positive  character  de- 
noted by  the  Nose?  Pages  919, 
920. 

In  choosing  a  Mechanic  who  said  he 
was  "A-1,"  would  the  Nose  give 
3'ou  an}'  indication  as  to  the  truth 
or  falsit}'  of  his  statement  ?  Page 
933. 

Eyes. 

Eyes  are  factors  in  "  Face  and  Form 

Reading." 
In  choosing  an  Engineer,  etc.,  why 
would  vou   prefer  one  with  ej^es 
like  Fig.  2  46?     Page  947. 
Why  not  like  Fig.  250?     Page  949. 
• 
Engineers. 

Engineers  should  possess  large  and 
delicately-sensitive  ears,  as  also 
Telegraph-0  pern  tors  (particularly 
in  the  Railroad  service).  Why  ? 
Page  1022. 

Smiles  and  Laughter. 

How   do    they    indicate    character? 

Page  1056. 
To  what  kind   of  a   person  does  a 

loud,    boisterous     laugh    usually 

belong?     Page  1056. 
Try  this  as  an  indicator,  and  watch 

the  laugh  and  general  conduct  of 

some  emplo}-^.     Will  the  conduct 

and  character  not  correspond  with 

the  laugh?     Page  1056. 
How  is  Sagacit}^  etc.,  shown  by  the 

shape    and    poise    of    the   Neck? 

Page  1063. 


THE  CHILD. 

The  Value  of  Face  and  Form  Reading  in  the  Raising,  Education, 
AND  Training  (Physical  and  Mental)  of  the  Child. 

By  THE  PUBLISHERS. 


The  raising,  education,  and  training  of  children  by  the  parent 
or  guardian  is  a  problem  of  no  mean  proportions,  and  any  work 
suggestive  of  methods  in  advance  of  the  systems  at  present  in 
vogue  will,  we  think,  be  hailed  by  parents  and  guardians  with 
pleasure. 

Many  times  we  are  confronted  with  the  fact  that  harsh 
measures  will  not  succeed,  nor  in  many  cases  will  easy  treatment 
bring  about  the  desired  end. 

Do  not  many  of  the  errors  and  mistakes  in  training  rest  pri- 
marily upon  tlie  parent  or  guardian  1 

Is  not  this  primary  fault,  in  nearly  all  cases,  ignorance  of  the 
physical  and  mental  capacity  and  capabilities  of  the  child"? 

Are  we  not  often  arbitrary  and  harsh  with  a  child  when,  if  its 
mental  condition,  disposition,  and  traits  were  more  perfectly 
known,  it  would  be  found  that  mild  measures,  with  an  occasional 
appeal  to  the  approbativeness  of  the  child,  would  accomplish  far 
more  than  harsh  words  or  blows'? 

Knowing  how  to  treat  children  in  their  training  and  education 
is  an  art  that  every  parent  or  guardian  would  gladly  learn. 

We  do  what  we  think  is  for  the  best  interests  of  the  child, 
and  often  we  wake  up  to  the  fact,  after  much  time  spent  in  such 
training,  and  realize  that  we  have  been  pursuing  the  wrong  course. 

Will  a  study  and  application  of  the  principles  of  "  Face  and 
Form  Reading  "  enable  us  to  become  better  acquainted  with  our 
children,  their  needs,  their  capacities,  their  capabilities  ?  Can  the 
secret  springs  of  volition  be  traced  to  their  fountain-head  and  the 
wht/  and  wherefore  of  mental  phenomena  in  the  child  be  analyzed 
and  understood  1 

We  think  so  ;  hence  this  work.  And  in  order  that  parents  and 
guardians  may  possess  some  landmarks  to  aid  them  in  the  search 
for  mental  characteristics  iu  the  child,  we  have  prepared  the  ap- 
pended questions,  the  answers  to  which  (found  on  pages  indicated) 
will  enable  you,  we  hope,  to  handle  this  delicate  subject  in  a 

(A-62) 


THE  CHILD. 


A-63 


manner  befitting  its  importance,  and  with  results  far  more  grati- 
fying than  under  the  old  "  liit  or  miss  "  plan. 

To  parents  nothing  is  more  important  than  the  proper  raising, 
training,  and  education  of  the  cliild,  and  as  they  are  trained  in 
youth  so  will  be  their  Manhood  or  Womanliood. 

Almost  every  pliase  and  condition  of  child-life  is  touched 
upon  in  these  questions,  and  the  answers  from  the  author's  stand- 
point are,  in  the  main,  practical  and  in  accordance  with  right 
reason. 

These  questions  could  readily  be  extended  into  the  Hundreds, 
but  what  we  give  you  will  suffice  to  show  the  great  desirability 
and  utility  of  "  Face  and  Form  Reading "  to  every  parent  and 
guardian. 


Muscular  System. 

Why  is  a  good  development  of  the 
Muscular  System  necessary  to  the 
child  ?     Page  75. 

What  are  the  best  means  to  develop  ? 
Page  76. 

What  important  traits  will  it  develop 
in  the  child?     Page  77. 

If  your  child  has  a  very  large  mus- 
cular development,  ui)on  wliat  par- 
ticular lines  should  be  the  train- 
ing?    Pages  81-83. 

Should  your  child  have  a  bright  eye, 
what  does  it  indicate  as  to  the 
nerves  of  sense?     Page  96. 

Brain. 

What  have  Brain  and  Nerves  to  do 
with  character-building,  and  how 
can  vou  measure  the  Mental  power 
of  the  child?     Pages  97,  98. 

Should  the  child  be  puny  and  weak 
physically,  but  brain  development 
large,  what  can  be  done  to  balance 
and  harmonize  ?     Page  99. 

Form. 

What  has  this  to  do  with  Natural 
abilitv,  and  how  can  we  interpret 
Form?    Pages  120-124. 

Color. 

What  does  the  difference  in  com- 
plexion indicate?  How  and  why 
is  this  so?     Page  127. 


Does  .Color  indicate  Mental  Power 
and  Genius?     Page  113. 

What  are  Kindergartens  doing  to 
develop  the  Color-sense  in  chil- 
dren ?     Page  129. 

Harmony. 

Is  not  this  the  basis  of  a  really  good 
useful  character  in  the  child? 
Page  137. 

What  is  the  connection  between 
Morality  and  Harmon3',  and  the 
best  way  to  develop,  that  the  child 
may  possess  a  well-balanced  organ- 
ization ?     Page  138. 

How  shall  we  treat  very  precocious 
children?     Page  139. 

What  should  we  do  and  what  not 
do?     Page  139. 

What  is  the  most  conducive  to  the 
Mental  and  Physical  welfare  of  the 
child,  and  wiiat  method  will  pro- 
duce tiie  best  results?     Page  139. 

How  should  oversensitive  and  ner- 
vous children  be  managed  for  the 
first  ten  yearn  of  child-life  ?  Page 
140. 

Why  should  children  be  overseen  at 
play  as  well  as  at  work  ?  Page 
141. 

What  do  pinched  features  usually 
indicate  as  to  ph3'sical  condition? 
Page  143. 

How  is  the  Moral  sense  of  the  child 
created  and  fostered?  Pages  155, 
156.     (Read  Dr.  H.  Mandsley.) 


A-64 


THE    CHILD. 


Self-will. 

This,  in  some  children,  is  hard  to 
control.  What  are  the  author's 
views  as  to  the  management  of 
children  who  are  self-willed  ? 
Pages  195,  196. 

Love  of  Home. 

How  can  a  Love  of  and  for  Home  be 
created  in  the  young?     Page  165. 

What  measures  tend  to  create  this 
trait  and  prevent  the  child  learn- 
ing vicious  habits  ?     Page  165. 

What  are  the  signs  for  this  faculty? 
Pages  175,  324. 

Observation. 

For  what  is  this  faculty  useful,  and 
how  can  it  be  cultivated  in  the 
child?     Pages  199,  201,  621. 

Comparison,  Causality,  and 
Reason. 

Why  teach  these  faculties  to  our 
children?     Pages  227,  228. 

What  has  "  Face  and  Form  Read- 
ing "  to  do  with  tlie  child's  train- 
ing for  the  duties  of  Life?  Pages 
239,  240. 

Jealousy,  Revenge,  etc. 

Can  tendencies  in  the  child  to  Jeal- 
ousy, Revenge,  and  Anger  be 
modified  and  controlled?  Pages 
248-257. 

These  traits  are  not  conducive  to 
health.     Why  not  ?     Page  263. 

Gestures,  Smiles,  and  Laughter, 

Do  Gestures,  Smiles,  Laughter,  Mo- 
tion, etc.,  indicate  in  any  man- 
ner character  or  mental  ability? 
Pages  299, 300. 

What  does  the  kind  of  Laughter  in 
a  child  signify  ?    Pages  1054, 1057. 

Necks. 

What  kind  of  a  Neck  had  Napoleon 
Bonaparte,  and  what  kind  of  char- 
acter did  it  indicate?     Page  1063. 


If  the  Neck  of  the  child  is  long  or 
short,  thick  or  thin,  what  does 
this  indicate  as  to  character? 
Page  1057. 

Health. 

What  are  the  signs  of  Health  and 
Disease,  Strength  and  Weakness 
in  the  child,  and  where  do  we 
find  the  indications?     Page  1085. 

YOOATIONS. 

How  can  we  be  guided  in  choosing 
avocation  for  the  child?     What 
aid  will  ''  Face  and  Form  Read- 
ing "    give    us    in    such    choice? 
•  Pages  1111-1182. 

Harshness,  etc. 

If  you  have  been  harsh  with  the 
child  and  stubbornness  has  re- 
sulted, what  is  the  best  course 
to  follow  in  order  to  harmonize? 
Pages  1182,  1183. 

If  too  lenient  and  indulgent,  what 
is  the  best  to  do?  Pages  1182, 
1183. 

Dietary  for  Bone   and  Muscle 
Development. 

Should  the  child  be  taking  on  Flesh 
too  rapidly  or  "  Getting  Fat  "  (an 
excess  of  which  tends  to  indolence 
and  disease),  what  kind  of  food 
should  be  given  to  overcome  this 
tendency  ?  (Important.)  Page 
69. 

If  the  child  is  small-boned  or  the 
development  of  bone  appears  to 
be  somewhat  retarded,  what  should 
the  diet  of  such  a  one  consist  of? 
Page  87. 

Why  is  it  of  prime  importance  that 
the  food  of  young,  growing  chil- 
dren should  consist  of  those 
articles  containing  Lime  and  its 
phosphates  (such  as  Bread  from 
Unbolted  Wheat),  Milk,  Eggs, 
Salt,  Farinaceous  or  Starchy  food 


THE   CHILD. 


A-65 


Dietary  for  Bone  and  Muscle 
Development  {continued). 

(as  in  all  vegetables),  and  Animal 
Fats?  Pages  87,  88. 
Shonld  an  excess  of  Bone  exist  and 
a  deficiency  of  Fat  and  Muscle,  we 
must  use  foods  tliat  are  Flesh  and 
Muscle  builders.  See  the  author's 
remarks.  Read  all  as  to  "  Dietary  " 
carefull}',  as  it  is  very  impoi-tant 
and  has  the  indorsement  of  Phy- 


sicians and  Hygienists  of  promi- 
nence.    Pages  91-93. 

Conclusion. 

If  you  read  carefully  and  follow  out 
the  suggestions  of  the  author  of 
"  The  Encyclopaedia  of  Face  and 
Form  Reading,"  can  Health,  Hap- 
piness, and  Character-building  be 
advanced  and  developed  in  the 
child?     Pages  1183,  1184. 


LONGEVITY  THROUGH  HYGIENE. 

The  Light  Thrown  by  "  The  ENCYCLOPiEDiA  of  Face  and  Form  Reading" 
UPON  THE  Attainment  of  Longevity  through  Hygiene, 

By  THE  PUBLISHERS. 


As  progressive  Medical  Publishers  we  have  noticed,  the  last 
few  years,  the  gigantic  strides  of  the  Medical  Profession  in  the  line 
of  Hygiene,  or  Preventive  Medicine.  Almost  every  physician,  we 
think,  would  sooner  advise  as  to  means  to  prevent  threatened 
sickness  than  to  prescribe  for  serious  illness. 

The  articles  specially  prepared  as  "  aids  "  to  the  study  of  this 
work  by  prominent  physicians  bear  us  out  in  this  statement,  and, 
in  connection  with  this  article  on  "  Longevity  through  Hygiene," 
we  kindly  ask  you  to  read  each  and  every  such  article. 

The  theories  advanced  as  to  tendency  to  disease  and  the 
means  to  avert  such  tendency  through  a  knowledge  and  practice 
of  the  laws  of  Hygiene,  while  not  new,  gain  additional  force  and 
assume  a  more  important  aspect  from  the  connection  of  Facial  and 
Bodily  signs  as  indicators  of  Health  and  Disease,  Strength  and 
Longevity. 

To  the  majority  of  people  these  theories  may  appear  novel 
and  startling;  but  they  are  evidently  based  on  facts  that  are 
daily  becoming  more  apparent  to  the  advanced,  progressive  phy- 
sician, and  are  being  used  more  and  more  in  his  daily  diagnosis 
of  disease. 

Indorsed,  as  this  work  is,  by  eminent  members  of  the  Medi- 
cal Profession,  its  readers  will  gain  much  valuabe  information  of 
every-day  use,  enabling  them  to  better  cope  with  the  realities  of 
life. 

The  following  questions  (the  answers  to  which  are  to  be 
found  on  the  pages  indicated)  will  suggest  some  of  the  uses  to 
which  the  knowledge  conveyed  by  a  study  of  "  The  Encyclopaedia 
of  Face  and  Form  Reading  "  can  be  put  to  aid  one  in  securing 
Longevity  through  Hygiene : — 

System  exists,  what  diseases  are 
liable  ?     Page  70. 

Thoracic  or  Chest  System. 

What   Hygienic    measures    tend   to 
produce  harmony  ?     Page  74. 


Vegetative  System, 

If  the  system  is  overburdened  with 
an  excess  of  fat,  what  Hygienic 
measures  will  tend  to  bring  about 
an  equilibrium  ?     Page  69. 

If  a   deficiency   of   the   Vegetative 

(A-66) 


LONGEVITY   THROUGH    HYGIENE. 


A-67 


Thoeaoic  or  Chest  System 
(continued). 

Persons  with  large  chest-develop- 
ment are  subject  to  what  diseases  ? 
Page  73. 

How  can  this  tendency  be  avoided  ? 
Page  74. 

Muscular  System. 

What  Hygienic  measures  will  assist 
in  muscular  development  and  pro- 
mote Longevity  ?     Page  83. 

Osseous  or  Bony  System. 

For  an  excessive  development  of 
Bone,  what  Hygienic  measures 
will  tend  to  harmonize  ?     Page  92. 

For  a  deficient  development  of  bone, 
what  is  the  remedy  ?     Page  92. 

Brain  System. 

A  disproportioned  brain  system  leads 
to  what  diseases  ?     Page  99. 

Does  H3giene  inform  yon  how  such 
an  evil  tendency  can  be  avoided 
or  remedied  ?     Page  133. 

Signs  for  Longevity. 

Where  are  these  signs  shown  in  face 
and  body?     Page  133. 

What  is  the  main  reliance  to  over- 
come disproportion  ?     Page  134. 

Examples  of  Longevity  due  to  liv- 
ing in  accordance  with  Hygienic 
Laws?     Pages  134,  135. 

Good  Health. 

The  basis  of  long  life.     Page  137. 

The  connection  between  good  health, 
moralitv,  and  long  life?  Pages 
138,  139. 

How  does  Ventilation  affect  lon- 
gevity?    Page  139. 

What  is  conducive  to  Longevitj'  ? 
Pages  139,  140. 

Wiiat  examples  of  weak,  sickly  chil- 
dren, who  lived  long  and  useful 
lives,  does  the  author  give  ?  Page 
140. 

What  are  the  author's  views  as  to 
Drug  Medication  versus  Hygiene? 
Pages  142,  143. 


What  is  the  Vis  Medicatrix  Naturse 
as  outlined  by  the  author  ?  Page 
143. 

How  should  Eating  and  Drinking  be 
regulated?     Pages  162,  354. 

What  has  perfect  Kidney  Organiza- 
tion to  do  with  Longevity  ?  Page 
163. 

Those  noted  for  longevity  have  a 
certain  unfailing  sign  in  the  face? 
What  is  it?     Page  164. 

Can  this  facult}'  be  so  cultivated  as 
to  promote  Longevity  ?  How  ? 
Page  165. 

Alimentiveness,  or  Digestion. 

What  influence  have  perfect  diges- 
tion and  assimilation  on  Lon- 
gevity?    Pages  165,  166. 

What  is  the  most  important  knowl- 
edoe  for  mankind  to  gain?  Page 
185. 

What  bearing  has  this  on  good  Men- 
tality and  Longevity?     Page  185. 

Why  is  a  perfectly  normal  liver 
essential  to  high  Mentality  and 
conducive  to  Longevity  ?  Page 
254. 

What  is  an  ally  of  Longevity  ?  Page 
257. 

What  does  "  Face  and  Form  Read- 
ing "  teach  as  to  Mental  and  Physi- 
cal defects  ?     Page  270. 

What  signs  have  we  in  the  face  indi- 
cating healthy  Visceral  organs, 
and  what  do  these  signs  indicate 
as  to  power  to  resist  disease  and 
assist  in  attaining  Longevity? 
Page  277. 


Firmness  and  Hope. 

How    do    these    faculties     promote 
Longevity  ?     Pages  316,  488,  490. 


Drinks. 

Do  artificial  drinks  assist  in  pro- 
moting Longevity  or  retard  it? 
Page  345. 

What  drinks  do  tend  to  Longevity? 
Page  346. 


A-68 


LONGEVITY   THROUGH    HYGIENE. 


Laughter  and  Mirth, 

Laugh  and  gro:sv  fat ;  laugh  and  live 
long.  Is  longevity  promoted  by 
Mirth  and  Laughter?     Page  316. 

How  does  a  sunny  disposition  ward 
off  physical  ills  and  promote  long 
life?     Page  376. 

Pneumativeness. 

How  does  this  faculty  aid  long  life  ? 

Page  397. 
What  is  the  prime  essential  in  Health 

and  Longevity  ?     Page  400. 
If    one    is    rather   deficient    in   this 

faculty,  liow  can  it  be  developed  ? 

Page  408. 

Sanativeness  (Love  of  Life), 

If  strongly  developed  and  fortified 
by  Hygienic  measures,  what  is  the 
tendency  toward  Longevity?  Pages 
427-430. 

Is  Longevity  an  attribute  of  Sana- 
tiveness ?     Page  433. 

What  Natural  Remedies  conduce  to 
Longevity?     Pages  432,  433. 

What  important  part  does  Sanative- 
ness play  in  the  Drama  of  Life'i 
Page  434. 


Force. 

What  does  it  create?     Page  458. 
What  does  lack  of  it  create  ?     Page 

459. 
Can  those  lacking  it  develop  it,  and, 

if    weak,   strengthen    it?      How? 

Page  460. 

Resistance. 

How  is  resistance  an  ally  of  Hygiene, 
and  how  does  it  assist  to  Lon- 
gevity ?     Page  464, 

Cautiousness. 

An     aid    in     attaining     Longevity 

through  Hygiene.     How  is  this? 

Page  483. 
What  are  Nature's  Physicians?  How 

do  they  aid  to  Longevity?     Page 

578. 

Hair  and  Beard. 

In  what  respect  is  the  hair  a  sign  of 

Longevity?     Page  1000. 
How  do  the  Moustache  and  Beard 

indicate  Longevity  ?     Page  1014. 

Laws  of  Nature, 

How  should  the  Laws  of  Nature  be 
applied  to  aid  in  attaining  Lon- 
gevity?    Page  1105. 


Physicians  and  scientists  are  bending  every  effort,  and  Boards 
of  Health  formulating  measures  of  Hygiene,  whereby  the  masses 
can  avoid  many  of  the  ills  of  life. 

Much  thought  is  being  given  to  the  development  of  Hygienic 
measures  in  order  to  stamp  out  diseases  due  to  dirt.  Preventive 
Medicine  is,  at  the  present  day,  forging  to  the  front ;  and,  aided 
by  Physical  Training,  will,  we  hope,  carry  mankind  to  a  higher 
plane  of  perfection,  pliysical  and  mental. 

A  study  and  application  of  the  principles  of  "  Face  and 
Form  Reading "  cannot  fail  to  be  of  benefit.  These  few  ques- 
tions and  answers  show  the  great  scope  of  the  work  and  its 
practical  uses  in  every-day  life. 


IMPROVEMENT  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 

What  Light  will  Face  and  Form  Reading  Throw  on  Human 
Improvement  and  Human  Development? 

By  THE    PUBLISHERS. 


Why  do  some  faces  repel,  others  attract "?  Why  do  different 
people  often  form  the  same  conclusions  regarding  a  certain  other 
person  1  Why  do  we  associate  certain  traits  with  certain  pecul- 
iarities of  face,  form,  gesture,  color,  etc.?  Because  there  are  natural 
laws  which  govern  these  things.  Because  there  cannot  be  an 
effect  without  a  cause.  That  certain  types  of  faces,  both  as  to 
shape,  color,  and  expression,  are  associated  with  certain  types  of 
bodily  form  is  a  fact  familiar  to  all  anatomists. 

Every  student  of  evolution  knows  that,  commencing  at  the 
lowest  form  of  animal  life,  facial  features  have  been  evolved,  one 
by  one,  in  conformity  with  vital  organs  of  the  physical  system. 
Everywhere  in  nature  each  ascertained  fact,  in  the  slow  but  steady 
progress  of  human  research  toward  a  better  and  more  thorough 
knowledge  of  God's  manner  of  working  through  nature,  adds  but 
additional  and  irresistible  testimony  to  the  doctrine  that  form, 
color,  gesture,  voice,  and  expression  all  have  a  meaning,  and  can 
be  traced  b£U3k  to  primal  causes, — to  a  correlation  with  the  vital 
organs  upon  whose  action  life  and  development  depend.  This 
being  the  case,  and  this  natural  science  having  been  practiced 
intuitively,  often  unconsciously,  from  the  birth  of  the  race  to  the 
present  day,  by  every  class  and  condition  of  mankind,  from  the 
cradle  to  the  grave,  it  is  but  fitting  that  in  this  age  of  marvelous 
development,  this  period  of  wonders  in  electrical,  biological,  psycho- 
logical, bacteriological,  medical,  and  general  scientific  development, 
this  science  should  at  last  be  reduced  to  basic  laws  and  principles, 
harnessed  down,  as  it  were,  by  the  strong  hand  of  investigation 
and  discovery,  and,  in  common  with  other  natural  forces,  made  to 
serve,  even  more  directly  than  in  the  past,  the  needs  of  man. 

Having  penetrated  so  far  into  this  new  domain,  having 
grasped  the  basic  principles  underlying  the  reading  of  human 
character  and  the  reason  for  its  different  phases,  why  should  not 
this  science,  so  wonderfully  fascinating,  which  appeals  so  strongly 
to  every  human  being,  be  made  to  work  wonders  for  humanity  *? 
Having  learned  the  physical  causes  of  mental  peculiarities,  and 

(A-69) 


A-70 


IMPROVEMENT  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


that  certain  physical  and  mental  combinations  produce  certain 
physical  and  mental  results,  why  should  not  the  process  of  evolu- 
tion, through  right  training,  education,  marriage,  and  generation, 
go  on  until  a  race  shall  be  evolved  that  will  be  as  superior  to  that 
which  exists  to-day  as  is  the  race  of  to-day  to  our  rude  forefathers 
of  a  tliousand  years  ago  ? 

What  untold  wonders  of  scientific,  mental,  physical,  social, 
and  religious  development  may  not  the  coming  generations  wit- 
ness through  this  new  science, — new  in  this  fullest  sense,  but  yet, 
in  instinctive,  uneducated,  and  ungoverned  use,  is  old  as  the  race, 
— a  science  which  in  its  crudity,  like  Niagara,  has  existed  for 
thousands,  possibly  millions,  of  years,  but  winch  now,  trained, 
guided,  and  governed  like  the  Niagara  of  to-day,  is  at  last  being 
bound  by  rules  and  bands  which  shall  yet  render  it  an  obedient 
servant  of  progressive  mankind  ! 

In  this  day  of  higher  education,  of  discovery  and  investiga- 
tion, particularly  in  the  fields  of  Evolution  and  Psychology,  skep- 
ticism upon  the  subject  of  the  possibility  of  "  Face  and  Form 
Heading  "  is  fast  passing  away. 

While  differences  of  opinion  exist  and  will  doubtless  continue 
to  exist,  yet  the  general  tendency  is  in  the  direction  of  a  steady 
progress  toward  reducing  this  science  to  fixed  principles  recog- 
nized by  the  mass  of  investigators. 

No  one  who  ■  reads  carefully  this  work  can  for  a  moment 
doubt  its  usefulness  in  the  Improvement  and  Development  of  the 
Human  Race. 


Basic  Principles. 

Has  the  science  of  "  Face  and  Form 
Reading- "  any  nnderljing  Basic 
Principles  ?  If  so,  what  are  thej-  ? 
Pages  7-10. 

Wlijvt  is  Mind,  and  wlio  advances 
this  idea?     Page  12, 

Upon  what  is  the  philosophy  of 
expression  based  ?     Page  27. 


Form. 

What  is  the  origin  of  Form  ?     Pages 

29,  30. 
Has  Form, as  exhibited  in  tlie  hnnian 

body,  a  meaning?     Page  41. 
In  the  evolution  of  the  Human  Race, 

can  we  prove  the  co-operation  of 

Nature,  Art,  and  Science?     Pasre 

55. 


I NTERPRET  ATION. 

How  is  a  rational  interpretation  of 
Social  phenomena  possible?  Page 
81. 

If  the  face  is  read  scientifically,  will 
it  aid  us  in  analjzing  character? 
Page  95. 

Through  what  channel  is  Man  en- 
dowed with  the  power  of  reason- 
ing?    Page  99. 

Color. 

The  Human  Race  is  many-hued, 
variousl}-  tinted  as  to  Color.  What 
do  these  different  tints  mean? 
Pages  126-128. 

What  has  the  state  or  condition  of 
tlie  Liver  to  do  with  Color?  Page 
183. 

What  is  the  connection  of  the  Liver 
with  the  Mind  ?     Pages  184, 185. 


IMPROVEMENT  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


A-71 


Memory. 

Upon  what  does  it  depend  ?     Page 

203. 
What  causes  a  loss  of  memory  ?  Page 

204. 

Development. 

What  is  the  distinctive  difference 
between  Develo[)ed  and  Undevel- 
oped Races  ?     Pages  227-229. 

Signs,  Mental  and  Physical. 

Where  are  located  the  signs  for  the 
Physical  Organs?     Page  277. 

Where  are  located  the  signs  for  tlie 
Mental  Faculties  ?     Page  288. 

Wliat  does  Sir  Thomas  Browne, 
M.D.,  say  as  to  "  Signs  of  Char- 
acter in  the  F.ace  "?     Page  297. 

Wiiere  is  Man's  character  spread  ? 
Page  301. 

Energy. 

Upon  what  is  great  energy  of  Mind 
and  Body  dependent  ?     Page  403. 

Wliat  does  large  lungs  create  ?  Pages 
403-405. 

To  Read  Character. 

In  order  to  read  Human  Ciiaracter, 
what  is  essential?  Pages  1114, 
1115. 


How  is  a  study  of  the  encyclo- 
paedia of  use  to  parents  in  choos- 
ing vocations  for  children  ?  Page 
1113. 

Do  the  Face  and  Form  indicate  tlie 
well-bred  or  thorough-bred  person? 
Pages  1108,  1109. 

To  what  pliysical  disorders  are 
people  of  very  dark  slvin,  hair, 
and  eyes  lial)le?     Page  1099. 

How  can  the  Human  Race  be  im- 
proved and  more  thoroughly  de- 
veloped, and  will  a  study  of  tliis 
worli  aid  in  attaining  this  desirable 
end?     Pages  1105,  1106. 

Natural  Phenomena. 

Causality  is  the  base  of  all  Natural 
Phenomena.  What  does  a  cultiva- 
tion of  it  lead  to?  Pages  721, 
722. 

Health  and  Disease. 

What  are  the  signs  of  Health,  Dis- 
ease, Strength,  and  Weakness 
in  the  Human  Face  and  Body  ? 
Pages  1085-1106. 

Will  a  study  of  tlie  princii)les  and 
application  of  the  hints  and  ideas 
aid  in  Human  Improvement  and 
Human  Development?    Page  1183. 


These  few  questions  (answers  on  pages  indicated)  will  show 
the  reader  the  great  usefulness  of  this  work,  and,  in  connection 
with  the  special  articles  by  eminent  physicians,  educators,  etc., 
will  aid  him  or  her  in  obtaining  knowledge  of  every-day  use  in  the 
home,  in  business,  and  in  society. 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH. 


Away  back  in  the  dim,  misty  days  of  antiquity,  of  which  we 
catch  but  a  glimmer  from  the  light  of  history,  man  was  seeking 
light  and  knowledge, — to  know  more  of  his  environment,  more 
of  himself,  his  kindred,  and  others. 

The  why  of  every  phase  and  form  of  Mental  Phenomena  was 
sought  for  with  much  avidity  and  painstaking  care.  During  this 
chaotic  and  evolutionary  epoch  much  that,  in  the  hands  of  Modern 
Science,  has  been  systematized  into  form  was  evolved,  until,  at  the 
present  time,  "  Face  and  Form  Heading,"  the  Modern  Physiog- 
nomy scientifically  explained,  stands  before  us,  and  must,  of  neces- 
sity, take  rank  as  an  important  Mental  Science. 

No  science  has  as  yet  reached  perfection  (and  probably  never 
will),  nor  do  we  claim  perfection  for  the  present  System  of  Physi- 
ognomy ;  but  such  as  we  give  you  in  this  work  is  capable  of 
Mathematical  and  Physical,  as  well  as  Practical,  demonstration. 

Many  brilliant  and  solid  minds  have  for  ages  been  engaged 
in  the  task  of  unraveling  the  tangled  threads  of  life  and  human 
action,  to  assign  a  cause  for  every  effect. 

"  The  Encyclopaedia  of  Face  and  Form  Reading,"  while  a 
scientific  work,  is  pre-eminently  practical ;  and,  while  the  limits 
of  the  science  have  not  by  any  means  been  reached,  what  we  give 
you  in  this  encyclopaidia  is  the  concentrated  and  sublimated  result 
of  the  evolution  of  many  ages  of  thought  and  research  on  this 
interesting  and  fascinating  subject.  All  that  is  known  on  the 
matter  to  date  is  here  gathered  in  systematic  arrangement,  and 
the  theories  and  laws  for  all  mental  phenomena,  so  far  as  is 
known,  render  the  science  practical  and  useful. 

The  following  eminent  Physicians,  Scientists,  Thinkers,  and 
Philosophers,  Ancient  and  Modern,  have  thought  and  written  on 
the  all-absorbing  subject,  "  Man,  Know  Thyself" 

Writers  on  Physiognomy  and  Kindred  Topics. 


HISTORIANS,   POETS,   ETC. 

Moses,  "  First  Elements  in  the  Pentateuch." 
Adamantius,  Ancient  Greek  Philosopher 
Socrates,  Greek  Philosopher.  Born,  b.c.  470; 
Died,  B.C.  399. 

Plato,  Greek  Philosopher.     Born,  b.c.  429 ; 
Died,  B.C.  348. 

(A-72) 


Aristophanes,  Greek  Poet.    Born,  b.c.  440 ; 

Died,  B.C.  380. 
Aristotle,  Greek  Philosopher.      Born,  B.c 

384 ;  Died,  B.C.  .322. 
Zeno,  Greek  Stoic  Philosopher.     Born,  B.C. 

358  :  Died,  B.C.  260. 
Cleanthes,  Greek  Philosopher.     Born,  B.C. 

300 ;  Died,  B,c.  220. 


HISTORICAL    SKETCH. 


A-73 


HISTORIANS,  POETS,  ETC.  {continued). 

Sexkca,   Roman    Stoic  Philosopher.     Born, 

B.C.  5;  Died,  a.d.  65. 
Lucius  Akn^sus  Tertdllian,  Latin  Theolo- 
gian.    BoEN,  A.D.  150;  Died,  a.d.  220. 
Xenophon,  Greek  Philosopher  and  Historian. 
Strabo,   Greek   Historian   and   Geograi)her. 

Born,  B.C.  54;  Died,  a.d.  24. 
Plutarch,  Greek  Historian  and  Biographer. 

Born,  A.D.  49  ;  Died,  a.d.  120. 
Caius  Cornelius  Tacitus,  Roman  Historian. 

Born,  A.D.  55;  Died,  a.d.  117. 
Marcus  Valerius  Martialis,  Latin  Poet. 

Flourished  A.D.  98 
Decimus  Junius  Juvenalis,  Roman   Poet. 

Flourished  a.d.  100. 
LucAN,  Greek  Poet.     Flourished  a.d.  140. 
LuciAN,  Greek  Author  and  Poet.     Flourished 

A.D.  150. 

PHYSICIANS   (ancient). 

Hippocrates,  Greek  Physician.  "The 
Father  of  Medicine."  Born,  B.C.  460; 
Died,  B.C.  357. 

Caius  Plint,  Roman  Physician,  Naturalist, 
and  Author.  Born,  a.d.  23 ;  Died, 
A.D.  69. 

Claudius  Galen,  Roman  Physician  and 
Medical  Author.  Born,  a.d.  130 ;  Died, 
A.D.  200. 

Aueelius  Cornelius  Celsus,  Roman  Phy- 
sician and  Writer.     First  century. 

Ibn  Sina  Avicenna.  Mohammedan  Phy- 
sician, Philosopher,  and  Author.  Born, 
A.D.  980;  Died,  A.D.  1037. 

Ibn  Rashd  Averroes.  Arabian  Physician, 
Philosopher,  and  Author.  Born,  a.d. 
1149 ;  Died,  a.d.  1198. 

EARLY  CHRISTIAN   FATHERS,   ETC. 

Niquetius,  Jesuit  Father.  "  Physiognomia 
Humana."     Flourished  1648. 

St.  Ambrose,  Latin  Father.  Bishop  of 
Milan.     Born  A.D.  340 ;  Died,  a.d.  397. 

St.  Gregory  the  Great,  Supreme  Pontiff. 
Born  A.D.  540 ;  Died  a.d.  604. 

St.  Gregory  Nanzianzen,  Bishop  of  Con- 
stantinople. Born,  A.D.  326 ;  Died,  a.d. 
389. 

St.  Gregory  Nyssus,  Greek  Bishop,  etc. 
Born,  A.D.  332 ;  Died,  a.d.  394. 

SoPHRONius  Eusebius  (St.  Jerome),  Latin 
Father  and  Bishop,  Church  Historian, 
etc.    Born,  a.d.  345 ;  Died,  a.d.  420. 


St.  Augustine,  Numidian  Bishop  of  Hippo. 
Born,  a.d.  354  ;  Died,  a.d.  430. 

MODERN   PHYSICIANS,   SCIENTISTS, 
THINKERS,    ETC. 

HiERONYMO  Cortes,  Spanish  Physician. 
"  Phisonomia  y  varios  Secretes  de  Natu- 
raliza,"     1610. 

CiRO  Spontini,  Eminent  Venetian  Physician. 
"  Metaposcopy  of  the  Eyebrows."    1626. 

Dalla  Porta  Napolitano,  Italian  An- 
thropologist. "  Delia  Fisonomia  dell' 
huomo."     1627. 

De  la  Chambbe,  French  Physician  and 
Anthropologist.  "  L'Art  de  Connaitre 
les  hommes."     1660. 

C.  Lebrun,  Celebrated  Artist  of  Louis  XIV. 
"  Expressions  des  passions  de  I'ame." 
1667. 

Ghiradelli,  Italian  Professor  and  Anthro- 
pologist. "  Cephalogy  Physiognomical." 
1672. 

Adrien  Sicler,  French  Physician.  "  Chiro- 
mancie  Royale  Nouvelle  enrich  de  figures 
de  observations  de  la  Cabale."     1677. 

Giovanni  Ingegneui,  Italian  Bishop  of  Capo 
d'Istria.    "  Naturale  Fisonomie."     1686. 

SciPiONE  Chiaramonte,  Italian  Anthropolo- 
gist and  Physician  of  Cesena.  "  De 
Conjectandis  Cujusque  Moribus  et  laten- 
tibus  anima  affectibus."     1690. 

H.  Engel,  German  Physician.  "  Briefs  die 
Expression."     1765. 

Camper,  French  Physician.  "  Dissertation 
Physique  sur  les  differences  r^elles  que 
pr6sentent  les  raits  du  visage."     1791. 

Sir  Charles  Bell,  English  Physician. 
"Anatomy  and  Physiology  of  Expres- 
sion."    1806. 

Lavater,  Swiss  Clergj'man.  "  Fragments 
of  Physiognomy";  "The  Physiognomi- 
cal Bible,"  etc.     1807. 

Povi  PoLLi,  Italian  Physician.  "  Essay  on 
Physiognomy  and  Pathognomy."    1837. 

A.  Burgess,  English  Physician.  "  Physiology 
and  Mechanism  of  Blushing."     1839. 

Lepelletieb  de  LA  Sarthe,  French  Phy- 
sician. "  Traits  Complet  de  Physiogno- 
mia."    1848. 

Prof.  S.  R.  Wells,  American  Physiogno- 
mist.   "  The  New  Physiognomy."    1863. 

Fillippo  Cardona,  Italian  Physician. 
"  Delia  Fisonomia."     1863. 


A-74 


HISTORICAL    SKETCH. 


MODERN   PHYSICIANS,    SCIENTISTS, 

THINKERS,  ETC.  (continued-).. 

Peof.  a.  E.  Willis,  American  Physiogno- 
mist. "  The  Modern  Physiognomy." 
1864. 

Gratiolet,  Italian  Anatomist.  "  De  la  physi- 
ognomie  et  des  mouvements  d'expres- 
sion."     1865. 

Albert  Lemoine,  French  Physician  and 
Anthropologist.  "  De  la  Physionomie 
et  de  la  parole."     1865. 

Aug.  Piderit,  German  Physician  and  An- 
thropologist. "  Wissenschaftliches  Sys- 
tem der  Mimik  und  Physiognomik." 
1867. 

C.  Mastrani,  Neapolitan  Physician.  "  Noto- 
mia  Morale,"  etc.     1871. 

Chas.  Darwin,  English  Anthropologist,  Phy- 
sician, and  Scientist.  "  The  Expression 
of  the  Emotions  in  Animals."     1872. 


P.  Ddchenne,  French  Anthropologist.  "  Me- 
fcanisme  de  la  physiognomie  humani  ou 
analyze  electro-physiologique  de  I'ex- 
pression  de  passions."     1876. 

Paoli  Mantegazzi,  Italian  Senator,  Anthro- 
pologist, Physician,  etc.  "  Physiognomy 
and  Expression  "  ;  "  Physiology  of  Pain." 
1891. 

Sir  Thos.  Browne,  M.D.,  English  Physician. 
"  Religio  Medici." 

Francis  Galton,  English  Physician.  "  He- 
reditary Genius." 

J.  Lauder  Lindsay,  English  Physician. 
"  Mind  in  the  Lower  Animals." 

L.  TopiNARD,  M.D.,  Florence,  Italy.  "  Revue 
d' Anthropologic  des  Diverses  esp6ces  de 
Prognothisme,"  Archivo  per  I'Anthro- 
pologie  et  I'Ethnologie. 


INTRODUCTION. 


rthe  most  learned  man  of  the  twelfth  century  were  to  return 
to  earth  and  become  cognizant  of  our  advance  in  the 
sciences  and  industrial  arts,  he  would  doubtless  believe,  at 
first,  that  he  was  in  the  midst  of  works  of  magic  more  won- 
derful and  powerful  by  far  than  the  mysterious  and  occult 
operations  of  the  Magi  of  his  own  age.  He  would  note  the  use 
of  natural  forces  turned  to  the  economies  of  life  by  ingenious  and 
complicated  machinery  ;  he  would  be  shown  the  wonders  of  steam 
navigation,  of  the  art  of  printing,  of  electricity  in  its  numerous 
developments  and  uses,  of  the  telegraph  and  telephone,  together 
with  the  telescopic  and  microscopic  discoveries  which  astonish  even 
this  progressed  age.  The  knowledge  of  the  laws  of  sound,  motion, 
light,  and  color,  which  this  epoch  has  evolved,  would  unfold  to  his 
senses  a  world  of  realities  as  new  to  his  mind  as  if  he,  in  verity, 
were  transported  to  quite  another  planet  than  the  one  which  had 
been  his  former  habitation.  After  taking  note  of  all  our  increased 
knowledge  of  science  in  its  various  departments,  and  after  examin- 
ing our  museums  and  institutions  of  learning,  if  he  were  to  ask. 
What  do  you  7iow  know  of  man  *? — of  his  powers  and  properties  *? 
what  reply  could  we  make  ^  We  might  answer  that  we  understand 
the  circulation  of  the  blood,  a  little  about  the  nervous  system, 
somewhat  of  the  process  of  digestion  ;  that  we  know  the  number 
of  the  bones  and  have  named  them,  and  also  the  action  of  the 
muscles ;  that  we  are  in  a  state  of  uncertainty  as  to  the  function 
of  the  brain ;  that  we  know  very  little  of  the  prevention  of  dis- 
ease, much  less  about  its  cure,  and  nothing  at  all  as  to  the  meaning 
of  his  physiognomy.  What  think  you  would  be  his  opinion  of 
our  progress  in  useful  knowledge  1  Surely,  he  would  conclude 
that  we  had  vexed  our  minds  with  many  thmgs  that  could  be  dis- 
pensed with,  and  had  neglected  the  most  useful  of  them  all.  The 
knowledge  of  man  and  how  to  improve  his  capacities,  how  to  pro- 
tect his  bodily  powers,  how  to  prevent  and  remedy  the  diseases 
which  assail  him,  is  surely  of  more  importance  than  many  of  the 
studies  upon  which  valuable  time  has  been  spent  without  advanc- 
ing the  knowledge  of  man  one  step.  All  through  the  ages  of 
which  we  have  any  recorded  history  we  find  inkUngs  of  an 
instinctive  perception  of  physiognomy. 

(1) 


2  INTRODUCTION. 

The  writings  of  Moses  show  him  to  have  been  a  profound 
student  of  human  nature,  and  possessed  of  a  power  to  read  and 
understand  countenances  and  features.  His  knowledge  of  sanitary 
law,  in  regard  to  food  and  diet  and  the  protection  of  the  body,  and 
the  success  attending  the  application  of  these  laws,  place  him  even 
beyond  the  sanitarians  of  to-day.  Among  the  earliest  Greek 
writers,  Aristotle,  Plato,  and  Galen  may  be  named  as  having 
written  and  taught  physiognomy.  Hippocrates  also  formulated  a 
system  based  upon  the  several  colors  of  the  human  complexion. 
This  classification  has  passed  down  to  the  present  day,  and  has 
been  accepted  by  naturalists  in  its  application  to  man,  while  at  the 
same  time,  with  singular  inconsistency,  the  lower  animal  kingdom 
has  been  classified  on  the  basis  of  form,  and  correctly  so,  as  color 
is  an  effect,  not  a  cause ;  it  is  dependent  on  climate,  food,  habit, 
and  other  accidental  surroundings.  Even  phrenologists,  who  ought 
to  know  better  (since  their  researches  extend  widely  among  the 
animal  kingdom),  have  retained  the  classification  which  Hip- 
pocrates set  up.  Tlie  differences  observable  in  the  human  family 
he  denominated  temperaments — a  word  which  has  no  intelligent 
application  even  to  the  false  basis  upon  which  the  old  Greek  phy- 
sician founded  his  system,  long  before  tlie  circulation  of  blood  was 
discovered  by  Harvey,  and  before  tlie  functions  of  the  liver,  heart, 
and  brain  were  at  all  understood. 

Each  age  has  added  its  contributions  to  our  knowledge  of 
physiognomy,  and  if  these  contributions  have  not  given  us  hereto- 
fore a  correct  system,  at  once  practical  and  scientific,  they  have 
mahitained  an  interest  and  a  belief  in  this  science.  This  interest 
and  belief  have  served  as  a  beacon-light,  which  has  flashed  far 
down  the  ages  made  brilliant  by  the  works  of  the  most  renowned 
philosophers  and  literates.  Among  the  Grecians,  Aristotle  wrote 
extensively  on  this  subject.  Pliny,  Cicero,  and  others  of  ancient 
Rome  found  this  science  worthy  of  their  consideration,  while,  later 
in  the  advancing  centuries,  we  find  Petrus  d'Abbano  lecturing  on 
physiognomy  before  the  students  of  the  University  of  Paris.  After 
him  followed  the  renowned  Avicenna,  Averroes,  Michael  Scott,  and 
the  Italian  sculptor  and  naturalist,  J.  Baptista  Porta,  the  discoverer 
of  the  camera  obscura.  Later  still,  many  German,  French,  Eng- 
lish, and  American  'observers  left  their  writings  among  us  to  be 
added  to  and  built  upon.  Lavater,  in  1801,  wrote  numerous 
volumes  on  the  subject,  copiously  illustrated,  in  which  he  had  the 
assistance  of  some  of  the  best  artists  in  Europe.  It  is  through  his 
works,  and  from  his  associations  that  this  science  is  best  known  to 
modern  students.  His  purity  of  life  and  high  position  (he  having 
been   an  eloquent   clergyman,  pastor  of  St.  Peter's  Church,  at 


INTRODUCTION.  8 

Zurich)  placed  physiognomy  on  a  footing  of  credibility.  His 
works  are  what  he  named  them — "  Fragments  '* — merely,  without 
system  and  largely  impractical.  His  efforts,  like  those  of  his 
predecessors,  have  assisted  in  continuing  the  belief  and  interest  in 
the  science. 

Prominent  among  the  German  and  French  observers  and 
writers  are  the  eminent  Blumenbach,  Spurzheim,  Camper,  Bichat, 
Broussais,  and  De  la  Sarthe  ;  among  the  English,  Sir  Charles  Bell 
and  Alexander  Walker ;  and  among  Americans,  James  W.  Bed- 
field.  In  1817,  Dr.  John  Crosse  published  from  the  University 
Press,  at  Glasgow,  a  series  of  lectures  on  physiognomy  which  he 
had  delivered,  setting  forth  a  system  which  contains  practical 
knowledge,  susceptible  of  proof  and  capable  of  application  by  any 
ordinary  observer. 

Prof  Joseph  Le  Conte,  of  the  University  of  California,  in  an 
able  article  in  the  Popular  Science  Monthly*  describing  the 
advance  of  science,  says: — 

"'  In  all  sciences,  but  especially  in  the  higher  and  more  com- 
plex departments,  there  are  three  distinct  stages  of  advance.  The 
first  consists  in  the  observation,  collection,  and  arrangement  of 
facts — Descriptive  Science.  The  second  is  the  reduction  of  these 
to  formal  laws — Formal  Science.  Thus  far  the  science  is  inde- 
pendent of  all  other  sciences.  The  third  is  the  reference  of  these 
laws  to  the  more  general  laws  of  a  more  fundamental  science — in 
the  hierarchy  as  their  cause — Causal  Science.  It  is  this  last  change 
only  which  necessarily  follows  the  order  indicated  above.  Its 
effect  is  always  to  give  great  impulse  to  scientific  advance,  for  then 
only  does  it  take  on  the  highest  scientific  form,  then  only  does  it 
become  one  of  the  hierarchy  of  sciences,  and  receive  the  aid  of 
all.  Thus,  to  illustrate,  Tycho  Brahe  laboriously  gathered  and 
collated  a  vast  number  of  facts  concerning  planetary  motions — 
Descriptive  Astronomy.  Kepler  reduced  these  to  the  three  great 
and  beautiful  laws  known  by  his  name — Formal  Astronomy.  But 
it  was  reserved  for  Newton,  by  means  of  the  theory  of  gravitation, 
to  explain  the  Keplerian  laws  by  referring  them  to  the  more  gen- 
eral and  more  fundamental  laws  of  mechanics  as  their  cause,  and 
thus  he  became  the  founder  of  physical  and  causal  astronomy. 
In  other  words,  astronomy  was  at  first  a  separate  science,  based  on 
its  own  facts.  Newton  connected  it  with  mechanics,  and  thus 
made  it  one  of  the  hierarchy.  From  that  time  astronomy  advanced 
with  increased  rapidity  and  certainty.  Astronomy  first  rose  as  a 
beautiful  shaft,  unconnected  and  unsupported,  except  on  its  own 
pedestal.      In  the  meantime,  however,  another  more  solid  and 

*  Populax  Science  Monttily,  January,  1879,  p.  325. 


4  INTRODUCTION. 

central  shaft  had  grown  up  under  the  hands  of  many  builders, 
viz.,  mechanics.  Newton  connected  the  astronomical  shaft  with 
the  central  column  of  mechanics,  and  thus  formed  a  more  solid 
basis  for  a  yet  higher  shaft." 

This  description  truthfully  and  beautifully  shows  the  progress 
of  scientific  research.  The  system  which  this  work  presents  to 
the  reader  has  advanced  to  the  third  stage  of  progression.  It 
presents  a  description  of  facts  in  relation  to  the  human  physiog- 
nomy and  organism  which  have  been  observed  and  collected ;  it 
reduces  these  facts  to  laws,  and,  lastly,  shows  the  correspondence 
of  this  science  to  the  general  and  fundamental  laws  which  under- 
lie all  matter,  viz.,  those  of  chemistry,  architecture,  and  mathe- 
matics. The  sum  of  all  human  action  is  based  on  these  three 
fundamental  principles  of  Nature,  and  man's  organism  illustrates 
the  influence  of  these  laws.  I  would  like  to  see  the  facts  contained 
in  this  work  in  the  hands  of  all  who  love  their  kind,  and  who  de- 
sire its  elevation  by  scientific  methods.  In  the  years  to  come  I  do 
not  doubt  that  more  ample  knowledge  of  physiognomy  will  be 
disseminated  by  greater  minds,  with  better  opportunities  of  obser- 
vation than  have  fallen  to  me.  It  would  seem  a  very  appropriate 
time  for  spreading  the  knowledge  of  man,  now  that  so  much  is 
known  of  his  environment,  and  while  so  many  hitherto  unknown 
applications  of  the  forces  and  substances  of  Nature  are  coming 
daily  to  light  which  are  immediately  connected  with  his  welfare. 
Earnest  and  religious  regard  for  the  advance  of  mankind  to  grander 
heights  of  purity  and  nobility  of  life,  added  to  the  behef  that 
nothing  short  of  the  knowledge  of  scientific  laws  and  their  appli- 
cation can  regenerate  the  human  race,  has  impelled  the  writing 
of  these  ideas. 


^  \ 


Part  I. 

Theoretical  Physiognomy. 


(6) 


CHAPTER  I. 

Basic  Principles  of  Scientific  Physiognomy. 

"The  mind  is  invisible  to  those  who  understand  not  the  body  of  physiognomy." 

— WiNKLEMAN. 

IAVATER  defines  physiognomy  to  be  the  "  art  or  science  of 
discerning  the  character  of  the  mind  from  the  features  of 
1  the  face,  or  the  art  of  discovering  the  predominant 
^  temper  or  other  characteristic  quahtics  of  the  mind  by 
the  form  of  the  body,  but  especially  by  the  external 
signs  of  the  countenance,  or  the  combination  of  the  features." 

This  definition  scientific  physiognomy  accepts  in  so  far  as  it 
relates  to  the  human  species,  but  extends  it  in  a  more  compre- 
hensive manner  so  as  to  include  all  animate  and  evt  n  inanimate 
nature.  The  form  of  every  rock,  tree,  animal,  and  object  in  ex- 
istence has  come  hy  design^  and  is  self-reveaUny  as  to  its  true 
character.  That  we  fail  in  many  instances  to  comprehend  the 
meaning  of  certain  forms  observed  in  Nature  is  due  to  our  lack 
of  acute  observation,  or  want  of  comparison,  or  ignoia.)ce  of  the 
meaning  and  significance  of  the  basic  principles  of  form, — a  science 
which  this  system  of  physiognomy  undertakes  to  unfold  and  apply 
to  the  human  and  animal  face  and  body,  as  well  as  to  vegetable 
and  mineral  formations. 

It  is  logical  to  infer  that  form  has  general  laws  which  are  self- 
revealing.  Without  knowledge  of  these  general  laws  we  must 
forever  remain  in  ignorance  of  most  of  Nature's  meanings  in 
regard  to  the  myriad  things  in  the  universe.  Without  some 
'principles  of  form  to  guide  us,  character  remains  a  sealed  book ; 
but  Nature  has  equipped  many  if  not  most  of  her  children  with 
faculties  suited  to  the  true  interpretation  of  signs  which  are  thrown 
out  in  the  most  affluent  manner  by  every  form  in  existence. 

Nature's  hieroglyphics  are  easily  deciphered  by  the  keen  ob- 
server, and  the  facial  signs  of  every  human  creature  can  be  inider- 
stood  by  those  who  are  willing  to  study  and  apply  the  basic  prin- 
ciples of  form. 

In  entering  upon  the  study  of  pliysiognomy,  or  mental  science, 
it  will  be  well  if  we  consider  b"  .efiy  the  methods  formerly  employed 
by  metaphysicians  in  the  r  .  estigation  of  the  science  of  mind,  and 
then,  as  we  proceed  to  contrast  them  and  their  results  with  the 

0) 


8  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

system  which  I  shall  present  to  your  attention, — ^a  system  which 
has  occupied  the  best  thought  of  thirty-five  years  of  my  life, — ^you 
will  doubtless  ask  what  relation  there  is  between  the  human  phys- 
iognomy and  metaphysical  theories.  If  we  were  intending  to  con- 
fine our  study  to  ancient  metaphysics  or  even  modern  metaphysics 
and  theological  theories  of  the  mind,  I  should  be  compelled  to 
answer  that  there  is  no  relation  between  them,  since  these  two 
classes  of  thinkers  confined  themselves  to  speculations  merely  and 
sought  no  solution  in  the  investigation  of  the  mechanism  through 
which  mind  is  manifested.  Modern  scientific  observers,  however, 
pursue  the  study  of  mind  by  investigating  the  body  it  inhabits  and 
of  which  it  is  a  part,  and,  as  the  face  is  proven  to  be  the  index  or 
register  of  the  entire  organism  (which  you  will  acknowledge  as  we 
proceed),  we  are  compelled  to  study  the  mechanism  within  the 
body  which  we  find  to  be  the  moving  cause  of  those  expressions, 
forms,  and  colors  that  reveal  to  us  the  mind  or  character  of  the 
individual. 

Our  knowledge  of  the  history  of  mental  science  reaches  far 
back  into  the  age  of  Grecian  civilization.  The  philosophical  or 
metaphysical  method  of  studying  the  human  mind  was  coeval  with 
the  age  in  which  configuration  or  sculpture  reached  its  acme.  It 
was  also  coeval  with  the  creation  of  the  greatest  epic  poems,  of 
some  of  the  grandest  dramas  and  most  sublime  orations  known  to 
man.  In  short,  it  was  an  age  of  art,  not  of  science.  The  great 
metaphysicians  of  Greece, — Socrates,  Plato,  Aristotle,  Thales, 
Pythagoras,  Anixamander,  and  many  other  ancient  philosophers, 
— however  they  may  have  differed  in  their  several  systems  of 
philosophy,  all  alike  believed  in  and  used  one  common  method  of 
investigating  mind.  This  method  consisted  in  the  investigation  of 
self-consciousness,  that  is  to  say,  an  observation  of  the  manner  in 
which  the  mental  processes — viz.,  those  of  memory,  reason,  will, 
comprehension,  and  perception — were  carried  on  in  the  mind  of 
the  observer.  Each  philosopher  sat  in  judgment,  as  it  were,  on  his 
own  method  of  thought,  etc.,  and  then  gave  to  his  investigations 
the  name  of  "  mental  science."  Observations  were  pursued  in  this 
manner  by  all  of  the  Greek  thinkers,  without  any  reference  to 
bodily  conditions,  with  the  single  exception  of  Aristotle,  whose  re- 
searches in  natural  history  among  insects,  birds,  and  beasts,  had 
given  him  greater  insight  into  the  origin  and  development  of  mind, 
both  in  the  lower  animals  and  in  man.  He,  beyond  all  the  other 
philosophers  of  his  age,  possessed  a  better  comprehension  of  the 
physiology  and  anatomy  of  animal  organisms,  together  with  a  very 
moderate  knowledge  of  the  physiology  of  man.  The  superstitions 
of  his  age  prevented  the  dissection  of  human  bpdies,  and  thus  these 


BASIC  PRINCIPLES  OF   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY.  9 

philosophers  were  cut  off  from  pursumg  one  practical  and  scien- 
tific method  of  studying  mind. 

For  two  thousand  years  these  impractical  systems  of  mental 
science  dominated  the  world  of  thought,  then  the  great  Bacon 
arose  and  began  the  study  of  mind  from  an  entirely  different  stand- 
point. His  studies  in  the  practical  sciences — ^he  having  been  the 
inventor,  it  is  said,  of  the  telescope,  air-pump,  diving-bell,  and  of 
gun-powder,  besides  having  written  very  learnedly  upon  optics, 
chemistr)',  medicine,  mathematics,  and  many  other  sciences — natu- 
rally led  him  to  adopt  a  scientific  method  of  investigating  mind ; 
but  as  very  little  more  of  physiology  was  known  in  his  day  than 
in  the  age  of  Aristotle,  his  writings  on  mental  science  are  not  as 
reliable  as  those  of  the  more  modern  thinkers,  yet  his  method  was 
an  advance  on  those  preceding  him.  The  circulation  of  the  blood 
was  not  discovered  by  Harvey  until  four  hundred  years  after  the 
death  of  Bacon ;  the  construction  and  operation  of  the  heart,  liver, 
lungs,  and  brain  were  not  known  until  still  later  periods.  How, 
then,  can  it  be  expected  that  a  knowledge  of  the  mind  of  man 
could  be  studied  or  comprehended  without  an  intimate  knowledge 
of  his  bodily  functions  ? 

The  subjective  method  (as  it  is  denominated)  of  the  ancients 
would  not  have  seemed  so  impractical  a  mode  of  studying  mind, 
had  all  persons  been  alike  normally  constituted ;  but  so  large  a 
proportion  of  persons  are  insane  (it  is  now  estimated  that  one  in 
five  hundred  is  so  at  the  present  day,  and  there  are  also  many  un- 
developed races  in  existence,  and  were  then,  as  well  as  children 
who  are  also  in  a  state  of  undevelopment),  that  if  the  subjective 
method  is  to  be  employed,  we  should  never  know  anything  at  all 
about  these  several  classes  of  beings  who  form  a  large  proportion 
of  our  population.  Now,  in  any  system  of  mental  science,  to 
ignore  the  knowledge  of  the  character  of  all  children,  of  all  un- 
developed races,  and  persons  such  as  idiots,  imbeciles,  and  the  in- 
sane, as  well  as  those  who  are  laboring  under  temporary  aberration 
and  weakness  of  mind  of  every  degree  whatsoever,  is  to  deprive 
mankind  of  the  most  useful  and  necessary  part  of  the  knowledge 
of  himself;  hence  any  system  of  mental  science  which  fails  to  treat 
of  these  several  classes,  together  with  the  means  for  their  improve- 
ment, cannot  be  considered  either  practical  or  scientific. 

In  order  to  understand  the  human  mind  practically,  we  must 
commence  with  its  first  manifestations  in  childhood.  It  was  in 
this  manner  that  Locke,  so  justly  celebrated  for  his  wonderful 
essay  on  the  "Human  Understanding,", commenced  the  investiga- 
tion of  mind  in  the  eighteenth  century.  He  considered  the  nature 
of  children  and  of  savage  races.     He  was  the  first  metaphysician 


10  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

who  made  any  decided  advance  in  the  method  of  studying,  inves- 
tigating, and  interpreting  the  human  mind,  and  this  advance  was 
due  to  his  observation  of  Nature^  by  his  discarding  the  old 
metaphysical  methods,  and  by  basing  his  laws  upon  observations 
made  on  living  subjects.  He  first  observed  natural  phenomena  in 
children  and  savages,  and  then,  by  generalizing,  was  able  to  dis- 
cover the  laws  underlying  the  actions  of  the  individuals  thus  ob- 
served. He  also  made  observations  among  animals,  and  here 
the  investigator  will  find  corroboration  of  many  laws  which  are 
recognized  in  the  human  family. 

Modern  writers  of  the  greatest  eminence,  among  whom  we  find 
the  celebrated  M.  de  Quatrefages,  Mr.  Herbert  Spencer,  Mr. 
Darwin,  Dr.  H.  Maudsley,  and  Professor  Huxley,  all  agree  in  their 
methods  of  investigating  character  by  first  observing  plants  and 
animals.  M.  de  Quatrefages,  in  his  celebrated  work  on  "The 
Human  Species,"  remarks: — 

Now,  plants  and  animala  have  been  studied  for  a  much  longer  period 
than  man,  and  from  an  exclusively  scientific  point  of  view,  without  any 
trace  of  the  prejudice  and  party  feeling  which  interferes  with  the  study  of 
man.  Without  having  penetrated  very  deeply  into  all  the  secrets  of  animal 
and  vegetable  life,  science  has  acquired  a  certain  number  of  fixed  and  indis- 
putable results,  which  constitute  a  foundation  of  positive  knowledge  and  a 
safe  starting-point.  Whenever  there  is  any  doubt  of  the  nature  or  signifi- 
cance of  a  phenomenon  observed  in  man,  the  corresponding  piienomena  must 
be  examined  in  animals  and  even  in  plants.  They  must  be  compared  with 
what  takes  place  in  ourselves,  and  the  results  accepted  as  theN'  are  exhibited. 
What  is  true  of  other  organized  beings  cannot  but  be  true  of  man.  This 
method  is  incontestably  scientific.  Every  solution  which  makes  or  tends  to 
make  man  an  exception  from  those  laws  which  govern  other  organized  and 
living  beings  is  unsound  and  unscientific* 

Dr.  Maudsley  asserts : — 

The  study  of  the  plan  of  the  development  of  mind  as  exhibited  in  the 
animal,  the  barbarian,  and  the  infant  furnishes  results  of  the  greatest  value, 
and  is  as  essential  to  a  true  mental  science  as  the  study  of  its  development 
is  to  a  full  knowledge  of  the  bodily  organism. 

Those  who  have  read  Lavater's  renowned  work  on  physiog- 
nomy, will  doubtless  look  for  some  theoretical  testimony  from  his 
facile  and  prolific  pen.  Now,  although  Lavater  wrote  many  volumes 
on  physiognomy,  and  was  himself  a  great  inhdtional  physiognomist, 
he  was,  unfortunately,  not  a  scientific  student.  He  says  of  him- 
self that  he  did  not  understand  anatomy  and  physiology,  and 
without  a  thorough  knowledge  of  these  sciences  it  is  impossible  to 
found  a  system  of  physiognomy.  At  the  same  time,  such  was  his 
rare  gift  of  observation  and  correct  intuition,  and  such  his  ardor, 

»  The  Human  Species,  M.  de  Quatrefages,  p.  27. 


THEORY   OF   PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY.  11 

that,  added  to  his  noble  character  and  purity  of  life,  it  enabled 
him  to  revive  the  belief  in  physiognomy,  which  had  waned  during 
the  middle  ages,  or  had  become  classed  with  the  "  black  art "  and 
works  of  magic.  And  this  pure-minded  minister  of  the  gospel 
was  received  at  the  courts  of  kings  and  princes,  and  his  observa- 
tions and  researches  were  hailed  with  enthusiasm  by  the  most  emi- 
nent men  of  his  day.  His  writings,  although  they  lack  system  and 
are  really  what  he  terms  them,  "Fragments"  merely,  restored 
physiognomy  to  that  rank  which  it  had  held  in  the  estimation  of 
man  two  thousand  years  before,  when  such  great  minds  as  Plato, 
Galen,  Aristotle,  Pliny,  Cicero,  Seneca,  Hippocrates,  and  others  as 
learned  and  renowned,  had  written  upon  and  taught  physiognomy 
as  an  art.  From  Lavater's  day  to  the  present,  a  period  of  over 
one  hundred  years,  inventions  and  discoveries  of  mechanical  in- 
struments and  principles  have  given  us  means  of  investigating  the 
human  body  and  mind,  wholly  unknown  to  any  former  age  of  the 
world. 

THEORY   OF   PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  theory  of  mental  science  which  I  shall  present  to  you  is 
the  most  advanced  and  comprehensive  that  has  ever  been  offered 
to  the  world,  and  to  the  discoveries  made  by  the  microscope  and 
in  anatomy  and  physiology  I  am  largely  indebted  for  the  discov- 
eries which  I  have  made  in  this  department  of  science. 

Let  it  be  understood  at  the  outset,  that  physiognomy  teaches 
and  proves  that  the  mind  and  body  are  a  unity,  acting  in  unison 
and  harmony ;  that  all  mental  power  is  originated  primarily  by 
sensation ;  that  all  parts  of  the  body  contribute  to  mental  action ; 
that  the  heart,  the  liver,  the  lungs,  the  kidneys,  the  glands,  the 
muscles,  the  bones,  the  nerves,  and  all  other  organs  are  each  in- 
strumental in  creating  and  assisting  mental  efforts.  This  system 
also  teaches  that  there  is  a  unity  of  action  and  universality  of  law 
running  from  the  lowest  creation,  the  inorganic  or  mineral,  up  to 
the  highest,  the  animal  and  human  kingdoms.  It  shows,  too,  that 
all  form  has  meaning  and  character,  that  every  form  observed  in 
-Nature  is  shaped  by  law  and  design,  and  discloses  the  character 
of  the  mineral,  plant,  tree,  or  animal  under  observation.  This 
system  of  physiognomy  goes  still  farther.  It  proves  that  certain 
physical  functions  are  directly  related  to  and  sustain  certain  mental 
faculties.  The  idea  that  all  or  nearly  all  parts  of  the  body  con- 
tribute to  mental  action  was  vaguely  perceived  by  some  anatomists 
in  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries.  Sir  Charles  Bell  re- 
marks that  he  had  a  dim  though  strong  conception  that  it  was  an 


12  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

error  to  limit  sensation  to  the  action  of  the  special  senses.     He 

observes : — 

It  appears  to  me  that  the  frame  of  the  body  exclusive  of  the  special 
organs  of  seeing,  hearing,  etc.,  is  a  complex  organ, — I  shall  not  say  of 
sense,  but  which  ministers,  like  the  external  senses,  to  the  mind.* 

George  Henry  Lewes,  one  of  the  most  philosophic  and  scien- 
tific writers  of  our  era,  remarks : — 

If  every  distinct  part  of  the  organism  which  is  the  source  of  distinct 
sensation  is  to  be  called  a  sense,  we  must  necessarily  include  the  muscles 
and  viscera  among  the  senses,  for  the  sensation  derived  through  the  muscles 
are  as  specific  as  tliose  derived  through  the  eye  or  tongue,  and  the  glandular 
sensations  are  assuredly  distinct  from  those  of  the  muscles.  The  sensations 
derived  through  the  viscera  are  not  less  specific  nor  less  important  than 
those  of  the  eye  or  ear.  We  are  not  at  liberty  to  reject  this  fact,  because  it 
is  capable  of  proof  as  rigorous  as  the  proof  of  the  existence  of  sight  or 
taste.  Mind  is  the  sum  total  of  the  whole  sensitive  organism ;  wo  one  exclu' 
give  organ  of  mind  can  be  said  to  exist. j[ 

In  this  theory  and  its  proof  lies  the  greatest  advance  made  in 
mental  science  in  this  era.  The  celebrated  gentlemen  whom  I  have 
mentioned  as  having  taught  that  mind  inheres  in  the  entire  or- 
ganism stop  short  at  that  theory,  but  scientific  physiognomy,  as 
tauglit  by  this  system,  goes  farther,  and  proves  the  relation  between 
Conscientiousness  and  the  kidney  or  fluid  system  of  the  body; 
between  Benevolence  and  the  glandular  system ;  the  relation  of 
Amativeness,  or  the  love  of  the  sexes,  to  the  reproductive  system ;  of 
Hope  to  the  liver ;  and,  in  short,  proves  that  all  so-called  sentiments 
have  a  i^^^ysical  base  as  well  as  a  representation  in  the  brain,  which 
organ  may  be  likened  to  the  counting-house  of  a  manufactory,  the 
emotions  being  manufactured  by  the  muscles,  nerves,  and  viscera, 
and  registered  in  the  brain,  where  consciousness  and  abstract 
thought  has  its  home  and  origin ;  and,  lastly,  shows  that  all  this 
is  revealed  in  the  face,  as  well  as  by  the  voice,  the  walk,  the  color, 
movement,  gesture,  etc. 

A  practical  application  of  the  laws  of  scientific  physiognomy 
is  tHe  only  method  that  can  make  possible  race  improvement  by 
intelligent  design.  As  long  as  the  human  face  is  a  sealed  book, 
men  and  women  cannot  intelligently  choose  partners  in  marriage, 
and  the  progress  of  the  race  will  be  left  to  natural  selection,  which 
is  a  slow  process,  as  we  observe  in  the  present  instinctive  methods. 
But  where  reproduction  is  the  result  of  laws  intelligently  under- 
stood and  applied,  there  is  no  reason  why  the  races  of  man  shoidd 
not  advance  in  nobility  as  rapidly  and  surely  as  have  the  scientifi- 
cally-bred animals  of  the  past  few  years.     Aristotle  tells  us  that 

•  The  Anatomy  and  Philosophy  of  Expression,  Sir  Charles  Bell,  M.D.,  p.  83> 
t  Physiology  of  Common  Life,  G.  H.  Lewes,  p.  194. 


THEORY  OF   PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY.  13 

"  a  life  devoted  only  to  sensual  enjoyments  is  brutish,  an  ethico- 
political  life  is  human,  but  a  scientific  life  is  divine."  If  by  a 
scientific  life  he  meant  living  up  to  the  laws  of  God  as  shown  by 
the  laws  of  Nature,  I  can  wholly  and  heartily  agree  with  him. 

In  announcing  the  discoveries  which  I  have  made  pertaining 
to  the  human  physiognomy,  it  may  not  be  uninteresting  to  the 
reader  to  know  in  what  manner  they  were  reached,  what  mental 
process  or  scientific  observation  was  required  to  elaborate  the  sys- 
tem setting  forth  the  three  grand  divisions  of  the  face,  and  why  I 
denominate  them  the  Chemical,  the  Architectural,  and  the  Mathe- 
matical. In  the  first  place,  my  studies  in  anatomy  and  physiology 
had  shown  me  that  the  action  of  the  glands  is  purely  chemical, 
and,  as  I  found  that  the  development  and  normal  action  of  this 
system  were  most  apparent  in  the  lower  part  of  the  face, — in  the 
cheeks  (as  is  observed  in  healthy  infants),  in  the  lips,  and  adjacent 
parts, — it  occurred  to  me  that  this  part  of  the  face  must  represent 
the  purely  chemical  or  vegetative  department  of  the  human  or- 
ganism. Knowing  as  I  did  that  nearly  all  the  principles  of  me- 
chanical forces  were  illustrated  by  the  action  of  the  several  lever 
powers  in  tlie  movements  of  the  muscles  and  bones,  of  the  hinge 
in  the  joints,  of  the  pulley  in  the  muscles  of  the  eye,  of  valves  in 
the  heart  and  arteries,  while  the  principles  of  optics  are  exhibited 
in  the  eye,  the  principles  of  acoustics  in  the  construction  and  action 
of  the  ear,  the  principles  of  hydrostatics  and  capillary  attraction  in 
the  veins,  tubes,  and  tissues  of  the  several  parts  of  the  body; 
knowing  that  electricity  is  a  property  of  the  nerves  and  magnetism 
of  the  muscles,  I  saw  that  these  several  systems  constituted  a 
mechanical  or  an  architectural  system,  the  signs  for  which  I  have 
discovered  are  located  in  the  middle  portion  of  the  face. 

When  I  had  discovered  and  located  the  signs  for  the  heart, 
the  lungs,  the  liver,  the  muscular,  the  nervous,  and  bony  systems, 
logic  came  to  my  aid,  and  I  argued  that  if  the  signs  for  chemical 
action  and  architectural  powers  were  to  be  found  in  the  human  face 
I  must  look  there  for  the  signs  of  the  mathematical  powers  also. 
I  had  years  previously  ascertained  by  observation  and  reflection 
that  these  three  laws  or  principles  govern  all  matter.  Reflection 
soon  convinced  me  that  in  the  upper  part  of  the  face  I  should  find 
the  signs  for  mathematical  power  indicated,  and,  as  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  forehead  we  have  the  signs  for  Logical  Deduction,  or 
reason,  so  in  the  lower  part  of  the  forehead  are  located  the  signs 
for  Form,  Size,  and  Calculation.  I  at  once  saw  that  here  were  the 
signs  for  the  last  of  the  three  ruling  principles  needed  to  complete 
the  harmonic  system  of  laws  which  underlie  all  matter,  and  of 
which  man  is  the  highest  expression  and  exponent. 


14  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Is  it  not  logical  to  infer  that  in  the  countenance  of  man  (which 
is  certainly  the  most  perfected  object  that  the  human  mind  has  ever 
studied)  should  be  found  concentrated  and  combined  all  the  general 
principles  which  assist  in  the  formation  of  man's  organism?  I 
know  that  this  is  a  novel  theory,  and  one  perhaps  as  startling  and 
revolutionary  as  was  Newton's  theory  of  the  law  of  gravitation,  but, 
as  time  rolls  on,  a  scientific  knowledge  of  man  and  of  his  physiog- 
nomy is  as  certain  to  evolve  as  is  the  knowledge  of  the  laws  of  light, 
sound,  color,  and  other  abstruse  departments  of  natural  law.  The 
proof  of  my  theory  is  so  easy  of  verification  that  any  person  of 
ordinary  observation  and  reflection  can  satisfy  himself  experi- 
mentally of  its  truth.  I  now  address  myself  to  scientific  thinkers 
and  those  accustomed  to  investigating  the  correlations  of  the  laws 
and  forces  of  Nature,  and  I  ask  them  if  it  seems  to  them  unreason- 
able or  illogical  that  the  basilar  laws  of  all  the  lower  creations 
should  find  illustration  in  man  and  his  countenance  1  When  we 
reflect  that  man  is  the  outcome  or  evolutionary  product  of  all  the 
lower  kingdoms,  mineral,  vegetable,  and  animal,  it  should  not  seem 
improbable  that  man's  face,  read  scientifically, — that  is,  according 
to  his  physiological  and  anatomical  organization, — should  typify 
and  disclose  the  action  of  all  these  formative  and  creative  powers. 

The  general  laws  and  principles  enunciated  in  this  chapter, 
together  with  the  connection  of  physical  functions  with  mental 
faculties,  will  appeal  the  strongest  to  naturalists,  scientists,  and  phy- 
sicians,— those  who  are  accustomed  to  observe  in  Nature's  processes 
the  action  of  that  law  discovered  and  set  forth  by  the  eminent 
Baron  Cuvier,  viz.,  the  law  of  the  correlation  of  organs,  "  accord- 
ing to  which  a  certain  conformation  of  structure  in  one  organ  is 
always  found  in  conjunction  with  a  certain  conformation  in 
another."  Now,  under  the  operation  of  this  law  it  is  quite  safe  to 
predict  the  existence  and  presence  of  certain  mental  faculties  by 
observing  the  signs  for  certain  physical  functions  in  the  face ;  as, 
for  example,  where  the  signs  for  Amativeness  and  Love  of  Young 
are  exhibited  in  a  highly  developed  degree  the  sign  for  the  glandu- 
lar system  is  also  well  defined,  and  the  same  is  true  of  other 
faculties  and  functions.  Not  only  do  we  find  that  certain  faculties 
are  correlated,  but  that  certain  physical  functions  and  mental 
faculties  are  always  observed  to  develop  pa?^ passu.  Another  proof 
of  this  interaction  is  shown  where  the  sign  for  a  faculty  is  small  in 
the  face  and  the  action  of  its  related  function  is  weak  and  corre- 
spondingly undeveloped  in  the  body,  as,  for  instance,  where  the 
sign  for  Hope  is  small  in  the  face  the  activity  of  the  liver  is  corre- 
spondingly feeble.  Later  on  all  of  the  various  organs  will  be 
treated  of  in  this  connection. 


THE   HUMAN   FACE   THE    INDEX   OF    ALL   NATURE. 


15 


THE   HUMAN    FACE   THE   INDEX   OF    ALL   NATURE. 

Standing  at  the  «  pex  of  all  creation  is  man,  the  very  epitome, 
sublimification,  and  essence  of  creative  energy.  What  more  natu- 
ral, then,  that  in  this  high  and  complex  organization  should  be 
found  in  combination  all  of  the  components  of  what  may  be  termed 
the  lower  creations  T 

Man  is  literally  made  of  the  "dust  of  the  earth."  Considered 
as  a  chemical  compound,  man  will  be  found  upon  analysis  to  be 
composed  not  only  of  the  "  dust  of  the  earth,"  but  also  of  nearly 
all  the  primitive  elements  contained  in  the  earth.     In  his  composi- 


FlG.  1.— THE  THREE  GRAND  DIVISIONS  OP  THE  PACE. 
1,  Chemical ;  2,  Architectural ;  3,  MathematicaL 


tion  will  be  found  oxygen,  nitrogen,  carbon,  hydrogen,  calcium, 
iron,  sodium,  chlorine,  sulphur,  phosphorus,  potassium,  and  a  small 
amount  of  other  minerals. 

In  the  face  of  man  will  be  found,  by  dividing  it  into  three 
grand  divisions,  the  signs  of  character  representing  the  three  basilar 
principles  underlying  all  matter,  as  well  as  man's  own  organism, 
viz.,  those  of  Chemistry,  Architecture,  and  Mathematics. 

If  one  examine  closely  a  grain  of  sand,  and  enters  into  an 
analysis  of  its  constituents,  he  finds  that  it  has,  first,  chemical 
properties, — a  portion  of  one  kind  of  element,  another  particle 
of  some  other  sort;    perhaps  several  other  elements  enter  into 


16  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

its  constitution.  These  various  elements  have  an  affinity  for 
each  other  and  harmonize  in  their  combination.  This  is  the 
power  which  binds  them  in  one  and  forms  them  into  a  chemical 
compound. 

Upon  further  examination  it  will  be  found  to  possess  a  definite 
form.  In  the  case  of  crystals  of  the  various  minerals  this  form  is 
always  defined  by  law.,  and  the  mineralogist  recognizes  each  object 
by  its  form.  This  natural  law  of  shaping  of  all  objects,  both  ani- 
mate and  inanimate,  is  an  illustration  of  architectural  law.  If  the 
crystals  be  reduced  to  their  elementary  particles  the  number  of 
their  constituents  is  discovered.  This  is  the  mathematical  law 
exemplified. 

All  creations,  from  a  grain  of  sand  up  to  the  planetary  bodies, 
have  their  chemical  properties.,  their  architectural  formation,  or 
shape,  and  the  number  of  particles  which  mathematical  law  re- 
quires for  their  completion. 

The  same  constituents  which  compose  planets,  which  form 
minerals  as  well  as  plant,  insect,  and  animal  life,  form  also  man's 
organism.  These  elementary  constituents  bring  with  them  into 
man's  body  their  basic  principles,  and  wherever  we  find  man  we 
can  but  observe  that  in  the  chemical  action  of  the  elements  com- 
posing his  body  and  surrounding  him, — that  in  his  form  and  pro- 
portions,  and  in  the  number  of  elements  entering  into  his  consti- 
tution,— the  same  laws  of  chemical  action,  of  architectural  forma- 
tion, and  of  mathematical  quantities  or  particles  which  govern  all 
other  departments  of  life  are  as  potential  in  fashioning  him  and  in 
determining  his  character. 

In  this  wonderful  microcosm,  as  exhibited  in  man's  face,  we 
find  illustrated  in  its  three  divisions  the  signs  of  character  which 
denote  man's  ability  to  be  either  chemical,  architectural,  or  mathe- 
matical, or,  in  .other  words,  exhibiting  vegetative,  constructive,  or 
reasoning  power.  We  shall  find,  upon  investigating  the  lower 
organisms,  whether  of  plant,  insect,  or  animal  life,  that  chemical 
action  is  the  primary  mode  of  organization,  next  that  the  formative, 
or  architectural,  follows  chemical  action,  and  the  perfection  or  com- 
pletion of  the  hfe  of  all  organisms  requires  the  full  and  complete 
number  of  particles  of  matter  which  compose  its  entirety,  thus  illus- 
trating the  mathematical  law  which  dominates  every  department 
of  organic  and  inorganic  life. 

In  the  mineral  world  we  find,  as  I  have  previously  stated, 
that  chemical  action  precedes  formation,  and  that  formation  pro- 
duces the  number  of  faces  or  sides  and  angles  which  each  species 
of  mineral  assumes,  and  mineralogists  are  able  to  classify  each 
mineral  by  its  architectural  or  geometrical  formation. 


MINERAL  FORMS.  17 

MINERAL  FORMS. 

The  first  and  most  primitive  formations  of  any  kind  whatso- 
ever are  found  in  the  crystals  of  minerals.  Here,  at  the  very  be- 
ginning of  inanimate  organization  on  the  globe,  the  Imc  of  Form 
discloses  its  supremacy.  This  law  is  dominated  by  the  law  of 
Number^  which  lies  at  the  base  of  all  things  in  existence,  and  from 
Number  Form  proceeds.  Although  minerals  are  inanimate,  they 
have  their  precise  laws  of  shaping  as  set  and  rigid  as  those  that 
form  the  plant,  the  animal,  or  man.  They  fall  into  shape  by  law 
and  design.  They  are  not  chaotic,  shapeless  masses  of  matter,  but 
in  their  interior,  microscopic,  molecular  construction,  as  well  as  in 
their  completed  outward  shape,  they  afford  us  fine  illustrations  of 
the  dominance  of  the  law  of  Form,  which  is  exhibited  in  a  much 
more  complex  manner  in  higher  organizations,  in  the  vegetable, 
animal,  and  human  kingdoms.  After  minerals  have  become 
solidified  by  passing  through  the  chemical  processes  of  heat,  incan- 
descence, vaporization,  or  by  condensation,  as  water  does  in  freez- 
ing, they  each  assume  a  definite  and  diverse  fixed  form,  each  one 
differing  from  every  other,  and  by  their  forms  alone  mineralogists 
are  able  to  say  to  which  class  each  belongs,  and  can  also  state  their 
properties  by  inspection  of  their  forms.  An  inherent  law  of  shap- 
ing causes  one  mineral  to  form  crystals  which  are  cubical  in  form, — 
salt,  for  example, — while  another  assumes  six-pointed  sides  or 
prisms,  as  exhibited  by  quartz. 

The  most  plentiful  mineral — water — becomes  solid  at  32°  F.,  and 
then  crystallizes  and  constitutes  snow  or  ice.  Flakes  of  snow  consist  of 
a  congeries  of  minute  crystals  and  stars,  and  may  be  detected  by  a  glass.* 

One  significant  fact  in  regard  to  snow-crystals  is  that,  although 
many  hundreds  of  different  shapes  have  been  observed  and  figured, 
they  all  with  singular  unanimity  show  that  the  laws  both  of  Form 
and  Number  preside  over  their  construction,  for  without  exception 
they  present  six  points  or  rays,  as  shown  in  Fig.  2,  E,  F,  G, 
regardless  of  the  peculiarities  of  their  formation.  Thus  it  is  shown 
that  the  number  six  is  the  underlying  law  which  controls  water 
when  it  assumes  a  solid  form. 

Of  the  identity  of  the  various  mineral  species,  Professor  Dana 
tells  us : — 

The  true  foundation  of  a  species  in  mineralogy  must  be  derived  from 
crystallization,  as  the  crystallizing  \9,  fundamental  in  its  nature  and  origin; 
and  it  is  now  generally  admitted  that  identity  of  crystalline  form  and 
structure  is  evidence  of  identity  of  species.^ 

•  Manual  of  Mineralogy,  J.  B.  Dana,  p.  78. 
t  Ibid.,  p.  74. 

2 


18  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

As  we  proceed  in  the  study  of  physiognomy  the  reader  will 
find  that  the  highest  expression  of  divine  architecture — the  human 
face — combines  and  illustrates  all  of  tlie  primary  elements  of  Form 
which  are  exhibited  in  the  structure  and  form  of  all  minerals. 
These  elements  are  the  point  (or  central  axis),  the  sphere,  the  Hne, 
the  angle,  the  square,  and  cube.  The  sphere  is  represented  by 
the  spherical  molecule,  which  it  is  now  known  that  the  mineral 
assumes  while  in  a  state  of  fusion  or  incandescence,  as  I  have  shown 
in  the  chapter  entitled  "  The  Basic  Principles  of  Form."  From 
these  few  primary  elements  of  Form  all  other  forms  are  derived  by 
multiplication  or  combination.  Of  the  constancy  of  crystalline 
forms  in  the  mineral  kingdom  Professor  Dana  observes:— 

Each  mineral  may  be  properly  said  to  have  as  much  a  distinct  shape  of 
its  own  as  each  plant  or  each  animal,  and  may  be  as  readily  distinguished 
by  tlie  cluiracters  presented  to  the  eye.  Crystals  are  therefore  the  perfect 
individuals  of  the  mineral  kingdom.  The  mineral  quartz  has  a  specific 
form  and  structure  as  much  as  a  dog  or  an  elm,  and  is  as  distinct  and 
unvarying  as  regards  essential  characters,  although,  owing  to  counteracting 
causes  during  formation,  these  forms  are  not  alwaj's  assumed.  In  whatever 
part  of  tlie  world  crystals  of  quartz  may  be  collected  they  are  fundament- 
ally identical.  Not  an  angle  will  be  found  to  differ  from  those  of  crystals 
obtained  in  any  part  of  this  country.  The  sides  of  the  faces  vary  and  also 
the  number  of  the  faces,  according  to  certain  simple  laws  hereafter  to  be 
explained,  but  the  corresponding  angles  of  inclination  are  essentially  the 
same,  wiiatever  the  variations  or  distortions. 

Other  minerals  have  a  like  constancy  in  their  crystals,  and  each  has 
some  peculiarity,  some  difference  of  angle,  or  some  difference  of  cleavage — 
structure — which  distinguishes  it  from  every  other  mineral.  In  many  cases, 
therefore,  we  have  only  to  measure  an  angle  to  determine  a  species.  Both 
quartz  and  carbonate  of  lime  crystallize  at  times  in  similar  six-sided  prisms, 
■with  terminal  pyramids,  but  the  likeness  here  ceases,  for  the  angles  of  the 
pyramids  are  quite  different  and  also  the  internal  structure.* 

Minerals,  like  plants,  animals,  and  human  beings,  possess 
many  other  properties  besides  form,  number,  and  chemical  con- 
stituents. These  are  primitive,  or  fundamental,  common  to  each 
kingdom  of  Nature.  The  mineral  possesses  other  properties,  among 
which  are  lustre,  color,  diaphaneity,  refraction,  taste,  odor,  mag- 
netism, electricity,  specific  gravity,  density,  luminosity,  and  phos- 
phorescence. It  is  thus  shown  that  although  minerals  are  not 
vital,  animate  objects,  they  yet  possess  many  characteristics  which 
are  observed  in  plant  and  animal  life  ;  it  is  from  these  fundamental 
sources  that  these  very  qualities  are  obtained,  for  the  higher  mani- 
festations of  life  derive  these  qualities  from  the  foods  grown  upon 
the  mineral  soil,  and  bring  up  into  the  plant,  animal,  and  human 
being  the  same  elements  of  form  and  color,  and  other  properties 
with  which  the  mineral  abounds.     All  the  primitive  mineral  ele- 

*  Manual  of  Mineralogy,  J.  B.  Dana,  p.  22. 


MNERAL   FORMS. 


19 


ments  and  primary  forms  of  the  mineral  are  found  in  the  human 
body  and  are  illustrated  and  revealed  in  his  face, — the  most  wonder- 
ful evidence  of  the  harmony  of  Nature's  laws  in  the  universe. 

Fig.  2,  shown  below,  discloses  the  supremacy  of  the  law  of 
form  in  several  of  the  best-known  minerals. 

In  tlie  shells  of  the  ocean  we  observe  that  the  same  laws  govern 
their  formation,  and  that  the  "  mollusk  forms  a  perfect  geometrical 
curve,  and  proportions  the  size  of  its  valves  to  the  distance  between 
them." 


Fig.  2.-MINERAL  FORMS. 

A,  B,  C,  common  salt:  D.  qnartz;  E,  F,  G,  snow;  H.  sulphnr;  I,  J,  gold  ;  K,  L,  diamond.  Common 
salt  crystalli'ies  in  cubical  forms,  as  shown  in  A,  B,  C.  Quartz,  D,  always  orystullizea  in  six-sided  pyramids. 
Snow  assumes  many  forms,  ^et  they  all  express  the  dominance  of  the  number  six,  as  exhibited  by  the  diagrams 
E,  F,  G.  Sulphur  appears  in  octahedral  lorms,  and  is  yellow  in  color,  as  in  H.  Gold,  I,  J,  has  several  forms 
and  is  of  a  yellowish  color  ;  its  crystals  are  cubical.  The  diamond,  K,  L,  is  a  crystallized  carbon,  and  is  found 
in  octahedrons,  dodecahedrons,  and  other  complex  forms.  After  cutting  it  appears  in  various  forms,  as  seen 
in  the  above  figure.    [Note.— These  illustrations  are  from  works  on  mineralogy  by  Prof.  J.  B.  Dana.] 


Mathematical  law  governs  in  the  vegetable  kingdom,  and 
regulates  by  number  the  petals,  sepals,  stamens,  pistils,  and  leaves 
upon  every  blossom  and  branch.  In  the  human  family  the  number 
of  bones,  muscles,  joints,  etc.,  proves  its  dominance,  and  wherever 
we  look  we  must  admit  that  these  three  great  laws  are  universal 
and  general.  It  is  thus  shown  that  man,  in  himself,  in  his  own 
person,  typifies  all  creation,  proving  that  he  is  the  very  essence, 
the  subtle,  refined  organization  or  force  evolved  from  all  forces, 
powers,  causes,  and  chemical  activities  in  the  universe,  and  that  the 
fouce  of  man  reveals  the  action  of  all  these  laws. 


20  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

A  correct  understanding  of  this  grand  organization  is  the 
first  science  in  the  world,  the  first  in  importance  to  each  one  of  us. 
It  has  its  laws,  which  are  exact  and  yet  complex  ;  but  where  is 
the  reader  skillful  enough  to  understand  them  1  As  Nature  is  per- 
fect in  her  works,  and  has  made  few  laws  so  mysterious  as  not  to 
be  comprehended,  is  it  not  natural,  then,  to  infer  that  man  is 
capable  of  understanding  his  own  organization  and  the  laws  which 
govern  it  1     He  may,  if  he  will  but  seek  the  truth  and  fear  not. 

As  the  dial  is  to  the  clock,  so  is  the  face  to  man ;  it  is  his 
exponent,  morally,  mentally,  and  physically ;  on  it  are  written  not 
only  his  mental  powers,  his  moral  strength  or  weakness,  but  also 
his  physical  capacities,  powers,  weaknesses,  predispositions  to 
health  and  disease,  and  there  is  no  one  of  ordinary  capacity  who 
cannot  perceive  these  signs  almost  at  a  glance.  The  importance 
of  this  knowledge  is  incalculable.  Inasmuch  as  we  all  have  to 
pass  our  days  in  intercourse  with  our  fellows,  it  is  of  the  greatest 
importance  not  only  that  we  should  understand  ourselves,  but  also 
that  we  should  be  able  to  comprehend  to  a  nicety  all  with  whom 
we  associate,  not  merely  for  our  protection  and  the  pleasure  we 
may  derive  from  it,  but  also  for  the  good  we  may  do.  Again,  this 
knowledge  will  teach  us  that  what  we  now  call  "  charity"  in  over- 
looking the  faults  and  weaknesses  of  others  is  but  simple  justice, 
for  it  is  not  just  to  expect  something  different  of  an  organization 
than  Nature  has  given  it  power  to  accomplish.  Therefore,  we  may 
spare  our  charity  and,  through  knowledge,  give  justice. 

The  three  grand  divisions  of  the  face — namely,  the  Chemical, 
the  Architectural,  and  the  Mathematical — ^have  also  their  sub- 
divisions. The  Chemical  includes  and  reveals  the  signs  for  the 
moral,  the  domestic,  and  the  supplyant  powers ;  the  Architectural, 
the  faculties  which  indicate  the  building,  artistic,  religious,  and 
literary  traits;  and  the  Mathematical  includes  the  reasoning  powers, 
which  are  the  chief  faculties  in  numerical  demonstration. 

Within  the  three  grand  divisions  of  the  face  we  find  the  facial 
indications  of  five  different  systems  of  functions  which  create  the 
different  forms  of  man,  and  which  are  always  found  in  combination, 
but  in  different  degrees  of  development  in  different  persons.  These 
are  named  the  Vegetative,  the  Thoracic,  the  Muscular,  the  Osseous, 
and  the  Brain  and  Nerve  systems.  Upon  the  different  degrees  of 
development  of  these  several  conformations  depends  man's  power 
for  being  mainly  either  chemical,  architectural,  or  mathematical 

The  organization,  which  is  mainly  chemical  in  its  operation 
and  effects,  is  known  by  a  predominance  of  the  vegetative  system, 
and  is  accompanied  most  largely  by  all  those  functions  which  serve 
to  supply  the  body  with  material,  and  for  the  protection  and  pro- 


MINERAL   FORMS.  21 

creation  of  the  race.  The  functions  included  in  this  division  of 
the  organism  are  those  of  digestion,  reproduction,  respiration 
(through  the  mouth),  secretion,  excretion,  and  growth.  These 
functions  are  productive  of  the  following  faculties :  Conscientious- 
ness, Firmness,  Benevolence,  Amativeness,  Love  of  Children, 
Mirthfulness,  Approbativeness,  Modesty,  Self-esteem,  Friendship, 
Digestion,  Bibativeness,  Sanativeness,  Hospitality,  Pneumativeness, 
Color,  Economy,  Love  of  Home,  and  Patriotism.  These  include 
in  tlieir  action  all  the  laws  common  to  vegetable  life,  and  the  de- 
velopment of  all  these  traits  proceeds  mainly  from  chemical  action, 
as,  for  instance,  the  sustentation  of  the  body  and  the  procreation 
of  the  race.     These  operations  are  almost  entirely  chemical. 

The  architectural  division  is  shown  by  a  predominance  of  the 
muscular,  thoracic,  and  osseous  systems,  which  embrace  within 
their  own  action  almost  all  of  the  principles  of  mechanical  forces^ 
such  as  the  different  lever  powers,  different  principles  of  valves, 
and  the  representation  of  a  pulley  (in  the  action  of  the  superior 
oblique  muscle  in  rotating  the  eye) ;  also  other  mechanical  powers 
which  will  be  mentioned  hereafter.  The  traits  indicated  in  this 
division  are :  Force,  Resistance,  Secretiveness,  Hope,  Cautiousness, 
Analysis,  Imitation,  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Human  Nature,  Construct- 
iveness,  Acquisitiveness,  Veneration,  Executiveness,  Self-will,  Cre- 
denciveness.  Prescience,  Observation,  Memory  of  Events,  Form, 
Size,  Weight,  Order,  Calculation,  Locality,  Music,  Time,  Language. 
You  will  observe  by  these  names  that  the  artistic  and  religious 
faculties  are  included  in  this  as  subdivisions. 

The  mathematical  division  of  the  face  has  its  work  performed 
mainly  by  the  brain  and  nerve  system.  The  faculties  shown  in  this 
division  are  named  Time,  Order,  Causality,  Comparison,  Intuition. 
The  several  systems  of  the  body  and  faculties  of  the  mind  act  and 
react  upon  each  other  and  sustain  inter-relations  to  each  other,  but 
each  division  is  mainly  sustained  by  the  action  of  the  system  to 
which  the  several  different  parts  of  the  face  indicate  it  as  belonging. 

As  I  have  before  stated,  the  principles  of  physiognomy  are 
founded  on  the  same  general  laws  which  underlie  all  matter,  but 
they  have  for  their  demonstration  special  laws.  When  we  reflect 
that  brain-matter  in  the  form  of  nerves  and  nervous  ganglia,  as 
well  as  the  muscles,  are  instrumental  in  producing  mental  mani- 
festations, we  must  at  once  conclude  that  the  rather  contracted 
views  and  theories  of  the  ancient  metaphysicians  and  modem 
phrenologists  must  give  way  to  more  extended  and  well-demon- 
strated/ac^5.  The  entire  surface  of  the  body,  being  covered  with 
a  cuticle  upon  which  a  fine  net-work  of  nerves  ramifies,  gives  us  a 
very  extensive  sense-organ,  and  makes  us  cognizant  of  temperature, 


22  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

tactile  sensations,  and  pressure,  and  by  the  aid  of  these  several 
sensations  very  many  mental  impressions  are  conveyed. 

The  theory  of  mind  which  is  set  forth  in  this  system  of  physi- 
ognomy is  more  comprehensive  than  any  which  has  been  given 
hitherto.  Many  advanced  and  eminent  scientists  and  physicians  to 
the  insane  have  recently  become  imbued  with  the  idea  that  the 
brain  is  not  the  sole  and  exchmve  mental  organ,  but  that  the 
muscles  and  the  nervous  ganglia  and  plexuses  of  human  and  ani- 
mal organisms  mn?/  be  of  a  mental  character  and  exhibit  or  assist 
in  illustrating  mental  manifestations.  Not  only  is  the  idea  held 
that  the  nerves  and  muscles  are  contributive  to  mental  power  and 
expression,  but  it  is  found  that  the  several  organ-systems  within  the 
body,  as,  for  example,  the  heart,  the  liver,  the  lungs,  the  glands,  and 
kidneys,  also  promote  and  are  the  direct  cause  of  what  has  hitherto 
been  held  to  be  produced  by  brain-power  exclusively.  This  sup- 
position arises  probably  from  the  fact  that  all  of  these  organs  have 
representation  in  the  brain  through  their  connection  with  the  great 
sympathetic  chain  of  nerves  and  ganglia,  entitled  the  nervus  vagus. 
Among  those  who  advocate  this  theory  as  probable  I  may  mention 
George  Henry  Lewes,  Dr.  Henry  Maudsley,  Dr.  Alexander  Bain, 
and  Dr.  J.  Lauder  Lindsay, — men  whose  opinions  are  received 
with  credence  and  respect. 

Those  who  have  passed  years  in  the  study  and  investigation 
of  any  branch  of  science  are  presumed  to  be  more  learned  on  the 
subject  of  their  pursuit  than  those  who  have  given  it  little  atten- 
tion, and  I  hold  that  the  opinions  of  the  former  are  entitled  to  the 
credence  and  respect  of  the  latter.  Believing  this  most  fully,  I 
append  the  following  extract  from  the  work  of  Dr.  Alexander  Bain, 
who,  in  his  celebrated  volume  entitled  "  Mind  and  Body,"  remarks 
as  follows: — 

Yet  although  the  brain  is  by  pre-eminence  the  mental  organ,  other 
organs  co-operate;  more  especially  the  senses,  the  muscles,  and  the  great 
viscera.  So  far  as  concerns  the  entire  compass  of  our  feelings  or  emotions 
it  is  the  univei'sal  testimony  of  mankind  that  these  have  no  independent 
spiritual  subsistence,  but  are  in  every  case  embodied  in  our  fleshly  form. 
This  very  strong  and  patent  fact  has  been  kept  out  of  view  in  tlie  multi- 
farious discussions  respecting  the  immaterial  soul.  Apparent  as  it  is  to  the 
vulgar,  and  intently  studied  as  it  has  been  by  the  sculptor,  the  painter,  and 
the  poet,  it  has  been  disregarded  both  by  metaphysicians  and  by  theologians 
when  engaged  in  settling  the  boundaries  of  mind  and  body.* 

On  this  same  point  Dr.  Henry  Maudsley  observes : — 

We  cannot  limit  a  study  of  mind  even  by  a  full  knowledge  of  the 
functions  of  the  nervous  and  muscular  SN'stems ;  the  organic  system  has 
most  certainly  an  essential  part  in  the  constitution  and  functions  of  mind.f 

»  Minrt  anrt  Bodv,  Alexander  Bain.  LTj.D.  (Humboldt  Library),  pp.  2  and  3. 
t  Body  and  Mind,  Henry  Maudsley,  M.D.,  p.  34. 


MINERAL   FORMS.  23 

Elsewhere  he  remarks : — 

The  internal  organs  are  plainly  not  the  agents  of  their  special  functions 
only,  but  by  reason  of  the  intimate  consent  or  sympathy  of  functions  they 
are  essential  constituents  of  our  mental  life.* 

In  corroboration  of  the  views  of  the  highly  respected  gentle- 
men above  quoted,  I  add  the  following  from  the  pen  of  George 
Henry  Lewes,  who  observes: — 

I  do  not  agree  in  the  opinion  respecting  the  brain  as  the  organ  of  the 
mind;  one  of  the  principal  conclusions  to  which  fact  and  argument  will 
direct  us  in  these  pages  will  be  tliat  the  brain  is  on!}'  one  organ  of  the  mind, 
and  not  by  any  means  the  exclusive  centre  of  consciousness.  It  will  be 
understood  by  the  word  Mind  we  do  not  designate  the  intellectual  opera- 
tions only.  But  the  word  Mind  has  a  broader  and  deeper  signification  ;  it 
includes  all  sensation,  all  volition,  and  all  thought.  It  means  the  whole 
psychical  life,  and  this  psychical  life  has  no  one  special  centre  any  more 
than  the  physical  life  has  one  special  centre ;  it  belongs  to  the  whole  and 
animates  the  whole.  The  brain  is  a  part  of  this  whole,  a  noble  part,  and  its 
functions  are  noble,  but  it  is  only  the  organ  of  special  mental  functions.  It 
is  not  the  exclusive  sensorium,  and  its  absence  does  not  imply  the  absence 
of  all  consciousness.  It  cannot,  therefore,  be  considered  as  the  organ,  but 
only  as  one  organ  of  the  mind.f 

The  following  from  the  work  of  Dr.  J.  Lauder  Lindsay,  en- 
titled "Mind  in  the  Lower  Animals,"  will  not  be  without  interest, 
and  is  entitled  to  our  respect  in  consideration  of  the  source  whence 
it  emanates.  Dr.  Lindsay  has  been  for  many  years  at  the  head  of 
an  institution  for  the  insane  in  Scotland,  and  is  also  a  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  England.  His  investigations  of  diseased 
mental  peculiarities  of  the  insane  have  opened  the  way  to  an  un- 
derstanding of  the  locale  of  the  mind,  and  he  states  his  belief  of 
its  location  and  action  thus.     He  remarks : — 

The  student  of  comparative  psychology  cannot  too  soon  divest  himself 
of  the  erroneous  popular  idea  that  brain  and  mind  are  in  a  sense  synony- 
mous ;  that  the  brain  is  the  sole  organ  of  the  mind ;  that  mind  cannot  exist 
without  brain ;  or  that  there  is  any  necessary  relation  between  the  size, 
form,  and  weight  of  the  brain  and  the  degree  of  mental  development. 
Even  in  man  there  is  no  necessary  relation  between  the  size,  form,  and 
weight  of  the  brain  and  the  degree  of  mental  development,  while  the  phe- 
nomena of  disease  in  him  show  to  what  extent  lesions  of  cerebral  substance 
occur  without  affecting  the  mental  life.  Physiologists  are  gradually  adopt- 
ing or  forming  a  more  and  more  comprehensive  conception  of  mind,  and 
are  coming  to  regard  it  as  a  function  or  attribute  not  of  an3^  particular 
organ  or  part  of  the  bod}',  but  of  the  body  as  a  whole. 

Long  ago  the  illustrious  Milton,  discoursing  of  mind  and  its  seat, 
properh'  described  the  human  mind  as  an  attribute  of  man's  body  as  a 
whole.  In  various  forms  and  words  this  view  has  been  expressed  in  recent 
times  by  Muller,  Lewes,  Laycock,  Bashman,  Bastian,  Maudsley,  Carpenter, 

*  Ibid.,  p.  38. 

t  Physiology  of  Common  life,  G.  H.  Lewes,  Part  II,  p.  8. 


24  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and  others.  According  to  these  authors,  "  the  seat  of  mind  is  throughout 
the  body  "  (Muller) ;  "  mind  pervades  the  body  "  (Laycock  and  Bashman) ; 
"mind  comprehends  the  bodily  life"  (Maudsley);  "psychical  life  has  no 
one  especial  centre"  (Lewes);  "the  whole  nervous  system  is  the  seat  or 
organ  of  the  mind,  the  brain  Ijeing  only  its  chief  seat  or  organ  "  (Bastian). 
The  brain,  then,  is  onh^  one  organ  of  mind, — the  organ,  it  may  be  said,  only 
of  special  mental  functions.  Tiie  old  doctrine  or  assumption  of  the  phre- 
nologists, as  represented  by  Gull  and  Combe, — the  doctrine  in  which  they 
have  so  greatly  prided  themselves  and  foolishly  continue  to  do  so, — that, 
namely,  which  regards  the  brain  as  the  sole  organ  of  the  mind,  must  un- 
questionabl}'  be  given  up.  We  must  henceforth  regard  the  true  site,  seat, 
or  organ  of  the  mind  as  the  whole  body,  and  this  is  the  only  sound  basis  on 
which  the  comparative  psychologist  can  begin  his  studies.  There  would  be 
the  less  difficult}'  in  accepting  such  a  basis  were  it  only  borne  in  view  that 
the  muscular  as  well  as  the  nervous  system,  that  muscular  action  has  an 
intimate  relation  to  mental  phenomena, — to  ideas  as  well  as  feelings.  ^'■Mus- 
cular action  is  essential  in  certain,  if  not  in  all,  mental  processes, — e.g.,  in 
feeling  or  emotion,  outward  muscular  expression  {i.e.,  facial),  and  inward 
ideas  and  feelings  are  inseparately  correlated  "  (Maudsley).* 

There  are  many  more  of  our  leading  physicians,  anatomists, 
and  naturahsts  of  every  nationality  who  believe  and  demonstrate 
the  theory  of  the  2:>kysical  basis  of  mind.,  but  enough  evidence 
from  the  writings  of  the  most  eminent  has  been  adduced  to  assist 
the  reader  in  gaining  a  knowledge  of  the  course  I  propose  to  take 
in  this  work.  Further  evidence  will  be  presented  as  the  reader 
advances. 

It  has  been  reserved  for  me  to  extend  their  theories  and  ob- 
servations to  a  finality,  and  to  show  that  mental  faculties  are  directly 
related  to  and  sustained  by  the  action  of  physical  functions,  and 
also  to  prove  by  the  face  the  direct  connection  of  physical  functions 
with  mental  faculties.  The  diffusive  locale  of  the  mind  will  be- 
come more  and  more  apparent  as  the  rationale  develops,  and  I 
believe  that  the  proofs  will  not  be  wanting  to  substantiate  my 
position. 

I  maintain  that  nearly  all  errors  in  regard  to  man — his  hfe,  his 
surroundings,  his  relations  to  them  and  their  relations  to  him,  his 
religion,  his  sense  of  right,  his  misconceptions  of  beauty,  his  ex- 
ceedingly scant  knowledge  of  governmental  principles — proceed 
directly  from  utter  ignorance  of  himself;  and,  while  he  has  a 
knowledge  of  the  planets,  stars,  winds,  rocks,  beasts,  birds,  snakes, 
and  animalculae,  he  does  not  know  the  laws  wliich  govern  his  o\vn 
body.  He  understands  not  one  single  sign  of  character  as  indi- 
cated by  the  face  ;  he  knows  not  the  meaning  of  different  voices ; 
the  walk  of  man  conveys  to  him  no  meaning ;  the  color  of  the  eyes 
and  hair  declare  nothing  to  his  sense  of  sight.     He  is  like  a  mole 

*  Mind  in  the  Lower  Animals,  J.  Lauder  Lindsay,  M.D.,  Part  II,  pp.  3, 4. 


MINERAL   FORMS.  25 

groping  in  daylight.  He  plans  and  executes  grand  enterprises ; 
he  spans  continents ;  he  examines  the  character  of  the  uttermost 
stars ;  calculates  eclipses ;  traces  tlie  paths  of  comets  to  remote 
ages ;  understands  to  a  nicety  the  great  world  and  the  little  world 
as  shown  by  the  telescope  and  the  microscope,  and  yet  cannot 
sound  the  depths  of  his  child's  character,  which  appear  to  him 
unfathomable.  Why  is  this  1  Is  it  because  the  science  of  man  is 
more  abstruse  and  occult  than  all  others  1  Because  it  belongs  to 
the  unknowable  1  Not  so.  It  is  because  he  has  not  thought  of 
these  things,  and  because  he  has  not  been  taught  them  as  he  has 
the  other  sciences.  I  regard  it  as  the  most  simple  of  all  sciences, 
the  most  easily  demonstrated,  the  most  essential  to  human  happi- 
ness and  welfare. 

And  until  the  science  of  physiognomy  is  commonly  under- 
stood, government,  as  a  science,  cannot  go  forward.  Legislating 
for  beings  of  the  laws  of  whose  existence  one  is  in  utter  ignorance 
is  an  absurdity  and  will  fail.  Not  until  the  masses  can  put  them- 
selves in  harmonious  relations  to  their  environment  can  government 
go  forward,  and  this  can  result  only  from  a  complete  knowledge 
of  man,  his  capacities,  his  needs,  and  his  possibilities.  This  knowl- 
edge proceeds  only  from  a  scientific  study  of  himself  When  man 
becomes  convinced  that  his  face  registers  his  life,  and  that  "  he 
who  runs  may  read  "  what  he  has  been  about,  and  that  he  cannot 
hide  his  inner  self  from  the  gaze  of  the  world,  he  will  endeavor  to 
make  his  life  so  good  and  so  noble  that  he  will  not  be  ashamed  of 
the  most  rigid  scrutiny,  because  it  is  only  in  thus  doing  that  he 
will  be  enabled  to  have  either  a  Character  or  a  reputation.  "  Ex- 
perience daily  declares  that  certain  irregular  and  vicious  propensi- 
ties impress  very  sensible  traces  on  the  countenance.  The  surest 
method,  then,  to  embellish  our  physiognomy  is  to  adorn  the 
mind." 

Physiognomy  as  a  science,  with  rules  and  established  prin- 
ciples so  plainly  set  forth  as  to  be  comprehended  by  the  masses, 
had  never  been  given  to  the  world  until  my  recent  publication. 
Lavater  possessed  the  power  of  reading  the  human  face  intuitively, 
but  he  has  left  among  his  writings  no  rules  nor  principles  by  which 
students  can  learn  this  science.  The  best  book  and  school  for 
students  is  Nature.  StiQ,  a  keen  observer  may  record  such  dis- 
coveries in  this  field  as  to  be  a  benefit  to  coming  generations.  This 
science  is  gigantic  in  its  proportions,  and  when  we  reflect  that 
there  are  in  the  world  no  two  organizations  with  exactly  the  same 
combinations  of  traits  we  see  that  the  field  is  wide,  with  room  for 
many  observers.  I  leave  the  case  in  the  hands  of  the  scientific, 
the  logical,  the  unprejudiced  reader.     My  motives  are  based  on  a 


26  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

love  of  humanity,  nature,  and  truth,  and  will  enable  me  to  reject 
any  idea,  however  much  I  may  respect  it,  if  it  be  found-  untrue  and 
unscientific. 

All  true  lovers  of  humanity  must  surely  take  as  great  interest 
in  promoting  the  right  generation  of  the  race  as  in  regenerating 
the  defectively  organized.  A  scientific  knowledge  of  the  face  of 
man  is  the  first  step  toward  this  great  work ;  the  next  is  the  union 
of  suitably  adapted  men  and  women  for  parentage, — those  who,  by 
the  union  of  their  traits  and  physiological  powers,  would  produce  a 
higher  type  of  children  than  they  could  were  they  unsuitably  united. 
In  order  to  bring  about  this  much-to-be-desired  result  a  certain 
degree  of  positive  knowledge  of  tlie  human  face  and  body  is  essen- 
tial. This  course  demands  that  some  factors  other  than"bnnd 
love  "  be  brought  into  the  marriage  relation  to  sanctify  it.  In  this 
sacred  relation  there  should  be  no  "blindness."  Cupid  should  be 
all  eyes.  This  course,  then,  presupposes  a  recourse  to  observation 
and  reason,  to  love  of  purity,  noble  traits,  and  righteousness, — ^in 
short,  to  scientific  religion. 

The  motive  which  attracts  the  majority  of  men  and  women  to 
matrimony  could  be  shown  to  be  nothing  higher  than  animal  mag- 
netism or  instinct,  if  the  truth  were  told.  Probably  most  people 
never  pause  to  analyze  their  feelings  on  this  subject.  It  is  upon 
this  self-same  plane  that  animals  mate.  Should  not  lovers  of  hu- 
manity and  of  religion  act  from  higher  motives  than  those  which 
move  the  lowly  beasts  of  the  field  %  The  object  of  this  book  is  to 
afford  the  assistance  necessary  toward  the  right  generation  of  man- 
kind and  the  creation  of  the  highest  types  of  human  beings  possible 
under  our  present  limitations.  Its  laws  and  principles,  being 
founded  on  Nature,  will  teach  how  to  distinguish  the  false  from  the 
real,  for  the  "  laws  of  Nature  are  the  thoughts  of  God,"  and  science, 
being  an  exposition  of  the  laws  of  Nature,  deals  with  realities  and 
demonstrable  theories. 


CHAPTER  II. 

The  Basic  Principles  of  Form. 

"The  philosophy  of  expression  is  based  on  the  science  of  human  nature.  The 
science  of  human  nature  involves  a  knowledge  of  universal  and  eternal  nature. 
The  microcosmos  is  an  epitome  of  the  cosmos.  Man  when  thoroughly  compre- 
hended is  a  key  to  eternal  nature,  but  again  he  who  fails  to  comprehend  nature  fails 
to  comprehend  himself." — J.  Buck,  M.D. 

"The  human  frame,  unlike  that  of  the  animal,  is  co-ordinate  with  the  whole 
eternal  universe.  It  is  an  organization  correlated  and  responsive  to  the  entire  series 
of  the  natural  creation.  The  brain  is  a  form  of  the  elemental  kingdom,  the  lungs  of 
the  atmospheric  world,  and  the  abdomen  of  the  terraqueous  globe." — Swedenborg. 

THE  basis  of  all  form  is  motion.  The  basis  of  time  is  also 
motion.  The  basis  primarily  of  form,  motion,  and  time 
is  numerical,  or  mathematical.  These  profound  truths 
were  wrought  out  by  the  Greek  philosophers;  for  it  was 
Plato  who  exclaimed  :  "  God  perpetually  geometrizes." 
All  motions,  forms,  distances,  spaces,  and  chemical  products  are 
resolvable  into  numbers.  The  chemical  constitution  even  of  all 
matter  is  a  question  of  atomic  proportions  or  quantitative  particles, 
and  primordial  chemical  atoms  must  present  specific  forms,  or 
possess  weight.,  and  are  posited  in  space,  and  subject  to  the  laws 
of  time  or  duration.  These  chemical  atoms  or  gaseous  quantities 
as  they  rise  into  form  (as  in  the  motion  and  shape  of  the  planets) 
become  more  and  more  the  subjects  of  mathematical  laws,  as  they 
become  more  and  more  complex  in  their  structure  and  movements. 
The  laws  of  all  structures  whatsoever  are  deducible  from  this 
single  science,  mathematics.  In  the  first  condition  of  atoms,  the 
number  of  particles  of  which  they  are  composed,  or  their  weight 
(as  in  gases)  is  their  prime  factor.  The  next  ruling  principle  is 
the  form  which  they  eventually  assume.  This  is  geometrical  and 
numerical  as  well,  for  all  lines  running  in  any  direction  create 
shapes;  more  particularly  is  this  the  case  when  concreted  with 
substance,  as  in  the  form  of  planets  or  of  vegetable  or  animal  cells 
or  structures. 

Another  property  of  an  atom,  a  planet,  a  mineral,  a  plant,  or 
an  animal  cell,  is  its  chemical  or  real  character-condition.  Which 
comes  first  *?  The  chemical  quality  of  the  atom,  the  numerical 
quality,  or  the  form  which  is  necessarily  a  part  of  these  objects  *? 
It  must  be  supposed  that  the  elementary  or  primordial  nebula  is 

(27) 


28  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

homogeneous,  without  "form  or  void."  Yet  the  principle  of 
number  presides  over  this  state  of  being,  for  nebulous  matter  must 
possess  weight,  and  this  is  the  fundamental  basis  of  all  shapeless 
substances,  ethers,  and  gases,  as  well  as  of  objective  forms ;  hence 
chemical  character  and  the  principle  of  number  or  of  weight  are 
co-existent  in  primordial  matter,  and  thus  represent  the  positive 
and  the  negative  principles, — the  father  and  mother, — substance 
and  number,  or  the  parental  and  conjugal  condition  of  the  first 
beginnings  of  planetary  life.  Stated  in  other  words,  there  must 
be  something  to  weigh  or  measure  before  it  can  be  measured  or 
weighed,  and  this  something  must  have  a  qualitative  basis,  and 
this  again  is  reducible  to  mathematical  condition  by  its  specific 
gravity  or  weight ;  thus  substance  and  number  are  a  unity  and 
convertible  terms.  They  become  a  trinity  when  a  form  is  assumed ; 
thus  we  have  the  basis  of  the  universal  trinity^  three  in  one,  and 
this  trinity  is  well  illustrated  in  the  three  grand  divisions  of  the 
human  face. 

View  the  question  as  we  may,  we  are  led  by  the  irresistible 
force  of  truth  and  logic  to  the  conclusion  that  number  or  mathe- 
matics lies  back  of  all  these  phenomena ;  also,  that  number  and 
form  are  indissolubly  united,  and  that  in  the  structure  of  every- 
thing in  Nature  the  chemical  property  is  equally  essential.  It  is 
thus  we  find  that  7iumhei\  form^  and  quality  are  at  once  the  unity 
and  the  trinity  which  preside  over  the  initiation  of  being,  either 
animate  or  inanimate.  In  other  words,  chemistry,  architecture, 
and  mathematics  rule  everywhere.  These  three  ruling  princi- 
ples are  dominant  in  every  minute  microscopic  cell  of  animal 
and  vegetable  life,  and  their  action  can  be  analyzed  and  verified. 
The  same  principles  govern  man's  entire  organism,  and  their  action 
can  be  discovered  and  demonstrated  in  his  face, — the  highest 
specimen  of  divine  architecture  in  the  universe. 

The  form  of  the  ultimate  mineral  atom,  or  the  smallest  par- 
ticle conceivable  by  the  human  mind,  has  been  demonstrated  by 
the  most  eminent  physicists  to  be  spherical.  Silliman,  in  his 
"  First  Principles  of  Philosophy,"  page  6,  tells  us  that  "  the  second 
theory  brought  forward  by  Wollaston,  in  1824,  but  more  fully  de- 
veloped by  Ampere,  supposes  each  ultimate  atom  to  be  a  sphere, 
possessed  of  certain  forces  of  polarity,  which  tend  to  produce  the 
various  forms  which  crystallized  bodies  assume."  The  verification 
of  this  theory  has  been  made  and  still  further  elaborated  by  the  re- 
searches of  a  French  chemist,  as  mentioned  by  Comte;  he  says: — 

A  French  chemist,  M.  Brand,  has  quite  recently  made  a  wonderful  dis- 
covery, which,  if  it  be  established,  shows  that  previous  to  crystallization 
certain  bodies  assume  an  embryonic  cellular  condition,  the  outgrowth  and 


THE   BASIC   PRINCIPLES   OF  FORM.  29 

consequence  of  which  is  a  crystal;  and  what  is  still  more  remarkable  in  this 
cellular  embryo,  not  only  has  the  microscopic  cell  an  enveloping  membrane, 
inclosing  within  it  a  soft,  semi-transparent  matter  containing  vapor,  which 
when  condensed  forms  a  cr^'stal,  thus  furnishing  a  "  cell-membrane  "  and 
"  cell-contents,"  but  these  cells  assume  an  arrangement  analogous  to  that  of 
the  organic  tissues.* 

In  observing  the  external  forms  of  the  various  mineral  crj^s- 
tals,  we  find  that  they  have  assumed  various  angular  shapes,  such 
as  hexagonal,  rhomboidal,  cubic  or  tetragonal.  Now,  these  forms 
are  built  upon  a  number  of  spherical  cells,  which  shapes  have  been 
assumed  by  the  minute  molecules  of  mineral  matter  while  in  a 
state  of  incandescence  or  while  gaseous.  On  this  point,  Professor 
SiUiman  observes: — 

The  form  of  the  ultimate  crystalline  molecules  is  supposed  to  be 
spherical  for  the  cube  and  other  mesometric  forms,  spheroidal  for  the 
square  prism,  and  ellipsoidal  for  forms  of  the  last  four  systems.  The 
ellipsoid  is  either  that  of  revolution,  that  is,  a  form  produced  by  the  revo- 
lution of  an  ellipse  upon  one  of  its  axes,  or  it  is  a  flattened  ellipsoid."!" 

The  further  elucidation  of  primitive  or  Nature  forms  is  thus 
stated.     He  observes : — 

The  raindrop  falling  from  the  cloud,  the  mottled  lead  from  the  tower, 
each  assumes  the  form  of  spheres  before  reaching  the  ground.  The  celestial 
bodies,  it  will  be  remembered,  also  approach  this  form.J 

The  evidence  here  presented  by  Professor  SiUiman  of  the 
uniformity  of  the  spherical  form  in  elementary  mineral  molecules 
might  be  added  to  indefinitely  from  the  writings  of  other  physicists, 
but  sufficient  is  here  noted  to  prove  that  the  universal  law  of 
primitive  forms  is  expressed  by  spheroidal  shapes.  Now,  this 
evidence  is  not  as  accessible  to  the  general  observer  as  is  the  action 
of  the  same  law  in  primitive  vegetable  and  animal  cells,  and  these, 
as  all  know,  are  of  the  same  form,  or  modifications  of  it,  caused  by 
pressure  or  other  external  circumstances.  Not  only  do  the  germs 
of  all  life  assume  this  form,  but  the  perfected  or  matured  shape  of 
all  things  in  Nature ;  such,  for  example,  as  the  planets,  the  shape  of 
the  trunks  of  trees,  of  men  and  of  animals  and  of  their  several  parts, 
also  present  this  form  or  some  one  of  its  numerous  modifications. 
When  the  earth  took  on  its  rotatory  motion,  its  vibrations  caused 
it  to  assume  a  spherical  shape,  and  this  shape  became  the  type  of 
aU.  forms.     This  form,  then,  prefigured  the  ruling  or  type-form  of 

•  Comte's  Philosophy  of  the  Sciences,  G.  H.  Lewes,  p.  161. 
t  Silliman's  First  Principles  of  Philosophy,  p.  51. 
t  Ibid.,  p.  27. 


30  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

everything  to  come.  Its  motion,  also,  set  up  a  mechanical  law  of 
shaping.  So  the  molecule,  the  primitive  cell  of  all  organic  life, 
and  the  perfected  vegetable,  animal,  and  man,  are  of  necessity 
rounding,  ovoid,  or  spherical,  like  their  prototypes,  the  atom  and 
the  earth.  It  is  true  that  the  square-built  man  presents  an 
angular  outline  as  compared  with  the  form  of  the  vegetative  infant; 
y^t  the  primitive  law  of  shaping  in  the  direction  of  the  spherical  is 
dominated  by  his  squared  or  perfected  outline;  the  manner  of  the 
conversion  of  the  ovoid  to  the  square  form  will  be  explained  later. 
The  underlying  principle  of  form,  or  the  force  which  is  the  cause  of 
all  formative  effort,  comes  along  up  the  line  of  progressive  growth, 
bringing  with  it  this  dominant  law,  as  well  as  all  other  laws  and 
principles,  just  as  the  chemical  elements  of  lower  organizations  are 
brought  up  into  the  human  organization,  from  the  mineral  to  the 
vegetable,  and  from  the  vegetable  up  through  the  animal  to  man. 
The  vegetable  and  animal  derive  their  support  from  the  mineral, 
and  man  is  a  compound  of  all. 

Here,  then,  we  have  the  most  primitive,  elemental,  or  Nature 
form,  as  the  arclietype  or  basic  plan  of  all  form  whatsoever.  This 
form  could  only  be  created  by  motion  and  developed  by  time. 
The  rotatory  motion  of  our  planet  undoubtedly  influences  both  the 
form  and  motion  of  all  natural  objects  upon  it,  as  well  as  all  of 
the  processes  of  Nature,  such  as  the  circulation  of  the  sap  in  the 
cells  of  vegetation  and  in  the  corpuscles  of  blood ;  in  short,  rota- 
tory motion  is  the  origin  of  form,  both  animate  and  inanimate ; 
thus,  "  when  a  crystal  is  broken  there  is  a  tendency  to  repair  it ; 
it  continues  to  increase  in  every  direction,  but  the  growth  is  most 
active  upon  the  fractured  surface,  so  that  the  proper  outline  of  the 
figure  is  restored  in  a  few  hours."*  This  healing  process  takes  place 
through  the  laws  of  polarity ;  as  its  result  shows,  it  is  a  movement 
of  forces  along  its  line  of  formation.  The  reparative  and  creative 
forces  in  vegetable  and  animal  cells  are  regulated  by  rotatory  motions 
of  the  liquid  of  which  they  are  composed.  Building  proceeds  from 
a  central  nucleus  outward  in  all  directions  equally,  producing  a 
globular  or  spherical  form.  The  nucleus  of  the  cell  answering  to 
the  axis  of  tlie  crystal  and  the  electric  and  magnetic  forces  at  work 
in  building  up  both  the  cell  and  the  crystal  are  doubtless  identical, 
a^  they  operate  in  the  same  manner  and  their  results  are  shown  by 
orderly  arrangements  of  forms,  which  reveal  a  wonderful  symmetry 
in  the  plan  of  Nature.  The  central  axis  of  the  mineral  molecule, 
where  the  creative  forces  cross  each  other  to  form  the  angular 
external  shape,  is  doubtless  the  most  elementary  illustration  of 
the  law  of  the  angle  translated  into  form,  and  is  the  least  element 

*  Yooman's  New  Chemistry,  p.  56.    New  York, 


UNIVERSITY 


THE   BASIC   PRINCIPLES  OF  FORM.  31 

of  the  square  and  cube  which  is  cognizable  to  our  senses,  although 
abstractly  we  can  think  of  it  in  a  yet  more  primitive  state.  The 
lines  of  force  cross  each  other  here ;  hence  its  force  is  central^  just 
as  with  the  forces  which  set  up  development  in  the  vegetable  and 
animal  cell,  and  which  finally  are  the  forces  which  are  situated 
centrally  in  man's  organism,  and  there  continue  the  processes  of 
growth  and  development  outwardly  in  all  directions  to  eveiy  part 
of  his  body.  The  law  of  motion  as  related  to  organic  Hfe  is  thus 
described  by  Spencer.     He  observes: — 

Development  of  life  is  primarily  central.  All  organic  forms  of  which 
the  entire  history  is  known  set  out  with  a  symmetrical  arrangement  of  parts 
around  a  centre.  In  organisms  of  the  lowest  grade  no  other  mode  of 
arrangement  is  ever  definitely  established,  and  in  the  highest  organisms 
central  development,  though  subordinate  to  another  mode  of  development, 
continues  to  be  habitually  shown  in  the  changes  of  minute  structure. 
Leaving  out  the  rhizopods,  which  are  wholly  structureless,  every  plant  and 
animal  in  its  earliest  stages  consists  of  a  spherical  sac  full  of  liquid  con- 
taining organic  matter  in  which  is  contained  a  nucleated  cell,  more  or  less 
distinct  from  the  rest ;  and  the  changes  that  occur  in  the  germ  thus  con- 
stituted are  changes  that  take  place  around  centres  produced  by  division  of 
the  original  centre.* 

The  nucleus^  or  germinating  spot,  and  the  axis  of  the  molecule 
are  similar  in  action,  and  the  point  is  the  form-analogue  of  both  as 
well  as  the  form-analogue  of  the  sphere  and  of  motion ;  for  motion 
is  produced  primarily  by  rotating  spheres  and  continued  by  the 
laws  of  centrifugal  and  centripetal  motion,  in  the  planet  and  in  the 
organic  cell.  No  other  form  but  a  globular  one  could  create 
motion ;  hence  it  creates  rounding  forms.  The  addition  of  axial 
or  l(yngitudinal  law  of  motion  to  the  spherical  shows  up  in  pro- 
gressive evolution  very  early  in  development.  Of  this  more  com- 
plex mode,  Mr.  Spencer  says: — 

From  central  development,  we  pass  insensibly  to  that  higher  kind  of 
development  for  which  axial  seems  the  most  appropriate  name.  A  tendency 
toward  this  is  vaguely  manifested  almost  ever^-where.  The  originally  cel- 
lular units,  out  of  wliich  higher  organisms  are  mainly  built  up,  usually  pass 
into  shapes  that  are  subordinate  to  lines  rather  than  to  points,  and  in  higher 
organisms  considered  as  wholes  an  arrangement  of  parts  in  relation  to  an 
axis  is  distinct  and  universal.  Of  animals,  the  advanced  are  without  excep- 
tion in  this  category.  There  is  no  known  vertebrsB  in  which  the  whole  of 
the  germ-prod  net  is  not  subordinate  to  a  single  axis.*}" 

All  mechanical  forces  and  powers  are  rotatory  in  action.  Even 
the  lever  acts  upon  the  same  principle,  for  when  wielded  by  the 
hand  of  man  it  describes  a  segment  of  a  circle,  and,  like  a  gesture, 
produces  a  circuloid  shape  through  the  atmosphere,  thus  coming 

*  Biology,  Herbert  Spencer,  p.  133.  t  Ibid.,  p.  135. 


32  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

under  the  head  of  abstract  form.  "  For  motion  is  the  form  of 
force  as  form  proper  is  that  of  substance ;  and  hence  the  exist- 
ence and  law  of  force  express  themselves  only  through  the  motions 
which  it  causes."  * 

Mr.  Andrews  also  says : — 

It  facilitates  the  conception  of  force  to  ally  it  with  some  object  which 
manifests  it  or  in  which  it  is  manifested,  and  no  object  is  more  favorable  for 
this  purpose  than  the  human  body.  Force  herein  derived  from  its  interior 
source  in  the  mind,  and  then  outwardly  upon  the  limbs  and  members,  and 
finally  through  them  upon  the  external  objects  surrounding  the  body.f 

It  is  logical  to  infer  that  the  shape  of  any  object  would  bear  a 
direct  relation  in  its  external  form  to  the  internal  force  creating 
and  governing  it.  This  is  undoubtedly  true  of  all  natural  objects, 
for  as  I  have  shown  that  the  countless  motions  of  the  fluids  within 
the  body  are  circular,  so  the  external  form  in  every  part  partakes 
somewhat  of  the  same  shape.  The  motions  of  the  celestial  bodies, 
our  own  planet  included,  also  rotate  upon  their  axes  about  a  com- 
mon centre,  and,  all  combined,  influence  the  form  of  everything  in 
the  universe.  The  "  ultimate  atom"  is  proven  by  scientists  to  be 
spherical.  This  being  the  case,  why  may  not  the  spirit  or  law  of 
the  primitive  atom  come  into  the  human  body  and  there  form  a 
nucleus  around  which  all  the  elements  of  nutrition  arrange  them- 
selves after  the  pattern  and  ideas  of  the  great  archetypal  plan  of 
the  entire  universe'?  There  can  be  no  doubt  whatever  of  this 
being  the  fundamental  plan  and  design  of  creative  wisdom.  It  is 
our  high  privilege  to  be  able  to  trace  out  the  operations  and  rela- 
tions of  this  grand  and  universal  plan,  and  to  interpret  the  mean- 
ing of  the  innumerable  forms  about  us.  This  can  be  readily  done 
if  we  succeed  in  comprehending  the  basic  principles  of  form  as 
revealed  throughout  Nature,  who,  like  the  prodigal  mother  that  she 
is,  has  strewn  the  world  broadcast  with  the  signs,  symbols,  and 
revelations  of  her  designs.  This  singular  coincidence  of  form  is 
something  more  than  mere  analogy ;  it  is  the  analogy  of  law  show- 
ing its  power ;  first,  in  the  most  infinitesimal  atom  of  which  it  is 
possible  to  conceive ;  afterward,  manifesting  its  action  in  the  most 
perfected  form  in  Nature, — in  the  head,  and  body,  and  face  of  man. 
Of  the  influence  of  the  motion  of  the  earth  upon  man,  Comte 
remarks : — 

The  double  movement  of  the  earth,  and  especially  its  rotation,  may 
probably  be  as  necessary  to  the  development  of  life  as  to  the  periodical  dis- 
tribution of  heat  and  light.  Too  much  care,  however,  cannot  be  taken  to 
avoid  confounding  the  motion  produced  by  the  organism  itself  with  that  by 
which  it  is  affected  from  witlxout,  and  analysis  had  therefore  better  be 
applied  to  communicated  than  spontaneous  motion.  J 

•  Basic  Outlines  of  Univer8ology..S.  P.  Andrews,  p.  438.  f  -Bwd.,  p.  437. 

X  Uomte's  "Positive  Pliilosophy,  p.  358- 


THE   BASIC   PRINCIPUSS   OF  FORM.  33 

In  this  paragraph  the  great  philosopher  shows  that  he  recog- 
nizes the  influence  of  the  motion  of  the  earth  upon  our  hves  in  a 
limited  manner  only,  but  at  the  same  time  proves  that  he  did  not 
go  to  the  foundation  of  the  subject,  for  had  he  done  so  he  would 
have  found  that  the  motions  of  the  planet,  or  the  motions  of  the 
entire  solar  system,  primarily  are  instrumental  not  only  in  "  develop- 
ing life,"  but  that  they  also  give  form  to  all  organic  life,  for,  as 
the  rotatory  motions  of  the  planets  and  solar  system  produce  the 
spherical  shape  of  the  bodies  influenced,  so  these  same  motions 
in  connection  with  electricity,  gravitation,  and  magnetism  set  up  a 
sphericity  of  motion  in  all  of  the  created  processes  of  cell-building. 
The  same  motion  is  characteristic  of  the  motion  of  the  circulation 
of  the  blood  in  its  entire  course  through  the  heart  and  veins,  and 
is  also  manifested  by  the  rotatory  motions  of  all  the  juices  of  the 
body,  as  well  as  of  the  sap  and  juices  in  the  various  classes  of  vege- 
table life.  We  might  follow  out  the  course  and  influence  of  this 
law  of  motion  (although  it  is  complex,  I  admit),  and  show  that  as 
it  is  influential  and  all-pervading,  not  only  in  the  initiation  of  life 
in  its  most  comprehensive  sense,  but  is  equally  potent  in  declaring 
its  eflects  upon  our  pathway  through  life ;  in  short,  it  must  exert 
a  regulative  influence  upon  all  our  movements,  in  individual  and 
associated  efforts,  hence  controls  our  destiny. 

It  must  be  apparent  to  all  those  who  observe  closely  and  reflect 
deeply  that  the  movements  and  conditions  of  the  earth,  and  other 
planets  as  well,  have  a  direct  bearing  upon  the  life  and  destiny  of 
all  created  beings.  There  were,  doubtless,  many  grand  truths 
mingled  with  grave  errors  in  ancient  astrology,  but,  inasmuch  as 
our  forms  are  dependent  primarily  upon  the  movements  of  the  solar 
system,  it  would  not  be  too  great  a  tax  upon  our  credulity  to  be- 
lieve that  in  many  ways  the  various  aspects,  conditions,  and  move- 
ments of  the  heavenly  bodies  exert  a  mighty  and  controlling  influ- 
ence upon  our  lives.  The  subject  may  be  too  vast  and  complex 
for  flnite  minds  to  grasp  completely,  yet  we  know  that  the  appear- 
ance of  the  "  sun-spots  "  is  simultaneous  with  great  and  important 
changes  in  the  atmospheric  conditions  of  our  own  planet.  These 
changes  and  conditions  affect  the  health  and  lives  of  thousands,  as 
the  reports  of  the  meteorologists  prove ;  hence,  their  destiny  is  in- 
fluenced by  certain  changes  in  the  sun,  for  whatever  produces 
changes  in  the  health  of  men  affects  their  plans  and  purposes.  The 
ideas  of  the  ancient  astrologers  may  yet,  in  part  at  least,  be  proven 
to  have  a  scientific  foundation. 

As  our  present  knowledge  of  chemistry  grew  out  of  ancient 
alchemy,  and  as  astronomy  derived  many  of  its  important  truths 
from  the  observations  and  the  speculations   of  the  superstitious 


34  PRACTICAL    AND  SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

astrologers,  and  as  astronomy  lies  at  the  foundation  of  all  laws  and 
sciences  and  is  based  upon  mathematical  certainty,  it  would  seem 
that  its  laws  should  be  in  direct  relation  to  our  pathway  through 
life  and  have  a  governing  influence  upon  human  affairs  and  des- 
tinies. I  am  greatly  influenced  in  the  belief  that  this  may  be  (in 
the  course  of  time)  scientifically  proven  through  my  knowledge  of 
the  astronomical  basis  of  form,  as  well  as  by  the  striking  coinci- 
dences which  exist  between  the  calculations  of  certain  astrologers 
and  the  laws  of  scientific  physiognomy.  I  am  aware  that  I  am 
now  getting  into  deep  water,  but  if  science  is  to  be  useful  to  man 
its  most  important  application  is  in  the  line  of  prevision  (foreknow- 
ing), as  has  been  noted  by  the  most  eminent  minds,  and  astronomy 
and  the  sciences  arising  out  of  it  are  dependent  upon  mathematical 
calculations  which  predict  from  certain  present  indications  what 
the  future  progress,  aspects,  and  conditions  of  the  planets  and  the 
weather  of  our  own  habitation  will  be  at  certain  fixed  and  definite 
times.  The  meteorologist  foresees  and  predicts  a  storm  which  will 
pursue  a  certain  path  and  affect  a  certain  area,  and  4ii'ectly  the 
signal  service  telegraphs  its  warnings,  and  thus  the  mariner  is  en- 
abled to  shape  his  course  so  as  to  avoid  the  threatened  danger. 
The  astronomer  by  his  calculations  is  able  to  predict  with  certainty 
the  eclipses  for  hundreds  of  years  to  come,  and  other  planetary 
changes  which  affect  life  here.  Hence  this  science  is  most  emi- 
nently "  provisional "  in  its  operations.  The  physiognomist,  read- 
ing the  face  of  man,  reveals  his  weaknesses  as  well  as  his  powers, 
and  by  this  knowledge  is  able  (with  as  great  certainty  as  the  as- 
tronomer) to  prognosticate  what  will  be  the  result  of  the  weak- 
nesses which  tlireaten  if  not  averted  by  hygienic  measures.  He  is 
also  able  to  state  what  will  be  the  future  course  of  conduct,  mentally 
and  morally,  to  a  certain  large  extent,  for  a  square-built  man  will, 
in  the  main,  act  from  conscientious  motives,  and  exhibit  scientific 
or  mechanical  powers  ;  a  friendly  man  will  always  have  friends,  on 
the  principles  that  "like  attracts  like"  and  that  "we  receive  that 
which  we  give."  Here,  again,  prevision  (foreseeing)  provides 
against  suffering  and  assists  man  in  shaping  his  pathway  through 
life.  This  same  application  of  the  provisional  character  of  every 
science  may  be  extended  indefinitely,  and  is  applied  constantly  in 
mechanism  particularly  (for  this  is  based  upon  mathematical  laws), 
as  well  as  to  all  trades  and  professions,  the  followers  of  which  may 
make  the  application  unconsciously,  yet  it  is  nevertheless  present 
and  potent. 

The  elementary  principles  of  form,  weight,  motion,  and  num- 
ber, as  in  mechanical  movements,  are  all  embodied  in  the  human 
organism,  and  are  outwardly  exhibited  by  mechanism,  artistic  and 


THE   BASIC   PRINCIPLES  OF  FORM.  35 

scientific  works^.  Man  is  but  a  part  of  "  one  stupendous  whole," 
as  we  shall  have  every  reason  to  believe  as  we  progress  in  the 
study  of  scientific  physiognomy.  The  great  French  philosopher, 
Comte,  recognized  the  intimate  relation  between  universal  existence 
and  mathematical  law,  and  he  expresses  his  sense  of  it  thus.  He 
observes : — 

It  is  necessary  for  physiologists  to  have  geometrical  and  mechanical 
knowledge  to  understand  the  structure  and  the  play  of  the  complex  appa- 
ratus of  the  living,  and  especially  of  the  animal,  organism.  The  laws  of 
equilibrium  and  motion  are,  as  we  saw  when  treating  of  them,  absolutely 
universal  in  their  action,  depending  wholly  on  the  energy  and  not  at  all  on 
the  nature  of  the  forces  considered,  and  the  only  difficulty  is  in  their 
numerical  application  in  cases  of  complexity.  Thus,  discarding  all  idea  of 
a  numerical  application  in  biology,  we  perceive  that  the  general  theorems 
of  statics  and  dynamics  must  be  steadily  verified,  in  the  mechanism  of 
living  bodies,  on  the  rational  study  of  which  they  cast  an  indispensable 
light.  The  highest  orders  of  animals  act  in  repose  and  motion  like  any  other 
mechanical  apparatus  of  similar  complexity,  with  the  one  difference,  of  the 
mover,  which  has  no  power  to  alter  the  laws  of  motion  and  equilibrium. 
The  participation  of  rational  mechanics  in  positive  biology  is  thus  evident. 
Mechanics  cannot  dispense  with  geometry,  and,  besides,  we  see  how  ana- 
tomical and  physiological  speculations  involve  considerations  of  form  and 
position.  * 

America  has  given  to  the  world  a  philosopher  who  has  perhaps 
grasped  a  profounder  idea  of  the  unity  of  law  than  any  philoso- 
pher of  ancient  or  modern  times,  and  from  his  work  I  have  received 
much  instruction,  as  well  as  the  verification  of  my  theories  upon 
the  "  Basic  Principles  of  Form."  Mr.  Stephen  Pearl  Andrews,  in 
his  "  Basic  Outlines  of  Universology,"  formulates  a  universal  basis 
for  everything  in  existence,  and  this  basis  is  Number.  It  is  a  dar- 
ing, comprehensive,  and  masterly  undertaking,  and  its  laws  can  be 
applied  to  all  other  theories,  facts,  systems,  and  objects  in  the  uni- 
verse if  they  present  truthful  aspects.  I  had  made  all  the  dis- 
coveries pertaining  to  the  law  of  form  as  applied  to  scientific  physi- 
ognomy before  I  read  Mr.  Andrews'  work,  and  I  was  both  delighted 
and  sustained  by  the  support  which  his  larger  conceptions  and 
generalizations  aff"orded  me.  In  my  own  department  of  research 
I  am  constantly  surprised  and  gratified  at  the  breadth  of  his 
philosophy  and  the  manifold  applications  of  its  logic  which  I  am 
enabled  to  make.  Just  here  a  temptation  arises  to  give  the  reader 
some  extended  quotations  from  his  work,  trusting  that  as  they  pro- 
gress in  physiognomy,  more  particularly  as  they  advance  in  the 
practical  division,  they  will  see  more  and  more  the  use  and  beauty 
of  his  discoveries,  which  both  indorse  and  assist  in  exy)laining  my 
own  theories  on  the  symbolism  and  signification  of  form  generally. 

*  Comte'8  Positive  Philosophy,  pp.  325, 326. 


36  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

I  am  here  undertaking  perhaps  a  most  difficult  task,  that  is,  to 
give  the  reader  a  tolerably  clear  idea  of  what  Mr.  Andrews  deems 
the  absolute  basis  of  all  thought  and  all  things.  The  more  I  study 
the  subject,  the  more  difficult  becomes  the  undertaking ;  but,  as  it 
corroborates  my  own  theories,  and  more  particularly  that  of  the 
geometric  outlay  of  the  face,  as  shown  in  Fig.  1,  and  as  his  basis 
corresponds  to  and  confirms  my  own  ideas  of  the  ruling  principles 
of  Nature  in  chemistry,  architecture,  and  mathematics,  and  also 
that  these  three  are  a  unity,  or,  in  other  words,  are  resolvable  into 
number  primarily,  I  shall  attempt  in  as  brief  a  manner  as  possible 
to  make  it  clear  to  my  readers,  for  in  order  to  comprehend  the 
"grand  man  "  we  must  have  some  knowledge  of  basic  or  universal 
principles.  No  intelligent  person  should  be  satisfied  with  less. 
And  now  let  us  proceed  to  investigate  why  and  how  "  Number  is 
the  proper  index  to  the  whole  volume  of  Being,  the  inventory  and 
label  of  the  contents  of  the  universe."* 

I  shall  now  give  the  statement  of  Mr,  Andrews  in  regard  to 
the  scope  of  his  discoveries,  and  shall  then  proceed  to  show  the 
correspondencies  existing  between  his  discoveries  and  my  own.  I 
hold  this  to  be  the  mutual  corroboration  of  the  truth  of  both  his 
and  my  own  observations  and  deductions,  for  all  sciences^  if  based 
upon  natural  law,  will  coincide  and  mutually  expound  and  verify 
each  other.  Mr.  Andrews  has  made  a  very  free  use  of  capitals, 
and  I  have  retained  his  style  of  printing  as  nearly  as  possible. 
This,  together  with  the  coinage  of  some  new  verbal  forms,  shows 
the  marked  individuality  and  strongly  assertive  selfhood  of  the 
man.  The  same  attributes  and  tendency  to  originate  a  new  vo- 
cabulary are  observed  in  all  original  minds;  besides,  the  demands 
of  a  newly  discovered  science  or  principle  require  new  forms  of 
style  and  expression. 

Scientific  laws  and  observations  that  harmonize  are  a  part  of 
eternal  truth,  hence  incontrovertible  and  immortal,  for  "  a  law  once 
demonstrated  is  good  for  all  time."  The  definition  given  by  Mr. 
Andrews  of  the  science  which  he  has  formulated  is  stated  thus. 
He  observes : — 

Universology  is  therefore  based  on  finding  in  the  determinate  particular 
(any  one  thing,  however  minute)  a  General  Law,  or,  more  properly  speaking, 
a  Group  of  Universal  Laws,  as  a  new  basis  of  Generalization  distinct  from 
and  traversing  the  law  or  laws  of  Being  gathered  from  observation  ;  all 
generalization  (Universal)  as  distinguished  from  observational  generalization 
(namely,  the  collection  of  numerous  facts  and  the  deductions  made  there- 
from). This  is  analytical  generalization  (Universal)  as  distinguished  from 
observational  generalization  (always  partial  or  fragmentary,  or,  at  all  events, 
less  than  Universal).     It  is  tlie  Interior  and  Vital  Law  of  All  Organization, 

*  Basic  Outlines  of  Universology,  S.  P.  Andrews,  p.  191. 


THE   BASIC   PRINCIPLES  OF   FORM.  37 

and  hence  of  the  Constitution  of  Being  itself  (transcendental),  as  distin- 
guished from  the  external  and  dead  law.  It  is  a  new  or  a  newly  discovered 
Scientific  Entity,  a  New  Element  in  Science,  revolutionarj',  exactifying, 
inaugurative  of  New  Careers,  and  Scientifically  Supreme.  * 

This  new  element  which  Mr.  Andrews  proposes  to  introduce 
is  Number,  the  same  by  wliich  Plato,  Pythagoras,  and  other  emi- 
nent Greek  philosophers  sought  to  pierce  the  veil  of  the  infinite 
and  open  up  to  the  world  the  secrets  of  creation.  Many  modern 
philosophers  have  sought  from  this  basis  to  deduce  a  law  of  uni- 
versal application.  Comte,  in  his  "  Philosophic  Positive,"  has 
come  perhaps  the  nearest  to  it  of  the  moderns  up  to  the  time  of 
the  appearance  of  "  Universology."  In  his  system  he  endeavors 
to  make  mathematics  the  basis  of  all  things,  yet  Mr.  Andrews 
goes  farther,  both  in  simplicity  and  complexity,  and  founds  upon 
very  simple  numbers  the  whole  scheme  of  being,  viz.,  the  domi- 
nance of  the  law  which  he  terms  "  the  spirit  of  the  numbers  1,  2, 
and  3."  The  arithmetical  reader  will  immediately  recognize  the 
fact  that  these  are  basic  numbers,  from  the  combinations  of  which 
all  other  numerical  powers  proceed.     He  says : — 

Comte  has  furnished  the  rational  basis  for  the  first  of  these  beliefs,  viz., 
that  the  fundamental  principles  of  all  science  are  to  be  sought  in  tlie  mathe- 
matics by  establishing  the  fact  that  the  mathematics  are  the  basis  or  funda- 
mentum  of  the  pyramid  of  the  sciences,  in  virtue  of  their  greater  simplicity 
and  generality, — properties  which  constitute  the  elementary  character  of 
this  as  of  other  elementary  domains.  He  failed,  however,  to  draw  from  the 
demonstration  the  consequence  which  I  am  here  deducing  from  it,  namely, 
that  it  is  in  this  elementary  domain  of  science  that  the  first  princii^les  of  all 
science  must  be  sought,  f 

I  shall  now  proceed  to  show  Mr.  Andrews'  ideas  of  the 
supremacy  of  the  first  of  these  three  units,  and  thence  how  they 
come  to  stand  as  representatives  of  the  science  of  morphology  or 
form ;  how,  in  fact,  they  create  the  sphere  and  cube,  which  he 
terms  the  "  morphic  measurers  "  of  the  universe,  and  which  I  find, 
when  applied  to  the  forms  of  man,  to  be  the  measurers  and  revela- 
tors  of  his  character.  On  page  102  he  remarks  that  "the  number 
two  (2)  is  the  virtual  basis  of  the  whole  of  mathematics ;  more 
properly  speaking,  it  is  not  a  sum.  Two  (2),  the  first  sum,  is  the 
simplest  form  of  division  ;  its  included  units  being  divided  even 
before  it  is  a  sum,  and  division  by  thought  lines  or  real  lines  is  the 
Essence  of  Forjn."X  Of  the  dominance  of  simple  numbers  in  all 
domains  of  thought  and  substance,  he  remarks  : — 

If  mere  number  is  the  simplest,  most  general,  and  hence  the  most  ele- 
mentary of  the  Domain  of  Thought  and  Being,  we  have  next  to  inquire 
what  is  most  simple,  most  general,  and  most  elementary  within  this  whole 

« Ibid.,  p.  500.  t  Ibid-,  PP- 137, 138.  t  Ibid.,  page  103. 


38  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Domain  of  Being.  Here  the  numbers  (1),  two  (2),  three  (3)  answer  to  our 
call,  and  appear  as  the  first  heads  or  principles  prima  capita  of  the  whole 
positive  numerical  Domain.  It  is  here  that  the  Child  begins  to  acquire 
Science  in  the  pure  and  exact  meaning  of  the  term,  and  it  is  with  these 
numbers  or  with  the  recognition  of  the  Spirit  or  Meaning  of  these  Numbers, 
enlarged  into  the  Universal  Principles  of  Being,  that  the  Thinking  World 
will  pass  from  its  infancy — the  stage  of  mere  observation  and  vague  specu- 
lation— to  an  exact  comprehension  of  the  Universe.  * 

The  First  law  of  Universal  Being,  in  the  natnral  order  of  precedence, 
has  relation  to  the  number  one  (1),  and  may  be  regarded  as  the  spirit  of 
one,  whence  it  is  denominated  Unism,  from  the  Latin  ?/ni/s,  one.  It  ramifies 
or  permeates  all  thought,  all  existence,  and  all  movement,  and  is  one  of  the 
two  organizing  forces,  or  factors,  or  principles  of  all  things  in  the  Universe 
of  Matter  and  Mind.  The  second  law  of  Universal  Being,  in  the  natural 
order,  has  a  similar  relation  to  the  number  (2),  and  may  be  regarded  as  the 
spirit  of  two,  whence  it  is  denominated  Duism,  from  the  Latin  duo,  two.  It 
likewise  ramifies  or  permeates  constitutively  all  thought,  all  existence,  and 
all  movement,  and  is  the  remaining  one  of  two  antagonistic  but  co-operative 
organizing  forces,  or  factors,  or  principles  of  all  things  in  the  Universe  of 
Matter  and  Mind.  The  third  law  of  Universal  Being  has  relation  to  the 
number  three  (3),  and  may  be  regarded  as  the  spirit  of  three,  whence  it  is 
denominated  Treism  or  Trinism,  from  tlie  Latin  tr-es,  three. 

From  these  three  laws  or  principles  the  whole  Universe  is  wrought  out 
by  their  successive  repetitions  in  new  forms  of  manifestation  in  infinite 
variety,  but  in  serial  order  and  traceable  regularity  of  structure  from  the 
lowest  to  the  highest  domain,  from  the  basis  of  the  scientific  pyramid  in  the 
Abstract  Mathematics  up  to  its  culminating  point  in  Theology,  or  the  sci- 
ence of  God. 

In  quoting  so  copiously  from  universological  laws  as  I  shall, 
I  leave  out,  as  far  as  possible,  all  that  pertains  to  the  transcendental, 
the  abstract,  and  abstruse,  and  come  as  quickly  as  possible  to  the 
practical  applications  of  number  to  form,  and  as  an  application  of 
the  evolution  of  form  from  number  I  quote  the  following,  which  is 
simply  and  concisely  stated.     Mr.  Andrews  says: — 

Posit  through  the  imagination  two  points  anywhere  in  space,  and  let 
these  two  points  represent  two  units.  Conceive  of  tliem  as  the  sum  called 
two,  that  is  to  say,  collectivel}',  or  as  co-existing  at  the  same  time  in  the 
mind ;  and  this  conjoining  of  the  two  individual  or  separate  units  into  a 
collective  twoness  is  necessarily  effected  by  drawing  a  line  of  abstract 
thought  as  a  trait  dhinion  or  connection  between  them.  This  line  so  impro- 
vised and  interposed  hy  the  operation  of  the  mind  itself  is  then  Limit,  and 
as  such  it  is  the  governing  element  of  Form.  Form  is  thus  generated  from 
Number.f 

The  preceding  shows  how  the  mind  first  by  abstract  reflection 
and  imagination  creates  Form  mentally.  We  can  illustrate  the 
process  practically  by  placing  two  articles  of  any  sort  whatsoever 
in  space,  as,  for  example,  two  pencils,  and  we  create  a  third  object, 
viz.,  the  form  resulting  from  the  space  inclosed  between  the  pen- 
cils ;  that  is  the  most  simple  form  that  can  be  shaped. 

•  Basic  Outlines  of  Universology,  pp.  139, 140,  et  seq,  t  iW^.,  P-  356. 


THE   BASIC   PRINCIPLES   OF   FORM.  39 

Number  is,  then,  the  simplest  or  most  elementary  and  primitive  kind  or 
variety  of  Limitation.  The  mathematical  unit  representing  the  Individual 
Thing  is  in  turn  represented  Geometrically  by  the  mere  point,  and  Number 
is  an  aggregation  of  Geometrical  Points.  This  is  lower  down  in  the  Ele- 
mentismus  of  Limitation  than  the  line  which  pertains  to  figure  or  Form,  and 
hence  to  Geometry,  above  tlie  domain  of  mere  Arithmetic.  It  is  here,  there- 
fore, in  Number  and  in  the  First  Elements  of  Number  that  the  detinite 
limitations  of  Being  must  first  be  considered.  * 

Mr.  Andrews  includes  a  system  of  comprehensive  analogies, 
by  which  Form  is  made  to  echo  to  or  repeat  Number,  and  this  idea 
of  echo  or  analogy  is  carried  through  everything  in  Nature,  as  well 
as  into  every  human  scheme,  plan,  government,  system,  and  all 
modes  of  conduct  whatsoever.  I  can  only  refer  in  a  meagre  man- 
ner to  these  manifold  subjects,  as  I  need  all  my  space  for  the  con- 
sideration of  my  own  particular  branch  of  science.  Suffice  it  to 
say  that  all  thinking  persons  can  apply  his  system  infinitely  and 
absolutely  unlimitedly.  To  return  to  the  consideration  of  the  anal- 
ogies of  form  and  number,  Mr.  Andrews  observes: — 

The  Morphic  Analogies  of  the  4,  the  3,  and  the  7  are  the  square,  the 
equilateral  triangle,  and  the  House,  Edifice,  or  Temple  with  its  body  and  its 
roof.  The  Compass  (dividers)  associates  with  the  Circle.  This,  together 
with  tlie  Square,  the  Triangle,  and  the  Edifice  or  Temple,  again  reminds  us 
of  the  Symbolism  of  Masonry,  as  the  Instinctual  Stage  of  the  religion  of 
science  and  of  the  science  of  morals.f 

The  point  is  a  very  important  factor  of  Form  and  Being. 
Aside  from  its  significance  as  a  unit  in  mathematics  and  its  import 
as  the  type  of  the  "least  element  of  roundness"  in  general 
morphology,  it  is  the  analogue  of  the  nucleus  or  "starting-point 
of  development"  in  all  organic  processes,  and  it  must  also  type 
the  centre  of  the  mineral  crystal,  where  the  polar  forces  cross  each 
other  in  the  development  of  that  object.  Although  here  the  angle 
is  formed,  yet  it  corresponds  to  the  point.  It  is  the  analogue  of 
motion,  and  hence  of  development  in  the  e^g  or  vegetable  cell, 
because  it  is  from  this  central  point,  as  in  the  germ  spot  in  the 
animal  eg^,  that  the  forces  of  the  egg-substance  are  set  in  motion 
which  commence  the  evolution  or  progressive  development  of  the 
chick  or  mammal.  It  is,  therefore,  the  type-form  of  Nature  domi- 
nated by  art  in  its  inceptive  or  embryotic  state.  Motions  are  the 
essential  forces  of  art  acting  upon  substance. 

We  all  know  that  the  ovoid  is  the  primitive  type-form  of  the 
mineral,  vegetable,  and  animal  cell.  How,  then,  do  we  arrive  at 
the  square,  cube,  and  angle  in  primitive  forms  %  By  motion,  by 
segmentation. 

•  Ibid.,  p.  190.  t  Itnd.,  p.  541. 


40  *   PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  yelk  or  true  mass  of  nutritive  matter  in  the  egg  begins  its  course 
of  development  by  being,  as  it  were,  completely  cut  up,  segmentized,  or  sec- 
tionized.  Nor  is  this  process  of  segmentation  a  merely  random  cutting  up, 
but  an  orderly  succession  of  central  and  equal  divisions  of  the  spheroidal 
yelk  into  halves,  quarters,  eighths,  etc.,  thoroughly  hemispheroid,  quadratoid, 
cuboid.* 

It  is  in  this  manner  tliat  we  obtain  the  angular  and  squaring 
principles  of  form  in  living  organizations,  primarily  illustrated  to 
our  senses.  The  law  of  the  square  and  angle,  of  the  line,  the 
point,  and  the  cube,  are  all  contained  in  the  spherical  egg,  just  as 
all  of  the  "potencies  and  possibilities  of  life  "  are  contained  in  the 
human  ova  or  embryo.  I  think  I  have  now  demonstrated  the  pri- 
mary origin  of  the  several  factors  of  form  ;  later  I  shall  make  the 
application  to  matured  or  developed  form,  as  seen  in  the  various 
shapes  of  perfected  human  beings.  I  use  the  term  "  primary  " 
here  in  a  limited  sense.  The  most  elementary  principle  of  form 
lies  back  of  anything  of  which  the  human  senses  can  take  cogni- 
zance. If  we  believe  these  principles  to  have  existed  in  nebulous 
matter,  we  should  be  obliged  to  look  back  of  that  for  the  law  which 
is  existent  in  that  chaotic  state  of  evolution.  It  is  as  inconceivable 
to  our  minds  as  are  the  laws  of  squaring  to  our  senses  in  the  egg- 
substance  before  the  motions  of  the  forces  which  develop  it  have 
shown  themselves  by  segmentation.  Let  it  be  understood,  then, 
that  the  terms  primary  and  primitive  are  used  by  me  in  this  second- 
ary sense  unless  otherwise  stated.  The  segmentizing  of  the  ova 
into  lines  or  furrows  of  latitude  and  longitude  shows  the  influence 
of  the  measuring — the  geometric  or  formative  power — of  the  law 
of  number.  From  this  law  proceeds  exactness,  scientific  or  posi- 
tive illustration  (diagrammatic  as  in  form),  and  demonstrable  as  to 
the  number  of  lines,  etc.,  exact,  scientific  ;  the  primitive  compound 
of  form  and  number, — primal  principles  which  repeat  themselves  in 
the  perfected  man  in  every  part  of  his  body  and  mind  in  infinite 
number  and  variety.  As  before  stated,  the  sphere  is  capable  of 
bisection  into  equal  halves,  and  these  must  cut  each  other  at  rigJit 
angles,  and  here  we  have  the  beginning  of  the  orderly,  exact,  and 
scientific — the  type  of  truth,  accuracy,  conscientiousness — of  accu- 
rate measurement,  the  prime  elements  of  the  cube  and  square, 
which  last  is  (as  shown  by  Mr.  Andrews)  to  be  the  "type  or 
analogue  of  exactified  science."  The  correspondence  of  this  basic 
law  is  wonderfully  illustrated  in  the  form  of  the  natural  scientist, 
moralist,  and  mechanic ;  all  square-built  men.  I  have  shown  else- 
where that  the  square-built  individual  illustrates  the  scientific 
aspect  of  humanity,  and  exhibits  this  character  by  his  pursuit  of 

•  Basic  Outlines  of  Universology,  p.  76. 


THE   BASIC   PRINCIPLES   OF   FORM.  '  41 

scientific  subjects  and  discoveries  of  natural  laws,  as  is  demon- 
strated by  the  body  and  face  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  whose  counte- 
nance could  easily  be  made  to  fit  into  a  rectangular  frame,  thus 
showing  the  uprightness  and  downrightness,  the  squareness,  and 
integrity,  or  wholeness  of  the  man,  and  uprightness  and  squareness 
of  form  gives  the  shape  the  best  adapted  to  the  comprehension  of 
scientific  law  as  well  as  to  the  illustration  of  conscientious  con- 
duct, for  all  forms  exhibited  in  the  human  body  disclose  their  mean- 
ing if  the  true  and  natural  signijicajice  of  the  primal  principles  of 
form  be  applied  to  them.  George  Washington  stands  as  the  rep- 
resentative of  the  law  of  the  rectangle,  as  applied  to  human  form 
and  conduct ;  he  was  over  six  feet  in  height,  perfectly  upright  in 
his  bearing,  and  his  general  outlines  and  features  were  at  right 
angles  to  each  other;  hence,  his  uprightness  and  obedience  to  the 
laws  of  rectitude  and  morality  was  in  accord  with  the  law  of  his 
form.  He  was  also  a  surveyor  by  profession, — ^a  scientific  pursuit 
based  on  number  and  form. 

A  spherical  or  primitive  type-form  is  exemplified  in  the  ovoid 
shape  of  the  physiognomy  of  Herbert  Spencer,  the  creator,  as  it 
were,  of  theories  which  possess  a  universal  application  to  the 
beginnings  of  life,  as  they  are  basilar  or  underlying.  This  round- 
ing form  is  observed  in  the  faces,  heads,  and  limbs  of  all  the  great 
creative  artists,  for  the  ovoid  is  the  most  primitive  type-form,  and 
art-forms  and  nature-forms  are  nearly  identical,  while  scientific 
forms,  such  as  the  square,  angle,  and  cube,  belong  to  later  and 
more  developed  shapes,  as  seen  in  the  mineral  crystal  after  it  is 
cooled.  Thus,  the  ovoid  or  globose  form  represents  infancy, — 
creation, — the  first  beginnings  of  life ;  and  this  form  confers  abihty 
to  represent  the  same  shape  in  external  works,  as  in  art,  in 
gesture,  dancing,  painting,  acting,  or  singing ;  for  all  art  is 
founded  on  the  circle  or  sections  of  it,  and  art-forms  and  nature- 
forms  more  nearly  coincide  than  nature-forms  and  scientific  forms, 
yet  both  partake  of  the  nature  of  each,  for,  as  we  have  seen,  the 
scientific  form  has  arisen  out  of  the  natural  or  primitive  spheroidal 
shape  by  motion  primarily,  and  the  artist  combines  all  these  forms 
by  motions  of  his  hands  and  eyes. 

The  making  of  lines  of  latitude  and  longitude  upon  a  globe 
is  an  unconscious  repetition  of  the  law  of  development,  as  exem- 
plified in  the  segmentation  of  the  ova  of  the  mammal,  outworking 
according  to  the  law  of  inherent  geometry,  the  primal  principles 
of  which  have  come  up  from  the  mineral  to  the  vegetable,  and 
from  this  to  the  animal ;  from  the  animal,  vegetable,  and  mineral 
to  man.  The  same  forces  and  principles  of  form  which  shape  the 
crystal  come  along  up  the  line  of  progressive  evolution,  and  find  at 


42  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

last  their  highest  manifestation  in  the  shape  of  the  body,  the  head, 
and,  pre-eminently,  in  the  face  of  man. 

By  going  back  of  animal  organizations  for  onr  demonstrations 
of  the  universality  of  the  law  of  form,  we  shall  find  that  geomet- 
rical and  mathematical  laws  and  principles  are  equally  potent  and 
equally  well  illustrated  in  all  the  forms  of  crystallization  of 
mineral  and  other  substances. 

Ice  and  snow  exhibit  the  most  beautiful  forms  of  crystals,  and 
always  crystallize  according  to  law  in  six-pointed  rays.  Although 
many  hundred  diverse  forms  of  these  crystals  have  been  observed, 
this  number  always  rules.  In  the  human  kingdom  the  law  of 
form  dominates,  and  each  individual  acts  according  to  the  law  of 
his  form  as  infallibly  as  the  crystal  obeys  the  inherent  laws  of  its 
shaping. 

I  have  shown  previously  that  the  first  or  primitive  form  of 
the  mineral  molecule  is  spherical.  I  have  also  evidenced  the  fact 
that  the  primitive  cell  of  vegetable  and  animal  life  is  spheroidal, 
globose,  or  ovoid ;  as,  for  example,  the  germ  of  all  mammals,  and 
the  eggs  of  fowls,  reptiles,  fishes,  insects,  etc.  I  have  put  in  evi- 
dence the  manner  in  which  the  form-principle  of  the  line,  angle, 
square,  and  cube  manifests  itself  in  the  germs  of  organized  life. 
Now  it  is  in  order  for  me  to  explain  how  and  when  the  square 
principle  of  form  makes  its  appearance  in  the  crystal,  and  how  it 
becomes  the  type  or  symbol  of  scientific  form,  as  expressed  by  the 
square-built  man.  I  am  now  again  coming  to  deep  water,  yet  not 
so  deep  but  the  eye  of  man  can  penetrate  below  the  surface.  In 
the  first  place,  let  me  state  that  mineralogy  shows  that 

The  lines  of  force  have  a  general  tendency  to  arrange  themselves  at 
right  angles  to  each  other.  This  is  primarily  seen  in  the  constructive  or 
polar  axes  of  crystals ;  the  magnetic  and  electric  currents  cross  each  other 
in  tlie  earth  and  in  minerals.  The  truths  of  science  fully  justify  the 
importance  attached  by  the  ancients  to  the  ideas  of»  the  cross  and  the 
correctness  of  its  use  as  a  symbol.  A  great  truth  underlies  its  symbolism ; 
it  is  the  expression  of  a  universal  law  of  structure,  growth,  and  action. 
The  polarity  of  all  the  great  forces  is  recognized  as  a  truth  by  the  most 
eminent  scientific  men.  The  forces  are  positive  and  negative,  repulsive 
and  attractive,  masculine  and  feminine. 

The  studies  of  antiquarians,  and  the  whole  historj'  of  phallic  worship, 
prove  that  the  cross  was  anciently  used  to  symbolize  the  organs  of  repro- 
duction, the  generative  forces  in  creation  and  in  man.  At  first,  it  was  a 
symbol  of  the  masculine  forces  only,  but  afterward  it  was  used  to  represent 
tiiose  of  both  sexes. 

The  ancients  looked  upon   these  forces  with  profound  wonder  and 
respect.     Here  was  the  greatest  of  all  Nature's  mysteries.     Back  of  these 
were  the  mightiest  passions  of  the  human  soul.     Here  was  wrapped  up  the 
future  of  the  human  race,  the  molding  forces  of  the  world  of  life.* 
»  Book  of  Wisdom,  p.  188,  Chicago,  1882. 


THE   BASIC   PRINCIPLES   OF   FORM.  43 

It  is  here  sho\vn  tliat  from  the  earliest  ages  the  idea  of 
crossing  and  of  generation  were  instinctive  in  the  human  mind, 
and  the  cross,  a  right-angled  object,  was  symbolically  used  to 
represent  the  generative  forces  of  the  human  family.  Certainly 
the  law  of  crossing,  of  creating  angles  by  the  motions  of  the  chem- 
ical contents  of  the  ova  (in  which  sulphur  plays  an  important 
part),  is  instrumental  in  developing  the  germ,  for  without  the 
bisection  or  crossing  of  the  ova  no  further  development  could 
take  place.  Let  it  be  noted  that  sulphur  wherever  found  is 
crystallized,  and  it  is  probably  present  in  a  state  of  angularity  in  the 
ova  of  mammals,  but  of  less  than  microscopic  proportions,  hence 
will  never  be  observed  by  the  use  of  the  microscope.  The  mightiest 
works  of  Nature  are  conducted  on  so  infinitesimal  a  scale  as  to  elude 
the  senses  and  instruments  of  man,  yet  we  know  that  when  a  cer- 
tain form  makes  its  appearance  in  a  perfected  or  completed  object 
the  basic  or  ruling  principle  of  that  form  was  present  from  the 
heginning. 

In  the  cooling  of  the  mineral  crystal  the  polarity  of  action 
tends  to  equation,  and  thus  changes  the  primitive  spherical  form 
(which  all  mineral  molecules  assume  when  in  a  state  of  fusion  or 
incandescence)  to  a  square  or  cube,  as  is  observed  in  alum  and  rock- 
salt,  or  to  a  right-angled  form,  as  in  many  minerals.  Thus  the 
square  and  cube  become  the  type-forms  of  exact  science,  because 
the  crystallization  or  squaring  of  the  crystal  by  cooling  perfects  its 
shape;  that  is  to  say,  it  assumes  the  form  which  it  always  retains, 
and  thus  shows  the  finished  or  completed  stage,  which  is  a  state 
depending  upon  exact  mathematical  law  for  its  completion.  Now, 
in  the  transformation  of  the  eg^  of  the  frog,  or  in  the  development 
of  the  human  germ  or  ova,  what  takes  place  after  the  ova  has  been 
carried  along  the  Fallopian  tube  and  deposited  in  the  uterus'? 
Why,  a  formative  process  analogous  to  that  which  changes  min- 
eral substances  from  numerous  spheroidal  forms  to  an  angled  or 
cubical  one.  The  polarity  of  the  forces  involved  in  development 
(call  them  electric,  magnetic,  or  what  you  will)  operate  in  such  a 
way  as  to  commence  a  system  of  equation  according  to  geometric 
law,  and  this  system  is  expressed  by  lines  crossing  each  other  at 
right  angles,  and  creating  equal  areas  within  given  spaces.  Now, 
here  we  have  the  same  straight-lined,  angled,  and  geometric  law  of 
the  cube  and  square  many  times  repeated  in  the  evolution  of  a  germ- 
form  as  low  down  as  that  of  the  toad  or  frog  (and  this  process  is 
known  to  be  repeated  in  the  germs  of  all  mammals).  This,  then, 
is  the  law  of  form-development ;  first,  the  ovoid  or  sphere ;  later, 
the  angle,  square,  and  cube.  The  perfected  crystal  and  the  germ 
or  ova  in  taking  on  its  completed  form  presents  lines,  angles,  and 


44  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

plain  cubes,  and  these  are  typical  of  exactitude,  measurement, 
geometric  law,  and  are  the  analogues  of  the  equator  and  lines  of 
latitude  and  longitude  which  man  uses  to  illustrate  equal  areas  of 
equal  distances  upon  the  globe ;  an  unconscious  outworking  of  the 
law  of  geometric  form  which  dominates  not  only  his  own  germ- 
form,  but  also  tliat  of  the  form  of  the  perfected  human  being,  as 
observed  in  the  ovoid  or  rounded  form  of  the  artist,  and  the  square 
or  rectangular  form  of  the  man  of  science. 

The. bony  framework  of  man  is  composed  mainly  of  mineral 
matters, — lime,  etc, — and  it  is  these  mineral  substances  which  give 
solidity,  integrity,  and  angular  form  to  his  outline.  The  more 
bone  the  man  possesses  the  more  integrity,  morality,  and  capacity 
for  the  comprehension  of  mechanical  laws  will  lie  exhibit.  Again, 
bone  is  formed  of  innumerable  crystals  of  angular  shape.  In  con- 
firmation of  this  idea,  Mr.  Andrews  remarks  thus : — 

The  whole  bony  fabric  not  only  of  man  but  of  every  animal,  as  well  as 
the  muscles  and  nerves  and  the  organs  and  systems,  is  laid  out  in  accord- 
ance with  a  primitive  typical  plan,  derived  from  the  typical  sectionizing  of 
the  Globe  Figure,  and  then  from  a  similar  sectionizing  of  the  cube.  The 
whole  carpentry  of  every  organized  body  is  thus  devised  or  self-arranged, 
as  we  choose  to  regard  it,  in  orderly  obedience  to  these  simplest  and  most 
primitive  divisions  of  form.  Whether  it  is  urged,  therefore,  as  the  true 
theory  of  this  subject,  that  they  are  derived  from  the  operations  of  Reason 
in  the  Mind  of  a  Conscious  Creator,  or  that  Reason  itself  is  a  mere  Echo  in 
the  Mind  of  Man  from  the  Inherent  Necessity  and  Universality  of  these 
primitive  Congruities  of  Form,  it  is  for  the  purely  Scientific  result  wholly 
indifferent.  The  two  theories  are  brought  into  a  complete  reconciliation 
upon  the  scientific  arena,  from  the  fact  that  under  the  operation  of  either 
theory  the  phenomenal  result  is  the  same.  * 

The  four  points  of  the  compass  are  also  illustrations  of  the 
angle  and  cube. 

Besides  the  spherical  and  square  forms  in  the  human  being, 
and  in  all  Nature  there  is  found  an  infinite  number  of  diverse 
forms  composed  of  a  blending  of  the  square  and  sphere ;  each  ex- 
presses by  its  dominance  which  type  of  character  prevails.  If  the 
form  is  more  round  than  square,  the  artistic,  the  emotional,  and 
imaginative  type  is  exhibited.  If  the  square  form  is  slightly  in 
the  ascendancy,  the  mechanical,  exact,  scientific  and  moral  type  is 
illustrated,  and  so  of  all  the  manifold  varieties  of  form  produced 
by  the  varying  quantities  of  each  chemical  and  numerical  principle 
within  the  human  organism. 

In  the  segmentation  or  right-angled  furrowing  of  the  ovum  in 
its  development  from  a  globose  unit  to  an  angled,  progressive  con- 
dition, we  find  all  the  basic  principles  of  form  which  are  afterward 

*  Basic  Outlines  of  Universology,  p.  609. 


THE   BASIC   PRINCIPLES   OF   FORM.  45 

repeated  in  incalculable  diversity  in  every  part  of  man,  both  inter- 
nally and  externally,  in  his  thouglits  as  well  as  in  his  own  shape ; 
afterward  the  thoughts  are  represented  in  his  motions  and  in  his 
life-work  and  pursuits.  A  round  man  will  think  round  thoughts; 
if  mental,  he  will  be  metaphysical, — a  creator  of  ideas  and  theo- 
ries. If  less  mental,  and  more  muscular  than  mental,  he  will 
pursue  some  form  of  art.  He  may  be  a  singer,  and  singing  is 
founded  on  the  curve ;  the  voice  impinging  upon  the  atmosphere 
sets  it  in  vibration,  and  these  vibrations  are  curvilinear.  The 
organs  of  speech  and  hearing  are  also  circular  or  curved,  or  are 
flexible,  and  thus  capable  of  receiving  and  emitting  sounds.  He 
may  as  an  athlete  repeat  his  rounded  form  in  his  motions  and 
attitudes;  if  an  actor,  his  speech  and  gestures  will  repeat  the 
forms  of' his  head,  body,  and  limbs,  by  describing  the  circle  or 
sections  of  it,  as  in  the  curvilinear  motions  of  his  gestures  and 
poses,  as  well  as  in  the  wavy  motions  produced  in  the  atmosphere 
by  his  voice. 

In  the  orderly  progress  of  the  evolution  of  mind  and  thought, 
theories  and  plans  naturally  precede  acts  or  results ;  hence,  meta- 
physics— logic,  the  discussion,  investigation,  and  elaboration  of 
laws  and  principles — precede  their  practical  application.  Meta- 
physics in  all  ages  have  preceded  the  discovery  and  application  of 
scientific  laws.  The  form  must  first  be  in  the  thought  before  it  can 
outwork  in  acts  or  objects,  and  in  this  observation  we  can  make 
another  practical  application  of  the  basic  laws  of  form,  for  we  find 
that  the  forms  of  all  the  eminent  metaphysicians  of  ancient  and 
modern  times  are  rounded,  their  faces  inclined  to  the  ovoid  or  pyri- 
form  shape,  and  their  heads  globose.  Now  comes  the  application : 
The  ovoid  form  represents  creation,  infancy,  the  first  beginnings  of 
life,  and  the  works  of  the  great  creative  philosophers  and  artists 
originate  in  the  domain  of  the  ovoid  or  spherical, — the  primitive 
form ;  for  all  art  is  based  upon  the  circle,  or  sections  of  it,  as  in 
painting,  speaking,  gesturing,  posing,  dancing,  and  athletics,  all 
included  by  me  under  the  general  term.  Art.  In  the  evolution  of 
the  mind  of  the  world,  art  and  metaphysics  preceded  the  discoveiy 
of  science,  which  in  our  age  is  tending  to  the  illustration  of  exact 
scientific  and  demonstrable  law  through  the  practical  application 
of  those  external  and  immutable  laws  which  lie  at  the  foundation 
of  universal  existence,  and  which  find  their  highest  expression  in 
man,  and  are  indexed  more  particularly  and  unmistakably  upon  his 
physiognomy. 

In  the  history  of  the  evolution  of  the  Greek  mind  we  find 
that  the  metaphysics  or  first  principles  of  thought  in  regard  to  the 
laws  of  being  and  existence  were  investigated  and  carried  to  great 


46  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

perfection.  We  also  find  that  the  science  of  number,  of  geometry, 
was  also  one  of  the  dominating  pursuits.  The  result  naturally  of 
these  two  studies  showed  itself  in  architecture  and  art,  the  branch 
of  art  dependent  directly  upon  weight  and  measurement,  viz.,  sculp- 
ture. These  two  forms  of  art  reached  their  acme  in  Greece,  and 
culminated  in  the  works  of  Agesander,  Ageladas,  Phidias,  Poly- 
cletus,  Agasias,  and  Praxitiles. 

Now,  the  science  of  number  is  naturally  related  to  logic  or 
reason.  This  evolves  metaphysical  discussion.  Number  and  logic 
develop  not  only  forms  of  thought,  but,  as  a  natural  consequence, 
produce  concrete  forms,  as  exhibited  in  buildings,  works  of  art,  etc. 
Sculpture  is  the  offspring  of  number,  as  in  measurement  and  weight, 
balance  or  equiUbrium,  and  is  dependent  mainly  upon  the  spherical 
form  for  its  perfection,  for  the  curves  of  the  outlines  of  all  figures 
are  sections  of  the  circle.  Architecture,  on  the  other  hand,  al- 
though it  proceeds  primarily  from  number,  arises  from  a  distinct 
branch  of  number  from  tliat  of  art.  It  proceeds  from  geometry,  and 
is  evolved  from  or  built  upon  the  square,  angle,  and  cubic  form, — 
upon  exact  scientific  measurement, — and  is  severely  simple,  accu- 
rate, defined,  and  no  less  beautiful  in  its  perfected  outlines  than  is 
the  statue  with  its  curving,  undulating  lines  of  blended  beauty. 
Compare,  for  example,  the  figure  of  the  Apollo  Belvedere  in  the 
Vatican  with  the  symmetrical  and  finished. rectangular  form  of  the 
Parthenon  at  iVthens,  and  we  shall  find  that,  although  these  two 
types  are  so  entirely  distinct,  the  statue  and  the  building  are  equally 
grand,  beautiful,  and  perfect. 

The  figures  and  physiognomies  of  the  best  types  of  the  ancient 
Greeks  exhibit  the  dominance  of  the  brain  and  muscular  forms,  or  of 
the  muscular  and  brain  forms ;  the  former  represented  in  the  "  roomy 
arches"  of  the  head  of  Socrates,  the  metaphysician,  the  latter  in 
the  more  curving,  yielding,  elastic  form  of  the  sculptor.  Yet  both 
these  "  creations  "  belong  to  the  ovoid  class  of  forms,  hence  belong 
to  the  "  infantoid  "  order  of  mind,  (The  term  "  infantoid  "  is  here 
used  in  a  relative  sense,  and  regards  metaphysics  as  being  prior  to 
the  discovery  of  scientific  laws  or  of  the  positive  knowledge  of 
scientific  law.  The  course  of  mind-development  is  always  in  this 
;nanner :  first,  observation  ;  then  surmise ;  then  theory ;  next,  dis- 
covery, and,  finally,  demonstration,  resulting  from  the  combination.) 
If  we  contrast  the  forms  and  physiognomies  of  these  men  with  our 
more  modern  scientists  we  shall  have  a  practical  illustration  of  the 
liarmony  existing  between  the  forms,  thoughts,  and  works  of  the 
former  and  the  figures,  faces,  and  works  of  the  latter.  Compare, 
for  example,  the  square-boned  figure  and  rectangular  face  of  Pro- 
fessor Tyndall  with  the  rounded  head  and  body  of  "  old  Socrates," 


THE   BASIC   PRINCIPLES  OF   FORM.  47 

or  the  squared  face  and  form  of  Francis  Bacon,  Copernicus,  and 
Michael  Faraday,  eminent  scientists,  with  those  of  Plato  and  Her- 
bert Spencer,  ovoid-faced  men, — grand  theorizers.  Inventors,  as 
a  rule,  possess  a  blending  of  the  square  with  a  rounding  form  of 
the  forehead,  face,  and  figure.  In  some  the  angular  appearance 
predominates,  in  others  the  form  is  slightly  more  round  than 
square.  In  either  case  the  inventions  made  will  coincide  with  the 
peculiarities  of  the  form.  The  intricacies  and  subtleties  of  the  sig- 
nificance of  human  forms  are  very  profound,  and  too  minute  and 
complex  to  enter  into  detail  here.  These  differences  in  form  and 
variations  in  character  will  be  elaborated  in  later  pages. 

In  concluding  the  history  of  the  evolution  of  the  two  most 
universal  type-forms,  viz.,  the  sphere  and  cube,  I  would  state  that 
my  theory  will  prove  by  the  laws  of  Form  what  I  have  enunciated 
from  the  very  beginning  of  my  system,  viz.,  that  the  human  mind 
and  body  are  an  epitome  or  index  of  all  the  laws  and  principles 
which  exist  in  and  govern  the  universe.  I  have,  however,  gone 
farther,  and  have  shown  that  the  human  coimtenance  is  the  index 
or  verification  of  all  these  laws  and  principles,  and  have  elaborated 
a  system  wherein  archetypal  or  normal  type-forms  can  be  applied 
to  every  distinct  feature,  line,  outline,  and  most  minute  portion  of 
the  human  body,  and  thus  make  them  yield  up  the  secrets  of 
human  conduct,  moral,  physical,  and  intellectual,  proving  that 
Form  is  the  true  "  philosopher's  stone,"  at  whose  bidding  Nature's 
most  secret  arcana  is  laid  bare  to  human  sight  and  knowledge. 

The  basic  laws  of  form,  when  rigorously  applied  to  all  parts 
of  the  human  body,  yield  the  most  striking  results  in  the  line  of 
actual  and  positive  knowledge.  When  we  come  to  consider  that 
these  laws  are  just  as  rigorous  and  just  as  applicable  to  the  begin- 
nings of  all  life,  organic  and  inorganic,  and  that  they  are  as  self- 
revealing  in  the  completed  mineral,  vegetable,  and  animal  as  in  the 
perfected  man,  we  learn  that  there  is  a  universality  of  law  showing 
everywhere  by  a  universal  method  of  expression.  In  short,  we 
shall  be  obliged  to  concur  with  Mr.  Andrews  when  he  states : — 

Form  is  the  most  determinate  and  exact  of  all  the  domains  of  Being. 
As  Number  furnishes  the  Universal  Principles  of  Thinsfs  and  their  Tech- 
nical Namings,  so  Form  furnishes  their  Precise  and  Diagrammatic  Illus- 
tration. * 

The  law  of  the  angle,  the  square,  and  the  cube  (and  these 
include  the  perpendicular  and  horizontal),  as  exemplified  by  the 
highest  and  most  perfected  of  human  forms,  is  shown  to  be  the  law 
of  completion,  as  well  as  the  form  which  in  man  is  capable  of  the 
greatest  moral  force,  scientific  judgment,  and  comprehension  of 

*  Basic  Outlines  of  Universology,  p.  614. 


48  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

mechanical  laws,  which  last  are  the  universal  principles  upon  which 
all  nature  is  founded  and  operated.  Those  whom  I  have  selected 
to  represent  these  laws  are  Martin  Luther,  who,  by  his  cubosity, 
squareness,  and  integrity  was  able  to  successfully  defy  the  whole 
ecclesiastical  world  in  the  cause  of  right,  was  a  moral  giant ;  but  the 
one  in  whose  form  is  embodied  the  very  highest  degree  of  scientific 
principles  is  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  and  the  one  in  whose  structure  may 
be  seen  the  square,  upright,  and  downright  form  of  the  most  exact 
of  the  mechanical  forms,  viz.,  the  straight  line,  the  angle,  the  cross, 
and  square,  is  Thomas  Jefferson.  These  are  all  typical  men.  Their 
characters,  life-work,  and  results  were  in  accord  with  their  forms, — 
moral,  straight,  square,  and  in  harmony  with  the  mechanical  laws 
of  the  universe. 

Mr.  Andrews'  recognition  of  the  meaning  of  these  several  laws 
of  form  is  stated  thus.     He  observes: — 

Next  above  the  straightened  point  is  the  straight  line.  The  Straight 
Line  is  the  Type  of  Laws  in  Science,  as  derived  from  the  Primordial  Prin- 
ciples represented  by  these  minims  of  Straight  Form,  as  the  Heads  or 
Beginnings  of  Laws.  The  Square  is  representative  of  Exactified  Specu- 
lations and  Explanations  under  the  guidance  of  known  laws,  or,  in  other 
words,  of  Pure  Abstract  Scientific  Theories,  not  as  yet  confirmed  by  the 
induction  or  accumulation  of  corresponding  facts. 

The  Cube  is  the  Type  Symbol  or  Representative  of  Science,  or  a  Sci- 
ence as  a  Completed  Structure  as  to  its  main  outline.  It  is,  then,  the  body 
of  a  Temple  or  Edifice  having  in  it  by  Subdivision  various  apartments  or 
rooms. 

The  Cube  is,  then,  in  all  ways  the  Grand,  Elaborate,  Scientific  Emblem, 
while  it  is  also  the  Grand  Type  of  Structure  or  Architectural  Plan.  Im- 
buing the  Mind  with  Science  or  Knowledge  is  instinctively  called  Instruc- 
tion (Latin  in,  in ;  struere,  to  build),  or  Building-in.  The  Cube  presents, 
better  than  any  other  figure,  the  Conjoined  Conceptions  of  Length,  Breadth, 
and  Thickness,  which  are  in  an  important  sense  the  radical  conceptions  of 

all  Form It  results  from  what  has  been  shown  that  the  Cube 

or  Main  Elevation  of  an  Edific  Fane  or  Temple  is  by  an  obvious  echo  of 
Analogy  the  Standard  Emblem  or  Symbol  or  Type  of  the  Total  Elaborate 
Construction  of  Being.* 

The  careful  reader  and  acute  observer  in  scientific  physiognomy 
will  find  himself  enriched  by  these  extensive  extracts  from  "  Uni- 
versology."  Not  only  so,  but  he  will  see  how  accurately  they 
coincide  with  my  system  down  to  the  last  detail  even.  It  aff'ords 
me  great  satisfaction  to  find  the  corroboration  of  my  theories  of 
form  so  logically  indorsed  by  this  great  philosopher's  ideas  as  well 
as  by  several  other  eminent  men  mentioned  in  this  and  other  chap- 
ters. Other  principles  of  form  will  now  come  forward  for  consider- 
ation. 

Considerable  attention  has  been  given  in  the  preceding  pages 

*  Basic  Outlines  of  Universology,  p.  591  et  scq. 


THE   BASIC   PRINCIPLES   OF   FORM.  49 

to  the  investigation  only  of  the  normal  or  regular  factors  and  laws 
of  form.  The  thought  will  present  itself  to  the  careful  reader, 
How  come  those  innumerable  perversions  of  character  which  are 
observed  in  the  feeble-minded,  idiotic,  insane,  eccentric,  and  con- 
genital criminal "?  To  which  class  of  form  do  their  pecuhar  shapes 
belong,  and  what  law  of  form  shall  we  apply  to  their  singularly 
malformed  features,  organs,  limbs,  and  bodies'?  This  question  is 
pertinent,  for  regular,  natural  law  does  not  apply  to  them,  nor 
would  its  application  produce  an  intelligible  and  satisfactory  answer. 
In  order  that  there  should  be  room  for  evolution,  for  progress,  the 
creative  power,  or  Nature,  has  set  in  motion  primarily  the  law  of 
the  sphere.  This  form  is  the  only  one  which  could  produce  regular 
rotatory  motions  in  every  direction ;  hence,  it  is  the  form  of  flexi- 
bility, and  when  we  have  an  instrument  which  is  capable  of  curved 
motions,  we  then  have  an  instrument  which  can  by  interference  be 
arrested  in  its  perfect  curvation,  and  by  its  very  flexibility  be  per- 
verted or  changed  in  its  original  design  from  its  natural  course ; 
hence,  its  movements  can,  if  interfered  with,  originate  discordant 
and  abnormal  manifestations  of  form,  sound,  and  motion.  The 
muscular  apparatus  is  the  principal  motive  apparatus  of  the  body, 
and  is  built  upon  the  plan  of  i)erfect  curvation^  and  in  its  normal 
state  will  produce  perfect  curves  in  every  outline,  motion,  and 
movement  of  the  body,  hands,  and  vocal  organs.  Now,  when 
human  ignorance,  or  ignorant  and  already  vitiated  human  parents 
or  ancestors  have  brought  forth  perverted  ofl'spring — an  idiot,  a 
congenital  criminal,  or  defective  child,  for  example — we  observe 
some  one  or  more  of  the  following  phenomena,  viz.,  obliquity  of 
the  vision  (as  in  crossed  eyes),  angularity  of  the  head,  which  should 
be  rounding ;  or,  in  others,  the  slanting  of  one  foot,  and  skew  of 
the  eye  (cat-like),  the  extreme  slope  of  the  shoulders,  the  crooking 
of  the  mouth  (the  normal  type  of  which  is  the  straight  line) ;  crook- 
ing of  the  lower  joint  of  the  leg,  the  normal  form  of  the  bone 
being  also  straight ;  a  devious,  winding,  serpentine  gait,  or  else  a 
purposeless,  unintelligent  shuffle  from  side  to  side ;  angular  ges- 
tures, or  awkward,  half-curving  ones ;  crooked  features  of  the  face ; 
much  too  flexible  fingers,  hands,  and  limbs,  and  voices  either  ex- 
tremely harsh,  discordant,  and  bass,  or  else  extremely  soft,  silly 
sweet,  and  insincere,  lacking  in  volume  and  reality,  or  lisping.  We 
know,  when  we  observe  all  these,  that  there  has  been  an  infraction 
of  the  laws  of  normal  form,  and  that  (ignorantly,  of  course)  parents 
or  ancestors  have  united  who  were  unfit  and  wholly  inadapted  to 
perpetuate  normal  tf/pes,  as  is  often  observed  in  the  union  of  two 
consumptives,  or  those  with  a  tendency  to  insanity,  epilepsy,  or  pos- 
sessed of  a  torpid  liver,  and  other  defects  of  form  and  organization. 


50  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

These  are  some  of  the  signs  and  forms  of  perverted  or  defect- 
ive beings,  w^ho  are  neither  natural,  artistic,  nor  scientific.  They 
are  the  products  of  violations  of  the  laws  of  Nature,  Art,  and  Sci- 
ence— true  illegitimates,  having  upon  their  escutcheon,  the  face, 
the  bar  sinister.  These  signs  and  forms  have  been  observed  in 
association  and  singly  in  congenifcil  criminals,  such  as  liars,  sneak- 
thieves,  confidence-operators,  and  in  the  several  grades  of  defective 
mentality,  weak  morality,  or  idiocy,  and  in  the  several  stages  of 
eccentricity  tending  sometimes  to  madness,  and  sometimes  to  the 
border-land  of  genius.  Observe  these  peculiarities  of  form,  sound, 
and  motion  where  we  may,  they  indicate  that  a  separate  and  dis- 
tinct principle  of  form  must  be  applied  to  them  in  order  to  unravel 
the  hidden  depths  of  their  characters  and  to  seek  the  mainspring 
of  their  motives. 

THE    LAW   OF    SCALENISM,    OR   PERVERSION. 

This  is  the  law  which  will  apply  to  such  defective  beings,  and 
is  the  only  one  which  will  interpret  their  true  character.  The  law 
and  form  of  the  skew  is  their  normal  type,  and  in  order  to  improve 
or  alter  tlieir  natures  for  the  better  the  most  enlightened  scientific 
treatment  is  demanded.  For  the  credit  of  humanity  I  will  say  that 
idiocy,  feeble-mindedness,  and  dipsomania  are  regarded  as  diseases 
and  defects  and  are  treated  as  such.  In  former  ages  they  were 
regarded  as  possessions  by  demons. 

Very  Uttle  justice  is  accorded  the  congenital  criminal  who 
daily  violates  some  of  the  ten  commandments.  He  is  regarded  as 
being  a  willful  violator  of  these  moral  laws,  and  is  not  understood 
to  be  acting  under  an  irresistible  and,  to  Am,  a  natural  impulse. 
The  law  of  his  being  is  oblique,  askew,  and  slanting;  not  straight, 
square,  upright,  and  downright.  His  form  or  features  are  also  of 
similar  shape.  If  he  have  no  rich  or  influential  friends  to  shield 
and  pay  for  his  delinquencies,  he  is  thrust  into  prison,  where  he 
meets  hundreds  even  more  defective  than  himself,  and  here,  in- 
stead of  being  purified  and  elevated,  raised  above  his  former  self  by 
being  straightened  and  squared  by  intelligent  scientific  treatment, 
he  graduates  in  crime,  and  is  able  upon  making  his  exit  to  outdo 
all  his  former  criminal  exploits,  and  add  his  quota  to  the  criminal 
element  of  the  country  by  propagating  a  brood  of  his  own  sort,  and 
so  perpetuate  skewism,  or  the  law  of  the  abnormal. 

In  geometry  a  scalene  is  a  triangle,  having  its  sides  and  angles 
uneven ;  in  fact,  it  is  all  awry  and  askew,  a  ludicrous  burlesque 
upon  a  true  triangle,  and  looks  like  a  good  triangle  on  a  "  spree." 
Just  so  do  the  poor  victims  to  man's  ignorant  building  look  when 
contrasted  with  the  best  forms ;  they  are  awry,  out  of  joint,  not  in 


THE   LAW  OF   SCALENISM,    OR   PERVERSION.  51 

harmony  with  the  persons  and  conditions  about  them.  They  de- 
mand our  largest  philosophy,  justice,  and  love,  and,  like  the 
Arabian  philosopher,  we  should  pray:  "Oh  God,  be  good  to  the 
wicked  (defective),  for  Thou  hast  been  sufficiently  kind  to  the  good 
in  making  them  such." 

It  is  this  abnormal  principle  of  the  skew  which  we  have  now 
under  consideration,  and  which  produces  the  various  and  innumer- 
able malformations  which  are  the  result  of  the  ignorant  human 
builders  or  defective  parents,  who  unite  in  producing  such  wretched 
burlesques  upon  human  nature  as  are  found  in  every  community. 
The  title  of  this  law  I  have  adopted  from  Mr.  Andrews,  and  will 
now  make  its  practical  application.  There  is  a  law  operative 
throughout  Nature  by  which  an  attempt  in  prenatal  life  is  made  to 
return  to  normal  types.  Were  not  this  the  case  the  world  would 
be  now  filled  with  monstrosities  instead  of  the  passably  regular 
forms  which  prevail.  Another  principle  of  form  and  growth  is 
observed  in  the  artistic  modifications  which  occur  in  the  changing 
of  the  form  of  the  infant  from  a  globular  vegetative  shape  to  the 
later  ovoid,  curved,  or  square  form  which  it  assumes  in  adult  life, 
and  which  becomes  its  final  or  completed  shape.  The  vegetative 
adult  always  retains  this  form,  and  its  accompanying  comparative 
infantile  condition  of  intellect.  The  same  soft,  fluidic,  fatty  form 
is  characteristic  of  some  idiots,  feeble-minded  persons,  and  many 
who  are  lacking  in  good,  square,  moral  natures,  or  strong  and 
sound  judgment. 

The  law  of  the  skew  obtains  to  some  extent  in  the  lower 
orders,  among  vegetables  and  animals,  as  witnessed  in  the  several 
malformations  of  form  and  perversions  of  character.  The  latitude 
allowed  to  Nature,  coupled  with  ignorant  interference,  is  the  cause 
of  these  "  freaks,"  as  they  are  termed.  In  order  that  progress  or 
evolution  should  have  scope  a  certain  degree  of  freedom  of  action 
is  essential ;  hence,  these  abnormal  phenomena. 

Disease  is  a  temporary  return  to  abnormal  or  perverted  types ; 
so  true  is  this,  that  we  find  that  even  the  handwriting  of  those  who 
have  had  nervous  shocks  becomes  altered  and  appears  irregular, 
skewed,  shaky,  or  angular, — like  the  features  and  limbs  of  the  par- 
alytic. Interference  with  the  normal  law  of  form  by  the  union  of 
inadapted  parents  or  by  disease,  afterward  produces  similar  results, 
viz.,  perversions  of  function  and  form.  It  need  not  be  supposed 
that  all  criminals,  feeble-minded  or  insane  persons  are  incarcerated 
in  jails  and  asylums.  Moving  about  in  society  are  large  numbers 
of  the  skewed,  oblique  criminal,  eccentric,  semi-insane,  semi- 
idiotic,  and  feeble-minded  individuals,  but  often  in  such  compara- 
tively slight  degree  or  so  shielded  as  to  escape  these  penalties. 


52  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Many  elegantly-dressed  dames  have  been  detected  in  the  act  of 
shoplifting  and  "  kleptomania,"  as  stealing  is  termed  when  exhib- 
ited by  the  rich,  but  is  set  down  to  individual  "peculiarities"  of 
the  subject,  and  is  hushed  up  by  the  payment  for  the  articles  taken. 
Congenital  liars  and  the  corigenitaUy  feeble-minded  (in  varying 
degrees)  are  observed  in  every  circle  and  sphere  of  society.  It  is 
only  when  their  acts  become  unendurable  that  they  are  restrained 
(either  publicly  or  privately)  of  tlieir  liberty.  One  class  of  detest- 
able criminals,  as  a  rule,  are  seldom  punished,  never  adequately. 
I  refer  to  those  lecherous  fiends  who  are  prowling  about  in  every 
community  seeking  to  debauch  innocence,  and  who  leave  death 
and  destruction  in  their  train.  These  immoral  monsters  (for  they 
are  neither  brute  nor  human)  should  be  deprived  of  their  power 
to  perpetuate  such  crimes  as  are  often  proved  upon  them ;  for 
it  is  perhaps  impossible  to  teach  them  better  or  to  make  them 
able  to  control  their  morbid  sexual  impulse  in  any  reasonable 
manner  whatsoever,  for  this  impulse  is  a  primitive  one,  the  next 
most  powerful  to  hunger ;  hence,  a  part  of  the  real  being  itself. 

As  before  stated,  straightness,  perpendicularity,  and  horizon- 
tality  are  inherent  properties  of  bone, — true  curving  of  muscle. 
If  the  bone  has  not  sufficient  mineral  matter  in  its  composition  to 
make  it  straight  and  firm  the  character  suffers  through  a  deficiency 
of  integrity.  If  the  muscle  is  rigid  and  does  not  curve  properly  and 
easily,  then  we  find  the  excess  either  of  will  or  stupidity.  If  the 
muscle  curves  imperfectly,  we  find  awkwardness  of  movement, 
gesture,  position,  and  inability  to  execute  mechanical  move- 
ments with  dexterity,  precision,  and  accuracy,  as  is  observed  in 
the  feeble-minded  and  in  many  professional  criminals.  When  the 
ravages  of  paralysis  are  discernible  in  the  face,  at  times  they  as- 
sume a  skewed  or  crooked  appearance  owing  to  the  perversions  of 
the  nervous  system.  This  is  another  proof  that  abnormal  action 
tends  to  abnormal  form,  and  skews  the  features  affected.  When 
the  muscles  are  too  soft  and  flexible  and  the  bones  small  and  soft, 
abounding  in  animal  matter,  the  subject  is  apt  to  be  too  flexible, 
too  yielding  for  morality,  and  shifts  his  position  and  opinion  with 
every  wind  that  blows ;  hence,  suffers  through  want  of  firmness, 
decision,  rectitude,  or  a  positive  opinion.  Many  sneak-thieves 
possess  great  flexibility  and  the  capacity  for  turning  and  shifting ; 
hence  has  arisen  the  vague,  instinctive  idea  that  a  man  too  supple 
in  his  movements  is  dangerous. 

The  peculiar  lack  of  grace,  beauty,  and  aptness  on  the  part 
of  professional  or  congenital  criminals  has  long  been  the  subject 
of  observation  on  the  part  of  prison  surgeons  in  Europe,  where 
there  exists  an  hereditary  class  of  criminals,  born  in  and  bred  to 


THE   LAW   OF   SCALENISM,   OR   PERVERSION.  53 

crime.  All  classes  of  defective  beings  also  exhibit  peculiarities  of 
slant,  skew,  or  oblique  lines  and  movements,  which  are  observed 
in  the  gait,  attitude,  position  of  the  body  and  limbs,  the  set  of  the 
feet,  and  slant  of  the  shoulders ;  all  these  reveal  perverseness. 
In  some  cases  it  does  not  assume  criminal  or  idiotic  proportions, 
but  simply  tends  to  awkwardness  and  willfulness,  to  cranky  or 
inapt  methods  of  working,  walking,  etc.  This  is  the  method  of 
operation  of  the  principle  or  spirit  of  the  skew,  slant,  or  obhque 
line,  often  observed  more  particularly  in  the  various  features, 
members,  and  outlines  of  the  human  family.  It  produces  neither 
a  true  curve  nor  a  straight  line,  nor  a  true  angle  and  square  ;  yet 
tends  or  attempts  to  evolve  both.  Where  the  slant  predominates 
it  will  show  in  some  one  or  more  of  the  features,  limbs,  or  out- 
lines of  the  body,  or  in  the  walk,  the  gesture,  the  voice,  and  pur- 
suits. In  some  persons  it  is  indicated  by  sophistical  writings,  or 
in  poor  attempts  at  works  of  art,  or  in  hoarse,  discordant,  or  shrill 
vocalization,  and  in  various  and  numerous  social  and  commercial 
irregularities. 

Eccentricity  of  manner  is  another  manifestation  of  abnormal 
development.  It  sometimes  results  in  insanity  as  well  as  talent, 
as  in  l)ean  Swift  and  Mary  Lamb,  the  gifted  writers.  In  others  it 
is  allied  to  genius,  and  is  sometimes  characteristic  of  criminals. 

The  law  of  the  slant  or  skew  operates  differently  from  the 
law  of  the  angle ;  yet  angular  people  are  sometimes  judged  by 
the  law  of  the  slant.  It  is  true  that  angular  persons  are  slightly 
eccentric  and  peculiar,  yet,  as  a  rule,  are  honorable,  sometimes  un- 
pleasantly so  in  their  manifestations  of  the  square  principle,  and 
show  it  by  projecting  their  opinions  (as  well  as  their  elbows)  for- 
ward at  inopportune  times.  They  lack  tact,  and  are  disagreeably 
blunt  in  their  enunciation  of  unpleasant  truths.  What  this  class 
of  persons  lack  is  the  rounding,  yielding,  agreeable  curving  prin- 
ciple, the  angular  element  being  disproportionately  great,  thus 
opposed  to  symmetry  of  form  as  well  as  to  symmetry  of  character, 
yet  harmonizing  with  the  elements  and  principles  of  form  which 
are  dominant  in  them. 

There  is  always  an  attempt  on  the  part  of  the  dominating 
forces  of  being  to  produce  harmony,  equilibrium,  and  symmetry  in 
all  things.  This  is  Nature's  method  pre-eminently ;  it  also  is  the 
endeavor  of  Art  and  is  the  supreme  law  of  Science.  When  a  failure 
to  produce  these  ends  occurs  it  results  from  interference  in  some 
way  with  the  laws  involved.  The  monstrosities  and  abnormal  de- 
velopments observed  in  the  vegetable,  animal,  and  human  kingdoms 
are  the  result  of  violated  laws,  whether  we  are  able  to  trace  them 
to  their  origin  or  not.     Giants,  dwarfs,  hunchbacks,  two-headed 


54  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

women  and  animals,  and  those  with  superfluous  members,  as  well 
as  congenital  idiots,  drunkards,  and  criminals,  are  proofs  and  illus- 
trations of  a  falling  away  from  righteousness  in  the  past  of  our- 
selves or  of  our  ancestors. 

"  Genius  is  ofttimes  to  madness  near  allied,"  and  the  infraction 
of  certain  laws  by  some  has  produced  sometimes  very  talented 
persons.  This  infraction  of  laws  on  the  part  of  others  has  evolved 
an  idiot  or  criminal.  Maudsley  tells  us  "insanity  in  one  generation 
often  induces  immorality  in  the  next,"  and  vice  versd.  When  the 
law  of  the  slant  is  allowed  to  govern  we  cannot  predict  where  the 
warping  will  end,  nor  yet  what  form  it  will  assume  and  exhibit. 
Of  one  thing  we  may  be  sure, — that  it  will  produce  biased,  warped, 
eccentric,  insane,  or  criminal  characters.  How  essential,  then,  the 
constant  study  of  what  I  have  named  the  "  divine  sciences,"  viz., 
Anatomy,  Physiology,  Heredity,  Hygiene,  and  Physiognomy !  How 
necessary  the  application  of  their  laws  !  For,  "  beyond  the  prin- 
ciples of  each  science  there  is  a  philosophy  of  the  sciences.  The 
principles  of  one  science  fully  comprehended  are  a  key  to  the  inter- 
pretation of  all  sciences.  They  are  the  same  footsteps  of  Nature 
treading  upon  several  subjects."* 

This  philosophy  or  universal  law  is  illustrated  at  its  comple- 
tion by  forms  which  possess  the  normal  principles  of  form.  The 
highest  expression  of  divine  architectural  skill  is  in  the  human 
body  and  face.  To  comprehend  the  basic  laws  which  produce  the 
most  perfection  in  this  direction  should  be  oiu*  aim,  and  the  three 
domains  of  Nature,  Art,  and  Science  are  the  fields  wherein  the 
human  being  may  co-operate  with  the  Creator  in  improving  by 
design,  through  law,  the  human  family.  Nature,  Art,  and  Science 
are  the  true  factors  of  Being  which  are  found  in  varying  degrees 
of  power  in  all  natural  objects.  The  plant,  cultivated  up  to  a  high 
state  of  perfection  (as  most  of  our  garden  vegetables  have  been 
from  wild  stock,  wholly  uneatable),  is  a  product  of  Nature,  Art, 
and  Science  combined,  the  scientific  factor  here  dominating  because 
the  perfection  has  arisen  through  the  application  of  scientific  laws 
in  regard  to  the  best  soil,  location,  treatment,  etc.  Here  Nature 
and  Art  are  subdominant,  and  the  triumphs  of  science  in  vegetable 
products  are  every  day  witnessed  upon  our  tables.  Let  any  one 
follow  the  course  of  the  development  of  the  potato,  the  cucumber, 
the  radish,  the  beet,  the  tomato,  the  celery,  or  other  vegetable,  and 
he  will  receive  a  most  instructive  lesson  in  the  scientific  culture  of 
natural  products  which  will  be  quite  astonishing.  In  some  in- 
stances the  cultivation  seems  to  have  left  but  a  mere  suggestion  of 
shape  and  flavor  of  the  original  wild  edible.     Just  so  it  would  be 

•  Body  and  Mind,  Henry  Maudsley,  M.D.,  p.  185, 


THE   LAW   OF   SCALENISM,   OR   PERVERSION.  *  55 

with  the  human  race  if  scientific  law  were  allowed  scope  in  the 
matter  of  reproduction,  instead  of  childish  instinct,  blind  passion, 
or  selfish  indulgence.  These  are  not  the  forces  we  put  into  horti- 
culture or  horse-breeding,  for  here  they  would  not  pay. 

The  blending  or  co-operation  of  Nature,  Art,  and  Science  in 
the  evolution  of  the  human  race  is  shown  in  many  ways.  To  those 
accustomed  to  take  the  very  limited  view  of  Art,  that  it  consists 
merely  in  painting  pictures,  singing,  acting,  etc.,  the  idea  of  man 
being  in  part  an  art-product,  will  appear  strange,  but  this  will  seem 
plainer  when  it  is  stated  that  those  born  in  barbarism  are  more 
nearly  children  of  Nature;  those  born  in  civilization  are  more 
nearly  children  of  Art,  i.e.^  bom  under  the  influences  of  education 
and  refinement,  and  are  hence  cultivated  products  by  preponder- 
ance. Children  whose  parents  have  intermarried  according  to  the 
laws  of  fitness  and  adaptation,  with  the  intention  of  becoming  the 
progenitors  of  superior  oftspring,  are  more  particularly  the  product 
of  Science,  with  a  subdominance  of  Nature  and  Art  intermingled  in 
th^ir  make-up.  Such  children  may  not  necessarily  be  superior  to 
all  other  children,  but  are  undoubtedly  superior  to  what  either  of 
those  parents  would  have  perpetuated  had  they  intermarried  with 
more  unsuitable  mates. 

The  law  of  "  natural  selection,"  so  happily  elaborated  by  Mr. 
Darwin,  is  the  method  which  Nature  pursues  to  improve  the  human 
race  and  all  races,  in  accordance  with  a  law  of  progressive  develop- 
ment, which,  it  appears,  is  one  of  the  most  important  factors  in 
carrying  forward  the  evolution  of  the  race  toward  a  higher  grade 
of  development.  Those  born  under  the  spontaneous  operation  of 
this  law  are  almost  purely  natural  products. 

In  civilization,  the  choice  of  the  woman  by  the  man,  on  the 
ground  of  some  real  or  fancied  excellence,  is  an  aid — a  slight  one — 
to  the  former  slow  method  of  improvement.  This  is  the  triumph 
of  Art  over  Nature.  The  third  method,  that  which  is  pursued  by 
a  very  limited  number  of  persons,  indeed,  in  civilized  life, — the 
plan  of  intermarrying  because  of  mutual  adaptation  and  fitness, — 
produces  a  scientific  result  in  off'spring,  born  according  to  law, 
bred  with  the  design  of  improving  the  race  by  scientific  culture. 
This  method,  if  universally  practiced,  would  carry  forward  the  evo- 
lution of  the  race  with  great  rapidity,  and  if  the  higher,  scientific 
plan  of  reproduction  were  followed  instead  of  the  instinctive  or 
animal-like  method  (which  is  the  lowest  form  of  reproduction,  and 
the  one  commonly  pursued  in  civilization  as  well  as  in  barbarism, 
in  obedience  to  a  blind,  sexual  impulse  or  selfish  gratification), 
there  would  be  evolved  a  race  of  wonderful  beings  far  transcending 
any  which  have  ever  appeared  on  earth. 


56  •  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  principal  and  most  important  use  of  the  knowledge  of 
the  Basic.  Principles  of  Form  is  found  in  its  application  to  scientific 
physiognomy,  and  the  most  important  use  of  this  science  is  toward 
the  scientific  culture  of  the  human  race.  To  study  the  science  for 
the  simple  desire  of  knowing  what  certain  faces  and  forms  reveal 
is  mere  childish  curiosity.  The  applkation  of  its  principles  is  its 
highest  use.  My  motive  in  elaborating  this  system  proceeds  pri- 
marily from  a  desire  to  improve  the  race  by  practical  methods,  to 
bring  it  up  to  a  higher  grade  of  moral,  physical,  and  intellectual 
excellence,  instead  of  relying  upon  the  slow  and  uncertain  natural 
way  advised  by  theologists,  which  is  the  merely  sentimental  phase 
of  improvement,  slow  and  uncertain,  not  radical  and  certain.  I  do 
not  wish  to  underrate  theology  or  any  other  system  of  ethics  which 
promotes  in  any  degree,  however  slight,  the  morality  and  integrity 
of  humanity ;  but  what  I  urge  is  that  fundamental  principles  of 
life  are  noiin^  at  this  partlcidar  stage  of  the  world's  development, 
greatly  needed,  and  I  add  this,  my  contribution,  in  a  true  mission- 
ary spirit,  as  being  the  attitude  of  benevolence  I  hold  and  have 
ever  held  toward  my  fellow-beings.  The  form  of  its  expression  has, 
however,  changed  with  advancing  years  ;  for,  whereas  in  my  youth 
I  thought  it  my  duty  to  proceed  to  Africa  and  Christianize  the  bar- 
barous races,  I  now  believe  it  my  duty  to  remain  at  home  and 
appeal  to  the  most  enlightened  and  refined  of  the  Christian  races, 
and  to  instruct  them  in  divinely  constituted  scientific  law  instead 
of  teaching  inspirational,  intuitive  beliefs  to  the  heathen.  The 
latter  belongs  to  the  infantile  stage  of  man  and  the  race  and  the 
former  to  the  adult  stage  of  mind. 

In  the  preceding  pages  each  primal  principle  of  form  has  been 
considered.  There  now  remains  only  the  duty  of  giving  a  tabulated 
summation  of  the  several  discriminations  of  form,  together  with 
their  related  symbols  or  significations.  The  six  simple  mechanical 
powers  involved  in  Nature,  or  the  working  forces  which  operate 
the  world  and  man's  organism  alike, — viz.,  the  lever,  the  wheel, 
the  axle,  the  pulley,  the  inclined  plane,  the  wedge  and  screw, — will 
be  treated  of  when  we  arrive  at  the  discussion  of  the  moving  forces 
or  dynamics  of  the  human  mind  and  body.  This  chapter  is  de- 
voted more  particularly  to  the  application  of  the  factors  of  Form  to 
the  human  organism,  regardless  of  the  operation  and  effects  of 
the  mechanical  forces  and  visceral  organs  which  produce  them, 
except  in  the  most  primitive  and  elementary  sense,  as  connected 
with  primitive  geometry  or  the  form  and  motions  of  the  planets.  Let 
it  be  understood  in  the  following  summary  that  the  term  "  artistic" 
is  used  in  its  most  comprehensive  sense,  including  not  only  the 
art-side  of  Nature,  but  also  all  of  the  arts  of  man,  such  as  sculpture, 


THE    LAW   OF   SCALENISM,   OR   PERVERSION. 


5lf 


painting,  acting,  singing,  musical  instrumentation,  athletics  of  all 
sorts,  and  the  semi-artistic  professions,  such  as  photography,  pho- 
nography, telegraphy,  and  all  other  arts  which  are  a  combinatiori 
of  art  and  science,  with  the  art  principles  dominant,  and  a  sub- 
dominance  of  the  scientific  laws. 

The  term  "  scientific"  is  also  used  comprehensively,  and  in- 
cludes mechanism,  invention,  and  all  scientific  pursuits  in  which 
mechanical  or  scientific  principles  dominate  the  artistic. 


The  Normal  Factors  op  Form  and  Being  in  Nature,  Art,  and  Science. 
The  Sphere,  the  Curve,  the  Square. 


The  Point,    , 

The  Sphere, 

Product, 


The  Line, 
The  Angle, 

The  Square, 

The  Cube,     , 


Motion,  Germination,  Progress.  "l 

Nature,  Art,  Infantile  Stage.  I  Bgav,t„ 

The  curvilinear  or  artistic  man  (normal  |      '^^^v- 
type.)  J 

Science,  Determinate  form. 

Regularity,      Precise       "Diagrammatic 

Illustration." 
Stability,     Rectitude,     Morality,     "The  \  Perfection, 

Measure  of  a  Man." 
Integrity,  Wholeness,  Completion,  Adult 

Stage. 


Product, 


Natural,  Artistic,  Scientific. 
The  square  or  scientific  man  (normal  type). 


The  Law  op  Imperpect  Curvation,  Illustrated  by  the  Abnormal 
Factors  op  Form  and  Being,  Skewism  or  Scalenism. 


Obliquity,     . 
Eccentricity, 


Imperpect  Curvation, 


One-sidedness,  Immorality. 
Non-stability,  Genius,  Ugliness,  or  Mad- 
ness,   Contrariness    of  Thought    and 
Action. 
Sophistry,    Knavery,    Defective    Func- 
tions. 

Perversion  of  Form  and  Motion,  as  in — 
Sinistrality  or  Lept- 
HANDEDNE88,      .        .     Awkward  and  Inapt  Movements. 


Imperfection- 


Imperfect  curvation,  or  crookedness  of  the  features,  the  head,  the  limbs,  the 
organs,  and  body,  producing  malformation  of  the  organs  of  speech,  hearing,  and 
sight. 


Product, 


Unnatural,  Inartistic,  Unscientipic. 
.    The  crooked  or  perverted  man  (abnormal  type). 


CHAPTER  m. 

The  Five  Organ  Systems  which  Create  Form  and  Character. 

"  The  history  of  the  evolution  of  form,  which  primarily  occupies  us,  is  at  the 
same  time  the  history  of  the  evolution  of  functions,  and  this  is  equally  true  of  the 
human  and  all  other  organisms."  * 

"Habits  and  the  use  and  disuse  of  organs  are  certainly  of  the  greatest  impor- 
tance as  efficient  causes  of  organic  form."f 

VICTOR  COUSIN,  in  his  admirable  essay  on  the  beautiful, 
remarks:  "All  is  symbolic  in  Nature.  Form  is  not 
form  only;  it  unfolds  something  inward. "J  This  phi- 
losophy is  scientifically  correct,  for  it  is  a  law  of  Nature 
that  form  indicates  character ;  if  this  be  so,  then  the 
form  or  shape  of  the  individual  must  bear  a  strong  relation  to  his 
actions.  Not  only  is  this  true,  but  it  is  also  tnie  that  if  in  attending 
to  the  detail  of  a  man's  physiognomy  we  observe  with  the  eye  of 
science,  we  shall  be  able  to  discern  not  alone  his  mental  powers  and 
his  moral  proclivities,  but  likewise  his  physical  qualities  and  predis- 
positions to  health  and  disease. 

The  natural  shape,  or  the  one  with  which  one  is  bom,  can  be 
modified,  it  is  true,  by  attention  to  diet,  rest,  exercise,  mental  occu- 
pation, etc.,  but,  as  little  attention  is  paid  to  modifying  inherited 
forms,  we  can  safely  say  that  the  majority  of  men  attain  manhood 
with  the  form  which  was  inherited^  unless  disease,  diet,  or  una- 
voidable circumstances  have  modified  the  inherited  form.  In 
investigating  the  laws  and  forms  of  organic  life  and  their  mean- 
ings, we  must  be  governed  by  the  methods  of  reasoning  that  are 
observed  in  all  other  departments  of  scientific  research.  We  must 
first  collect  the  facts  as  to  forms  and  their  related  characters,  then 
we  must  pursue  a  course  of  generalizing,  as  it  is  termed.  This 
consists  in  collecting  a  certain  number  of  facts  relating  to  forms, 
together  with  the  characteristics  whibh  accompany  such  forms, 
and  then  compare  facts  and  forms,  and  if  in  the  majority  of  in- 
stances the  facts  and  forms  agree  we  have  sufficient  evidence  upon 
which  to  found  a  law.  This  is  the  method  pursued  by  all  scientists. 
The  safest  and  surest  way  of  discovering  the  laws  and  truths 


•  Haeckel's  Evolution  of  Man,  voL  i,  p.  86. 

t  Ibid.,  p.  19. 

\  Philosophy  of  the  Beautiful,  Victor  Cousin,  p.  129. 


(59) 


60  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of  Nature  is  to  follow  her  indications,  to  use  one's  sense  of  obser- 
vation and  comparison,  and  to  interpret  Form  according  to  its 
indications,  assisted  by  the  "  basic  laws  of  form." 

That  all  form  indicates  character  is  a  principle  so  well  estab- 
lished throughout  Nature  as  to  need  little  testimony  from  me.  In 
the  study  of  the  science  before  us,  it  is  absolutely  essential  that 
this  principle  should  be  thoroughly  comprehended,  and  the  char- 
acter of  its  various  phases  understood  at  first  sight,  in  order  to 
render  the  interpretation  of  character  certain  and  beyond  all 
doubt, — for  upon  the  conformation  of  the  physiognomy  (a;id  here 
I  mean  the  entire  body)  are  we  mainly  dependent  for  knowledge 
of  the  character  of  the  entire  man.  It  is  true  that  size,  color, 
texture  of  the  skin  and  hair,  health,  etc.,  play  their  part  in  deter- 
mining characteristics ;  still.  Form  is  primarily  the  grand  deter- 
mining, dominating  principle  underlying  all  others.  Its  meanings 
should  be  completely  mastered  before  proceeding  to  the  considera- 
tion of  other  branches  of  our  subject. 

The  more  advanced  phrenologists,  who  commenced  the  inves- 
tigations of  phrenology  on  the  basis  of  classification  by  color  of  the 
complexion,  hair,  and  eyes,  have  gradually  arrived  at  the  conclu- 
sion that  form  is  the  most  decisive  factor  in  the  interpretation  of 
character.  O.  S.  Fowler  declares,  in  his  work  on  "Human  Sci- 
ence," that  the  correct  way  is  to  classify  character  by  the  forms  of 
the  body,  and.  that  these  forms  are  produced  by  the  predominance 
of  one  or  the  other  of  the  five  principal  systems  of  functions  in- 
cluded in  the  human  organism.  These  systems  and  forms  he 
designates  the  "Vital,  Motive  or  Mechanical,  and  Mental 
Temperaments." 

I  cannot  comprehend  how  Mr.  Fowler  can  consistently  retain 
the  word  "  Temperament "  in  his  designation  o^ forms.  Tempera- 
ment is  the  word  used  by  Hippocrates  to  indicate  the  several  colors 
of  the  complexion.  It  has  no  relation  to  Form,  whatever  it  may 
have  to  color.  If  we  wish  to  use  language  at  once  intelligent 
and  comprehensive,  it  must  be  rejected,  as  well  as  the  method  of 
deciding  character  by  so  small  a  portion  of  the  organism  as  the 
skull  alone.  Why  should  not  the  face  (where  the  most  active  and 
expressive  muscles  are  located)  and  the  contour  of  the  entire  body 
be  taken  into  account  \  It  is  certainly  a  great  deal  more  difficult 
to  feel  the  head  (which  has  no  active  expression,  and  is  not  so 
practicable  for  every-day  and  instant  observation  as  the  face  and 
the  outlines  of  the  body)  tlian  it  is  to  scan  the  face.  "A  cat 
may  look  at  a  king,"  and  so  one  may  study  the  features  of  his  ' 
fellow-men,  without  saying  "By  your  leave."  This  system  of 
physiognomy  classifies  upon  the  basis  of  the  forms  that  are  de- 


FIVE   ORGAN   SYSTEMS   WHICH   CREATE   FORM   AND   CHARACTER.    61 

rived  from  the  development  of  the  several  organ  systems  which  are 
comprised  in  the  human  body.  It  also  shows  the  influence  of 
color  and  health,  as  well  as  all  the  other  conditions  which  deter- 
mine character. 

In  the  human  organism  there  are  five  different  organ  systems, 
which,  in  their  development,  produce  different  configurations  of  the 
body  and  corresponding  differences  of  mental  development.  These 
systems  are  always  found  in  combination,  but  in  different  degrees 
of  power  in  every  individual,  and  to  these  variations  are  we  in- 
debted for  the  infinite  variety  of  the  human  race.  These  five 
systems  are  named  the  Vegetative,  the  Thoracic,  the  Muscular, 
the  Osseous  or  Bony,  and  the  Brain  and  Nervous  Systems, — the 
last  mentioned  forming  one  system  and  producing  one  conforma- 
tion. Each  of  these  systems  evolves  and  exhibits  a  different  set 
of  physical  functions  and  mental  faculties  peculiar  to  itself,  but 
they  are  so  constituted  that  neither  can  exist  without  the  action 
and  interaction  of  a  certain  proportion  of  each  of  the  others. 

In  order  to  create  a  normal  and  healthful  condition  of  the 
organism,  there  must  always  be  a  due  development  of  each  of  these 
systems,  else  incompetency,  disease,  and  early  decline  will  be  the 
result.  The  system  which  is  the  first  in  the  order  of  development 
of  all  organized  life,  and  which  is  also  the  underlying  or  basilar 
system  of  man's  organism,  is  the  Vegetative,  and  it  has,  in  common 
with  the  various  growths  of  vegetable  life,  the  functions  of  susten- 
tation,  imbibition  from  the  air  and  water  (through  the  pores,  in 
plants,  and  the  mouth,  in  man),  of  reproduction,  assimilation, 
absorption,  secretion,  excretion,  respimtion,  circulation,  and  growth; 
but  the  Vegetative  System  gives  no  power  for  the  expression  of  the 
phenomena  of  either  thought  or  volition.  Every  plant,  tree,  vege- 
table, and  shrub  has  the  power  of  absorbing,  excreting,  and 
reproducing,  circulating  its  sap  and  juices  through  its  cells  and 
tubes  (and  this  by  hydrostatic  law  and  the  law  of  gravitation). 

All  the  lower  animals  have  the  same  powers  and  functions. 
Not  until  other  systems  of  functions  are  superadded  do  we  discover 
any  capacity  for  volition  or  conscious  sensation.  It  is  true  that 
the  lowest  animal  organisms,  such  as  the  Amoeba,  give  indications 
of  possessing  a  certain  form  of  sensation,  yet  these  are  all  in  the 
vegetative  condition.  No  organs  for  the  expression  of  sensation, 
as  we  find  it  illustrated  in  higher  animal  organisms,  have  yet 
been  evolved,  and  until  these  organs  or  systems  of  functions  are 
added, — such,  for  example,  as  bones,  muscles,  and  brain, — volition, 
sensation,  and  thought,  in  their  most  complete  sense,  are  not 
present.  The  intelhgent  reader,  who  has  followed  the  course  of 
the  evolution  of  man  from  the  lowest  organisms,  or  from  the  primi- 


62  PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

tive  human  germ,  will  have  observed  the  order  in  which  the  sev- 
eral systems  of  functions  and  their  accompanying  faculties  of  mind 
(as  it  is  called)  have  evolved  or  developed.  As  Nature  has  indi- 
cated this  order  as  her  supreme  law  of  progression,  I  shall  endeavor, 
in  the  exposition  of  this  system  of  physiognomy,  to  follow  her 
methods,  believing  the  laws  of  Nature  to  be  divine  and  infallible. 
These  laws,  if  allowed  free  scope,  and  not  impeded  by  the  ignor- 
ance or  wilfulness  of  man,  will  always  result  in  harmonious  devel- 
opment and  equilibrium. 

A  study  of  the  laws  of  natural  progression  shows  that  all 
organic  life  commences  with  the  development  of  the  functions  of 
sustentation,  reproduction,  secretion,  and  excretion.  Here,  then, 
is  the  physical  basis  of  organic  as  well  as  of  mental  life. 

In  the  first  chapter  I  took  for  illustration  the  first  develop- 
ments of  Form  and  Character  as  shown  in  the  mineral  kingdom. 
In  this,  I  shall  continue  the  study  by  taking  up,  first,  the  consider- 
ation of  the  form,  character,  and  the  earliest  appearances 'of  cell- 
life  in  the  organization  of  animal  tissue  or  of  animal  bodies  which 
have,  like  all  vegetables  and  young  animals,  no  object  in  life  but 
to  grow.  It  is  probable  that  the  first  races  of  men  were  stomach 
men  merely — that  is  to  say,  they  lived  in  the  lowest  range  of  func- 
tions and  faculties,  viz.,  those  of  sustentation  and  reproduction, 
just  as  do  the  lowest  races  at  the  present  time — and  that  the 
powers  which  assist  man  in  his  architectuml  and  mathematical 
efforts  were  not  developed  at  that  stage  of  evolution  to  any  appre- 
ciable extent,  but  were  merely  rudimentary. 

In  elaborating  my  theory  that  "mind  inheres  in  the  entire 
organism"  I  shall  quote  from  an  able  writer  in  order  to  show  that 
all  the  basic  elements  and  principles  of  Mind  are  present  in  the 
lowest  or  earliest  forms  of  cell-organisms.  These  organic  elements 
are  characterized  by  the  same  properties  that  are  exhibited  by  the 
most  developed  organisms.  These  properties  are  those  of  nutrition, 
reproduction,  growth,  development,  and  sometimes  of  motion  and 
irritability,  all  of  which  are  present  in  the  Amoeba,  the  most  primi- 
tive of  animal  organisms.  The  extract  hereto  appended  will  explain 
the  manner  of  development  of  primitive  tissues  which  contribute 
to  mental  as  well  as  to  physiological  power.  It  will  also  exhibit 
the  dominance  of  the  basic  principles  underlying  all  matter,  viz., 
those  of  Chemistry,  Architecture,  and  Mathematics : — 

THE    STRUCTURE   OP   ORGANIZED   BODIES. 

Chemical  analysis  has  shown  that  all  organized  bodies  are  capable 
of  resolution  into  simple  chemical  elements  which  in  themselves  do  not 
differ  from  the  elements  out  of  which  all  matter  fs  composed  ;  in  other 
words,  that  the  simple  elements  of  which  organized  bodies  are  built  up 


FIVE   ORGAN   SYSTEMS  WHICH   CREATE  FORM   AND   CHARACTER.    63 

are  universally  distributed  throughout  Nature,  and  that  no  one  element 
is  peculiar  to  organized  matter.  The  characteristic  of  organized  bodies  is 
therefore  not  to  be  found  in  an}-  peculiarity  of  the  matter  of  which  they  are 
composed,  but  in  the  manner  in  which  the  atoms  composing  that  matter  are 
grouped.  In  an  inorganic  body  we  are  accustomed  to  attribute  its  chemical 
properties  to  the  nature,  number,  and  mode  of  association  of  its  constituent 
elements,  while  its  physical  properties  are  attributable  to  the  mode  of 
arrangement  of  its  molecules. 

Analysis  of  organized  bodies  shows  that  in  them  we  have  certain 
elements  constantly  present  in  certain  definito  proportions;  it  is  therefore 
warrantable  to  assume  that  the  chemical  properties  of  organized  bodies  are, 
as  in  the  case  of  inorganic  matter,  due  to  the  number,  nature,  and  mode  of 
association  of  their  elements.  Further,  we  find  in  all  organized  living 
bodies  a  certain  identity  of  ph^^sical  properties ;  it  is,  therefore,  warrantable 
to  assume  that  the  physical  processes  seen  in  organized  bodies  are  dependent 
on  the  mode  of  arrangement  of  their  constituent  molecules.  The  elements 
constantly  associated  in  living  matter  are  carbon,  nitrogen,  oxygen,  hydro- 
gen, and  sulphur,  forming  a  complex  combination,  to  which  the  term  proto- 
plasm has  been  applied.  This  matter,  protoplasm,  whether  found  in  the 
tissues  of  the  highest  animals  or  plants,  or  in  the  lowest,  unicellular  members 
of  either  kingdom,  has  always  the  same  composition  and  is  always  possessed 
of  nearl}^  the  same  attributes ;  with 
the  restriction  that  we  have  al- 
ready referred  to,  as  to  the  difler- 
ence  in  functions  possessed  by 
animals  and  plants, — differences 
which  will  probably  in  the  future 
be  cleared  up,  and  found  not  to 
be  in  contradiction  to  the  state- 
ment that  protoplasm  is  the  uni- 
versal  basis  of  organization.  ^^^    ^_^  NON .  nucleated  cell,   the 

All  organized  bodies  are  built  protamceba    primitiva.    (After 

up  of  associations  of  masses  of.  Haeckel.) 

T^^^f,-wi^laor«  -nrln'oVi  fV/^m  +Jio;.-  o i->  A,  Original  Condition;  B,  Commencement  of  FcpTa 
protoplasm,  wlncn   tiom  tiieir  ap-         ductlon  by  fission  j  C,  after  complete  separation. 

pearance  are  termed  cells,  or,  from 

the  functions  which  they  fulfill,  elementary  organisms;  and  as  the  phj^sical 
properties  of  inorganic  matter  are  dependent  on  the  arrangement  of  their 
molecules,  so  the  ph^^siological  peculiarities  of  organized  bodies  are 
dependent  on  their  cellular  structure. 

Physiology  is,  therefore,  the  study  of  the  properties  of  cells.  Cells 
possess  the  properties  of  Nutrition,  Reproduction,  Growth,  Development, 
and  in  many  cases  their  contents  are  capable  of  Motion  and  manifesting 
Irritability. 

Microscopic  examination  teaches  that  every  living  object,  from 
man  down  to  the  smallest  animalcule  invisible  to  the  naked  eye,  from  the 
largest  tree  down  to  the  most  microscopic  plant,  is  built  up  on  the  same 
general  plan.  In  each  the  same  element  of  organization  is  found,  and  every 
living  form  is  built  up  of  associations  of  the^e  microscopic  units,' each  of 
which,  even  in  the  most  complex  forms  of  life  vaa,y  be  regarded  as  separate 
individual  organisms.     .     .     .    •. 

The  best  known  of  such  undifferentiated  forms  of  cell-life  is  the 
amceba,  one  of  the  simplest  examples  of  an  animal  organism. 

In  its  lowest  form  the  amaba  {Protamceba  primitiva,  Haeckel)  consists 
of  a  mass  of  jell.y-like,  structureless,  albuminoid  substance  (protoplasm), 
which,  so  far  as  its  chemical  composition  and  general  attributes  are  con- 


64:  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

cerned,  cannot  be  distinguished  from  the  contents  of  all  active  forms  of 
cells.  (See  Fig.  3.)  The  amoeba  is  capable  of  spontaneous  motion,  both  as 
regards  change  of  external  form  and  of  progressing  from  place  to  place. 
Motions  may  also  be  evoked  by  various  stimuli ;  hence  free  protoplasm,  in 
common  with  muscular  fibre  and  ciliated  organisms,  is  contractile. 

The  peculiarity  of  protoplasmic  motion  as  seen  in  the  amoeba  is  that 
motion  does  not  occur  around  a  fixed  point,  but  rather  is  a  flowing  motion, 
such  as  might  occur  in  the  particles  of  a  fluid.  Thus,  in  an  amoeba  the 
changes  in  form  and  location  are  effected  through  the  thrusting  out  of  lobe- 
like prolongations  of  the  periphery  (pseudopodia)  and  their  subsequent 
withdrawal  or  tlie  flowing  into  these  extensions  of  the  remainder  of  the 
body. 

Occasionally  one  or  more  of  these  pseudopodia  become  gradually  more 
and  more  constricted,  until  finally  a  portion  becomes  entirely  separated  from 
the  original  mass,  increases  in  size,  and  itself  possesses  all  the  properties 
of  the  parent  stock ;  hence  protoplasm  is  reproductive,  and  possesses  the 
power  of  growth.  Moreover,  the  movements  of  an  amoeba  are  not  neces- 
sarily the  consequences  of  external  stimuli,  but  may  be  self-originating; 
hence  protoplasm  is  also  automatic.  If  watched  for  some  time  an  amoeba 
will  often  be  seen  to  take  into  its  interior  by  flowing  around  them  small 
vegetable  organisms,  of  which  portions  are  dissolved  and  converted  into 
the  substance  of  its  body,  while  the  undigested  remainder  is  extruded; 
therefore,  protoplasm,  even  in  the  absence  of  all  digestive  organs,  possesses 
the  power  of  nutintion.  The  amoeba  requires  for  its  existence  an  atmos- 
phere of  oxygen,  which  is  absorbed,  and  which  it  again  partly  exhales  as 
carbon  dioxide.     Protoplasm  is,  therefore,  respiratory.* 

The  above  clear  and  explicit  statement  of  cell-powers  shows 
that  the  common  basis  of  mind-organization  is  present  in  the 
simplest  forms  of  organized  life.  In  this  phase  of  existence  the 
animal  appears  to  be  stomach  all  over ;  formless,  yet  possessing  all 
the  possibilities  of  form ;  unorganized,  yet  exhibiting  all  the  attri- 
butes of  organization,  viz.,  capacity  for  motion,  reproduction, 
growth,  secretion,  excretion,  respiration,  and  digestion.  In  this 
stage  it  seems  to  be  a  chemical  compound,  merely;  the  rudi- 
mentary stage  of  all  organic  life  is  mainly  chemical,  yet  possessing 
as  we  have  seen  all  the  "  potencies  and  possibilities "  of  archi- 
tectural and  mathematical  development.  The  primitive  germ  of 
the  human  embryon  is  nothing  more  at  its  inception  than  a  minute 
mass  of  non-nucleated  protoplasm,  yet  possesses  all  the  properties 
of  mind  which  in  its  developed  state  may  exhibit  the  transcendent 
genius  of  an  Humboldt  or  a  Newton.  It  is  hence  important  that 
we  should  study  the  primitive  origin  of  man,  in  order  that  we  may 
comprehend  the  physical  basis  of  his  mind.  It  is  to  further  this 
purpose  that  I  have  introduced  the  precedmg  description  of  the 
Amoeba.f 

.,,  .  *  Physiology  of  the  Domestic  Animals,  Robert  Meade  Smith,  pp.  11-14.  Philadelphia: 
F.  A.  Davis.  '  *^*^  *^ 

t  A  study  of  embryolop;y  or  of  the  evolution  of  man  would  be  most  advantageous  to  the 
student  who  desires  a  thorough  knowledge  of  this  most  interesting  phase  of  mental  development. 
My  limits  forbid  further  elaboration  here.— The  Author. 


FIVE   ORGAN   SYSTEMS   WHICH   CREATE   FORM   AND   CHARACTER.    65 


The  lowest  animal  organisms  exist  in  and  upon  watery  or 
fluid  nutriment;  and  man  in  his  embryonic  state,  while  he  is  devel- 
oping from  his  protoplasmic  condition,  as  well  as  for  months  after 
his  birth,  lives  upon  fluid  nutriment. 

The  native  Australian  is  a  fair  sample  of  this  stage  of  evolu- 
tion. Of  course,  the  germs  of  all  the  five  systems  are  present  in 
the  lowest  types  of  man,  but  in  this  stage  of  development  they 
lack  both  size  and  quality,  and  are  not  perfected  as  in  perfected 
races.  The  other  systems  of  functions,  and  many  faculties  now 
seen  in  combination  with  the  vegetative,  have  been  very  largely 
perfected  since,  particularly  the  brain  and  nerve  system,  which  is 


Pig.  4.— native  Australians.   (After  d'Ubvillb.) 

Showing  absence  of  muscular  tissue. 

now  in  a  more  active  state  than  ever  before  in  the  world's  history. 
From  being  a  stomach  race  we  are  becoming  a  brain  race.  What 
evolution  will  do  for  us  in  the  ages  to  come  it  is  difficult  to  predict. 
The  law  of  progress  is  always  from  the  lower  to  the  higher,  and 
surely  we  can  say  of  human  nature  that  it  has  need  of  higher 
growth  or  a  higher  development  in  quality. 

The  next  class  of  animals  above  the  Amoeba  is  that  of  the 
Infusoria,  also  of  microscopic  proportions.  Above  these  we  find 
the  Polyp  (Fig.  5),  a  soft,  round-bodied  animal,  that  seems  to  be 
merely  a  gelatinous  mass,  yet  with  quite  a  distinct  digestive  appa- 
ratus in  the  form  of  a  tube.  These  creatures  multiply  by  what  is 
termed  gemmation  or  budding.     They  respire  through  the  skin ; 


66 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


they  have  no  blood-vessel  system,  but  are  supplied  with  a  nourish- 
ing fluid  analogous  to  the  blood  of  higher  animals. 

From  this  stage  of  animal  life  until  we  reach  x\mphibia,  a 
class  of  animals  which  are  capable  of  living  both  in  water  and  on 
land,  we  find  no  true  lung  or  perfected  breathing  apparatus.  To 
be  able  to  inhale  air  is  the  next  great  step  in  progressive  develop- 
ment of  animal  powers,  and  in  Amphibia  we  observe  a  development 
of  both  lung  and  heart  power.  The  next  stage  of  development 
is  shown  by  an  increase  of  the  muscular  system.  This  increased 
power  is  necessitated  by  a  life  on  land,  as  the  amphibious  animals 
seek  their  food  on  land  as  well  as  in  the  water  ;  hence,  they  require 

more  muscidar  power  to  enable  them 
to  gain  a  livelihood  in  both  realms. 

A  life  in  the  open  air  under  the 
direct  rays  of  the  sun  causes  the  bony 
structure  to  become  perfected.  A  life 
in  the  water  exclusively  gives  to  the 
bony  structure  a  cartilaginous  or  soft 
condition.  We  find  in  the  human  and 
animal  races  that  those  classes  that 
have  led  an  outdoor  life  for  generations, 
as,  for  example,  farmers,  laborers,  etc., 
ha\e  the  best-developed  bony  structure. 
The  animals  and  birds  that  skulk  and 
come  out  mainly  at  night  have  not  so 
good  a  bony  system  as  those  that  Hve 
in  the  open  air  exposed  to  the  sun. 
Compare  the  tiger,  the  coon,  the  opos- 
sum, the  polecat,  and  skunk,  with  the 
sheep,  the  goat,  and  dog,  the  owl  with 
the  spari'ow-hawk,  etc.,  and  we  shall 
have  a  very  good  idea  of  what  the  sun  can  do  in  developing  and 
perfecting  a  bony  structure. 

In  the  plan  of  progressive  development  in  the  lower  animals 
we  find  that  the  order  observed  is  as  we  have  indicated :  First,  the 
vegetative  functions,  or  the  ability  to  eat,  drink,  respire,  secrete, 
reproduce,  and  grow  ;  the  next  step  is  to  breathe  ;  the  next  is  the 
development  of  the  muscular  system,  then  that  of  the  osseous  or 
bony  system ;  later  on,  as  we  advance  above  the  fish  family,  we 
find  a  beginning  of  a  true  brain  system.  Not  until  we  arrive  at 
the  order  Mammalia  do  we  find  a  perfected  brain  and  nervous  sys- 
tem, represented  first  in  the  several  races  of  animals,  both  wild 
and  domestic.  This  is  the  order  which  Nature  unfolds,  whether 
we  look  for  it  in  her  manifestations  through  the  long  ages  of  pro- 


FlG.  5.— A   POLYP.    (Much   En- 


LARGED.) 

A  simple  animal  organism. 


THE   VEGETATIVE   SYSTEM. 


67 


gressive  development  from  the  simple  Amceba  up  through  fish, 
reptile,  bird,  and  beast,  to  man,  or  whether  we  trace  it  through 
the  embryonic  life  of  the  human  being  and  find  it  written  on  man's 
face,  which  is  the  register,  if  we  read  it  scientifically,  of  all  these 
changes  and  growths.  The  order  above  described  I  sliall  follow  in 
my  exposition  of  the  five  systems  of  functions. 


THE   VEGETATIVE   SYSTEM. 

We  observe  the  signs  for  the  action  of  the  vegetative  func- 
tions in  the  lower  part  of  the  face  mainly,  the  signs  lor  the  devel- 
opment of  the  animal  or  motive  functions  and  faculties  in  the 

middle  range,  and  the  highest  por- 
tion of  the  physiognomy  discloses 
the  intuitional  and  the  reasoning 
powers.      Man's    face   is   truly  a 


Pig.  6.— vegetative  infant. 


Fio.  7.— VEGETATIVE  MAN. 


microcosm,  or  miniature  world.  How  wonderful !  Hojv  beautiful ! 
How  divine !  It  seems  to  me  that  religion  can  go  no  farther  than 
to  know  the  human  face  scientifically,  and  then  to  use  this  knowl- 
edge for  race-improvement  by  intelUgent  and  scientific  methods. 

If  the  theory  of  the  evolution  of  man  had  never  been  promul- 
gated, the  human  face  read  scientifically  ivoidd  have  necessitated 
its  promulgation,  for  the  face  of  man  proves  the  order  of  his  de- 
velopment, and  the  course  of  embryonic  life  corroborates  the 
methods  which  have  governed  the  gradual  unfolding  of  all  animal 
organisms,  from  the  lowest  to  the  highest.  In  the  highest  animal 
organization  in  the  world,  the  first  few  years  of  life  are  passed  with 


68  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTII^C   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

apparently  no  purpose  but  to  assimilate  nutriment  and  grow; 
these  fill  out  the  infant  years  of  the  human  race.  The  counte- 
nance in  infancy  is  comparatively  expressionless,  the  bony  parts  of 
the  face  and  body  are  cartilaginous  and  scarcely  perceptible  owing 
to  the  amount  of  fatty  tissue  which  the  constant  absorption  of 
Uquid  food  has  produced.  What  will  eventually  be  bone  is  in  an 
almost  gelatinous  state  ;  the  glands  are  active  and  give  a  large 
quantity  of  juices  which  soften  the  tissue.  The  cheeks  and  chin 
are  round,  the  nose  small  and  depressed,  the  mouth  large,  the 
cheeks  protuberant,  the  forehead  small,  narrow,  rounding,  and 
bulging  at  the  centre.  There  is  a  sleepy  look,  with  little  inclina- 
tion to  move.  The  infant  while  in  this  state  may  be  said  to  be  in 
the  vegetative  condition,  that  is  to  say,  it  assimilates  food,  it  respires, 
it  secretes,  and  grows.  This  is  precisely  what  all  vegetable  life 
does,  only  vegetables  never  get  beyond  this  stage.  They  never 
develop  the  powers  of  voluntary  will  and  motion ;  these'  require 
bones  and  muscles.  The  entire  existence  of  vegetables  is  passed 
in  absorbing  and  growing,  and  these  functions  being  common 
alike  to  plant  and  animal  existence  are  named  vegetative. 

If  these  functions  and  faculties  remain  dominant  in  adult  life, 
then  the  individual  is  mainly  vegetative,  and  although  in  the  adult 
there  are  bones,  muscles,  and  nerves,  and  other  animal  powers, 
still  the  individual  thus  built  will  be  childlike  as  compared  to  those 
who  possess  more  muscle  and  larger  bones  with  less  soft,  fatty 
tissue.  The  judgment  of  this  class  in  matters  of  literature,  mathe- 
matics, and  art  will  be  defective,  and  the  domestic  faculties  will  be 
found  in  the  ascendant. 

The  vegetative  adult  is  characterized  by  large  mouth,  small, 
depressed  nose,  globular  cheeks  and  chin,  slow  motions,  slow  pulse, 
large  abdomen,  voracious  appetite,  love  of  Hquid  foods,  and  of 
sleep  and  ease,  mind  free  from  anxiety  or  care,  and  apparent 
deficiency  of  capacity  for  mental  effort  except  in  the  most  limited 
degree.  This  class  of  persons  is  found  generally  with  the  mouth 
open  and  the  eyes  shut,  and  this  is  in  accord  with  the  principles 
upon  which  they  are  built.  The  stomach  in  this  sort  being  more 
capacious  than  the  intellect,  they  naturally  put  themselves  in  a 
position  to  favor  their  dominant  powers.  By  keeping  the  eyes 
closed  the  individual  is  able  to  shut  out  sights  which  might  cause 
ideas,  and  as  thought  is  foreign  to  his  nature  and  eating  the  highest 
enjoyment,  he  is  by  this  attitude  in  a  condition  to  favor  the  pecu- 
Harities  of  his  structure. 

As  it  is  a  law  of  human  nature  that  we  are  inclined  to  use 
the  faculties  and  functions  which  are  most  developed  or  strongest 
in  us,  those  with  this  formation  will  be  inchned  to  gluttony  and  to 


THE   VEGETATIVE   SYSTEM.  69 

the  diseases  which  an  overcharged  system  engenders.  These  are 
shown  by  dropsical  tendencies,  rheumatism,  scrofula,  gout,  tumorous 
growths,  fatty  degeneration  of  the  heart,  liver,  and  kidneys,  apo- 
plexy, inflammations,  and  fevers.  The  character  is  unambitious, 
indolent,  contented,  lacking  in  integrity  and  enterprise,  selfish  in 
its  enjoyments,  and  only  willing  to  give  after  being  fully  satisfied 
itself.  Fortunately  for  the  world,  there  are  in  it  very  few  of  this 
class  of  individuals. 

We  often  meet  with  men  of  eminent  talent  who  have  a  large 
degree  of  the  vegetative  system,  but  who  have  inherited  with  it  a 
fine  and  large  brain  system  and  well-developed  bones  and  muscles. 
Among  this  class  I  may  mention  Hume  and  Gibbon,  the  historians  ; 
Dumas,  the  novelist ;  Samuel  Johnson,  the  philologist ;  and  Ark- 
wright,  the  eminent  inventor.  Robert  IngersoU  is  also  a  representa- 
tive of  this  combination.  These  men,  by  reason  of  their  having 
such  a  great  store  of  vitality  as  the  vegetative  system  yields,  were 
enabled  to  perform  immense  mental  labor.  This  formation  gives 
the  power  and  warmth  necessary  to  sustain  great  mental  effort  by 
reason  of  the  juices  which  the  glands  secrete  and  absorb  from  the 
large  quantity  of  nutriment  taken  into  the  stomach.  Food  of  the 
liquid  sort  is  especially  desired  by  persons  with  the  vegetative 
system  large. 

This  system  and  formation  can  be  made  a  useful  and  normal 
one  by  using  hygienic  measures :  First,  by  taking  less  sleep  and  on 
a  hard  bed,  then  by  restraining  the  appetite  in  eating,  and  espe- 
cially in  drinking,  by  avoiding  carbonaceous  foods,  such  as  white 
flour,  sugar,  eggs,  potatoes,  butter,  milk,  beer,  and  spirits,  drinking 
water  only  and  sparingly.  By  thus  doing  in  a  short  time  the  ex- 
cess of  fat  will  disappear,  the  mind  will  become  clearer,  the  indi- 
vidual will,  by  reason  of  the  increased  activity  of  the  liver  and 
lungs,  grow  more  active,  more  unselfish  and  thoughtful  of  others. 
Especially  should  the  society  of  active,  bright  people  be  cultivated, 
as  we  all  are  more  influenced  by  association  with  others  than  we 
are  aware  of  or  are  willing  to  allow. 

The  illustrations  Figs.  5  and  6  are  perfect  types  of  the  vege- 
tative class,  with  but  a  small  development  of  the  bony  or  muscular 
systems.  The  man  is  a  sort  of  human  polyp  or  human  cabbage ; 
yet  such'  persons  can,  by  a  persevering  application  of  hygienic  laws, 
develop  a  fairly  useful  organization.  The  infant  illustrates  the 
normal  condition  of  the  infant,  which  is  the  vegetative. 

In  the  lower  animal  world  we  find  that  the  upward  progress 
of  the  organism  was  caused  mainly  by  the  evolution  of  a  hreathing 
apparatus.  The  power  to  inhale  air  was  a  great  step  forward, 
and  the  order  of  the  development  of  animal  organs  is  precisely  the 


70  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

same  as  that  which  the  human  animal  observes  in  his  progress  to 
perfected  manhood.  Ernst  Haeckel  tells  us,  in  his  celebrated 
work  on  evolution: — 

Man,  in  his  embryonic  life,  passes  through  all  the  various  stages  of 
progress  and  development  which  the  lower  organisms  pass  through  in  their 
evolution  from  the  merely  vegetative  existence  to  the  highest  degree  of 
sensation  attained  by  animal  organisms.* 

At  his  birth  he  possesses  all" the  functions  and  faculties  which 
characterize  all  vegetable  and  animal  organisms,  witli  the  addition 
of  a  higher  grade  of  intellectual  apprehension  and  with  more  per- 
fected and  sensitive  members  and  faculties.  These  are  arranged 
in  the  body  in  the  exact  order  in  which  they  have  evolved  from 
the  lower  organisms — the  vegetative  functions  occupying  the  lower 
portion  of  the  trunk,  and  the  brain,  the  latest  organ  to  become 
developed,  the  highest  portion  of  the  body.  In  the  human  face 
the  signs  indicating  these  several  organs  and  functions  with  their 
accompanying  faculties  will  be  found  to  follow  precisely  the  same 
plan. 

A  good  proportion  of  the  vegetative  system  is  essential  to 
health,  and  those  who  are  lacking  in  the  right  proportion  of  it 
suffer  from  dyspepsia,  nervousness,  sleeplessness  and  consumption. 
What  is  required  to  make  a  weU-balanced  individual  is  equilibrium 
in  the  several  functions,  and  this  law  of  equilibrium  is  universal, 
controlling  and  regulating  all  created  things.  It  is  the  law  which 
keeps  the  planets  in  motion,  and  holds  them  true  to  their  orbits. 

Some  of  the  finest  traits  are  evolved  from  the  vegetative  system ; 
the  domestic  and  social  here  find  their  origin.  If  we  wish  to  lead 
happy,  healthy,  and  moral  lives,  we  must  seek  to  obtain  a  fair  share 
of  this  system,  and  then  keep  it  in  repair  by  applying  hygienic 
law  to  its  conservation ;  yet  an  excess  must  be  avoided,  unless  we 
wish  to  sink  to  the  level  of  a  mere  vegetable  existence. 

The  vegetative  system  will  always  play  an  important  part  in 
the  human  economy.  It  is  the  base  of  many  fine  traits  of  character 
as  well  as  being  the  sustaining  power  of  the  organism.  The 
absence  of  a  due  admixture  of  this  system  produces  an  impoverished 
body  and  a  mind  devoid  of  many  beautiful  and  useful  traits. 
Friendship,  Approbativeness,  Parental  Love,  and  Amativeness  are 
directly  related  to  this  system  and  are  all  sustained  by  its 'develop- 
ment and  action. 

The  signs  for  the  following  organ  systems  are  within  the 
chemical  or  vegetative  division:  The  intestines,  the  kidneys,  the 
glands,  and  reproductive  system.  Their  action  is  chemical  mainly 
and  does  not  involve  the  action  of  the  muscles  or  bones,  except  as 

*  Evolution  of  Man,  Ernst  Haeckel,  vol.  ii,  p.  5 


THE   THORACIC    SYSTEM.  71 

a  secondary  cause.  The  faculties  derived  from  the  development 
and  functional  action  of  these  organs  are  Conscientiousness,  Firm- 
ness, Digestion,  Bibativeness,  Love  of  Young,  Benevolence,  Self- 
esteem,  Friendship,  Amativeness,  Mirthfulness,  Approbativeness, 
Economy,  Hospitality,  Love  of  Ho^e  and  of  Country. 

The  vegetative  system  shows  all  the  functions  and  faculties 
which  are  dominant  in  childhood,  and  the  physiognomies  of  all 
children,  if  they  are  healthy,  exhibit  a  larger  development  of  these 
signs  than  of  other  divisions  where  the  signs  of  the  Mechanical, 
Artistic,  and  Mathematical  powers  are  located. 

The  three  grand  natural  divisions  of  the  face,  hy  the  very 
order  of  their  arraiifjement  and  locality,  indicate  the  order  of  pro- 
gressive growth  and  development  of  the  body  and  mind.  First, 
the  vegetative  system,  which  is  supreme  in  childhood;  afterward, 
the  mechanical  faculties  assert  their  dawning  powers  just  in  the 
ratio  that  the  bones  and  muscles  strengthen;  and  when  children 
commence  to  understand  the  use  and  management  of  material  sub- 
stances, they  can  become  expert  in  light  manual  labor,  both  artistic 
and  mechanical.  Later  in  life,  the  brain  becomes  more  mature 
and  pure  abstract  reason  dominates  all  the  previous  developments, 
and  mechanical  calculation  serves  also  to  assist  mental  processes. 

The  faculty  of  Conscientiousness  is  located  in  the  chemical  or 
underlying  system,  proving  conclusively  that  morality  commences 
in  the  physical  basis, — just  where  it  should,  to  be  of  the  greatest 
value  to  the  organism.  If  a  cultivated  and  quickened  moral  sense 
were  brought  to  bear  upon  all  the  faculties  and  functions  of  this 
division  of  the  human  organism,  many  of  the  sins  and  evils  affect- 
ing the  human  family  would  be  iniknown.  A  judicious  mingling 
of  this  system  with  a  suitable  proportion  of  the  other  systems  of 
the  organism  creates  health  and  happiness;  how  to  accomplish 
this  result  will  be  shown  as  we  proceed  to  investigate  the  science 
of  physiognomy.  This  system  constitutes  the  chemical  division 
of  the  body  and  mind ;  the  faculties  set  in  action  by  its  laws  are 
mainly  chemical  in  their  operation. 

Architectural  Division. 

THE  thoracic  SYSTEM. 

The  thoracic  system  is  located  in  the  highest  portion  of  the 
trunk,  and  contains  the  organs  of  respiration  and  circulation,  the 
heart  and  lungs,  as  well  as  the  liver,  which  is  an  active  agent  in 
purifying  the  blood  that  has  been  created  by  the  assimilation  of 
nutriment  in  the  intestines  and  glands.  The  blood  is  poured  into 
the  heart  through  the  thoracic  duct ;  from  the  heart  it  is  carried  to 


n 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


the  lungs  by  the  pulmonary  artery.  This  system  therefore  includes 
the  heart,  liver,  and  lungs,  together  with  the  several  ducts,  veins, 
arteries,  and  tubes  comprised  in  its  action.  These  physical  func- 
tions give  rise  to  the  following  faculties:  Pneumativeness,  Hope, 
Analysis,  and  Color,  and  exert  4an  influence  upon  Human  Nature, 
Imitation,  and  Sublimity. 

The  Architectural  Division  has  three  subdivisions.  One  is 
composed  of  the  heart,  hver,  and  lungs ;  the  second,  of  the  muscles, 
including  the  stomach,  which  is  a  muscular  organ;  and  the  thud, 
the  osseous  or  bony  system.  Each  of  these  organ  systems  origi- 
nate a  different  class  of  mental  efforts. 

The  outward  facial  sign  for  the  lungs  is,  of  course,  the  nostrils, 
as  it  is  through  these  organs  that  we  are  enabled  to  respire.     The 

facial  sign  for  the  heart  is  also  the 
nostrils,  as  well  as  bright  color  of  the 
complexion.  The  heart  and  lungs 
being  correlated  organs,  they  mu- 
tually condition  each  other;  hence 
large  nostrils  are  indicative  of  good 
heart  and  lung  power.  A  predom- 
inance of  the  thoracic  system  is 
known  by  large  rounding  chest,  wide 
nostrils,  rather  high  cheek-bones,  full 
throat,  bright  eyes,  and  elastic  step, 
while  the  abdomen  and  brain  are  com- 
paratively small.  The  greyhound  is 
a  fine  illustration  of  this  system,  also 
the  various  deer  tribes.  This  system 
in  its  highest  manifestation  shows  that 
the  aeration  of  the  blood  is  performed 
on  a  large  scale,  inducing  buoyancy 
of  spirits,  quickness  and  clearness  of  apprehension,  ambition, 
hope,  and  progressive  mentality.  It  causes  the  individual  to  be 
cheerful,  happy  and  pure-minded,  owing  to  the  large  quantity  of 
oxygen  taken  into  the  system  and  the  purifying  effect  which  a 
large  heart,  Hver,  and  lungs  give  to  the  whole  organism. 

History  abounds  in  the  record  of  men  with  large  thoracic  de- 
velopment and  small  brains,  who  have  made  of  life  a  brilliant  suc- 
cess, but  it  is  almost  void  of  those  possessed  of  small  lungs  and 
large  brains.  Pioneers,  discoverers,  warriors,  orators,  and  aggres- 
sive people  in  thought  and  action  the  world  over  will  be  found 
within  this  class.  Where  this  system  is  well  marked,  the  indi- 
vidual will  be  fond  of  outdoor  sports  and  pursuits,  quick  at  appre- 
hending everything   perceived,  and  as  quick  to  drop  it.      This 


Fig.  8.— THOMAS  H.  BENTON. 
(United  States  Senator.) 

Thoracic  System  dominant. 


THE  THORACIC   SYSTEM.  tS 

peculiarity  causes  them  to  excel  in  pioneering  and  geographical 
discovery,  and  in  all  pursuits  where  great  activity  and  constant 
motion  is  required. 

Children  of  this  formation  of  body  are  restless,  eager,  and 
apt,  but  dislike  close  and  continuous  study  and  dull  routine  and 
drudgery,  and  will  run  from  it  if  pressed  too  closely.  This  class 
will  make  better  students  later  in  life,  and  study  better  after  thirty 
years  of  age,  yet  wdl  pick  up  and  store  away  thousands  of  useful 
facts,  apparently  without  effort,  in  childhood.  They  will  excel  in 
outdoor  pursuits  and  enjoy  outdoor  labor  even  in  early  life.  It  is 
cruel  to  compel  them  to  study  closely  and  continuously  in  youth. 
The  study  of  the  sciences  is  natural  to  them.  This  class  of  per- 
sons (with  a  suitable  brain  system  in  addition)  can  become 
botanists,  orchardists,  navigators,  naturalists,  stock-breeders,  geolo- 
gists, hygienists,  and  succeed  in  similar  occupations.  By  follow- 
ing these  pvu'suits,  their  health,  happiness,  and  usefulness  will  be 
promoted. 

People  of  this  type  make  cheerful  and  safe  companions,  for, 
as  their  organisms  are  hlled  with  the  oxygen  and  ozone  of  the 
atmosphere,  their  moral  sense  dmdi  purity  of  mind  are  stronger  than 
in  weaker  developments  of  the  thoracic  system.  They  are  also,  as 
a  rule,  high-minded,  filled  with  noble  and  philanthropic  ideas,  or 
ambitious  to  hold  prominent  and  distinguished  positions  in  society. 

Persons  with  large  lungs  become  poisoned  with  noxious  air 
sooner  than  do  those  with  small  lungs.  The  reason  of  this  is  owing 
to  the  greater  quantity  of  bad  air  which  is  inhaled  in  a  given  time. 
A  large  development  of  the  thoracic  system  engenders  a  cheerful, 
sportive,  ardent,  courageous,  and  magnanimous  disposition,  and 
those  who  inherit  and  conserve  this  system  will  retain  their  youth- 
ful feeling  and  vivacity  to  an  advanced  age ;  hence  it  is  that  we 
find  in  the  countenances  of  many  aged  persons  a  fine  complexion, 
skin  of  a  fine,  soft  texture,  and  but  few  wrinkles,  as  compared 
with  others  who  do  not  possess  as  large  a  development  of  the 
thorax. 

Among  the  eminent  persons  who  have  been  endowed  with  a 
fine  thoracic  system,  I  may  mention  Julius  Caesar,  Cicero,  Well- 
ington, Cromwell,  Bonaparte,  Patrick  Henry,  William  Pitt,  Henry 
Clay,  and  many  other  well-known  warriors  and  orators. 

The  diseases  which  assail  this  system  are  acute  and  inflamma- 
tory, such  as  pneumonia,  pleurisy,  cerebral  and  pulmonary  con- 
sumption, rupture  of  the  heart,  hypertrophy  of  the  left  ventricle 
of  the  heart,  and  inflammation  of  the  lungs.  These  disorders 
are  caused  by  the  intense  activity  of  this  system.  It  is  a  law  of 
human  nature  that  we  love  to  use  most  our  strongest  faculties. 


74  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Hence,  those  persons  possessing  a  large  thoracic  system  are  apt  to 
be  too  energetic,  and  to  consume  their  vital  forces  by  undue  use  of 
them.  Such  persons  should  avoid  exciting  scenes  and  all  kinds  of 
commotions  in  which  the  emotions  take  a  leading  part.  They 
should  live  on  some  simple  vegetable  diet,  sleep  much,  and  pursue 
a  steady  unexciting  occupation. 

Those  who  inherit  a  feeble  development  of  the  thorax  should 
live  in  hilly  regions,  engage  in  walking,  running,  boating,  horse- 
back exercise,  and  gymnastics,  especially  those  which  develop  the 
upper  part  of  the  body.  It  is  a  circumstance  worth  noting  that 
all  the  high-flying  birds  have  larger  lungs  relatively  than  those 
that  remain  in  marshes  and  fly  low.  The  bones  of  the  former  are 
permeated  with  air-cells  which,  contain  air,  and  thus  their  flight 
is  assisted  by  their  frame  being  lightened  by  this  peculiarity  of 
construction. 

All  those  races  of  men  and  animals  that  inhabit  mountainous 
regions  have  larger  thoracic  systems  than  tliose  who  dwell  in 
the  plains.  Naturalists  tell  us  that  fislies  inhabiting  mountain 
streams  have  larger  air-vessels  than  tliose  found  in  other  waters, 
and  the  reason  of  it  is  that  the  atmospliere  in  those  regions  is  rarer 
or  more  attenuated,  hence  the  lungs  are  compelled  to  respire  more 
in  order  to  get  the  same  quantity  of  air.  Persons  with  small  or 
weak  lungs  will  find  it  advantageous  to  inhale  the  atmosphere  of 
the  hills,  because  it  induces  activlti/  of  the  lungs  and  heart,  and 
this  causes  a  demand  for  more  blood.  The  appetite,  under  the 
stimulus  of  this  atmosphere  will  call  for  more  food,  the  digestive 
processes  will  derive  more  nourishment  from  the  aliment  consumed, 
and  thus  the  entire  system  will  become  invigorated  by  the  improved 
quantity  and  quality  of  the  air,  while  the  lungs  will  be  compelled 
to  greater  activity ;  and,  as  use  increases  capacity,  many  persons 
who  have  inherited  weak  lungs  have  been  benefited  and  almost 
renewed  by  early  change  from  low  to  higher  altitudes.  Thus  much 
will  capacity  for  and  a  full  supply  of  pure  air  do  for  the  individual. 

A  system  of  ventilation  for  public  buildings  and  homes  is  the 
greatest  necessity  of  the  present  age.  AVe  cannot  expect  pure- 
minded,  noble  characters  to  thrive  and  expand  in  close,  ill-smell- 
ing, noxious  dwellings.  If  we  desire  moral  men  and  women,  and 
those  who  are  truly  religious,  our  systems  of  drainage,  sewerage, 
ventilation,  and  water  supply  will  have  to  be  amended  before  such 
result  can  be  secured ;  for  any  system  of  Theology  or  Ethics  which 
does  not  include  Natural  Law  as  its  ruling  principle  will  create  no 
improved  types  of  the  human  family,  and  will  only  succeed  in  pro- 
ducing a  class  of  theoretic  sentimentalists,  vntJiout  the  power  to  be 
either  pure-minded,  noble,  or  truly  religious.      Fresh   air,  pure 


THE   MUSCULAR   SYSTEM. 


75 


water,  bathing,  hygienic  diet,  and  self-control,  used  according  to 
law,  contain  all  the  fundamental  principles  of  true  religion,  and 
will  advance  civilization  to  grander  heights  of  purity,  morality,  and 
truth  than  all  the  dogmatic  theories  of  centuries.  Pure  water  and 
pure  air  are  the  first  necessities  of  life,  and  must  be  obtained  if  a 
fine  development  of  the  thomcic  system  is  desired. 


THE   MUSCULAR   SYSTEM. 

The  next  system  in  the  order  of  development  or  evolution  is 
the  Muscular.  It  is  in  the  Architectural  Division,  and  assists  for- 
mative eff'ort  of  every  kind  whatsoever,  whether  literary,  artistic, 
mechanical,  or  in  the  rebuilding  of  the  human  race.  In  analyzing 
the  salient  points  of  features 
of  the  Muscular  System  and 
Form,  we  must  make  a  dis- 
tinction between  muscle  and 
fat,  as  these  two  classes  of 
tissues  create  and  exhibit  two 
distinct  and  opposite  kinds  of 
character.  The  predominance 
of  the  Muscular  System  is 
known  by  a  rather  broad  form, 
with  well-developed  muscles 
and  tendons ;  quick,  elastic 
step ;  shoulders  broad  in  pro- 
portion to  the  body;  rather 
low  or  high  and  rounding 
forehead ;  the  nose  rather  short 
and  broad;  full  convex  eye; 
round,  short  ears;  short,  thick  neck,  with  a  tendency  to  develop 
long,  perpendicular  wrinkles  on  the  face. 

Writers  of  works  on  physiology  and  anatomy  arrange  the 
muscles  into  two  general  divisions,  viz,  the  voluntary  and  the 
involuntary ;  but  scientific  pJiysiogiimni/  finds  it  necessary  to  take 
cognizance  of  and  describe  every  formation  which  the  muscles  may 
assume,  in  the  outward  conformation  of  the  human  body.  The  six 
classes  of  muscles  which  we  are  obliged  to  take  into  consideration 
in  the  reading  of  character  are  as  follow : — 


Pig.  9.-HERR  FLEISCHMAN. 

(German  Aktist.) 

Muscular  System  supreme. 


Straight  muscles. 
Crooked  muscles. 


Round  muscles. 
Thin  muscles. 


Long  muscles. 
Short  muscles. 


Combinations  of  these  produce  the  following  forms : — 


Round  and  long  forms. 
Round  and  short  forms. 
Thin  and  long  forms. 


Thin  and  short  forms. 
Crooked  and  thin  forms. 
Crooked  and  round  forms. 


76  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  two  divisions  which  are  made  by  anatomists  are  termed 
the  "Voluntary"  and  the  "Involuntary."  The  voluntary  muscles 
are  those  which  are  moved  by  the  will  and  are  the  muscles  involved 
in  motion,  such  as  the  muscles  of  the  arms,  legs,  trunk,  and  face. 
These  are  moved  whenever  the  individual  desires,  and  are  the 
muscles  of  motion.  The  involuntary  muscles  are  those  which 
move  automatically  and  are  not  controlled  by  the  will  or  wish 
of  man.  These  muscles  are  the  large  organs  of  the  viscera,  com- 
posed of  fibrous  material,  and  are  moved  by  inward  motions  pro- 
duced by  the  circulation  of  the  air  and  the  periodic  movements  of 
the  heart,  and  the  involuntary  contractions  of  the  stomach  in 
digestion;  hence  the  heart,  lungs,  and  stomach  are  involuntary 
muscles,  together  with  the  valves  of  the  veins  and  the  several 
septums  of  the  heart  and  other  organs.  The  muscles  of  the  larynx 
belong  to  a  mixed  class.  In  the  production  of  sound  they  are 
wholly  under  the  control  of  the  will  and  are  tlien  voluntary ;  but 
in  deglutition  and  respiration  they  are  spasmodic  and  automatic, 
and  are  tlien  involuntary. 

A  minute  description  of  all  these  combinations  is  unnecessary 
for  the  general  reader.  Those  who  design  becoming  teachers  and 
examiners  can  refer  to  the  rules  laid  down  for  the  "  Basic  Principles 
of  Form,"  and  apply  those  principles  to  the  combination  which  they 
have  under  consideration.  After  learning  the  sort  of  character 
exhibited  by  the  straight,  the  crooked,  the  round,  the  thin,  the  long 
muscles,  etc.,  he  can,  upon  observing  any  given  combination  in  a 
character,  make  such  observations  upon  it  as  the  basic  rules  of 
Form  declare  to  be  correct. 

The  combination  of  muscles  which  are  most  commonly 
exhibited  are  the  short  and  round,  and  the  long  and  thin;  yet  they 
are  sometimes  found  mingled  in  just  the  opposite  manner,  and 
then  they  point  to  characteristics  easily  understood  by  those  who 
learn  the  principles  upon  which  they  act  and  the  kind  of  character 
which  each  simple  uncombined  sort  discloses.  Those  with  short 
and  round  muscles  have  relatively  broad  and  short  figures,  with 
thick  chests,  broad  shoulders,  thick  neck ;  low,  broad  heads,  and 
particularly  broad  above  the  ears;  the  joints  small  and  well  covered; 
the  fingers  tapering  and  nails  oval ;  the  feet  short  and  thick,  with 
high  instep;  the  forehead  broad  and  rounding  outwardly  at  the  sides 
and  rising  in  an  almost  straight  line  from  the  eyebrows  upward. 
The  face  is  round  or  oval,  cheeks  full,  nose  round,  eyes  large  and 
convex,  chin  often  dimpled,  hands  and  feet  small,  and  the  hmbs 
short,  round,  and  tapering.  The  functions  most  active  in  this  class 
are  those  of  digestion,  circulation,  and  motion,  and  the  heart,  lungs, 
and  stomach  are  strong  and  large.     The  mental  constitution  dis- 


THE   MUSCULAR   SYSTEM.  77 

inclines  to  study,  for  love  of  motion  here  works  against  close 
application  to  books. 

The  predominance  of  the  vital  organs,  as  shown  by  the  strong 
development  and  action  of  the  muscular  organs,  the  heart,  the 
lungs,  the  stomach,  the  reproductive  system,  and  veins,  gives  great 
muscular  strength,  love  of  eating  and  drinking,  social  enjoyments, 
athletics,  music,  dancing,  etc.,  and  love  of  the  opposite  sex,  animals 
and  children.  This  type  of  character  is  inclined  to  commercial 
business  and  sp^eculation,  contracting,  brokerage,  and  all  classes 
of  trades  which  bring  in  the  social  element  and  allow  of  motion 
without  hard  labor.  The  noted  Jim  Fisk,  of  Erie  Railroad 
notoriety,  is  a  good  specimen  of  tliis  class.  Those  with  a  good 
brain  development  in  combination  will  exhibit  capacity  for  surgery 
and  militaiy  life.  Napoleon  I  illustrates  this  •  combination.  The 
army  includes  many  surgeons  of  this  build. 

Where  the  muscles  are  of  the  long  and  thin  type,  the  character 
has  less  of  the  aggressive  and  more  of  the  sentimental  cast,  owing 
to  the  fact  that  the  internal  viscera  are  relatively  less  round  and 
the  motor  muscles  longer  and  thinner  than  in  the  former  class. 
This  difference  in  muscular  structure  shows  in  the  face  in  several 
ways.  The  face  is  relatiA  ely  long  and  the  chin  oval.  The  nose 
is  higher,  thinner,  and  longer  than  with  the  former,  the  cheeks  not 
so  full  and  round,  and  the  eye,  although  as  large  and  round,  not 
as  convex  or  full  as  the  above.  The  affectional  and  intuitional 
traits  are  well  developed ;  yet  the  sentiment  of  love  of  the  opposite 
sex  and  of  children  will  exhibit  itself  in  a  more  refined  manner, 
and  tlie  commercial  instinct  will  not  be  so  pronounced  as  with  the 
former.  The  head  rather  high  and  narrow,  the  limbs  and  body 
long,  the  joints,  knuckles,  etc.,  appear  rather  prominent,  the  bones 
of  the  fingers  pronounced,  and  the  body  lithe  and  flexible.  Men- 
tally, this  build  will  have  capacity  for  some  form  of  art,  will  enjoy 
domestic  ties  and  possess  true  conjugal  feeling,  sincere  friendship, 
and,  with  a  suitable  brain-formation,  will  be  inclined  to  languages, 
belles-lettres,  and  metaphysical  studies. 

These  two  different  and  distinct  formations  are  so  often  met 
with  and  so  thoroughly  described  as  to  make  it  quite  easy  for  the 
reader  to  give  the  delineation  correctly.  Where  certain  variations 
are  observed,  as,  for  example,  if  the  combination  presented  should 
be  round  and  long,  some  of  the  characteristics  common  to  each 
of  these  forms  will  be  present;  or,  if  the  combination  should  present 
the  thin  and  short  type,  or  the  crooked  and  round,  or  the  thin  and 
crooked,  which  is  rare,  the  reader  has  only  to  apply  the  general 
law  governing  the  two  distinct  forms  of  muscle. 

The  many  and  varied  expressions  of  the  human  face  are  due 


78  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

to  the  action  of  a  great  number  of  muscles;  there  are  found  in  the 
face  thirty-six  pairs  and  two  single  muscles,  and  in  the  body  more 
than  five  hundred.  The  eye  contains  more  muscles,  more  active 
ones,  and  those  which  express  more  thought,  than  those  of  any 
other  part  of  the  body ;  hence  the  eye,  being  a  mass  of  muscles,  is 
the  facial  exponent  of  the  muscular  system.  When  we  desire  to 
know  the  muscular  development  of  an  individual,  we  can  safely 
trust  to  the  eye  for  our  knowledge.  The  larger,  more  convex,  and 
deeper  colored  the  eye,  the  greater  the  degree  of  strength  in  the 
muscular  system.  Small  or  depressed  eyes  with  sunken  orbits 
always  denote  less  muscular  power  than  large  fidl  eyes,  and  pale- 
colored  eyes  indicate  less  vigor  than  well-colored  ones.  A  com- 
parison of  the  eyes  of  all  muscular  animals  is  one  proof  of  this 
statement.  Examine  the  eyes  of  the  deer  tribes,  the  gazelle, 
springbok,  hare,  rabbit,  etc.  In  all  these  creatures  the  muscular 
predominates  over  the  osseous  or  bony  system.  The  bull  is  an 
example  of  great  muscular  power,  as  well  as  the  bull-dog,  and 
both  have  great  convex  eyes.  Ligl it-colored  eyes  do  not  denote 
as  much  vigor  of  the  muscles  as  dark  eyes,  but  this  branch  of  the 
subject  will  be  considered  under  the  head  of  Color. 

All  eminent  artists,  actors,  singers,  musicians  and  sculptors 
are  endowed  with  a  fine  quality  of  muscle.  Observation  of  their 
physiognomies  will  reveal  the  fact  that  they  have  large  bright  eyes. 
The  nature  of  their  professions  requires  a  fine  as  well  as  strong 
muscular  system.  Inasmuch  as  all  parts  of  the  organism  involved 
in  the  production  and  reception  of  tone  or  sound  are  in  the 
muscular  system,  it  follows  logically  that  we  should  look  to  that 
department  of  the  body  for  capacity  in  this  direction.  The  vocal 
cords,  the  larynx,  the  tongue,  the  lips,  as  well  as  the  ear,  are  all 
engaged  in  the  production  and  reception  of  tone  or  sound.  In 
artistic  works,  such  as  acting,  painting,  and  sculpture,  the  muscle 
must  be  in  excess  in  order  to  take  command  of  the  hones  ;  hence 
we  find  that  nearly  all  artists  are  round-built  persons.  They  are 
lithe  and  elastic  like  muscle  itself 

In  speaking  of  artists  as  muscular  persons,  it  might  seem  to 
the  unobservant  that  this  is  incorrect,  since  a  muscular  person  is 
usually  thought  of  as  being  developed  hke  an  athlete  or  black- 
smith. Now,  size  of  muscle  is  not  the  only  indication  of  power, 
for  we  know  that  horses  training  for  racing  are  exercised  with  a 
view  of  decreasing  the  size  of  the  muscles  in  order  to  make  them 
more  dense  and  firm ;  in  short,  to  improve  their  quaUty.  Quality 
is  the  dominating  principle  all  through  Nature. 

Many  large  men  are  weaker  than  some  much  inferior  in  size. 
It  is  the  inherited  quality  which  first  gives  superior  power ;  after- 


THE   MUSCULAR   SYSTEM.  79 

ward  exercise  must  keep  up  the  natural  tone  and  vigor  of  the 
system.  The  muscles  of  a  dwarf  might  dominate  his  bony  system, 
I  should  then  classify  him  among  muscular  men. 

Observation  of  the  faces  and  forms  of  all  eminent  artists  will 
give  all  the  proof  needed  on  this  point.  It  will  be  seen  that  they 
possess  large,  wide-open  eyes  with  arched  eyebrows,  the  bones 
small  at  the  joints  and  tlie  fingers  tapering — every  part  and  mem- 
ber disclosing  a  rounder  appearance  than  where  the  bony  system 
predominates.  For  when  Nature  creates  an  artist  the  hands  and 
feet  are  those  of  an  artist,  and  agree  with  the  shape  of  the  head, 
the  face,  and  body ;  all  alike  are  artistic,  and  the  physiognomist  is 
able  to  discern  this  character  in  the  hands  and  fingers,  in  the  shape 
of  the  finger-nails,  as  well  as  in  the  features  of  the  face  and  round- 
ness of  the  body. 

The  following  description  of  the  various  powers  of  the  muscles 
in  the  human  organism  will  give  some  idea  of  the  mechanical  and 
artistic  principles  included  in  the  action  of  the  muscular  system. 
The  human  body  combines  within  itself  almost  all  the  principles 
of  natural  mechanical  forces;  for  instance,  the  arch  in  the  thorax, 
shoulder,  and  hip ;  the  different  lever  powers  in  the  action  of  the 
muscles  upon  the  bones,  one  principle  of  which  is  well  illustrated 
in  the  action  of  the  biceps  muscle  in  flexing  the  arm;  so,  also,  in 
the  flexors  genei*ally,  namely,  that  in  which  the  force  is  applied 
between  the  weight  and  the  fulcrum.  Second,  the  action  of  the 
triceps  muscles  on  the  ulna  in  extending  the  forearm  is  an  instance 
of  a  lever  power  where  the  fulcrum  is  between  the  force  and  the 
weight.  Third,  the  example  of  a  lever  apphed  to  a  weight  between 
the  fulcnim  and  the  force  may  be  seen  in  the  action  of  the  abductus 
magnus  muscle  of  the  thigh  in  abducting  the  femur.  The  differ- 
ent joints  are  well  illustrated  in  the  ball-and-socket  joint  in  the 
hip  and  shoulder ;  the  hinge-joint  in  the  elbow,  ankle,  and  knee. 
We  have  also  joints  with  lateral  motions  as  well  as  with  flexion 
and  extension,  in  the  wrist;  a  joint  with  a  gliding  motion,  as  in 
the  temporo-maxillary  and  sterno-clavicular  articulations.  Then 
we  have  the  mixed  joints,  as  in  the  articulation  of  the  sacrum  to 
the  iliac  bones  in  the  vertebrae,  and  in  the  immovable  joints,  such 
as  the  sutures,  etc.  We  have  also  the  different  principles  of  valves 
in  the  heart  and  veins,  and  in  the  pylgrus  between  the  stomach 
and  the  duodenum,  and  the  representation  of  a  pulley  in  the  action 
of  the  superior  oblique  muscle  in  rotating  the  eye. 

These  are  some  of  the  mechanical  forces  wliich  inhere  in  and 
regulate  the  several  parts  of  the  muscular  system  ;  other  principles 
will  be  shown  in  other  systems  of  the  body  as  we  reach  them  in 
their  proper  order. 


80  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  action  of  the  muscular  system  gives  ability  for  artistic, 
emotional,  literary,  religious,  and  executive  effort.  The  faculties 
that  have  signs  located  in  this  division  and  that  depend  mainly 
upon  the  muscles  for  their  power,  are  the  following,  viz..  Cautious- 
ness, Sanativeness,  Force,  Resistance,  Secretiveness,  Imitation, 
Sublimity,  Human  Nature,  Constructiveness,  Acquisitiveness,  Ven- 
eration, Self-will,  Credenciveness,  Prescience,  Observation,  Memory 
of  Events,  Weight,  Calculation,  Locality,  Music,  and  Language. 

Magnetism  is  a  force  belonging  exclusively  to  the  muscular 
system.  The  most  magnetic  orators  and  those  persons  endowed 
with  power  to  heal  through  magnetism  are  very  muscular,  and 
have  either  size  or  fine  quality  of  the  muscles  or  botli  combined. 
The  animals  that  exhibit  magnetic  power  are  also  muscular.  I 
suppose  that  the  mineral  constituents  of  muscle  must  be  those 
which  create  magnetism.  But  this  branch  of  science — histology — 
is  yet  in  its  infancy,  and  it  is  hoped  that  further  experiment  will 
give  us  more  accurate  demonstration  of  the  laws  and  principles 
governing  animal  magnetism  and  its  uses. 

From  the  preceding  exhibit  of  the  varied  powers  of  muscular 
action,  it  will  be  seen  that  this  system  belongs  to  the  Architectural 
Division  of  the  organization,  and,  in  combination  with  the  osseous 
or  bony  system,  which  will  next  be  treated  of,  constitutes  the 
building  powers  and  capacities  of  man.  Individuals  in  whom 
these  two  systems  are  well  defined  are  constructive,  often  artistic, 
religious,  emotional,  and  amative,  and,  with  a  suitable  brain  in 
combination,  excel  in  literature  as  novelists,  actors,  dramatic 
writers,  etc.  Many  highly  emotionally-rehgious  persons  are  found 
to  be  endowed  with  a  fine  quality  of  muscle.  It  does  not  follow 
that  they  are  moral,  also.  Emotion  in  excess  is  opposed  to  morality ; 
yet  at  the  same  time  it  assists  ardor,  zeal,  faith,  and  imagination. 
In  those  races  that  exhibit  the  most  Credenciveness — that  is  to  say, 
the  most  faith  and  belief — there  will  be  found  the  predominance 
of  the  muscular  over  the  bony  system,  as,  for  example,  in  the 
Hebrew,  the  Turk,  the  Persian,  the  Arabian,  the  Mongol,  the 
Celt,  and  the  Hindoo;  and  what  is  true  of  races  applies  with 
equal  force  to  individuals.  Those  in  whom  this  system  predomi- 
nates are  apt  to  be  contrary  (not  obstinate),  changeable,  and  shifting 
in  moods  and  tempers,  affectionate  and  amative,  with  plenty  of 
physical  courage,  adepts  in  commercial  life  and  in  mystic  religions, 
preferring  one  in  which  faith  is  a  leading  principle.  They  make 
good  companions  in  marriage,  as  domesticity  is  one  of  their  ruling 
tastes,  are  also  social,  fond  of  gay,  sportive  companions  and 
athletic  pursuits,  enjoy  bathing  and  swimming  and  liquid  foods, 
such  as  soups,  milk,  soda,  lemonade,  etc.     However,  they  should 


THE   MUSCULAR   SYSTEM.  81 

never  indulge  in  intoxicants,  as,  having  great  power  of  assimilation, 
strong  liquors  will  cause  them  to  become  dangerous  and  destructive. 

The  diseases  which  assail  the  muscular  system  arc  derange- 
ments of  the  liver,  acute  rheumatism,  dumb  ague,  bilious  colic, 
cramps,  softening  of  the  brain,  muscular  exhaustion,  and  valvular 
disease  of  the  heart, — all  consequent  on  too  great  exercise  or 
emotion,  to  which  the  system  is  liable. 

An  early  training  in  morality  and  the  rights  of  others  is  highly 
essential,  for  suffering,  disgrace,  and  an  early  death  often  follow  the 
unrestricted  indulgence  of  the  temper  and  the  tastes  which  accom- 
pany this  system — wliere  it  is  greatly  in  the  ascendant. 

The  most  eminent  men  of  ancient  and  modern  times  have 
been  noted  for  a  fine  development  of  the  muscular  system.  In 
ancient  Greece  the  Isthmian,  Nemean,  and  Olympian  games  were 
national,  and  large  numbers  of  the  citizens  trained  for  the  periodi- 
cal exhibition  of  athletic  sports.  Even  the  women  and  children 
had  their  own  gymnasia  and  baths,  and  at  no  time  in  the  world's 
history  has  the  human  figure,  particularly  the  female  figure,  attained 
such  perfection  as  in  ancient  Greece.  A  close  observation  of  the 
statues  of  the  classic  sculptors  will  disclose  the  development  of 
certain  muscles  about  the  female  waist  and  abdomen  which  are  not 
to  be  found  in  the  modern  woman.  The  disuse  of  these  muscles 
has  caused  an  atrophy  or  shrinking  of  them,  and  modern  women 
are,  without  exception,  born  with  waists  too  small,  and  entirely 
changed  from  the  normal  type  and  standard.  The  lines  of  the 
body  should  curve  outward  from  the  bust  to  the  hips.  In  modern 
women  this  form  is  completely  reversed. 

The  more  we  investigate  man  physiologically,  the  more  is  the 
conclusion  forced  upon  us  that  the  dominant  systems  of  man's  or- 
ganism control  and  guide  his  acts  and  capacities.  It  was  by  ignor- 
ing the  investigation  of  man's  physical  powers  and  functions  that 
we  were  so  long  deprived  of  a  practical  method  of  studying  the 
mind  of  man.  But  the  instrumentalities  for  such  research  were 
not  in  existence  until  recently,  as,  for  example,  the  microscope  and 
chemical  discoveries.  A  complete  revolution  in  the  science  of 
Human  Nature  must  ensue  before  we  can  comprehend  the  motives 
and  character  of  man.  Herbert  Spencer,  in  his  essay  on  education, 
remarks : — 

Without  acquaintance  with  the  general  truths  of  biology  and  psy- 
chology, rational  interpretation  of  social  phenomena  is  impossible. 

And  he  also  says : — 

The  actions  of  individuals  depend  upon  the  laws  of  their  natures,  and 
their  actions  cannot  be  understood  until  these  laws  are  understood. 


82  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Now,  the  theories  of  the  ancient  metaphysicians  were  not 
founded  on  an  intimate  knowledge  of  either  physiology  or  the  laws 
of  mind,  as  revealed  by  investigation  of  either  bony,  muscular,  or 
brain  and  nerve  systems.  They  were  most  of  them  simply  specu- 
lative theories  which  had  no  basis  in  fact  and  no  foundation  in 
reality.  They  were  like  tlie  loves  of  the  poets, — creatures  of  the 
imagination  merely. 

If  we  desire  to  advance  in  exact  knowledge  of  real  human 
nature  we  must  cast  out  the  ancient  dogmas,  which,  venerable  as 
they  may  be,  are  untrustworthy.  We  must,  instead,  interrogate 
Nature  face  to  face.  First  learn  the  facts,  then  manufocture  the 
theory  in  accordance  therewith.  Formerly,  the  metliod  was  to  con- 
struct an  abstruse  tlieory  couched  in  incomprehensible  terms,  and 
let  the  facts  shift  for  themselves.  Then  the  necessity  for  faith  and 
belief  arose,  and  was  at  one  time  considered  the  crowning  virtue 
of  human  character.  Now^  childish  credulity  is  looked  upon  in 
adults  with  a  pitying  eye,  and  we  feel  both  soiTOw  and  contempt 
for  him  who  is  too  weak  or  too  cowardly  to  grapple  with  tlie  truths 
of  Nature  lest  they  overthrow  some  time-honored  error  which  he 
is  cherishing. 

Fortunately,  some  eminent  theologians  have  recognized  this 
fact,  and  have  boldly  entered  the  arena  of  discussion. 

When  we  wish  to  understand  the  emotions  wliich  play  so  im- 
portant a  part  in  the  drama  of  life  we  must  look  to  the  physio- 
logical and  anatomical  development  of  individuals  and  races,  for  it 
is  to  the  muscular  system  mainly  that  we  are  indebted  for  the  power 
to  manifest  will,  emotion,  and  expression,  both  of  the  face  and 
body.  The  great  number  and  variety  of  the  muscles  of  the  face 
alone,  where  expression  is  most  manifest,  will  vouch  for  the  truth 
of  this  statement.  The  eye  alone  expresses  more  feeling,  will, 
mental  energy  and  capacity  than  all  the  other  muscles  combined. 
I  do  not  say  that  it  performs  more  labor,  but  that  it  expresses  more 
of  the  physical  and  mental  characteristic^  of  the  individual  than 
any  other  portion  of  the  muscular  system,  and  the  reason  why  it 
does  this  is  explained  by  the  fact  that  the  eye  is  a  ma^s  of  muscles. 
Added  to  this  power  is  the  fact  that  the  optic  nerve  also  finds  its 
centre  and  seat  here.  The  eye  not  only  brings  the  world  into  the 
mind  of  the  individual,  but  also  shows  to  the  world  the  will  of  the 
man  as  he  stands  revealed  before  our  gaze.  The  muscles  of  the 
eye  and  the  optic  nerve  brhig  to  us  the  bulk  of  the  knowledge 
which  we  acquire.  It  is  true  that  we  can  feel  heat  and  cold ;  we 
can  taste,  smell,  hear,  and  touch  without  the  use  of  our  visual 
organs,  but  the  world  of  form,  of  architecture,  is  unknown  without 
this  sense.     The  sense  of  color  and  the  knowledge  of  form  bring 


THE  OSSEOUS   OR   BONY    SYSTEM.  83 

to  US  our  most  useful  and  practical  acquirements,  and  to  the  use 
of  the  muscular  system  are  we  indebted  for  much  that  is  practical 
and  necessary ;  hence,  the  importance  of  endowing  our  offspring 
with  a  good  share  of  this  system.  It  is  a  fine  inheritance  to  leave 
them.  It  can  be  improved  by  food  and  exercise,  rightly  applied, 
and  those  who  make  gymnastic  exercises  a  daily  duty  and  pleasure 
are  laying  up  a  store  of  goodness,  wliich,  whether  they  desire  it  or 
not,  will  be  transmitted  to  future  generations,  and  "  thus  do  our 
deeds  follow  us." 

When  we  examine  the  nature  of  muscle  we  find  that  although 
it  is  powerful  in  expressing  emotions^  it  is  wanting  in  feeling,  in 
sensitiveness.  Hence  we  find  that  muscular  people,  although  able 
to  express  emotion,  have  very  little  of  that  keenness  of  sensation 
which  those  have  who  are  endowed  with  a  fine  nervous  organiza- 
tion. Emotion  is  not  sensation,  and  thus  it  is  that  oflen  those  who 
seem  to  feel  the  most,  in  reality  feel  the  least.  If  one  could  cut  a 
muscle  without  striking  a  nerve  there  would  be  little,  if  any,  feel- 
ing experienced.  It  is  only  by  analyzing  the  constituents  and 
nature  of  the  several  systems  in  tlie  body  that  we  are  able  to  give 
to  each  its  own  appropriate  share  of  work. 

This  method  enables  us  to  relieve  the  brain  of  a  large  share 
of  the  labor  which  former  theories  of  the  mind  have  ascribed  to  it. 
Hitherto  it  has  been  a  poor  overworked  organ.  If  the  brain  is 
capable  of  all  the  labor  which  has  been  assigned  to  it  by  meta- 
physicians, of  wliat  use,  I  ask,  are  the  several  ganglia,  the  plexuses, 
the  muscles,  and  the  visceral  organs'?  We  must  either  divide  the 
labor  equitably  or  declare  the  utter  inability  of  the  last  mentioned 
to  assist  mental  manifestations. 

THE  OSSEOUS  OR  BONY  SYSTEM. 

Observation  of  the  order  of  progressive  development  in  the 
lower  animals  shows  that  a  perfected  bony  system  was  the  result 
of  life  upon  land  and  in  the  open  air.  As  soon  as  the  Amphibia 
had  ceased  their  life  in  the  water,  a  race  of  animals  was  evolved 
from  them  which,  instead  of  using  air-vessels  for  the  purposes  of 
respiration,  developed  a  true  lung  system  that  was  no  longer  suited 
to  life  in  the  water.  This  necessitated  a  great  many  other  changes 
in  the  anatomy  and  physiology  of  animal  life.  A  heart  and  blood- 
vessel system  became  necessary,  as  the  lungs  and  heart  are  corre- 
lated and  essential  to  the  existence  of  each  other.  A  strong  and 
true  bony  system  became  also  a  necessity  in  place  of  the  cartilagi- 
nous one  of  the  fish  tribes.  This  strong  bony  system  was  needed 
to  which  to  attach  the  muscles,  as  life  on  the  land  required  a 
better  muscular  system  for  purposes  of  locomotion  and  for  the 


84 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


getting  of  food.  Accordingly  we  find  that  the  order  observed  in 
the  lowest  forms  of  animal  development,  as  shown  by  geology  and 
evolution,  was  in  the  following  manner:  First,  the  chemical  or 
vegetative;  second,  the  thoracic  or  breathing  power;  third,  the 
evolution  of  the  muscular  system ;  fourth,  the  bony  system ;  fifth, 
the  perfected  brain  and  nerve  system.  All  through  these  various 
growths  and  developments  (which  doubtless  took  millions  of  years 
to  complete)  the  brain  and  nervous  system  liad  gradually  developed. 
As  each  animal  organism  took  on  a  more  and  more  complex 
organization,  a  more  complex  nervous  system  and  larger  brain  was 
necessitated.  When  muscles  were  developed,  as  we  find  in  the 
body  and  legs  of  Amphibia,  the  intelligence  essential  to  their  use 
was  evolved  simultaneously.  When  the  bony  system  became  per- 
fected, a  higher  quality  of  cerebral 
power  was  exhibited.  The  per- 
fecting of  a  true  bony  system 
marked  a  great  advance  in  the 
animal,  not  only  by  reason  of  the 
substantial  quality  of  the  con- 
stituents which  enter  into  its  com- 
position, but  when  an  organism 
has  arisen  to  the  grade  of  devel- 
opment which  is  marked  by  the 
possession  of  a  perfected  osseous 
system  we  find  that  there  is  a 
higher  quality  of  both  body  and 
mind,  as  we  shall  learn  later  on. 

But  we  do  not  find  the  high- 
est degree  of  mental  power  until 
we  reach  the  order  Mammalia, 
which  is  endowed  with  a  more  perfect  reproductive  system  as 
compared  with  the  lower  methods  of  reproduction,  viz.,  by  fission, 
gemmation  or  egg-multipHcation.  The  higher  and  more  complex 
method  of  mammal  reproduction  demands  more  intelligence  in 
the  rearing  of  the  young  and  for  the  getting  of  food  and  other 
purposes  of  the  animal. 

Hence  we  find  in  the  order  Mammalia,  which  includes  both 
our  wild  and  domestic  animals,  as  well  as  Man,  a  far  higher  grade 
of  intelligence  than  is  observed  in  all  the  lower  races— the  fishes, 
reptiles,  and  birds.  Now,  what  is  the  logic  of  this  correlated  devel- 
opment 1  We  find  that  as  physical  functions  have  evolved,  intel- 
ligence has  increased;  that  mentality  has  associated  itself  with  the 
physical  functions ;  that  a  creature  endowed  with  wings  is  more 
intelligent  than  a  simple  jelly-fish.     We  must,  therefore,  deduce 


Fig.  10.— ANDREW  JACKSON. 
Osseous  System  dominant. 


THE   OSSEOUS   OR   BONY   SYSTEM.  85 

the  theory  that  physical  functions  and  mental  faculties  are  in  close 
relation  to  each  other,  and  if  by  observation  we  can  ascertain 
which  functions  and  faculties  are  connected,  then  we  have  all  that 
is  necessary  to  discern  character,  simply  by  observing  the  physical 
development  of  any  order,  species,  or  individual. 

In  th^  preceding  remarks  it  was  stated  that  the  greatest  ad- 
vance in  the  intelligence  of  animal  organisms  was  made  simulta- 
neously with  a  more  perfected  reproductive  system.  In  the  human 
family,  the  most  developed  and  perfected  races  will  be  found  to 
possess  a  developed  reproductive  system.  All  the  great  creative 
artists,  such  as  poets,  painters,  actors,  authors  and  sculptors,  are 
developed  men  and  women ;  that  is  to  say,  are  well  sexed ;  and  this 
development  is  the  base  of  creative  talent.  This  function  and 
faculty  have  been  wholly  misunderstood  and  their  office  and  action 
not  at  all  comprehended  in  their  entirety.  A  reference  to  the  faces 
of  all  our  great  creative  minds  will  show  the  sign  for  Amativeness 
and  the  reproductive  system  to  be  well  defined;  and  this  is 
another  fact  proving  the  relation  of  physical  functions  to  mental 
faculties. 

The  osseous  or  bony  system  (Fig.  10)  is  known  by  height, 
large  joints  and  bones,  high  cheek-bones,  and  projection  of  the 
lower  part  of  the  forehead  over  and  beyond  the  eyes ;  prominent 
and  broad  chin;  large,  bony  hands;  long,  flat,  bony  feet;  prominent 
joints  and  knuckles;  tips  of  the  fingers  inclined  to  the  square  form 
as  distinguished  from  the  oval  or  tapering  form  of  the  muscular 
system;  and  relatively  small,  angular  head,  rising  high  above  the 
ears. 

There  are  six  classes  of  bones  to  the  meaning  of  which  the 
physiognomist  must  pay  strict  attention.  To  those  unused  to  the 
close  observation  essential  to  discerning  these  sliglit  variations  of 
structure,  they  may  seem  trivial  and  unimportant,  but  let  me  say 
that  in  Nature's  buoad  domain  there  is  no  form  insignificant,  no 
matter  how  minute.  How  much  more  important  must  every  sliglit 
variation  of  form  observed  in  the  human  face  be  when  we  reflect 
that  in  it  are  to  be  read  the  physical,  moral,  and  mental  traits  of 
the  individual,  together  with  all  his  individual  peculiarities,  as 
well  as  "aU  the  traits  of  all  his  ancestors,"  as  Emerson  aptly 
remarks ! 

"  To  despise  the  minute  in  Nature  is  to  despise  the  infinite," 
and  so  we  shall  come  to  the  study  of  the  following-named  classes 
of  bones  with  increased  understanding  of  the  close  observation 
which  the  several  variations  of  the  bony  structure  demand. 

Classified  and  combined  as  follows,  they  have  a  pregnant 
meaning: — 


86  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

CLASSIFICATION  OF   THE   BOXES. 

Straight  bones,  Straight  and  square  bones. 

Crooked  bones,  Straight  and  round  bones. 

Square  bones.  Straight  and  short  bones. 

Round  bones.  Straight  and  long  bones. 

Long  bones.  Round  and  short  bones. 

Short  bones.  Round  and  long  bones, 

Round  and  crooked  bones. 
Long  and  crooked  bones,* 
Short  and  crooked  bones. 

It  will  be  observed  by  reference  to  the  above  that  there  are 
six  simple  formations  of  the  bones,  each  indicating  something  dis- 
tinct from  the  others.  The  adjective  employed  to  describe  each 
form  will  reveal  to  the  reader  its  condition  without  elaborate 
description.  I  have  never  found  that  nature  crooked  which  was 
produced  by  combination  of  the  straight  with  the  square  form  of 
bone.  This  combination  produces  and  denotes  the  most  solid 
character,  and  as  it  is  composed  of  a  rocky  material,  viz.,  lime,  and 
shaped  in  the  mast  enduring  form,  it  is,  we  might  say,  incapable 
of  becoming  crooked. 

The  nature  of  bone  gives  solidity,  firmness,  and  integrity  to 
the  organism,  but  where  it  is  crooked  by  Nature,  then  this  signal 
is  thrown  out  to  tell  the  observer  the  character  of  the  individual. 
Where  the  bones  are  round  and  small,  the  character  possesses  less 
firmness  and  integrity,  less  capacity  for  endurance  and  resistance; 
but  it  exhibits  ability  to  execute  curved  motions,  as  in  gestures, 
writing,  dancing,  etc.,  and  to  produce  curved  or  circular  work  with 
tools ;  hence  such  persons  are  adapted  to  art-work.  They  are  like 
the  animals  which  exhibit  similar  formations,  such,  for  example,  as 
the  mole,  squirrel,  and  beaver.  These  are  all  highly  artistic  in  the 
constructions  of  their  dwellings,  and  have  round  bones,  and  are 
quite  skillful  architects.  .  They  are  also  playful,  lively,  and  fond 
of  motion,  and  all  possess  the  combination  of  round  muscles  with 
round  bones ;  wliile  horses  and  several  species  of  dogs  exhibit 
square  bones  combined  with  round  muscles,  and  these  animals 
exhibit  less  artistic  talent  than  the  former,  but  more  of  the  moral, 
solid,  reliable,  teachable  and  practical  traits  of  character. 

There  are  several  causes  in  Nature  which  assist  in  forming 
and  developing  a  good  bony  system.  These  are,  first,  water,  in 
which  lime  is  a  large  constituent ;  next,  a  diet  of  grains,  into  which 
lime  enters  in  the  shape  of  its  phosphates.  These  grains  are  grown 
in  a  soil  from  which  the  phosphatic  elements  are  extracted  by  the 
grain  through  chemical  action  in  the  process  of  growth.  The  next 
influence  favoring  bone  development  is  exercise  in  the  sunlight. 

In  this  exhibit  of  what  constitutes  bone,  we  observe  that 
the   most  suhstantlal  material  in  Nature  enters  largely  into  its 


THE  OSSEOUS  OR   BONY   SYSTEM.  87 

composition.  The  very  material  of  which  rocks  are  made  is  found, 
upon  analysis,  in  the  bones  of  man  as  well  as  in  those  of  the 
higher  animals ;  hence  it  follows  that  those  in  whom  the  bony 
system  is  dominant  will  be  the  most  reliable  and  trustworthy. 
The  bony  system  is  composed  mainly  of  lime  in  two  forms — the 
carbonate  of  lime  and  the  phosphate  of  lime ;  these  two  materials 
form  the  solid  part  of  the  bones.  It  is  found  also  in  the  teeth, 
muscles,  blood,  and  cartilages ;  in  the  gastric  juice,  the  blood,  and 
secretions,  it  is  in  the  fluid  form.  In  the  bones,  teeth,  and  carti- 
lages, it  assists  in  making  them  firm  and  solid.  The  enamel  of  the 
teeth,  which  is  the  hardest  substance  in  the  body,  is  composed 
mainly  ol'  the  phosphate  and  carbonate  of  lime,  and  in  the  ivory 
of  the  teeth  these  form  a  large  part  of  the  constituents.  In  the 
bones,  more  than  one-half  is  found  to  be  composed  of  these  two 
forms  of  lime.  It  is  lime  wliich  gives  to  the  bones  their  firmness 
and  solidity.  If  we  were  to  soak  a  bone  in  a  mixture  of  muriatic 
acid  and  water  we  should  dissolve  from  it  all  the  mineral  ingredi- 
ents and  leave  nothing  but  the  animal  constituents,  and  should  then 
find  it  so  soft  and  flexible  that,  if  we  were  to  treat  one  of  the  long 
bones  of  the  body  in  this  manner,  we  could  tie  it  up  in  knots  just 
as  we  can  a  rope. 

Lime  is  found  in  the  various  grains,  in  milk,  and  in  lean 
meat.  Salt  is  another  useful  element,  not  only  in  the  bones  but 
in  the  several  tissues.  In  connection  with  water  it  is  found  in 
every  portion  of  the  body, — in  the  bones,  tissues,  and  the  various 
fluids  and  secretions, — and  is  necessary  in  digestion,  where  it  assists 
by  chemical  action  the  various  processes  of  assimilation.  The 
taste  •  for  salt  is,  therefore,  natural  and  necessary.  The  taste 
for  pepper  is  not  natural,  inasmuch  as  that  is  not  found  in  any 
part  of  the  body,  and  has  no  use  in  the  human  economy.  Black 
pepper  is  higlily  indigestible  and  inflammatory.  There  is  no 
similarity  between  these  two  constituents.  Pepper  induces  dis- 
orders of  the  stomach  and  kidneys,  and  should  be  used  Hke  all 
spices,  for  a  remedy  and  not  for  food,  as  it  cannot  be  digested  like 
salt.  Salt,  lime,  and  water  are  found  in  every  part  of  the  body, 
and  are  natural  and  necessary  to  health  and  life.  Salt  we  derive 
from  the  air  and  water ;  lime  comes  to  us  in  our  food  in  grains, 
fruits,  etc.,  and  if  we  use  them  as  Nature  has  provided  we  shall 
rebuild  our  blood,  bones,  muscles,  nerves,  and  brain  with  the 
materials  which  they  require  for  their  replenishing ;  but  if  we 
cast  out  the  phosphates  of  lime  and  the  carbonates,  as  we  do  in 
making  fine  white  bread,  we  shall  have  nothing  to  assist  the  repair 
of  the  bones,  muscles,  nerves,  and  brain,  since  the  phosphates  are 
rejected  by  this  mode  of  preparation.     A  man  would  starve  in  a 


h 


88  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

short  time  were  he  fed  on  foods  deprived  of  Hme  and  salt ;  neither 
would  he  exist  on  a  diet  which  did  not  contain  starch  or  animal 
fats,  and  fat  is  created  both  from  animal  and  vegetable  foods,  as 
chemical  analysis  shows. 

This  exhibit  of  the  composition  of  the  bony  structure  informs 
iis  at  once  why  it  is  that  those  who  possess  large  and  strong  bones 
are  more  firm,  persevering,  rehable,  and  honest  than  those  with 
smaller  and  weaker  ones.  The  more  fluid  Hme  dissolved  in  the 
blood  which  goes  to  make  up  the  solid  parts  of  the  organs,  such 
as  the  heart,  the  lungs,  the  liver,  the  kidneys,  etc.,  the  more  integ- 
rity and  strength  will  these  tissues  and  organs  possess.  A  com- 
parison of  the  animals  in  which  the  bony  system  predominates, 
with  those  in  whom  the  fat  and  muscle  are  in  excess,  will  give  us 
a  correct  idea  as  to  how  the  bones  are  related  to  integrity  and 
stability.  If  honesty  were  a  sentiment  merely,  something  which 
could  be  taught,  then  the  one  best  taught  on  this  subject  would 
have  the  most  reliable  character,  but  we  know  full  well  that  some 
are  more  naturally  honest  than  others.  We  know  that  some  have 
more  ability  for  music  or  painting  than  others,  and  we  find  by 
observation  that  those  who  are  skillful  in  music,  etc,  are  so  mainly 
by  virtue  of  an  organism  which  fits  them  for  this  art ;  that  some 
are  musicians  without  instruction,  while  others  are  not  able  to  be 
taught  because  they  are  lacking  in  the  proper  construction  of 
body ;  in  short,  they  have  not  the  right  muscular  development  for 
this  purpose. 

A  comparison  of  the  highest  and  most  useful  animals — the 
horse,  the  dog,  the  camel,  and  ox — with  the  rhinoceros,  the  hog, 
the  coon,  the  skunk,  the  porcupine,  the  panther,  and  tiger,  will 
show  us  a  physiological  combination  as  distinct  as  is  that  of  the 
mental  and  moral  characteristics  of  each  class.  The  rhinoceros 
and  hog,  by  reason  of  their  excess  of  fat,  are  too  vegetative  to 
be  either  moral  or  intelligent.  The  mole,  the  coon,  the  skunk, 
the  porcupine,  the  cat,  the  rat,  etc.,  have  relatively  small  bones  and 
large  muscles,  and  they  are  suited  to  slyness,  skulking,  deception, 
and  craft, — to  live  in  the  shade  and  prey  upon  others.  While  the 
bones  of  these  creatures  are  hardly  perceptible,  their  bodies  are 
sleek,  sinuous,  graceful,  and  quick-motioned,  and  they  are  quite 
artistic  in  some  of  their  habits, — the  beaver  and  mole,  for  ex- 
ample, building  their  houses  on  excellent  architectural  and  artistic 
principles.  Now  compare  the  camel,  with  his  great,  homely,  un- 
gainly, bony  structure,  and  his  fidelity  and  usefulness,  docility  and 
intelligence ;  compare  him  with  the  graceful,  gliding,  sleek-looking 
tiger ;  compare  the  bony  ox,  with  his  great  joints,  his  patient  and 
useful  ways,  with  the  hog;   compare  the  horse,  with  his  bones 


A 


THE  OSSEOUS  OR  BONY  SYSTEM.  89 

jutting  out  over  his  eyes,  his  large  hip-joints  and  bony  face,  his 
mental  development  and  observation,  with  the  unwieldy,  stupid, 
and  brutal  rhinoceros;  compare  the  intelligence  of  the  former 
with  the  ferocity  of  the  latter;  compare  the  fidelity,  usefulness,  and 
forms  of  all  these  various  creatures,  and  you  will  find  in  every 
instance  that  the  bony  formation  gives  and  exhibits  integrity,  re- 
liability, intelligence,  and  morality,  as  compared  with  those  forms 
that  resemble  the  muscular  and  vegetative  or  fat  animals. 

Fat  in  excess  is  not  honest,  whether  we  find  it  in  man  or 
beast.  Fat,  by  its  lack  of  resistance,  is  negative  and-  self-indul- 
gent, and  is  not  capable  of  self-control ;  muscle  in  excess  is  unre- 
liable, and  by  the  nature  of  its  cm^stituents  and  action  is  change- 
able and  shifting ;  it  moves  with  rapidity  and  changes  constantly, 
and  is  not  built  of  such  substantial  material  as  bone ;  hence,  it 
is  suited  to  artistic  pursuits,  while  bone  is  suited  to  mechanical 
and  scientific  occupations,  for  mechanical  individuals  must  have 
physical  order  and  a  good,  true  eye  for  angles  and  straight  Hues. 
They  must  have  patience  and  perseverance,  steadfastness  and  in- 
tegrity, in  order  to  produce  straight  and  square  work.  In  every 
age  and  country  the  most  reliable,  honest,  and  upright  men  are 
(as  a  class)  its  mechanics.  They  perform  honest  work ;  the  very 
house  that  we  dwell  in  must  be  phimb  and  built  on  the  square, 
or  it  will  fall  to  the  ground.  The  scientist,  too,  must  possess  a 
large  share  of  integrity, — of  bone.  Inasmuch  as  he  has  the  ability 
to  comprehend  the  truths  of  Nature,  he  must  be  built  on  Con- 
scientiousness, else  he  would  be  incompetent  to  comprehend  the 
laws  of  Nature,  which  are  all  based  on  absolute  truth  and  mathe- 
matical certainty  and  precision.  Newton,  the  discoverer  of  the 
most  important  law  of  Nature,  viz.,  gravitation,  was  a  square-boned 
man,  and  Conscientiousness  is  large  in  his  face.  Now,  all  persons 
and  animals  must  have  bones  in  a  greater  or  less  degree,  and  in 
the  degree  that  they  have  good,  square  bones  are  they  capable  of 
honesty,  morality,  and  fidelity.  Hence  the  importance  of  endow- 
ing oftspring  with  a  good,  square,  bony  structure.  We  cannot  do 
this  if  we  feed  upon  fine  white  flour,  or  allow  our  children  to  con- 
sume too  much  sugar  and  other  carbonaceous  food.  If  we  look 
abroad  for  our  proof  of  the  action  of  the  various  kinds  of  food  as 
it  relates  to  bone-making,  it  is  only  necessary  to  refer  to  the  low 
stature  of  the  Lapps  and  Finns,  who  subsist  mainly  on  a  fish  diet, 
and  whose  bones  are  both  small  and  short,  while  their  near  neigh- 
bors,— the  Norwegians,  Swedes,  and  Russians, — who  live  upon 
a  farinaceous  and  vegetable  diet,  are  much  their  superiors  in 
stature  and  strength.  But  the  subject  of  bone-buUdmg  I  will 
consider  later. 


90  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

I  will  here  note  some  of  the  prominent  men  who  have  excelled 
in  morality,  endurance,  heroism,  and  honor,  and  in  every  instance 
we  shall  see  that  each  one  possessed  a  large  and  fine  quaUty  of 
bone.  Our  own  Washington  was  six  feet  three  inches  in  height, 
and  broad  and  square  built.  Andrew  Jackson  was  above  the 
medium  height,  and  the  bones  jutted  out  all  over  him,  in  the  eye- 
brows, the  cheeks,  the  chin,  the  forehead,  the  joints  and  knuckles. 
Lincoln,  too,  shows  a  very  bony  organization,  and  was  more  noted 
for  his  fidelity  to  principle  than  for  great  intellectual  power.  Had 
he  been  made  of  soft,  fatty  tissue,  the  results  of  our  late  war 
might  have  been  quite  difterent.  General  Lafayette's  portraits 
show  him  to  have  been  possessed  of  good  bones ;  likewise  Alex- 
ander the  Great  in  ancient  times,  also  Caesar,  Mahomet,  and 
Cromwell.  Luther  had  a  very  large  bony  structure,  with  a  power- 
ful vegetative  system,  and  a  fine  brain.  Isaac  Newton,  Lamartine, 
James  Watt,  Humboldt.  Cuvier,  Washington  Irving,  von  Liebig, 
David  Livingstone,  Charles  Darwin,  George  Stephenson  the  in- 
ventor, Peter  Cooper,  and  a  host  of  others,  who  have  shown  by 
their  lives  that  integrity,  morality,  and  mechanical  and  scientific 
powers  were  theirs,  possessed  large,  bony  development. 

li  makes  quite  a  difference  in  our  powers  of  endurance,  either 
moral  or  physical,  whether  we  have  four  or  six  feet  of  bone  in  our 
bodies.  It  is  true  that  the  persons  just  mentioned  had  fine  brain 
systems  in  addition,  but  without  the  same  amount  of  bone  and  with 
muscle  in  its  stead  they  never  would  have  evinced  such  rectitude, 
endurance,  and  reliability,  as  with  the  large  bones  in  combination. 
The  greatest  and  most  useful  men  and  women  have  been  those 
with  the  bone  and  brain  systems  dominant.  The  greatest  artists 
have  been  those  with  a  fine  quality  of  the  muscular  and  brain 
systems  combined;  hence  they  form  a  less  useful  class  than 
mechanics  and  scientists.  They  are,  also,  less  reliable  and  moral, 
but  more  entertaining. 

The  record  of  the  purely  vegetative  men  is  limited  to  a  few, 
who  succeeded  in  becoming  prize  hogs  in  appearance,  notably, 
Daniel  Lambert,  Vitellius,  the  Roman  Emperor  and  glutton,  and 
some  few  others  whose  fame  rests  entirely  upon  their  fat,  selfish- 
ness, and  immorality.  The  bony  structure  is  the  foundation  and 
framework  of  the  human  organism,  upon  which  is  built  the  entire 
organism,  and  to  the  predominance  of  the  bony  structure  man 
owes  his  character  for  integrity,  stability,  and  physical  and  mental 
soundness.  The  very  constituents  of  bone — lime,  phosphates, 
magnesia,  soda,  etc. — give  stability,  integrity,  decision,  and  firmness 
to  the  organization  in  which  they  abound  most  largely;  hence  the 
bony  system  is  the  one  in  which,  from  the  xiery  nature  of  its  comr 


THE   OSSEOUS   OR   BONY   SYSTEM.  91 

p(y/ients,  we  naturally  look  for  the  most  stability  and  trustworthi- 
ness. Tall,  lean,  square,  bony  people  are  noted  for  their  usefulness, 
iniselfishness,  integrity,  and  generally  lor  mechanical  abihty. 
Bony  people,  with  a  fair  proportion  of  the  muscular  system  in 
combination,  make  the  best  mechanics  in  tlie  world.  Length 
facilitates  activity,  while  muscle  combined  with  a  large  bony  struc- 
ture gives  the  form  essential  to  mechanical  construction. 

This  system  is  included  in  the  architectural  division  of  the 
face  and  body,  and  has  for  its  assistance  the  muscular  powers. 
These  two  systems  combine  and  include  most  of  the  principles  of 
natural  forces,  as  has  been  shown,  and  persons  in  whom  this  com- 
bination is  largely  developed  will  have  not  only  the  power  to 
become  good  mechanics  and  artists,  but  will  be  able  also  to  build 
up  and  perpetuate  a  fine  race  of  children,  if  proper  attention  be 
given  to  combinations  with  suitable  conformations,  added  to 
righteous  regard  for  hygienic  and  sanitaiy  laws.  It  will  be  per- 
ceived from  this  analysis  and  illustration  of  the  bony  system,  that 
the  human  organism  is  dependent  upon  bone  development  for  all 
those  attributes  which  go  to  form  stability  and  integrity  as  well  as 
architectural  and  mechanical  ability.  These  principles  lie  at  the 
very  foundation  of  physiology,  anatomy,  human  greatness,  moral 
goodness,  government,  and  society;  and  in  every  age,  country  or 
community,  noted  for  its  justice,  probity  and  true  civilization, 
there  will  be  found  upon  examination  a  majority  of  its  people 
built  upon  this  conformation  and  possessed  of  mechanical 
powers. 

In  selecting  trades  for  young  people,  due  attention  should  be 
paid  to  this  principle  of  Nature.  A  neglect  of  its  application 
will  result  in  ftiilure,  and  one  reason  why  we  sometimes  find 
poor  mechanics  is  that  they  have  mistaken  their  vocation  and 
chosen  a  pursuit  to  which  their  conformation  was  unsuited. 

The  signs  of  the  bony  form  predominant  are  found  all  over 
the  individual,  in  the  large  joints  of  the  hands,  fingers,  wrists, 
arms,  and  legs.  The  projection  forward  of  the  lower  jaw,  the 
projecting  of  the  brow  over  the  eyes,  and  tlie  high,  long,  bony 
nose  are  all  evidences  of  a  conscientious  and  morally-inclined 
character;  indeed,  the  square  bony  system  may  be  depended  upon 
for  moral  conduct.  The  large  development  of  bone  shows  that  the 
fluid  circulation  has  done  its  primary  work  in  a  thorough  manner, 
and  has  conveyed  all  the  materials  needed  in  bone  making  to  their 
several  destinations  in  just  the  right  proportions,  thus  giving 
soundness  to  the  whole  framework.  Size  and  Form,  Physical 
Order,  and  Calculation  are  some  of  the  prominent  faculties  in  this 
system,  as  well  as  Veneration  and  Executiveness.     Conscientious- 


92  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

ness  is  seen  all  over  the  individual  in  whom  the  bony  system  pre- 
dominates over  all  the  other  systems. 

The  list  of  faculties  in  the  architectural  division  is  as  follows: 
Sanativeness,  Secretiveness,  Force,  Resistance,  Hope,  Cautiousness, 
Imitation,  Constructiveness,  Analysis,  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Human 
Nature,  Self-will,  Executiveness,  •  Credenciveness,  Prescience, 
Observation,  Memory  of  Events,  Form,  Size,  Weight,  Color,  Order, 
Calculation,  Locality,  Music,  and  Language.  Some  of  these  facul- 
ties are  derived  from  the  functional  action  of  the  heart  and  lungs ; 
others  from  tlie  power  of  the  muscles  and  bones.  Hope  is  related 
to  the  liver,  Color  to  the  lungs  and  heart,  and  Veneration  to  the 
stomach.  Every  faculty  depends  upon  some  organ  or  system  of 
functions  for  the  power  to  exhibit  its  peculiar  mode  of  activity. 

In  all  cases  where  one  system  is  found  in  excess  in  an  organ- 
ism, no  matter  how  useful  it  may  be,  we  sliall  find  that  it  is  pro- 
ductive of  various  disorders  and  predispositions  to  certain  diseases. 
An  excess  of  bone  makes  the  system  liable  to  chronic  rheumatism, 
torpid  conditions  of  the  liver,  the  spleen,  the  stomach,  and  bowels, 
enlargement  of  the  joints,  gravel,  granular  degeneration,  stone  in 
the  bladder,  disorders  of  the  digestive  functions,  and  inclination  to 
melancholy  as  old  age  advances.  An  excess  of  bone  also  causes 
laziness  and  inertia;  the  bones  being  too  heavily  charged  with 
mineral  matter  disinclines  the  individual  for  motion,  hence  he  will 
care  only  for  work  that  can  be  done  in  a  sitting  posture. 

The  remedy  for  an  excessive  development  of  bone  is  to  drink 
water  that  has  been  purified  from  all  traces  of  lime,  to  remain  in 
the  shade  as  much  as  possible,  to  study  more,  to  eat  less  farinace- 
ous food  and  adopt  the  diet  of  the  carnivorous  animals,  whose 
bones  are  smaller  than  those  of  the  grain-eaters.  Stimulate  the 
sensitive  parts  of  the  nature  by  indulging  more  in  light,  active 
games;  cultivate  the  emotional  parts  of  the  mind  by  attending 
theatres  and  balls  and  by  associating  with  the  lively  and  light- 
minded.  By  pursuing  this  anti-bone-making  course,  the  tendency 
to  these  diseases  may  be  avoided  and  the  bulk  of  bone  may  be 
reduced  considerably  in  a  few  years. 

Getting  health  is  like  getting  religion — it  comes  by  struggling 
for  it.  In  fact,  good  health  seems  to  me  a  really  religious  condition 
and  ought  not  to  be  considered  as  distinct  from  it. 

If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  bony  system  is  too  poorly  developed, 
inactivity  and  weakness  are  the  result.  When  we  observe  a  person 
with  small,  thin  hands  and  feet,  with  large  brain  and  small  abdo- 
men and  short,  small,  round  bones,  we  know  that  he  is  doomed  to 
a  short  life  and  one  of  suffering,  unless  hygienic  treatment  comes 
to  his  relief.     Drugs  and  doctors  cannot  alter  such  conditions,  but 


THE   OSSEOUS   OR   BONY   SYSTEM.  93 

will  do  more  harm  than  good.  Only  Nature,  the  Infallible  One, 
can  regenerate  such  beings.  Calisthenics,  gymnastics,  outdoor 
exercise  in  pure  air,  and  lime-water,  with  farinaceous  foods  will  do 
more  for  such  boneless  creatures  than  all  the  drugs  in  existence. 

When  we  come  to  comprehend  fidly  the  differences  existing 
between  the  various  organ  systems  of  the  body,  we  shall  recognize 
at  a  glance  the  main  points  of  character.  We  shall  see  that  bone 
gives  more  integrity  and  power  of  resistance,  with  love  of  science 
and  mechanism;  that  muscle  indicates  emotion  and  affection  as 
well  as  passion  and  artistic  ability;  that  fat  assists  in  softening  the 
emotions  and  gives  warmth  to  the  system.  It  must  be  apparent  to 
the  thoughtful  that  we  do  not  love  with  our  bones — that  all  parts 
of  the  body  concerned  in  emotion  are  found  in  the  muscular  and 
soft  tissues.  All  the  parts  of  the  organism  involved  in  reproduction 
are  mainly  in  the  muscular  and  glandular  system,  hence  when  we 
wish  to  know  the  degree  of  Amative  sentiment  in  an  individual 
we  must  look  to  the  facial  representation  of  the  muscular  system — 
the  eye;  we  must  mark  its  shape,  size,  and  color,  its  degree  of 
activity  and  brightness.  If  the  eye  be  large,  bright,  well-colored — 
either  blue,  brown,  or  black — then  we  can  safely  say  that  such  an 
individual  is  highly  emotional  and  affectionate,  and  artistic  as  well ; 
but  when  we  observe  a  bony  person  with  large  joints,  small  muscles, 
long,  slim,  bony  fingers,  and  small  eyes  shaded  by  a  full,  projecting, 
bony  brow,  then  we  know  that  he  is  more  thoughtful  than 
emotional  or  amative,  with  considerable  control  of  all  the  emotions. 
This  class  of  persons  is  mechanical,  inclined  to  science,  given  to 
reforms  and  original  radical  ideas  rather  than  to  imitating  artistic 
efforts.  In  this  class  are  found  such  men  as  Charles  Darwin, 
Richard  Owen,  the  naturalist ;  Professors  Morse  and  Edison,  the 
electricians ;  and,  among  reformers,  Wendell  Phillips,  Richard 
Cobden,  Peter  Cooper,  Thomas  Paine,  &usan  B.  Anthony,  and 
others  well  known  for  reform  work. 

A  good  degree  of  bone  offers  a  steady  resistance  and  pressure ; 
muscle  has  a  reactive  power,  moving  first  in  one  direction  and 
then  in  another ;  hence  muscular  people  are  not  so  reliable  as  bony 
ones.  Muscle  shows  itself  in  will-power,  in  sudden  bursts  of 
temper  as  suddenly  subsiding,  while  bone  offers  a  steady  but  calm 
resistance,  and  this  is  the  difference  between  the  two  faculties  of 
Firmness  and  Self-will. 

Fat  is  yielding,  without  the  ability  either  to  withstand  or  to 
overcome.  It  is  negative  in  its  nature,  utterly  unreliable,  except 
where  we  find  it  in  combination  with  a  good  bony  structure  and 
considerable  muscular  development. 

This  concludes  the  description  of  the  architectural  division  of 


94 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


the  face  and  faculties.  The  term  "  architectural"  is  lised  in  its 
broadest  and  most  compreheilsive  sense.  Whatever  exists  is  built 
and  has  a  form ;  not  a  particle  of  any  sort  whatsoever  is  found  with- 
out form  and  without  combination  with  some  acid,  gas,  ether,  or 
solid  substance ;  thus  it  is  architectural.  In  works  of  art  the  same 
principle  applies.  In  dramatic  composition,  in  works  of  fiction, 
and  in  the  sermons  of  the  preacher,  the  same  mechanical  constructive 
principle  prevails.  . 


THE   BRAIN   AND   NERVOUS   SYSTEM. 

In  entering  upon  the  investigation  of  the  brain  and  nervous 
system,  I  shah,  depart  from  the  usual  methods  employed  by 
writers  on  this  subject,  and,  instead  of  giving  cuts  representing  the 

interior  of  the  brain,  which  can 
afford  the  reader  no  clue  as  to 
its  functions,  I  shall  devote  my 
space  to  a  discussion  of  its  origin 
as  exhibited  in  the  lowest  forms 
of  animal  life,  and  then  describe 
its  appearance  in  the  exterior 
of  the  organism  by  facial  and 
bodily  indications.  Anatomists, 
in  disj^ecting  the  brain,  are  al- 
most entirely  in  the  dark  as  to 
the  use  and  connection  of  the 
several  parts  of  the  brain  with 
the  various  organs  of  the  body. 
With  the  exception  of  being 
able  to  trace  the  course  of  the 
optic,  auditory,  olfactory,  and 
facial  nerves  to  thfeir  origin  in  the  brain,  the  functional  action 
of  the  several  portions  of  the  brain  are  still  as  great  a  mystery 
as  ever.  Very  recent  observers  have  mapped  out  on  different 
parts  of  the  cerebral  hemispheres  certain  areas  which  are 
thought  to  be  the  representatives  of  certain  mental  faculties.  The 
faculty  of  language  is  thought  to  have  its  representative  in  one  of 
the  frontal  convolutions,  and  this  convolution  is  found  in  a  rudi- 
mentary stage  only  in  the  anthropoids,  but  fully  developed  in  man, 
the  only  creature  endowed  with  the  capacity  for  perfect  language. 
Other  areas  of  the  brain  are  thought  to  be  the  locale  of  other 
faculties,  but  as  yet  these  are  not  firmly  established.  Yet  I  be- 
lieve that  every  function,  as  well  as  every  faculty,  must  be  repre- 
sented in  the  brain  and  have  "  a  local  habitation"  in  that  organ, 


Fig.  11.— HERBERT  SPENCER. 
Brain  and  Nerve  System  supreme. 


THE   BRAIN   AND   NERVOUS   SYSTEM.  95 

where  all  sensation  is  wrouglit  into  consciousness  and  translated 
into  thought  and  emotion. 

The  /ace,  read  scientifically,  will  give  the  clue  to  the  riglit 
analysis  of  the  various  parts  of  the  brain,  and  any  anatomist  who 
will  take  as  a  basis  of  investigation  the  evolution  of  the  organ 
systems  of  the  body,  as  shown  by  Haeckel  in  his  "  Evolution  of 
Man,"  can  trace  the  connection  between  the  organs  of  the  body 
and  the  severd,l  parts  of  the  brain.  My  understanding  of  the  brain 
is  that  it  is  functional  of  the  entire  ^organism,  and  not  an  organ 
acting  independently,  but  affected  by  morbid  or  abnormal  con- 
ditions of  the  blood  and  visceral  organs.  I  believe  that  all  parts 
of  the  body  have  representation  in  the  brain,  and  that  these  repre- 
sentations are  localized. 

My  researches  have  led  me  to  the  conclusion  that  size  of  the 
brain  alone  is  not  the  proof  of  great  mental  power  nor  of  the  lack 
of  it;  that  its /orm  and  congenital  or  inherited  quality  are  the  two 
most  potent  factors  in  deciding  its  power.;  also  that  a  proportionate 
and  normal  degree  of  physiological  development  of  the  body,  as 
well  as  of  the  brain,  is  far  more  influential  in  deciding  mentality 
than  size  of  the  brain  alone ;  but  the  question  of  size  and  form  I 
will  postpone  until  I  come  to  the  consideration  of  the  "  Sub-Basic 
Principles." 

In  tracing  the  course  of  the  evolution  of  the  brain  and  nerve 
system,  the  history  of  the  development  of  the  lower  animal  organ- 
isms is  most  instructive,  and  the  physiognomist,  if  he  desires  to  be 
truly  scientific,  must  go  back  to  the  earliest  and  lowest  animals  in 
the  scale  of  creation  and  note  the  gradual  development  or  evolution 
of  the  nerves  and  brain. 

The  first  sense-organ  was  the  outer  skin-covering,  long  before 
any  hodUy  organs  had  evolved,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Zoophites,  In- 
fusoria, Corallines,  and  Polypi,  and  other  low  forms  of  animal  life. 
The  bodies  of  these  creatures  are  composed  of  a  hollow  globe  or 
tube,  with  an  opening  at  one  end.  Their  entire  construction  con- 
sists only  of  an  inner  and  an  outer  skin,  with  a  row  of  cells  be- 
tween. All  knowledge  of  the  outer  world  comes  to  these  creatures 
entirely  through  the  sense  of  touch  or  feeling,  and  the  outer  skin- 
covering  is  their  only  sense-organ,  therefore  their  only  mental 
organ.  It  is  necessary  before  we  proceed  tliat  this  expression 
should  be  explained.  All  mental  power  is  based  on  sensation,  and 
sensation  is  therefore  the  origin  of  tlipught.  We  have  more  senses 
than  five,  as  I  think  I  have  proven  in  the  preceding  pages ;  but 
these  five  even  are  dependent  upon  their  alDility  to  receive  sensa- 
tions. Let  the  optic  nerve  become  paralyzed  and  no  impression 
of  material  objects  is  received  by  the  brain. 


96  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  sense  of  touch,  which  was  the  first  sense-organ  of  the 
mind,  is,  in  the  human  organism,  the  most  diffused  sense,  as  it  ex- 
tends over  the  entire  body,  and  its  use  is  to  man  what  it  was  in  the 
lowest  animal — a  means  of  self-protection ;  for  "  without  touch," 
says  Taine,  "  nothing  could  exist."  Haeckel,  in  his  "  Evolution 
of  Man,"  tells  us  how  the  sense-organs,  such  as  those  of  sight, 
hearing,  taste,  and  smell  came  to  be  more  acute  than  other  senses. 
He  remarks : — 

Later  on  in  evolution  this*  outer  skin,  which  had  become  especially 
sensitive,  gradually  withdrew  into  the  shelter  of  the  interior  of  the  body, 
and  there  laid  the  first  foundation  of  a  central  nervous  organ.  As  ditfer- 
entiation  advanced  the  distance  and  distinction  between  the  external  skin- 
covering  and  the  central  nervous  sj'stem  detached  from  this  became  con- 
tinually greater,  and  finally  the  two  were  permanently  connected  by  the 
conductive  peripheric  nerves,* 

In  corroboration  of  the  statement  that  the  mind,  or  sensation 
(which  is  one  and  the  same  thing),  had  its  origin  in  the  outer  skin- 
covering  of  the  earliest  animal  organisms,  I  may  mention  one  law 
of  scientific  pliysiognomy.  It  is  stated  thus :  "  Texture  of  the 
skin  is  significant  of  mental  quality."  We  find  by  observation 
that  the  finer  the  skin  or  hair  of  animals,  the  greater  their  degree 
of  sensation  and  intelligence.  Compare,  for  example,  the  coat  of 
the  stupid,  brutal  bear,  with  that  of  the  dog,  the  horse,  and  deer, 
and  we  shall  see  that  fineness  of  texture  is  indicative  of  sensitive- 
ness of  the  nervous  system,  and  therefore  of  mental  power,  all 
along  the  line  of  mental  development.  When  we  wish  to  discern 
the  quality  of  mental  power  in  tlie  human  being,  we  must  look  to 
the  fineness  of  the  skin  and  hair  and  brightness  of  the  eye,  as  well 
as  to  the  fineness  and  thinness  of  the  finger-nails. 

The  brightness  of  the  eye  is  caused  by  two  things  :  In  the 
first  place,  a  fine,  thin  skin  will  give  a  corresponding  bright  sclerotic 
and  retina  to  the  eye.  A  bright  eye  is  never  seen  in  combination 
with  a  very  coarse,  thick  skin.  The  second  cause  of  brightness 
of  the  eye  is  occasioned  by  the  quality  and  expansion  of  the  optic 
nerve.  Where  the  skin  is  fine  and  thin  the  nerves  of  sense  will 
be  correspondingly  of  high  quality  and  activity,  and  this  in  con- 
nection with  the  thin  covering  of  the  eye  gives  the  brightness  and 
vivacity  which  are  observed  in  the  mentally-gifted  person,  but 
which  is  absent  in  the  dull  and  stupid. 

Compare  the  eye  of  the  hog  with  that  of  the  deer  or  dog ; 
the  eye  of  a  Spencer  with  that  of  Daniel  Lambert,  the  celebrated 
fat  man,  and  you  will  have  proof  of  this  statement.  When  any 
doubt  exists  as  to  the  character  or  interpretation  of  appearances, 

»  Evolution  of  Man,  Ernst  Haeckel,  vol.  ii,  p.  196, 


THE   BRAIN    AND   NERVOUS   SYSTEM.  97 

an  "interrogation  of  Natuioe"  will  give  us  all  the  proof  required, 
and  nowhere  is  evidence  more  plentiful  and  convincing  than  in 
our  animal  ancestors.  The  following  is  from  the  pen  of  Mr. 
Haeckel,  and  I  quote  it  as  throwing  light  on  the  law  given  above, 
viz.,  that  texture  of  the  skm  is  indicati\e  of  quality.  Mr.  Haeckel 
observes : — 

Let  us  turn  aside  from  these  very  interesting  features  in  evolution  and 
examine  tlie  development  of  the  later  human  skin-covering,  with  its  hairs, 
sweat-glands,  etc.  Physiologically,  this  outer  covering  plays  a  double  part. 
The  skin,  in  the  first  place,  forms  the  general  protective  covering  which 
covers  the  whole  surface  of  the  body,  and  protects  all  other  parts.  As  such 
it,  at  the  same  time,  affects  a  certain  change  of  matter  between  the  body 
and  the  surrounding  atmosphere,  viz.,  perspiration  or  skin-breathing.  In 
the  first  place,  the  skin  is  the  oldest  and  primitive  sense-organ,  the  organ 
of  touch  which  atfects  the  sensation  of  the  surrounding  temperature  and  of 
the  pressure  and  resistance  of  bodies  with  which  it  comes  in  contact.  Those 
organs  of  our  bodies  which  discharge  the  highest  and  most  perfect  functions 
of  animal  life,  those  of  sensation,  volition,  thought — the  organs  of  the  Psyche 
— or  mental  life,  arise  from  the  external  skin-covering.* 

Now  that  I  have  laid  before  you  the  testimony  of  one  of  the 
most  eminent  scientists  in  the  world  as  to  the  origin  of  mind,  and 
as  the  comprehension  of  this  origin  is  essential  to  our  knowledge 
of  physiognomy,  I  will  pass  on  to  other  features  of  the  brain  and 
nervous  system,  considering  them  as  one  system,  diflfering  only  in 
their  modes  of  action  by  reason  of  their  differences  of  locality. 

The  law  in  regard  to  the  identification  of  the  nature  of  a 
function  is  formulated  thus  :  "  Similarity  of  structure  shows  simi- 
larity of  function."  Now,  brain-substance  and  nerve-substance 
are  exactly  alike,  and  show  no  difference  of  structure  under  the 
microscope,  therefore  we  must  conclude  that  their  purpose  is  a 
common  one.  The  office  of  the  nerves  is  to  receive  and  convey 
sensations  to  the  brain,  where  they  are  received  and  in  some  way, 
now  unknown,  manufactured  into  intelligence  or  consciousness. 
Nerves  are  the  instruments  which  convey  the  knowledge  of  what 
is  transpiring  in  the  several  organs  of  the  body,  and  in  the, organs 
of  sense,  to  the  brain ;  this  is  their  portion  of  the  labor  of  the 
mind. 

The  part  of  the  labor  performed  by  the  brain  is,  as  before 
stated,  the  making  of  these  feelings  and  sensations  into  conscious- 
ness ;  two  acts  of  one  system  which  are  essential  to  its  perfect 
operation,  viz.,  sensation  or  feeling,  and  thought  or  inteUigence. 
The  brain  acts  as  a  receiving  and  recording  station ;  the  body  with 
its  various  organs  being  the  manufactory,  so  to  say,  where  nearly 
all  mental  efforts  are  created  by  the  action  of  the  several  organs 

Erolution  of  Man,  vol.  ii,  p.  199 
7 


98  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and  functions  of  the  body.  These  efforts,  which  we  denominate 
mechanical,  artistic,  domestic,  etc.,  are  performed,  as  1  have  shown, 
by  the  muscles,  the  bones,  the  nerves,  the  glands,  etc.,  and  by  the 
vegetative  faculties  and  functions.  The  signs  for  the  predominance 
of  the  brain  and  nervous  system  are  a  pyriform  or  pear-shaped 
face,  relatively  large  head,  especially  high  above  the  ears,  broad 
and  full  forehead,  bright  eyes,  relatively  small  nose,  small  and  thin 
hands  and  feet,  and  thin  nails,  thin  nostrils  and  lips,  small  bones 
and  muscles,  slim  neck,  and  small  abdomen,  with  quick  motions 
and  rapidity  of  speech.  Persons  of  this  Ibrmation  are  earnest, 
excitable,  acute,  delicate,  spirituelle  and  sensitive  in  feeling,  high- 
strung,  sparkling  and  bright,  and  the  emotions,  such  as  love,  pity, 
fear,  and  imagination,  are  very  easily  excited.  They  also  suffer 
and  enjoy  intensely.  The  faculty  of  reason  is  dominant,  and  the 
capacity  for  mathematical  labor  is  in  many  cases  of  the  highest. 

The  brain  is  a  soft,  pulpy  mass,  and  is  composed  of  "  sixty 
per  cent,  of  carbon,  ten  per  cent,  of  hydrogen,  two  per  cent,  of 
nitrogen,  and  nine-tenths  of  one  per  cent,  of  phosphorus."  This 
exhibit  of  the  elements  of  brain-matter  sliows  that  brain  without 
a  good  share  of  bone  in  combination  is  a  curse  instead  of  a  bless- 
ing. Carbon  is  the  element  which  prevails  most  extensively  in 
the  vegetative  system,  and  in  the  brain  we  find  sixty  per  cent,  of 
the  same  material.  I  have  shown  that  where  there  is  a  good  bony 
system  lime  in  its  several  forms  enters  largely  into  its  compo- 
sition. Not  only  does  it  enter  into  the  solid  structure  of  the  bone, 
but  it  is  also  found  in  a  fluid  state  in  the  juices  and  tissues  of  the 
body.  Now,  if  the  blood  is  heavily  charged  with  lime,  it  will  be 
carried  to  the  brain  in  larger  quantities  than  where  there  is  less 
of  this  element  in  combination.  This  explains  why  bony  men  have 
more  solid,  substantial,  and  practical  intellects  than  those  with  a 
larger  brain  system  and  smaller  bones.  Those  with  the  brain 
system  predominating  over  all  others  are  opinionated,  changeable, 
and  approbative,  sometimes  vain,  almost  always  pure-minded,  and, 
if  of  tine  quality,  desirous  of  the  good  of  others;  but  where  the  other 
systems  of  the  body  are  in  good  proportion  the  most  happy  results 
follow.  Such  a  one  was  Washington.  In  him  all  the  five  organ 
systems  were  harmoniously  blended,  and  all  were  of  high  quality. 
There  can  be  a  large  development  of  any  given  system  with  poor 
quality.  Size  alone^  as  I  shall  show,  is  not  the  measure  of  power; 
but  size  and  quality  combined,  as  in  Washington,  give  the  most 
eminent  talent  and  ability. 

It  will  occur  to  all  thoughtful  persons  that  an  excess  of  the 
brain  system,  like  an  excess  of  any  other  system,  is  a  source  of 
weakhess  and  disease,  and  that  as  a  perfected  brain  is  the  highest 


THE  BRAIN    AND   NERVOUS   SYSTEM.  99 

gift  of  Nature  it  follows  that  it  should  have  the  most  intelligent 
care  and  treatment  in  order  to  equalize  the  other  systems  and 
bring  them  into  harmonious  proportions  and  development.  Now 
rest,  sleep,  and  abstinence  from  excitement  and  luxurious  living 
will  be  essential  in  the  first  place.  This  treatment  would  induce 
a  desire  for  a  larger  quantity  of  wholesome  nutriment.  Sufficient 
exercise  in  a  pure  atmosphere  would  increase  the  thoracic  system 
and  digestion.  This  would  tend  directly  to  a  better  development 
of  the  abdominal  powers.  Thus  equilibrium  or  balance  would  be 
established,  and  an  otherwise  short  and  painful  existence  might  be 
prolonged  into  an  enjoyable  and  useful  one. 

The  diseases  to  which  those  are  liable  who  possess  a  dispro- 
portioned  brain  system  are  the  following :  Dyspepsia,  pulmonary 
consumption,  melancholy,  paralysis,  insomnia  or  sleeplessness, 
softening  of  the  brain,  headache,  dizziness,  insanity  and  general 
debility.  These  can  be  in  all  instances  averted  by  hygienic  meas- 
ures, intelligently  and  persistently  employed.  There  are,  in  the 
broad  pharmacopceia  of  Nature,  remedies  for  all  the  ills  that  the 
ignorance  or  willfulness  of  humanity  inflicts  upon  its  offspring. 

The  best  and  most  practical  method  of  improving  the  race — 
of  regenerating  humanity — is  to  understand  the  human  mind  and 
body,  and  then  by  wise  and  judicious  selections  of  partners  in  mar- 
nage  rebuild  the  race  on  scientific  principles.  Without  a  knowledge 
of  the  face  and  hody  this  cannot  be  accomplished ;  hence  the  study 
of  the  subject  before  us  is  the  first  step  in  this  direction.  The 
next  step  is  an  application  of  its  laws  and  principles. 

One  of  the  best  evidences  of  a  developed  race  is  found  in  its 
manifestation  of  a  high  grade  of  reasoning,  logical  and  mathemati- 
cal powers.  The  unperfected  races  of  the  world,  among  whom 
I  may  mention  the  South  Sea  Islanders,  the  Esquimaux,  and  many 
African  tribes,  have  so  little  ability  in  this  direction  as  not  to  be 
able  to  calculate  anything  beyond  the  number  of  their  fingers  and 
toes.  I  think  that  man's  superiority  over  the  brute  creation  is 
more  marked  in  this  respect  than  in  the  matter  of  simple  reason, 
which  attribute  many  deny  to  the  animal  kingdom,  although  the 
power  of  reasoning  to  a  large  extent  is  proved  by  modem  natural- 
ists to  hold  a  place  in  the  mentality  of  the  higher  races  of  animals. 
The  faculties  of  reason,  causality,  and  comparison  endow  man  with 
the  gift  of  abstract  mathematical  ratiocination.  In  this  he  is  per- 
haps more  distinguished  from  the  brutes  than  in  any  other  manner, 
with  the  exception  of  the  faculty  'of  speech ;  although  this  is  pos- 
sessed by  the  parrot,  but  in  this  instance  speech  proceeds  from  a 
suitable  formation  of  the  vocal  organs  and  is  not  accompanied  with 
a  corresponding  degree  of  sense  and  observation. 


100  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

This  might  serve  as  a  lesson  to  those  persons  who  ascribe  to 
the  human  race  "divinity,"  and  to  the  lower  animals  none. 
When  we  find  the  lower  animals  endowed  with  a  fine  degree  of 
reason,  as  in  the  horse,  dog,  and  elephant ;  and  some  mathematical 
ability  or  sense,  as  in  these  same  creatures  and  in  "learned  pigs," 
who  are  taught  to  count  and  reckon ;  when  we  find  human  speech 
in  the  parrot,  I  think  the  self-love  and  vainglory  of  man  may  as 
well  give  way,  and  allow  to  these,  our  "  blood-relations,"  as 
Haeckel  terms  them,  a  fair- share  of  divinity.  We  ought  to  be 
thankful  to  the  Creator,  who,  in  His  wisdom,  has  chosen  these 
humble  instruments  to  serve  as  a  means  of  teaching  us  whence  we 
sprung  and  from  whom  we  originated. 

The  brain  system  is  the  liigliest  and  last  in  the  progressive 
development  of  the  human  race.  Many  of  our  most  brilliant 
thinkers  have  possessed  this  system.  Many,  not  having  a  due 
proportion  of  the  other  systems,  have  died  young.  This  conforma- 
tion large,  in  combination  witli  the  bony  and  vegetative  systems 
harmoniously  blended,  has  produced  many  powerful  intellects. 
Samuel  Johnson,  Arkwright,  Gibbon,  Dumas,  Buckle,  Hume, 
Benjamin  Franklin,  William  Penn,  Handel,  and  many  others 
were  thus  endowed,  and  were  noted  for  their  reason  and  their 
intense  mental  application. 


CHAPTER    IV. 

The  Sub-Basic  Principles  of  Physiognomy. 

FORM   AND    size. 

WHETHER  we  accept  the  doctrine  of  evolution  or  not, 
we  must,  with  the  vast  array  of  evidence  in  or- 
ganized life  before  us,  admit  that  there  is  a  singular 
unity  of  action  influencing  the  methods  of  Nature. 
An  ordinary  observer  will  find  that  certain  forms  in 
the  animal  kingdom  exhibit  similar  traits  when  present  in  the  human 
family.  The  same  general  laws  as  to  form,  size,  color,  texture,  pro- 
portion, and  faculties  are  common  to  both  man  and  the  brute  crea- 
tion. A  study  of  the  various  conformations,  colors,  and  textures  of 
the  several  species  of  animals,  botli  wild  and  domestic,  together  with 
the  birds,  which  geology  shows  preceded  the  animal  kingdom  in 
the  scheme  of  creation,  will  assist  very  materially  in  the  knowledge 
and  proofs  of  scientific  and  practical  physiognomy. 

First,  as  to  Form  and  Size.  Consider  the  hippopotamus, — 
bulky,  unwieldy,  slow,  with  large  abdomen,  small  brain,  thick 
hide,  wanting  in  sensitiveness,  and  useless  for  any  practical  pur- 
pose. To  which  formation  of  the  human  family  does  this  animal 
correspond  1  If  you  have  given  attention  to  the  preceding  pages 
you  will  recognize  at  once  all  the  general  characteristics  of  the 
Vegetative  Form. 

Examine  closely  the  stag,  made  for  mountain  climbing. 
Behold  his  length  of  limb,  leanness,  activity,  and  form,  the  bright- 
ness of  his  eye,  his  ambition,  desire  for  scaling  the  greatest  heights, 
and  his  great  breadth  of  chest — the  broadest  part  of  his  body.  He 
is  here,  there,  and  everywhere  in  a  moment ;  does  not  dwell  long 
at  one  place  or  pursuit.  His  lungs  and  heart  must  be  well  devel- 
oped to  give  the  power  for  such  activity.  This  form  is  the  counter- 
part of  the  thomcic  in  the  human  organism. 

Let  us  pursue  this  system  of  physiognomy  still  further.  In 
the  animal  world,  whenever  we  see  creatures  endowed  with  the  dis- 
position for  great  destruction  we  naturally  look  for  a  corresponding 
amount  of  strength.  In  this  grade  of  development  strength  and 
destruction  are  synonymous.  If  you  were  to  examine  a  lion,  tiger, 
or  panther,  you  would  find  them  characterized  by  stronir.  compact 

(101) 


102  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

muscles ;  dark,  hairy  coat ;  dark  or  yellow  eyes,  with  rapid  motions, 
intense  passions,  and  great  courage.  This  class  of  animals  repre- 
sents the  muscular  build  in  man.  Persons  of  this  form  exhibit 
great  strength,  capacity  for  destruction,  and  large  amativeness. 
They  are  also  social,  domestic,  emotional,  and  commercial,  the  com- 
mercial faculty  corresponding  to  the  preying  and  getting  instinct  in 
the  animals  of  the  same  form. 

As  I  have  previously  shown  that  the  most  reliable,  moral, 
tractable,  and  naturally  intelligent  of  the  human  species  are  found 
where  the  bony  system  is  predominant,  so  in  the  animal  kingdom 
you  will  find  the  corresponding  faculties  in  those  domestic  animals 
— the  horse,  the  cow,  the  ox,  the  camel,  and  dog — who  render  to 
mankind  faithful,  gentle,  and  intelligent  service.  The  distinguish- 
ing marks  as  to  color,  form,  and  texture  are  relatively  the  same  as 
in  the  bony  system  predominant  in  man.  The  prominent  points 
are  square  bones,  large  joints,  and  projecting  eye-bones,  rather  fine 
hair,  variety  of  colors,  herbivorous  diet  (although  the  dog,  like 
man,  lives  on  a  mixed  diet).  The  horse  and  dog  are  particularly 
receptive.  The  projecting  bones  over  the  eyes  resemble  the  devel- 
opment of  the  practical  or  mechanical  faculties  in  man.  Width 
between  the  eyes,  in  either  dog,  horse,  or  man,  is  always  indicative 
of  a  broad  intelligence.  It  shows  the  faculty  of  Form  to  be  large, 
and  also  gives  breadth  to  all  the  functions  and  faculties  of  the  mind ; 
for  physiognomy,  well  understood,  reads  the  body  as  well  as  the 
face.  It  takes  cognizance  of  the  color  of  the  hair,  skin,  and  eyes; 
it  observes  the  walk,  the  voice,  gestures,  and  movements.  All  are 
indices  of  character.  To  a  practiced  ear  the  intonation  of  a  single 
sentence  will  reveal  very  much  to  the  listener.  Everything  which 
one  does,  no  matter  how  trifling,  is  highly  significant  of  character ; 
and  habits  of  observation  and  analysis  should  be  formed  in  youth, 
and  the  reason  why  traits  are  combined  as  we  find  them  should  be 
given  by  parents  and  teachers.  I  feel  assured  that,  after  a  careful 
reading  of  these  thoughts,  any  parent  will  be  competent  to  direct 
aright  the  dawning  perceptions  of  his  child  in  physiognomy.  It  is 
the  duty  of  all  parents  to  throw  around  their  children  such  protec- 
tion as  the  knowledge  of  the  laws  of  Nature  affords.  It  wiU  pre- 
vent the  erroneous  conceptions  of  character  to  which  the  present 
lamentable  ignorance  of  the  laws  of  physiognomy  leads.  The 
many  physiognomical  errors  current  will  be  rectified,  and  the 
human  family  will  be  given  a  compass  which  will  keep  it  clear  of 
many  shoals  and  quicksands  which  are  found  on  the  journey  of  life. 

It  will  be  observed  by  these  comparisons  that,  in  deciding  upon 
the  character  of  an  individual,  no  a?^e  single  circumstance  or  appear- 
ance can  be  considered  decisive  and  conclusive.    Neither  form,  size, 


SIZE   OF   THE   HEAD.  103 

color,  quality,  nor  proportion  alone  is  indicative  of  the  entire  char- 
acter. Each  of  these  conditions  has  its  influence  and  weight  in 
molding,  as  well  as  in  deciding,  power,  disposition,  and  talent. 

In  addition  to  all  these  conditions,  one  most  important  factor 
is  good  health,  or,  in  other  words,  a  normal  development  of  all  the 
physical  organs  and  a  normal  action  of  all  the  functions  of  the 
entire  organism. 

In  discussing  the  sub-basic  principles  of  this  science,  I  shall 
take  up  each  of  these  phenomena,  and  investigate  them  in  the 
order  which  seems  best  adapted  to  their  right  comprehension,  viz., 
as  follows:  Size,  Quality,  Form,  Color,  Proportion,  Health,  and 
Compensation. 

SIZE   or   THE   HEAD. 

This  is  a  subject  so  little  understood  that  I  feel  compelled  to 
correct  some  errors  in  regard  to  it  which  have  come  to  be  accepted 
as  truths.  The  phrenological  law  that  "  size  of  the  head  is  the 
measure  of  power,  all  else  being  equal,"  has  been  accepted  by  the 
masses  to  mean  that  a  large  head  is  proof  of  superior  intellect. 
Nothing  can  be  farther  from  the  truth,  for  I  shall  show — and,  I 
believe,  upon  competent  authority — that  the  largest  heads  on  record 
have  belonged  to  imbecile,  idiotic,  diseased,  or  commonplace  char- 
acters. 

A  large  head  is  no  more  an  indication  of  superior  intelligence 
than  is  a  large  face  or  a  large  body ;  and  here,  again,  let  it  be 
noted  that  the  largest  faces  and  bodies,  without  exception,  have 
belonged  to  either  stupid  or  commonplace  persons.  There  have 
been  a  few  men  in  all  ages  noted  for  the  size  of  their  heads 
who  have  been  equally  noted  for  their  mental  capacities,  but  their 
mentality  was  not  dependent  upon  the  size  of  brain  alone,  but 
upon  the  inherited  qualitij  of  both  brain  and  hod//,  and,  more  than 
all,  upon  their  symmetrical  i^'oportions  and  great  good  health. 
Such  a  one  was  Thomas  H.  Benton,  for  many  years  a  member  of 
the  United  States  Senate.     (See  Fig.  8.) 

O.  S.  Fowler,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  phrenologists,  offers 
testimony  in  the  same  direction  when  he  observes : — 

Stuart's  portraits  of  revolutionary  heroes  are  said  to  represent  tbem 
with  large,  portly,  strongly  mnrked,  well-proportioned,  and  giant  bodies, 
but  with  only  average  headt^,  and  are  probably  true  to  Nature.  I  have  found 
very  smart  men  in  all  departments  of  human  life  with  only  average-sized 
heads.  Thomas  H.  Benton's  was  less  than  average,  but  his  capacity  of  chest 
was  most  extraordinarij , — in  fact,  rarely  equalled.  All  three  temperaments 
were  immense  in  him  and  well  proportioned,  yet  his  head  measured  less  than 
twenty-two  inches  in  circumference.* 

*  Hiunan  Science,  O.  S.  Fowler,  p.  276. 


104  PRACTICAL    AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOJkfY. 

Among  men  most  celebrated  for  great  size  of  body  and  face 
in  ancient  times  was  Vitellius,  Roman  emperor  and  gormand. 
Here  was  body,  brain,  and  face  of  enormous  proportions,  but  was 
there  in  this  instance  corresponding  mental  power  ?  History  fails 
to  record  anything  that  would  prove  capacity  of  any  part  of  this 
person's  organism  except  the  stomach  and  digestive  apparatus. 
In  modern  times  Daniel  Lambert  has  headed  the  list  of  great  men, 
— those  famous  for  size  and  for  nothing  else.  Intellectually  he  was 
not  gifted  beyond  the  average  man,  having  occupied  the  position 
of  keeper  in  an  English  prison.  His  weight  was  seven  hundred 
and  thirty-seven  pounds.  His  head  was  large  and  his  face  also. 
Another  noted  "great"  man  was  Edward  Bright,  a  miller,  of 
Maiden,  England,  who,  at  the  age  of  thirty  years,  weighed  six 
hundred  and  sixteen  pounds.  He  also  had  a  large  head  and  face, 
while  his  intellect  was  only  ordinary.  Another  large  man,  James 
Mansfield,  also  an  Englishman,  died  at  the  age  of  eighty  years, 
weighing  four  Inuidred  and  sixty-two  pounds.  He  was  a  butcher 
by  trade,  and  his  head  and  face  were  large.  Here  we  have  the 
record  of  three  of  the  largest  men  known  to  history,  and  we  find 
in  them  only  the  most  ordinary  and  commonplace  intellectual 
development  and  power. 

Now  let  us  examine  the  evidence  in  the  matter  of  both  large 
and  heavy  brains,  and  thus  discover,  if  possible,  the  kind  of  intel- 
lect exhibited  by  these  phenomena.  The  opinion  of  the  most 
eminent  writers  on  mind — of  physicians  to  the  insane,  and  of 
anatomists — will  be  adduced,  and  my  readers  will  then  be  able  to 
see  upon  what  ground  mere  size  of  the  brain  as  a  measure  of  power 
is  based. 

Observers,  from  Aristotle  down  to  the  present  time,  have  given 
their  views  as  to  the  size  of  tlie  head,  and  in  most  cases  their 
opinions  and  evidence  point  to  small  or  average-sized  heads  as  the 
most  intellectual.  Lavater  says  tliat  Aristotle  liolds  the  smallest 
heads  to  be  the  wisest,*  while  Esquirol,  the  French  anatomist, 
states  that  710  size  or  form  of  head  or  bram  is  incident  to  idiocy 
or  talent. 

Dr.  H.  C.  Bastian,  an  anatomist  of  eminent  talent,  observes: 

It  seems  perfectly  plain  from  the  facts  recorded  that  there  is  no  neces- 
sary or  invariable  relation  between  the  degree  of  intelligence  of  human 
beings  and  the  mere  size  or  weight  of  their  brains.  We  have  seen  that  some 
demented  persons  may  have  very  large  brains,  and,  again,  that  in  certain 
very  ordinary  members  of  society,  sutfering  neither  from  disease  nor  from 
congenital  defect,  the  brain  may  be  decidedly  large  and  heavy.f 

*  Lavater's  Essavs,  p.  266. 

t  The  Brain  an  Cirgan  of  the  Mind,  H.  Carlton  Bastian,  pp.  364, 870,  371.    London. 


SIZE  OF  THE   HEAD.  105 

Elsewhere  he  remarks: — 

Idiocy  is  not  therefore  necessarily  associated  with  a  very  small  size 
of  brain. 

Prof.  Alexander  Bain  tells  us  that  "  occasionally  a  stupid  man 
has  a  larger  brain  than  a  clever  man."*  It  has  often  been  stated, 
in  medical  and  phrenological  journals,  that  Cuvier's  brain  was  the 
largest  and  heaviest  ever  observed.  This  is  entirely  erroneous. 
The  largest  on  record  is  that  of  an  insane  negro,  who  died  at  the 
Richmond  (Virginia)  Insane  Asylum.  Dr.  Barksdale  states  that 
his  brain  weighed  seventy  ounces.  (See  report  of  April,  1882.t) 
Dr.  James  Morris  gives  an  account  of  the  next  largest  brain  in  the 
world ;  it  belonged  to  a  thieving,  drunken  fellow  who  could  neither 
read  nor  write;  his  brain  exceeded  sixty-seven  ounces  in  weight. 
Both  these  brains  are  heavier  than  those  of  any  intellectual  person 
<m  record.  Cuvier's  brain-weight,  so  often  quoted,  was  sixty-four 
and  five-tenths  ounces.  Dr.  Bucknill  states  an  instance  "  of  a  male 
imbecile,  thirty-seven  years  of  age,  whose  brain  weighed  the  same 
as  Cuvier's,  the  greatest  of  naturalists ; "  J  whilst  the  brain  of  Agas- 
siz,  who  ranks  next  to  Cuvier  in  science,  weighed  only  fifty-three 
and  three-tenths  ounces.  Esquirol  instances  a  foolish  monomaniac 
whose  head  measured  in  circumference  twenty-six  inches  and 
thirty-seven  hundredths ;  also,  of  an  idiot  whose  head  measured  in 
circumference  thirty-three  inches  and  sixty-six  lumdredths;  anotlier 
idiot  whose  head  was  twenty-two  inches  and  forty-four  hundredths 
in  circumference.  § 

Dr.  Langden  Down  states  that  he  dissected  the  brain  of  an 
idiot  that  weighed  fifty-nine  and  one-half  ounces.  ||  Dr.  Thurman 
declares  that  the  heaviest  brain  weighed  by  him  was  that  of  an 
uneducated  butcher,  who  was  just  able  to  read,  and  who  died 
suddenly  of  epilepsy,  combined  with  mania.^  Moses  Parchappe 
says  the  largest  brain-weight  observed  by  him  was  that  of  an 
epileptic  or  insane  man,  whose  brain  weighed  sixty-one  and  three- 
tenths  ounces.  Dr.  Skae  mentions  an  insane  epileptic  woman, 
whose  brain  weighed  the  extraordinary  amount  of  sixty-one  and 
one-half  ounces.**  Now,  when  we  reflect  that  the  avemge  weight 
of  the  adult  male  brain  is  said  to  beforty  ounces  (according  to 
the  climate  in  which  he  lives),  while  the  female  brain  averages 
four  to  five  ounces  less,  what  we  are  to  make  of  the  phrenological 
law,  that  "  Size  is  the  measure  of  power,  all  else  being  equal,"  it  is 

*  Mind  and  Bodv,  Alexander  Bain,  M.D.,  p.  19. 

t  British  Medical  Journal.  Oct.  26.  1872. 

1  The  Brain  an  ( )rgan  of  the  Mind,  H.  Carlton  Bastian,  p.  67. 

§  Esquirol,  p.  375. 

IL  The  Brain  an  Organ  of  the  Mind,  p.  364. 

IT  Ibid.,  p.  366. 

*•  Ibid.,  p.  376. 


106  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFfC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

difficult  to  say.  We  find  that  the  record  is  against  this  proposi- 
tion, inasmuch  as  the  greatest  size  seems  always  to  be  attended 
with  abnormal  physiological  structure,  and  either  idiotic  or  com- 
monplace quality  of  brain.  We  know  that  Daniel  Webster  had 
a  twenty-three  and  three-quarter  inch  head,  and  some  other  famous 
men  had  heads  varying  all  the  way  from  twenty-two  to  twenty-four 
inches  in  circumference,  but  in  all  instances  where  these  heads 
have  been  accompanied  with  unusual  talent  the  inherited  quality 
was  of  a  high  order,  and  the  physiological  development  was  also 
most  uncommonly  strong ;  and,  acting  normally,  a  large  brain  must 
have  the  assistance  of  a  large  and  fine  visceral  organization, 
together  with  high  quality^  to  make  it  effective.  A  large  brain  is 
no  more  an  indicator  of  talent  or  genius  than  is  a  large  face  or 
body.  Large  features,  if  accompanied  by  fine  quality  of  skin  and 
hair,  denote  a  powerful  intellect  if  great  good  health  be  present. 
Lavater  tells  us  that  "  a  head  too  bulky  almost  always  indicates 
gross  stupidity ;  too  small,  it  is  a  sign  of  weakness  and  insig- 
nificance." 

Let  us  now  investigate  some  characters  whose  great  intellects 
have  been  exhibited  by  small  heads,  and  see  if  the  traits  disclosed 
will  not  bear  fair  comparison  with  the  largest-brained  men  on 
record.  All  naturalists  whose  observations  lead  them  to  study 
animal  organisms  comprehend  well  the  fact,  that  quality^  not  size, 
is  the  prime  indicator  of  mental  ability.  Charles  Darwin  observes 
that 

No  one  supposes  that  the  intellect  of  any  two  animals  or  of  any  two 
men  can  be  accurately  gauged  by  the  cubic  contents  of  their  skulls.  It  is 
certain  that  there  may  be  extraordinary  mental  activity  with  an  extremely 
small  absolute  mass  of  nervous  matter.  Thus,  the  wonderfull}^  diversified 
instincts,  mental  powers,  and  affections  of  ants  are  generally  known,  yet 
their  cerebral  ganglia  are  not  so  large  as  the  quarter  of  a  small  pin's  head. 
Under  this  latter  point  of  view,  the  brain  of  an  ant  is  one  of  the  most  mar- 
vellous atoms  of  matter  in  the  world,  perhaps  more  marvellous  than  the 
brain  of  a  man.* 

As  size  of  brain  merely  is  not  a  measure  of  power,  neither  can 
we  consider  form  or  shape  an  absolute  indication  of  mental  power 
or  of  racial  classification  in  man.  Those  persons  who  have  imbibed 
the  notion  that  a  very  high  and  full  forehead  is  evidence  of  superior 
mental  power  are  often  startled  to  find  very  commonplace  or 
inferior  mentality  accompanying  such  appearance.  Dr.  Living- 
stone enlightens  us  on  this  point  in  the  following  remarks.  He 
observes: — 

There  is  no  proper  race-form  of  the  cranium.  The  same  measures  of 
skull,  the  same  types,  whether  of  a  classified  purity  and  beauty,  or  of  savage 

*  Descent  of  Man,  Charles  Darwin,  p.  139. 


SIZE   OP   THE   HEAD.  107 

degradation,  appear  in  individuals  of  all  races.  Tiedman  has  met  with 
Germans  whose  skulls  bore  all  tlie  characteristics  of  the  negro  races,  and  an 
inhabitant  of  Nukihawa,  according  to  Silesias  and  Blumenbach,  agreed 
exactly  in  his  proportions  with  the  Apollo  Belvidere.* 

He  observes,  further,  that  the  "Kaffirs  are  five  feet  eight 
inches  high,  with  large  heads;  foreheads  high  and  well  devel- 
oped, "f  Yet,  as  all  students  of  ethnology  know,  these  people  are 
not  one  whit  more  intelligent  than  the  North  American  Indians. 

In  analyzing  and  in  deciding  character,  form  is  a  safer  guide 
than  size,  but  here  also  quality  must  be  regarded  first,  and  I  have 
no  doubt  that  the  negro  Apollo  mentioned  by  Blumenbach  lacked 
the  fine  thin  skin,  fine  hair,  and  brightness  of  the  eye  which 
characterized  the  ancient  Greek,  and  which  are  the  proofs  of  keen- 
ness of  apprehension  wherever  found. 

Among  the  most  celebrated  statesmen  of  modem  times.  Prince 
Talleyrand,  of  France,  takes  high  rank,  not  only  for  his  learning, 
which  was  comprehensive,  but  for  his  native  talent,  subtlety,  and 
profundity  he  was  considered  the  ablest  man  of  his  times.  Of  him, 
Mirabeau  said: — 

For  every  combination  he  was  prepared ;  one  of  the  most  subtle  and 
powerful  intellects  of  the  age,  he  generally  counselled  measures  marked  by 
wise  liberality  and  solid  common  sense. | 

Napoleon  said  Of  Talleyrand,§  "He  is  a  dexterous  fellow;  he 
has  seen  through  me ; "  and  his  biographer  tells  us,  also : — 

To  a  great  talent  for  business  he  added  that  perfect  command  over 
himself  which  is  so  advantageous  to  a  diplomatist ;  his  wit  was  caustic, 
ready  and  penetrating,  a  crowd  of  examples  attesting  his  accomplishments 
in  this  respect;  he  preserved  all  the  qualities  of  his  great  mind  until  the 
close  of  his  life;  he  had  always  the  welfare  of  his  country  at  heart. 

The  following  measurement  of  his  head,  made  by  Drs.  Moreau, 
Coigny,  Flaurens,  and  Micard,  proves  that  large  size  does  not 
always  exist  with  and  is  not  essential  to  great  men  of  intellect. || 
They  give  the  following: — 

General  horizontal  measurement,  twenty  Inches  and  four  lines  (a  line 
in  French  measure  is  the  tenth  of  an  inch);  from  the  root  of  the  nose  to  the 
occipital  hole  over  along  the  top  of  the  head , fourteen  inches;  from  the  hole 
in  the  ear  to  the  other  over  veneration,  eleven  inches  two  lines. 

Many  of  the  most  eminent  persons  known  to  history  in  every 
department  of  thought  and  genius  have  possessed  small  heads. 

»  Races  of  the  Old  World,  p.  *7L 

t  Ibid.,  p.  289. 

i  Universal  Biography,  Wm.  N.  Beeton.    London. 

5  Beaton's  Dictionary  of  Biography. 

II  Phrenological  Journal,  vol.  i,  p.  1.    Philadelphia. 


108  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Many  of  the  world's  greatest  and  most  executive  men  had  rela- 
tively small  heads.  Among  them  I  may  mention  George  Wash- 
ington, John  Marshall  (who  had  a  low  forehead  as  well),  Percy 
Bysshe  Shelley.  John  Seldon,  one  of  the  most  learned  men  of 
England,  was  six  feet  in  height,  and  his  head  not  large.  Lord 
Byron's  head  was  remarkably  small,  but  beautifully  formed,  on  the 
true  artistic  principle  of  the  curve,  being  rounded  in  every  direc- 
tion.    His  hair  laid  in  easy,  graceful  rings  and  waves. 

The  following  very  strong  testimony  on  the  subject  of  large 
versus  small  heads  will  go  far  to  dispel  the  popular  fallacy  that 
large  heads  and  talent  and  genius  are  necessarily  associated.  It 
goes  to  prove,  on  the  contrary,  that  the  largest  heads  are  usually 
associated  with  criminal  character  when  they  are  not  the  indication 
of  feeble  minds.  The  following  from  "  Types  of  Mankind "  is 
pertinent : — 

I  have  not  hitherto  exerted  myself  to  obtain  crania  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
race  except  in  the  instance  of  individuals  who  have  been  signalized  by  their 
crimes,  and  this  number  is  too  small  to  be  of  much  importance  in  a  generali- 
zation like  tlie  present.  Yet,  since  these  skulls  have  been  procured  without 
reference  to  their  size,  it  is  remarkable  that  five  give  an  average  of  ninety -six 
cubic  inches  for  the  bulk  of  the  brain ;  the  smallest  head  measuring  ninety- 
one  and  the  largest  one  hundred  and  five  cubic  inches.  It  is  necessary  to 
observe,  however,  that  they  are  all  male  crania;  but,  on  the  other  hand, they 
pertained  to  the  lowest  class  of  society,  and  three  of  them  died  on  the 
gallows  for  the  crime  of  murder.  The  Anglo-Americans  conform  in  all 
their  characteristics  to  the  parent  stock.  They  possess  in  common  with 
their  English  ancestors  a  more  elongated  head  than  the  unmixed  Germans. 
The  few  crania  in  my  possession  have  without  exception  been  derived 
from  the  lowest  and  least  cultivated  portion  of  the  community, — male- 
factors, paupers,  and  lunatics.  The  largest  brain  has  been  ninet3^-seven 
cubic  inches ;  the  smallest  eight}' -two,  and  the  mean  of  ninety  accords 
with  that  of  the  collective  Teutonic  race.  The  sexes  of  the  seven  skulls 
are  four  male  and  three  female.  Dr.  John  Reid  has  also  investigated 
this  question  on  a  large  scale  with  great  care. 

After  weighing  two  hundred  and  fifty-three  brains  of  both  sexes, 
and  of  various  ages,  he  arrives  at  the  conclusion  that  the  encephalon 
arrives  at  its  maximum  size  sooner  than  the  other  organs  of  the  body ; 
that  its  relative  size  when  compared  with  the  other  organs,  and  to  the 
entire  body,  is  much  greater  in  the  child  than  in  the  adult ;  and  that, 
although  the  average  weight  of  the  male  brain  is  absolutelj'  heavier  than 
the  female  brain  relative  to  the  whole  body,  yet  the  female  brain  is  some- 
what heavier  than  the  average  male  brain* 

I  shall  offer  still  further  corroborative  evidence  as  to  the 
association  of  size  of  brain  with  intelligence.  The  following 
from  the  pen  of  the  distinguished  writer  Quatrefages  is  apropos. 
He  observes  thus: — 

♦Types  of  Mankind,  Knott  A  GMden,  p.  312. 


SIZE   OF   THE   HEAD.  109 

We  shall  certainl3'  not  be  accused  of  exaggerated  immaterialism  if 
we  estimate  the  action  of  the  brain  as  we  estimate  the  action  of  a 
muscle.  Now,  experience  and  observation  daily  testify  that  in  the  latter 
volume  and  form  are  not  everything.  Functional  energy  often  more  than 
compensates  for  what  is  wanting  with  respect  to  mass.  Many  otlier 
organic  systems  would  furnish  similar  facts  well  known  to  all  doctors 
and  all  physiologists.  To  assert  the  case  is  different  with  the  brain 
"■  would  be,  in  the  absence  of  all  direct  observation,  a  purely  gratuitous 
hypothesis,  and  in  the  presence  of  Wagner's  tables  a  contradiction  of 
evidence.  With  his  small  brain  Haussmann,  the  correspondent  of  the 
French  Institute,  has  evidently  surpassed  in  the  matter  of  intelligence 
almost  all  his  large-headed  contemporaries. 

In  these  tables  a  number  of  brain-weights  of  eminent  men 
are  given,  in  which  Cuvier's  stands  as  the  heaviest,  sixty-four  and 
five-tenths  ounces;  while  Hausmann's  brain-weight  stands  at 
43—24  ounces. 

To  continue  the  quotation : — 

But,  on  the  other  hand,  beyond  a  certain  stage  of  decrease,  the 
muscular  apparatus  becomes  incapable  of  effort.  We  can  readily  under- 
stand that  it  might  be  so  with  the  brain  also.  It  is,  tlierefore,  most 
natural  to  find  that  when  it  has  fallen  below  a  certain  volume  and  weight 
it  generally  passes  from  weakness  to  impotence.  Even  M,  de  Bonald 
could  not  consider  it  strange  that  an  intelligence  when  provided  only 
with  imperfect  or  almost  useless  organs  should  only  manifest  itself  in  an 
incomplete  manner. 

Thus,  irrespective  of  all  dogmatic  or  philosophic  ideas,  we  are  led 
to  the  conclusion  that  there  is  a  certain  relation  between  the  develop-, 
ment  of  the  intelligence  and  the  volume  and  weight  of  the  brain.  But 
at  the  same  time  we  must  allow  that  the  material  element,  that  which 
is  appreciable  to  our  senses,  is  not  the  only  one  which  we  must  take 
into  account,  for  behind  it  lies  hidden  an  unknown  quantity,  an  X,  at 
present  undetermined  and  only  recognized  by  its  effects.* 

The  unknown  quantity  here  mentioned,  I  believe  to  be  in- 
herited qualify,  or  energy.  It  can  be  determined  by  the  laws  of 
scientific  physiognomy,  which  gives  the  signs  for  discovering  its 
power. 

To  add  to  the  weight  of  evidence  in  regard  to  the  size  of  the 
head  as  an  indication  of  intellect,  I  add  the  following  from  M. 
Broca,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  French  writers.  "No  well- 
instructed  person,"  says  M.  Broca,  "would  ever  think  of  esti- 
mating the  intelligence  by  measuring  the  encephalon."  Corrob- 
orative evidence  in  this  direction  from  the 'most  competent  observers 
could  be  largely  added  to,  but  want  of  space  forbids. 

The  evidence  here  presented  shows  us  that  great  size  is  not 
essential  to  greatness  of  intellect;  that  where  great  mental  powers 
have  co-existed  with  small  heads  some  factor  or  factors  other 
than  size  have  assisted  in  producing  or  exhibiting  such  power. 

»The  Human  Species,  A.  de  Quatrefages. 


110  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

These  factors  are  inherited  quality  and  physiological  development; 
the  quality  is  produced  either  by  the  pre-natal  conditions  of  the 
individual — ^by  inheriting  the  natural  quality  of  either  father  or 
mother — by  a  combination  of  qualities  of  both,  which  created  that 
which  was  inherited — or  by  an  endowment  from  some  remote 
ancestor;  for  there  are  several  ways  to  account  for  inherited  quality 
of  a  high  order,  and  when  we  do  not  find  a  counterpart  in  either 
parent  we  must  look  for  the  cause  in  some  one  of  the  other  modes 
above  stated. 

I  obtained  the  statement  from  Mr.  Charles  Herman,  a  hatter 
doing  an  extensive  business  in  hats  in  San  Francisco,  that  all  his 
customers  who  wore  extra-large  sizes  were  very  commonplace 
characters,  with  one  or  two  exceptions.  "  Those  who  wore  the 
smallest  hats  were  mostly  men  who  were  bright,  smart,  active 
persons,  and  none  of  them  less  than  ordinary  in  intellect,  but  some 
of  them  among  the  brightest  men  of  the  country.  He  stated, 
furthermore,  that  his  largest  sizes  went  north  to  Alaska  and  British 
Columbia,  while  the  smallest  men.'s  sizes  were  sent  south  to  the 
native  Californians,  the  descendents  of  the  Spanish  settlers. 

The  several  instances  previously  quoted  of  the  idiotic  or 
commonplace  characters  of  very  large  or  heavy-brained  persons 
correspond  with  the  commonplace  characters  of  these  exceedingly 
heavy  and  large-bodied  persons  mentioned.  Indeed,  I  think,  all 
Nature  unfolds  to  us  this  one  fact,  that  all  her  finest  and  most 
valuable  products  are  relatively  small.  The  largest  animals  are  tlie 
least  intelligent  and  useful,  as,  for  example,  the  whale  and  hippo- 
potamus ;  the  largest  flower,  the  Rafflesia  arnoMi,  is  as  repulsive 
as  it  is  monstrous,  being  fifteen  pounds  in  weight  and  with  a  carrion- 
like odor.  Our  most  useful  domestic  animals,  the  camel,  the  ox, 
the  horse,  and  dog,  are  only  of  medium  size  as  compared  to  the 
first  mentioned,  yet  are  both  intelligent  and  useful;  and  no  one, 
surely,  will  compare  the  largest  flowers  with  the  jasmine,  rose, 
and  pink. 

I  think  we  may  safely  set  it  down  as  a  law  of  Nature  that 
all  over-sized  individuals,  whose  brain,  face,  or  body  is  unusually 
large  in  size,  are  relatively  deficient  in  intellect  and  practical 
talents.  Medium  or  small-sized  heads  and  bodies  are,  as  a  rule, 
the  most  useful  and  intellectual,  and  in  looking  for  true  greatness 
neither  the  size  of  the  head,  face  nor  body  will  be  the  index.  The 
law  which  scientific  physiognomy  formulates  is  stated  thus:  The 
"size  of  the  nose,  controlled  by  quality^  is  the  measure  of  power; 
the  shape  of  the  nose  denotes  the  kind  of  power."  The  nose  is 
the. central  and  most  radical  feature  of  the  face,  and  indicates  more 
of  the  body  and  mental  quaUties  than  any  other  feature. 


SIZE  OF  THE  HEAD.  Ill 

The  most  perfected  races  possess  the  most  developed  noses, 
and  the  most  developed  and  intellectual  persons  among  the  civilized 
races  have  the  most  developed  noses,  while  all  the  savage  races  arc 
lacking  in  the  development  oi'  this  feature,  and  exhibit  by  the 
peculiarities  of  the  size  and  form  of  the  nose  the  absence  of  all 
those  traits  of  mind  and  body  of  which  the  nose,  in  its  most  devel- 
oped state,  is  an  indication. 

Why  may  not  all  facial  features  and  portions  of  features 
reveal  the  shape,  form,  and  condition  of  internal  organs'?  We 
know  this  to  be  so  in  regard  to  the  size  and  shape  of  the  nostrils 
in  relation  to  the  lungs,  and  if  the  nostrils  can  reveal  internal  con- 
ditions so  also  can  the  mouth,  the  eyes,  the  ears,  and  every  other 
feature  of  the  face  as  well.  I  will  say,  en  ijassant^  that  quality  is 
shown  by  brightness  of  the  eye  and  fineness  of  the  skin  and  hair. 
The  subject  of  Quality  will  be  treated  at  length  in  its  proper  order. 
Where  the  nose  is  long,  high,  and  broad,  tlie  stomach,  heart,  and 
lungs  are  much  superior  in  strength  to  those  associated  with  a  nose 
which  is  short,  flat,  and  narrow.  A  comparison  of  the  noses  and 
bodies  of  the  Germans  and  Enghsh,  for  example,  with  the  noses 
and  bodies  of  the  native  Australian  will  illustrate  this  point.  In 
some  savage  races,  and  in  one  species  of  the  ape  family  {Semno- 
pithecus  nascius),  we  find  long  noses,  but  they  do  not  possess  a 
form  that  indicates  intelligence,  and  their  bodies  do  not  exhibit 
the  quality  essential  to  mental  vigor. 

It  is  most  surprising  that,  while  physicians  and  writers  on 
physiology  have  long  understood  the  value  of  the  tongue  and  lips 
as  indicators  of  healthful  and  diseased  conditions,  they  seem  to 
have  utterly  ignored  the  significance  of  the  71086  as  a  revelator  of 
internal  conditions  and  functions.  Of  course,  they  comprehend 
the  fact  that  the  nostrils  must  be  in  accord  with  the  size  and  vigor 
of  the  lungs,  and  if  large  nostrils  reveal  the  size  of  the  lungs  they 
must  disclose  the  activity  of  the  heart,  as  these  two  organs  are  cor- 
related and  mutually  condition  each  other.  All  observers  may 
prove  for  themselves,  with  slight  trouble,  these  statements.  All 
persons  who  have  narrow  or  small  nostrils  will  also  exhibit  a  flat, 
narrow  chest;  those  with  large,  round  nostrils  will  disclose  a  high, 
wide,  full  chest.  Xow,  if  one  part  of  a  feature  of  the  face  dis- 
close the  shape  of  a  certain  part  of  the  bocly^  together  with  its 
strength  or  functional  activity,  is  it  not  logical  and  reasonable  to 
infer  that  every  part  of  every  feature  of  the  face  will  disclose  the 
form  and  functional  activity  of  other  parts  of  the  organism  X  And 
if  the  body  and  mind  are  one,  acting  as  a  unit,  then,  by  the  same 
method  of  reasoning,  why  is  not  the  action  of  the  mind,  its  strength, 
weakness,  and  direction,  also  indicated  by  the  form,  size,  and  color 


112  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of  certain  features  of  the  face  1  I  think  that  all  candid  and  observ- 
ant readers  will  find  ample  proof  of  all  these  ideas  both  in  the 
theoretical  and  practical  parts  of  this  volume,  but,  above  all,  will 
the  verification  of  these  statements  be  found  most  conclusive  in 
Nature  by  comparing  the  faces  and  forms  of  individuals  with  their 
mental  labors  and  dispositions  as  exhibited  in  their  daily  life.  There 
is  no  reason  why  mental  and  physical  science  should  not  be  demon- 
strated as  conclusively  as  any  other  department  of  natural  science. 
Those  who  talk  of  its  "  complexity  "  should  realize  the  fact  that 
all  other  departments  of  natural  history  are  complex,  yet  have  been 
pretty  well  explained,  and  that  every  step  in  the  knowledge  of 
plants  and  animals  has  thrown  new  light  on  this  very  complexity, 
which,  it  is  claimed,  should  deter  man  from  even  attempting  to 
simplify.  The  tangled  knot  of  the  warp  and  woof  of  life  and 
mind  is  gradually  loosening  under  the  innumerable  discoveries  of 
the  microscope  in  the  hands  of  legions  of  vaUant  soldiers  which 
Science  has  summoned  to  do  her  bidding,  and  if  man  is  really  what 
he  has  so  long  flattered  himself,  viz.,  the  master  of  the  imi verse, 
let  him  earn  and  deserve  the  title  by  virtue  of  his  knowledge  of 
its  secrets  concerning  himself 

Although  the  size  of  the  nose  is  a  very  decisive  sign  of  ability, 
yet  several  other  things  must  be  taken  into  account  in  getting  at 
the  entire  mentality,  disposition,  and  general  and  particular  powers 
of  the  individual.  After  size  is  noted,  quality  and  form  must  be 
regarded ;  then  the  proportion  both  of  the  features  and  body.  But, 
in  order  to  recognize  powerful  character  in  an  individual,  we  must 
see  that  the  nose  stands  high  above  the  plane  of  the  face,  the  nos- 
trils broad,  the  eye  relatively  large  and  bright,  the  mouth  also 
large,  the  chin  of  proportionate  breadth  and  length,  the  eyes  set 
well  under  a  rather  projecting  brow  (an  eye  that  is  on  a  level  with 
the  plane  of  the  brow  discloses  great  stupidity),  the  cheeks  well 
filled  (not  too  fat),  a  forehead  broad  across  its  upper  part;  and, 
when  to  this  is  added  fine  skin  and  fine  hair,  true  greatness  of 
some  sort  is  indicated.  The  kind  of  greatness  depends  upon  the 
shape  of  the  nose.  If  it  be  a  literary  nose,  then  the  possessor  will 
excel  in  a  literary  direction  ;  if  the  nose  be  architectural,  that  power 
will  be  exhibited ;  an  artistic  or  dramatic  nose  will  decide  the  talent 
and  power  of  the  individual  in  that  department.  To  make  all  this 
effective  good  health  is  most  important,  for  without  it  the  individual 
would  be  like  a  powerful  steam-engine  without  steam, — ^an  inert, 
helpless  machine. 

QUALITY. 

In  determining  the  quality  or  mental  power  of  an  individual, 
the  texture  of  the  skin  and  hair  is  to  be  considered  first,  as  these 


QUALITY.  113 

indicate  quite  as  much  as  the  form,  and  really  determine  its  power 
and  activity.  If  the  skin  be  fine,  clear,  smooth,  and  thin,  a  high 
grade  of  mental  activity  or  sensitiveness  of  the  net vous  system  may 
be  inferred.  As  the  brain-substance,  in  the  form  of  nerves,  is 
spread  all  over  the  surface  of  the  skin,  the  thinner  and  finer  it  is, 
the  greater  is  the  amount  of  sensation  experienced,  and,  as  Nature 
is  harmonious,  all  the  external  appearances  will  be  found  to  har- 
monize ;  hence,  the  hair  will  agree  with  the  skin  in  quality,  as  well 
as  with  the  finger-nails.  The  latter  will  be  found  smooth,  fine, 
and  thin  in  combination  with  a  skin  of  like  qualities. 

The  history  of  the  evolution  of  man  teaches  us  that  the  nerv- 
ous system  was  evolved  from  the  outer  skin-covering  in  primitive 
animals  millions  of  years  before  man  came  upon  earth.  This  very 
significant  fact  shows  us  lioio  the  skin  is  an  indicator  of  nervous 
and  brain  quality.  It  will  be  found,  upon  investigation,  that  this 
way  of  deciding  the  quality  of  mental  power  is  infallible.  The 
peculiarities  of  the  formation  of  the  face  must  tell  the  rest.  The 
same  law  obtains  in  the  animal  world.  A  fine,  soft  coat  on  any 
animal  proves  its  superior  intelligence  to  those  who  possess  coarse, 
shaggy  hair.  The  exterior  will  always  be  found  to  agree  with  the 
interior  in  quality  and  form ;  and,  after  we  learn  the  indications, 
it  will  be  astonishing  how  simple  it  will  seem  to  read  character  cor- 
rectly, and  we  shall  wonder  why  we  never  saw  these  things  before 
nor  fathomed  their  meanings. 

The  brightness  of  the  eye  is  still  another  exponent  of  the 
quality  of  brain-power.  An  eye  that  is  dull  naturally,  and  moving 
slowly,  shows  dullness  and  stupidity;  while  bright  eyes,  with  a 
quick  and  animated  motion,  show  that  the  sensations  are  keen  or 
the  mental  powers  clear  and  active.  There  is  much  in  regard  to 
the  eye  which  cannot  be  written.  Words  fail  to  describe  adequately 
different  degrees  of  brightness  and  expressions.  The  reader  must 
investigate  for  himself,  and  commence  a  course  of  generalizing  and 
classification  on  his  own  account. 

QnaJity  is  the  determining  power  all  through  Nature — not 
size.  If  one  wishes  a  fine  flower,  one  does  not  pluck  a  sunflower. 
It  is  large, — true;  but  it  is  also  coarse  in  look  and  devoid  of 
fragrance.  So  one  selects  a  smaller  and  more-developed  flower. 
This  development  is  shown  in  the  same  .way  by  which  a  brain  or 
an  ear  of  high  quality  is  known — by  the  number  of  its  convolu- 
tions.    A  fine  rose  or  pink  will  illustrate  this  difference. 

I  have  never  met  a  genius  nor  a  highly  inteUigent  person 
with  a  coarse,  thick  skin,  coarse  hair,  and  dull  eyes;  but  I  have 
seen  many  coarse  and  commonplace  persons  possessed  of  these 
peculiarities.     Of  course  there  are  many  grades  of  quality  disclosed 


114  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

by  the  texture  of  the  skin  and  hair,  while  there  are  several  kinds 
and  degrees  of  brightness  of  the  eyes  which  have  each  a  different 
signification.  One  kind  of  brightness  of  the  eye,  as  seen  in  the 
case  of  George  Francis  Train,  for  example,  denotes  a  very  active 
brain,  along  with  the  most  sublime  egotism.  This  sort  of  eye — 
the  egotistic — is  always  uncommonly  bright  and  glittering,  and 
close  observation  is  required  by  the  student  of  physiognomy  to 
discern  these  fine  and  subtle  dift'erences;  and  these  differences  are 
best  learned  from  the  living  subject.  No  pen-painting  can  describe 
them  adequately.  In  this  science  a  reference  to  Nature  is  our 
court  of  last  resort,  yet  good  observers  must  note  these  minute 
shadings  and  record  them  for  the  benefit  of  beginners,  whose  atten- 
tion may  be  first  drawn  to  them  in  this  way.  There  is  a  peculiar 
glitter  of  the  eye  caused  by  egotism  and  intense  conceit,  which  is 
not  to  be  confounded  with  that  brightness  and  keenness  which  is 
indicative  of  great  intelligence.  After  once  noting  this  distinction, 
the  student  can  scarcely  mistake  one  for  the  other.  Those  persons 
whose  skins  are  exceedingly  fine,  thin,  and  clear  are  excessively 
sensitive.  This  is  caused  by  the  nerves  being  nearer  the  outer 
world  tlian  is  the  case  with  those  whose  skins  are  coarser  and 
thicker.  Such  people  have  brains  all  over  ;  that  is  to  say,  that  as 
brain  and  nerve-matter  are  identical  in  structure,  those  whose 
nerves  lie  the  nearest  to  the  outer  world,  and  whose  skin  is  fine 
and  sensitive,  naturally  receive  impressions  and  sensations  more 
acutely  than  those  not  thus  endowed.  Hence,  .we  find  that  the 
most  impressible,  intuitive,  and  sensitive  are  those  who  possess  the 
finest  quality  of  brain  and  nerves,  and  this  quality  is  always  dis- 
closed by  fine  skin  and  hair  and  bright  eyes,  and  is  never  found  in 
those  races  and  persons  that  have  coarse,  thick  skins,  coarse  hair, 
and  dull  eyes.  The  senses  of  these  finely  organized  persons,  being 
highly  susceptible  to  impressions,  are  hence  capable  of  more  en- 
joyment and  suffering  than  others,  and  unless  the  nutritive  powers 
are  well  developed  they  are  liable  to  disease  and  early  death ;  the 
excessive  activity  of  the  brain  and  nerves  will  cause  them  to  wear 
out :  yet  some  of  our  most  gifted  poets  and  artists,  who  have  ex- 
hibited a  fine  and  high  quality  of  brain  and  nerves,  have  lived  to 
advanced  age,  because  the  other  systems  of  the  body  were  equally 
developed,  and  assisted  in  sustaining  the  excessive  activity  of  the 
brain  and  nerves. 

The  signs  for  quality  are  the  same  in  the  animal  races  as  in 
the  human ;  the  coarsest-haired  creatures,  like  the  bear  and  hog, 
are  the  most  brutal  and  stupid.  These  animals  exhibit  very  dull 
eyes,  nearly  on  a  plane  with  the  brow  and  cheek,  and  herein  form 
denotes  their  low  grade  of  intelligence,  for  we  observe  that  the 


QUALITY.  115 

most  shallow  and  superficial  people  among  civilized  races  are  those 
whose  eyes  project  to  nearly  a  level  with  the  eyebrow.  Among 
dogs  and  horses,  who  are  conceded  to  be  the  most  intelligent  of 
animals,  the  dift'erences  of  intelligence  are  easily  found  by  an  in- 
spection of  the  degrees  of  coarseness  and  fineness  of  their  coats 
and  the  brightness  and  position  of  their  eyes.  The  bull-dog  has 
neither  the  fineness  of  hair  nor  brightness  and  clearness  of  eye  that 
distinguishes  the  spaniel ;  neither  does  he  possess  the  latter's  intelli- 
gence and  ai)titude  for  learning;  his  eyes  protrude  beyond  the 
brow,  while  the  eye  of  the  spaniel  is  placed  just  as  is  the  eye  of 
the  most  observant  of  men,  under  a  projecting  bony  brow.  This 
appearance  denotes  in  the  dog  just  what  it  does  in  man,  viz.,  ob- 
servation, and  this  latter  faculty  enables  the  spaniel  to  be  man's 
intelligent  assistant  while  hunting, — ^an  office  which  the  bull-dog, 
with  all  his  great  size  and  strength,  could  not  fill. 

It  is  commonly  understood  that  phrenologists  decide  character 
by  feeling  the  protuberances  on  the  head,  and  judging  of  one's 
proclivities  by  the  elevations  and  depressions  which  the  fingers 
discover ;  but  if  one  will  take  the  trouble  to  read  what  is  written 
on  the  subject,  he  will  find  that  phrenologists  are  physiognomists 
to  a  certain  extent,  and  that  they  make  free  use  of  indications  in 
the  face,  and  it  is  from  this  source  that  their  best  delineations  of 
character  are  made.  The  following  from  the  pen  of  O.  S.  Fowler, 
one  of  the  pioneers  of  phrenology  in  this  country,  is  proof  of 
this  statement.     He  observes: — 

The  countenance  furnishes  by  far  the  most  perfect  means  of  commu- 
nication.  In  both  the  amount  of  mental  action  expressed  and  in  conveying 
its  minutest  shadings  and  plnases,  it  as  far  surpasses  words  as  sunlight 
does  starlight.  Fine-grained  persons  can  be  read  through  and  through  by 
this  means,  because  they  communicate  their  utmost  shadings  of  thought 
and  emotion  more  completely  by  facial  expression  than  by  any  other. 
I  think  natural  and   facial  language  the  chief  language  of  angels.* 

I  have  not  had  much  intercourse  with  "  angels,"  but  Sweden- 
borg,  who  claims  to  have  associated  freely  with  them,  states  that 
they  communicated  with  each  other  "by  looking  in  each  other's 
faces."  "They  comprehend,"  he  says,  "what  is  in  the  mind  by 
merely  looking  at  the  face."  Mr.  Fowler  shows  that  he  uses 
the  face  for  a  knowledge  of  the  changes  which  take  place  in 
the  body.     He  observes: — 

All  existing  bodily  states  are  also  told  instantly  and  correctly  in 
the  face.  Two  persons  meeting  after  even  a  long  separation  instinctively 
admeasure  any  changes  in  both  each  other's  health  and  moral  tone  and 
all  their  other   states   since   they  parted.     If  either   has   degenerated  or 

•  Human  Science,  O.  8.  Fowler,  p.  1089. 


116  PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

improved  in  health,  the  other  instantly  catches  and  estimates  it  correctly, 
and  even  wherein;  or  if  either  has  grown  better  or  worse  morally,  the 
other  notes  which,  and  its  amount  instantly,  and  admeasures  it  correctlj'. 
Nature  compels  everybody  to  tell  everybody  else  who  sees  them  whether 
they  are  growing  better  or  worse,  and  just  wherein,  in  any  and  in  all 
respects.  This  natural  language  is  a  great  fact  and  a  great  volume  of 
truth  all  should  learn  to  read.* 

The  above  is  the  great  phrenologist's  testimonial  to  the 
value  of  the  face  as  a  revelator  of  character  and  of  all  sorts  of 
characteristics.  The  "phrenology"  is  Mr.  Fowler's,  the  italics 
mine.  That  he  uses  also  the  skin,  hair,  and  eyes  as  indicators 
of  quality  the  following  from  his  pen  will  testify: — 

The  skin  is  especially  significant  of  the  character  of  its  possessor. 
The  elephant  and  rhinoceros,  coarse,  powerful  animals,  have  coarse,  power- 
ful skins,  almost  impenetrable;  while  man,  with  a  finer-grained  skin,  has 
finer  feelings;  and  woman,  the  most  delicate,  susceptible,  and  emotional 
being  on  earth,  has  the  softest  and  most  velvety  skin,  and,  the  finer  the  skin 
of  any  particular  person  is,  the  finer  the  feelings.  In  diagnosing  a  character 
the  skin  should  be  one  of  the  first  things  observed  ;  hair-texture  comes 
next,  and  is  like  that  of  skin :  when  either  is  coarse  or  fine,  harsh  or  soft, 
stiff  or  flexible,  all  else  will  correspond  with  it.  The  texture  of  brain, 
therefore,  corresponds  with  that  of  the  body,  and  any  and  every  part  of 
itself  with  every  part  of  both.f 

Mr.  Fowler  also  tells  us  something  of  the  complexion  as  an 
indicator  of  character.     He  remarks : — 

A  good  complexion,  then,  is  something  more  than  skin  deep.  Who 
disputes  that  the  complexion  indicates  existing  health  states?  Who  does 
not  know  that  these  very  states  control  the  temper  and  morals?  One  may 
be  justly  proud  of  a  good  complexion  and  ashamed  of  a  poor  one,  while  all 
should  try  to  keep  or  make  theirs  good  by  observing  the  health  laws.J 

Of  the  signification  of  the  eye,  he  states : — 

The  expressions  of  the  eye  conve3'^  precise  ideas  of  the  existing  and 
predominant  states  of  the  mentalit}'  and  physiologj'.  As  long  as  the  con- 
stitution remains  unimpaired  the  ej'e  is  clear  and  bright,  but  becomes 
languid  and  soulless  in  proportion  as  the  brain  has  been  enfeebled.  Wild, 
erratic  persons  have  a  half-crazed  expression  of  eye,  wliile  calmness  and 
benignancy,  intelligence,  purity,  sweetness,  love,  sensualit^^  anger,  and  all 
the  other  mental  affections  express  themselves  quite  as  distinctlj'  by  the 
eye  as  by  voice  or  any  other  mode,  doubtless  because  the  optic  nerve  is 
located  in  the  midst  of  the  basilar  organs.§ 

After  noting  the  various  conditions  of  the  complexion,  skin, 
and  hair,  our  "  phrenologist "  next  observes  the  various  meanings 
which  the  eye  discloses,  and  this  is  all  very  encouraging,  for  it 
seems  impossible  to  me  to  read  human  character  without  taking 
notice  of  every  feature  of  the  face,  and  indeed  of  all  bodily  features, 

•Human  Sqience,  O.  S.  Fowler,  p  1134.     f  Ibid.,  pp.  240,  241.     X  Ibid.,  p.  282.    §  Ibid.,  p.  284. 


QUALITr.  117 

together  with  the  voice,  the  walk,  the  handwriting,  handshaking, 
gestures,  attitudes,  and  every  motion  of  the  muscles  of  the  face 
and  body.  And  all  this  Mr.  Fowler  proves  to  us  that  he  does, 
but  at  tlie  same  time  denominates  his  examinations  '''' phrenologi- 
cal Now  this  is  inconsistent,  to  say  the  least ;  still  I  do  not 
wonder  that  phrenologists  attempt  to  read  the  face  and  body,  for  in 
undertaking  to  read  the  mind  the  entire  organism  must  be  con- 
sidered and  be  thoroughly  analyzed  before  a  correct  description 
can  be  given ;  for,  inasmuch  as  Mind  inheres  in  the  entire  organism, 
we  must  study  not  only  the  size  and  form  of  the  head  and  body, 
but  also  of  the  eyes,  the  nose,  the  mouth,  the  chin,  the  hands,  the 
feet,  the  hair,  and  even  the  eyelashes  and  finger-nails;  every 
separate  feature  and  part  of  the  body  must  come  under  the  study 
of  the  examiner,  if  the  most  complete  and  comprehensive  knowl- 
edge of  character  is  desired.  I  believe  that  all  phrenologists  are 
more  physiognomists  than  they  are  simple  skull-feelers.  Mr. 
Fowler  shows  us,  at  any  rate,  that  he  depends  greatly- upon  physi- 
ognomy, yet  states  his  regret  that  he  has  not  a  good  systematized 
way  of  doing  so,  and  hopes  that  some  good  "  looker  and  thinker 
will  bring  out  a  system  which  shall  be  scientific."  *  I  hereby  call 
his  attention  to  this  system. 

The  following  extract  from  Mr.  Fowler's  work  evidences  yet 
again  that  he  is  a  Physiognomico- Phrenologist.     He  observes: — 

Horses,  oxen,  sheep,  owls,  doves,  snakes,  and  even  frogs,  also  have 
their  men  and  women  cousins  with  their  accompanying  characters.  These 
animal-resemblances  are  more  easily  seen  tlian  described,  but  the  voice,forms 
of  mouth,  nose,  and  chin,  are  the  best  bases  for  observation.lf 

After  all  this,  if  I  hear  any  one  accuse  Mr.  Fowler  of  being  a 
phrenologist  I  shall  deny  it,  and  defend  him  by  bringing  his  own 
words  forward  for  evidence.  I  shall  later  adduce  more  of  this 
gentleman's  ideas  on  physiognomy,  and  I  believe  we  shall  find 
them  useful;  for  it  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  an  observing  man 
like  Mr.  Fowler  has  been  closely  scrutinizing  faces  for  forty  or  fifty 
years  without  knowing  considerable  about  them,  even  if  he  has 
not,  as  he  acknowledges,  the  originality  to  found  a  system  upon 
the  subject. 

In  looking  for  indices  of  character  one  should  not  pass  un- 
heeded the  characteristics  which  the  finger-nails  disclose.  Where 
they  are  fine  and  thin  and  of  a  pinkish  shade,  a  normal  condition 
of  health  and  a  fine  degree  of  mental  power  will  be  indicated. 
The  color  denotes  health,  and  the  fineness  and  delicacy  of  the 
grain,  or  texture,  is  an  exponent  of  a  sensitive,  nervous  system, 

»  Human  Science,  p.  1136.  t  ^ffid-,  P-  288. 


118  PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

which  under  the  law  of  harmony  is  bound  to  correspond  with  the 
keenness  of  the  nervous  system  and  brain.  Coarse-grained,  thick 
nails  reveal  to  us  a  character  more  useful  than  ornamental.  If  the 
color  is  of  a  pink  or  reddish  hue,  then  a  normal  degree  of  health 
is  present;  if  the  nails  are  of  a  bluish  tint,  irregular  circulation 
will  be  denoted ;  if  pale,  then  consumptive  tendencies  or  exhaus- 
tion of  the  system  are  shown ;  where  the  nails  bend  over  the  ends 
of  the  fingers,  we  are  led  to  infer  consumptive,  dyspeptic,  or  scrofu- 
lous tendencies.  The  nails  point  to  moral  and  immoral  states,  as 
well  as  to  artistic  and  mechanical  abilities,  but  this  branch  of  the 
subject  will  be  discussed  when  we  come  to  treat  of  the  hand  and 
fingers  separately. 

In  order  to  comprehend  fully  and  in  a  scientific  manner  the 
meaning  of  the  indications  of  character  and  signs  in  the  face,  one 
must  know  somewhat  of  the  origin  of  mind  as  revealed  to  us  by 
the  history  of  the  evolution  or  progressive  growth  of  the  human 
body.  It  is  impossible,  in  a  work  of  this  sort,  to  give  more  than 
a  slight  description  of  the  origin  of  the  sign  for  mental  power  as 
disclosed  by  the  texture  of  the  skin,  hair,  and  nails.  Yet,  slight  as 
this  must  necessarily  be,  it  is  just  to  my  readers  and  to  the  system 
which  I  bring  forward,  that  a  scientific  basis  should  be  sliown  for 
every  sign,  and  most  especially  for  one  so  important  as  is  the  sign 
for  deciding  the  mental  power  of  all  created  beings.  The  methods 
observed  by  naturalists  to  learn  the  origin  of  man's  mental  organs  and 
powers  are  twofold;  first,  by  following  the  course  of  the  evolution 
or  progressive  growth  and  development  of  the  lower  animals,  com- 
mencing with  the  lowest  forms  of  animal  and  vegetable  Ufe; 
thence  tracing  the  evolution  of  man  through  animal  and  human 
embryology.  It  is  in  this  latter  department  tliat  our  most  con- 
clusive evidence  is  revealed.  It  was  an  assumption  on  the  part 
of  Aristotle,  that  the  heart  of  the  incubated  chick  was  the  first 
organ  to  develop.  We  now  know  that  the  chick,  as  well  as  aU 
other  vertebrate  animals,  develops  in  precisely  the  same  way  pri- 
marily as  does  man. 

The  quality  observed  in  the  skin,  the  hair,  and  in  the  bright- 
ness of  the  eyes  is  not  only  the  index  of  mental  quality,  but  also 
of  the  quality  of  all  the  physical  organs  and  functions  of  the  organ- 
ism. This  must  necessarily  be  the  case,  for  do  we  not  find  delicacy 
and  sensitiveness  of  all  the  powers  of  body  in  the  greyhound  as 
compared  to  the  bear,  the  hog,  the  hippopotamus,  and  the  rhi- 
noceros, just  as  we  observe  the  difi'erence  of  physical  delicacy 
and  sensitiveness  between  a  North  American  Indian  and  the  gifted 
and  refined  Florence  Nightingale'? 

Lavater  understood  the  value  of  the  textures  of  the  skin  and 


FORM.  119 

hair  as  an  exponent  of  character,  for  he  remarks  (quoting  from 
Galen) : — 

To  discover  whether  the  quality  of  the  brain  corresponds  with  the 
flesh  we  must  examine  the  hair.  When  tlie  hair  is  of  the  first  quality  and 
we  would  further  distinguish  whether  it  betokens  goodness  of  understand- 
ing or  Imagination,  we  must  pay  attention  to  the  laugh.* 

The  following  from  Aristotle  is  true  to  Nature,  although  he 
attached  but  one  signification  to  it.  I  find  more  than  one  mean- 
ing in  weak  and  strong  hair.     He  observes : — 

Weak  hair  betokens  fear,  and  strong  hair  courage.  This  observation 
is  not  only  applicable  to  men,  but  to  beasts.  The  most  fearful  of  beasts  are 
the  deer,  the  hare,  and  tlie  sheep,  and  the  hair  of  these  is  weaker  than  that 
of  other  beasts.  The  lion  and  the  wild  boar,  on  the  contrary-,  are  the  most 
courageous,  which  propert}'  is  conspicuous  in  their  extremely  strong  hair. 
The  same  also  may  be  remarked  of  birds,  for  in  general  those  among  them 
which  have  coarse  feathers  are  courageous,  and  those  that  have  soft  and 
weak  feathers  are  fearful ;  quails  and  game-cocks,  for  example.  This  may 
be  easily  applied  to  man.f 

FORM. 

The  physiognomists  of  all  ages  have  understood  the  connec- 
tion between  form  and  character,  and,  to  a  certain  extent,  between 
form  and  function.  NaturaHsts  and  scientists  have  given  various 
rules  for  translating  form  into  character,  while  artists,  who  deal 
with  form  as  an  art,  with  few  and  rare  exceptions,  have  left  no 
true  rules  upon  which  to  base  a  correct  estimate  of  human  charac- 
ter. This  is  not  to  be  wondered  at,  as  highly  imitative  and 
imaginative  minds  are  not  adapted  to  the  kind  of  observation,  cool 
•  analysis  and  reason  which  is  needed  to  reveal  and  expound  prin- 
ciples of  Nature ;  hence  we  must  not  expect  any  great  light  from 
artists  on  the  subject  of  the  meanings  of  form,  althongh  foi-m  is 
the  basis  of  their  profession.  They  only  deal  with  form  as  an 
expression  of  beauty  or  ugliness,  without  regard  to  its  scientific  or 
natural  meaning.  Artists  are  not  as  high  in  the  scale  of  develop- 
ment as  are  mechanics,  inventors,  or  scientists;  for  artists  are 
mainly  in  the  muscular  and  brain  systems,  while  the  former  classes 
are  in  the  bony  and  brain  systems,  which  is  a  higher  combination 
than  the  artistic.  It  is  true  that  we  have  had  a  few  great  artists 
who  were  great  in  other  directions ;  Michael  Angelo,  for  example, 
was  a  man  capable  of  as  great  achievement  in  many  other  direc- 
tions as  in  art.  Goethe  was  almost  as  eminent  in  science  as  in 
poetry,  yet  the  great  majority  of  artists  are  mere  surface-readers 
of  form  and  do  not  need,  perhaps,  to  know  the  science  or  laws 

*  Lavater's  Essays,  p.  265.  t  Ibid.,  p.  208. 


120  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

governing  form ;  but  science  will  revolutionize  painting  and  aU 
arts,  as  it  has  every  other  department  of  human  knowledge. 

Every  leaf,  every  tree,  and  each  animal  form  reveals  its  char- 
acter by  its  shape.  Every  part  of  each  individual  corroborates 
every  other  part,  so  that  a  skilled  observer  can  learn  considerable 
of  one's  mentality  by  the  shape  or  form  of  the  finger-nail  even. 
Every  bone  of  the  body  is  in  harmony  with  every  other  bone  of 
the  same  body,  and  a  physiognomist  is  quite  able  to  tell  what 
shaped  chin  or  forehead  is  associated  with  a  given  nose,  or  vice 
versa.  This  is  not  only  comparative  anatomy,  but  comparative 
physiognomy  as  well. 

On  this  subject  O.  S.  Fowler  remarks: — 

Form  thus  obviously  becomes  the  true  basis  for  temperamental  classi- 
fication :  shape  is,  as  character.  Then  why  should  not  the  temperaments  be 
named  and  described  from  those /orws  which  accompany  them  and  are  con- 
ferred by  them  ?     They  should.* 

Mr.  Fowler  has  an  original  way  of  using  the  term  Tempera- 
ment. This  is  the  word  which  Hippocrates  used  to  denote  the 
colors  of  the  human  countenance  and  organism,  but  Mr.  Fowler 
takes  it  bodily  and  applies  it  to  a  description  of  form. 

We  may  set  it  down  as  a  fixed  principle  of  physiognomy  that 
the  form  is  one  of  the  most  potent  factors  in  revealing  and  com- 
prehending character.  We  shall  find,  if  we  observe  and  compare, 
that  all  round  persons  are  creative,  inventive,  and  original.  This 
does  not  include  the  globose,  vegetative  people,  but  those  of  the 
round,  muscular  build.  This  class  of  persons  are  social,  often 
domestic,  musical,  amative,  sportive,  mirthful,  and  commercial. 
They  are  also  good  dancers,  enjoying  motion,  walking,  and  all 
athletic  sports ;  while  square-built  persons  are  always  found  to  be 
orderly,  like  the  methodical  arrangement  of  their  bones,  which  are 
at  right  angles  to  each  other.  They  are  also  precise,  accurate,  and 
punctual.  Persons  of  this  formation  are  naturally  given  to  me- 
chanical pursuits,  and  make  good  mechanics,  such  as  carpenters, 
dress-fitters,  scientists,  etc.,  and  in  all  trades  and  professions  where 
method,  punctuality,  rule,  law,  and  order  are  required,  these  square, 
bony  people  are  found.  Round  people  are  more  suave,  politic,  and 
pohshed  than  square-built  ones.  The  latter  are  more  direct,  accu- 
rate, and  reliable  than  the  former  as  a  class,  yet  true  persons  are 
found  among  the  round-built ;  but,  as  a  general  rule,  these  two 
formations  are  as  I  have  described  them.  It  will  be  seen  that 
straightness  of  bone  points  to  straightness  of  character, — to  integ- 
rity,— while  straight  muscles  disclose  more  honorable  character  than 

*  Human  Science,  O.  S.  Fowler,  p.  244. 


FORM.  121 

crooked  muscles.  Persons  with  crooked  eyes  are  not  so  truthful 
as  where  they  are  straight ;  that  is  to  say,  where  the  crookedness  is 
congenital  and  not  accidental. 

A  crooked,  convex  nose  is  not  as  indicative  of  honest  character 
as  is  a  straight  one.  Many  merchants  have  this  formation,  and 
such  persons  will  be  found  to  be  grasping,  acquisitive,  rapacious, 
and  overbearing,  and  will  exhibit  all  the  traits  of  the  bird  of  prey, 
whose  beak  discloses  the  same  form. 

Crooked-legged  persons — those  whose  legs  are  crooked  by  the 
curving  of  the  muscles — are  naturally  licentious.  This  form  is  not 
to  be  confounded  with  the  "  bow-legs,"  which  are  due  to  a  weak- 
ness of  the  bones  caused  by  supporting  the  body  too  early  in  in- 
fancy. A  close  observer  can  distinguish  the  difference.  The  first 
mentioned  disclose  legs  which  crook  outwardly  from  the  knee, 
while  the  bones  of  the  bow-legged  individual  crook  outwardly  from 
the  hip-joint.  There  is  a  very  great  difference  in  these  two  appear- 
ances, and  each  denotes  wide  differences  of  character. 

Round  or  ovoid-shaped  persons  always  possess  a  degree  of 
creative  ability  of  some  sort,  if  only  of  a  physical  nature.  Round- 
shaped  animals  and  men  exhibit  large  procreative  powers.  In  the 
lowest  races  of  round  men  and  animals  creative  power  is  shown 
more  by  fecundity  than  by  mental  creation.  The  square  or  angular 
races  are  less  fertile  than  the  former,  but  possess  character  adapted 
to  the  observation  and  investigation  of  the  laws  and  principles  of 
Nature. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  the  forms  of  the  interior  organs  of  all 
animal  and  human  bodies  are  as  individualized  as  are  the  features 
of  the  face  and  forms  of  the  body,  and  most  certainly  correspond 
with  the  external  configuration  in  size  and  shape,  for  the  action  of 
the  interior  organs  produces  the  external  contour.  The  shape  of 
the  fingers  corresponds  to  that  of  the  hand,  and  both  these  to  the 
arm,  the  body,  and  the  face.  If  as  much  time  were  spent  upon 
learning  this  system  of  comparative  anatomy  as  is  put  into  useless 
accomplishments  it  would  advance  the  reader  immeasurably  in  the 
knowledge  of  character-reading. 

The  various  forms  of  the  nose  (a  feature  most  potent  in  dis- 
closing character,  both  mental  and  physical)  are  very  easily  reduced 
to  several  general  classes,  and  with  little  observation  on  the  part 
of  the  student  he  will  be  enabled  to  place  each  nose  in  its  own 
class,  without  regard  to  the  pronounced  individuality  which  each 
nose  must  necessarily  exhibit.  The  same  is  true  of  the  various 
sorts  of  mouths,  and  one  can  soon  separate  the  criminal  from  the 
artistic  mouth;  the  social,  sympathetic,  or  oratorical  from  the 
secretive  or  gluttonous  mouth. 


122  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  basilar  or  primitive  shape  of  all  forms,  both  vegetable 
and  animal,  is  the  ovoid  or  circular.  The  cellular  tissue  of  vege- 
table life  always  presents  this  appeaAnce  under  the  microscope. 
The  tissues  of  all  animal  and  human  organisms  present  in  their 
primary  organization  precisely  the  same  appearance  as  the  tissues 
of  the  vegetable.  The  corpuscles  of  the  blood  are  like  the  cells  of 
vegetable  life.  The  bones  of  the  animal  and  human  organisms  are 
built  upon  the  same  form',  and  present,  under  the  microscope,  a 
cellular  construction,  just  as  we  see  in  the  corals  and  all  other 
primitive  and  low  animal  organisms.  The  ovoid,  or  egg  shape, 
then,  is  the  uniform  pattern  of  primitive  creations ;  hence,  it  indi- 
cates creation,  constructiveness.  It  is  the  same  form  which  the 
planets  assume  in  their  course  of  formation,  and  there  must  be  one 
universal  law  which  assists  in  shaping  the  primitive  germs  of  or- 
ganic life,  as  well  as  the  great  bodies  which  revolve  in  celestial 
space.  The  round  form  of  vegetable,  animal,  and  human  organisms 
is  caused,  doubtless,  by  the  rotatory  motion  of  our  earth,  for  we 
know  that  no  form  or  organism  is  angular  or  square  in  its  primary 
state.  If  it  assumes  angles,  as  in  tlie  mineral  formations,  there 
has  been  first  cellular  crystallization,  while  the  mineral  was  in  an 
incandescent  state ;  and  no  matter  what  shapes  plants,  trees,  and 
animals  eventually  assume,  the  whole  structure  is  built  up  by 
myriads  of  ovoid-shaped  cells.  The  sap  and  juices  of  the  tree  and 
plant,  like  the  blood  of  the  animal  body,  are  composed  of  minute 
cell-shaped  forms,  and  are  uniform  in  their  shape,  though  not  in 
size.  The  tissues  also  of  both  vegetable  and  animal  bodies  are 
cellular,  and  built  up  in  the  same  uniform  manner,  as  are  all  the 
other  cells  in  Nature. 

What  is  the  interpretation  of  this  universal  and  uniform 
method  of  growth  1  We  find  the  answer  in  the  contour  of  the 
highest  being  in  creation,  viz.,  in  man.  All  persons  of  creative  or 
constructive  minds  are  round  in  form,  and  whatever  works  they 
produce,  such  as  pictures,  statuary,  gestures,  and  positions,  as  in 
acting,  and  the  use  of  the  voice  in  oratory  (for  sound  is  of  a  curved 
shape  in  its  passage  through  the  atmosphere),  are  also  rounding  in 
form.  And,  in  writing,  this  class  of  persons  treat  of  subjects  and 
principles  wliich  are  based  upon  the  ovoid,  elliptical,  or  circular 
form,  as  in  physics,  geometry,  etc.  Thus  we  see  that  the  pos- 
session of  creative  power  is  always  known  by  rounding  form  of  the 
body,  the  head,  the  nose,  the  eyes,  the  fingers,  and  limbs,  and 
whenever  in  the  human  face  we  find  one  feature  which  presents  a 
rounding  appearance,  be  it  the  head,  the  ear,  the  nose,  or  lip,  then 
that  feature  expresses  more  creative  energy  of  a  certain  part  of  the 
mind  than  does  a  flat  or  depressed  feature.     A  round  ear  is  best 


FORM.  1*23 

adapted  to  the  reception  of  tone  or  sound.  A  round  nose  is  indica- 
tive of  constructive  power,  either  musical,  dramatic,  or  literary  (see 
section  on  "  Noses  ").  A  rounding  upper  lip  reveals  greater  pro- 
creative  ability  and  capacity  than  the  fiat,  thin  lip.  A  round,  red, 
rolling  under  lip  points  to  greater  glandular  action  than  one  that 
is  thin  and  pale,  together  with  less  ability  for  conversation  and  less 
taste  for  flavors,  all  of  which  are  disclosed  by  a  good-sized,  round, 
red  under  lip.  We  may  go  on  indefinitely,  and  apply  this  law  to 
every  feature  of  the  face  and  every  portion  of  the  body,  and  we 
shall  find  in  every  instance  that  this  circular  form  is  an  indication 
(in  its  final  result  and  shape,  as  well  as  in  its  primitive  cause)  of 
constructive  or  creative  power. 

Another  form  which  is  used  greatly  by  architects  and  artists 
is  the  arch.  Its  true  Iwing  meaning  I  have  never  yet  heard  de- 
fined by  either  class.  Wherever  in  Nature,  whether  in  animate 
or  inanimate  objects  we  find  this  form,  it  illustrates  two  distinct 
inherent  principles,  viz.,  strength  and  beauty.  The  arch  is  ob- 
served in  the  numerous  caves  which  are  scattered  over  the  world, 
in  the  natural  bridges,  one  of  which  is  found  in  the  State  of  Vir- 
ginia, in  America,  and  is  a  really  picturesque  structure,  fashioned 
by  the  hand  of  the  Great  Architect. 

In  the  vegetable  kingdom  we  have  exhibitions  of  this  form 
of  architecture  in  the  limbs  of  trees  where  they  join  the  trunk 
and  where  the  smaller  limbs  and  twigs  join  branches.  In  the 
floral  department  we  have  ample  evidence  of  the  strength  and 
beauty  of  the  arch  as  we  see  it  in  its  constiiiction  of  the  branches 
and  blossoms  of  numerous  plants.  In  the  animal  species  we  have 
the  most  positive  evidence  of  its  value  and  meaning.  The  humps 
of  the  camel  and  dromedary  are  great  arches,  and  assist  these 
creatures  in  carrying,  without  fatigue,  enormous  loads  over  the 
sandy  wastes.  They  also  assist  in  creating  harmonious  propor- 
tions in  the  outline  of  these  animals,  which  without  these  projec- 
tions would  be  very  ugly  in  appearance.  The  beak  of  the  bird 
of  prey  is  another  manifestation  of  strength  and  harmonious  con- 
struction. A  prominent  convex  beak  is  characteristic  of  the  class 
of  birds  denominated  "Raptores,"  or  rapacious  birds, — such  as 
vultures,  condors,  eagles,  falcons,  hawks,  kites,  buzzards,  owls, 
etc.  This  arched  beak  is  an  illustration, of  superior  strength  and 
power,  and  in  all  animals  whenever  we  observe  this  peculiar  for- 
mation we  shall  find  in  combination  great  strength  of  that  par- 
ticular part,  and  shall  know  that  it  is  the  sign  or  index  of  the 
entire  character,  for  under  the  law  of  proportion  and  homogeneous- 
ness  every  part  of  an  organism  is  adapted  to  every  other  part,  and 
all  indicate  the  ruling  traits  of  the  individual      Apply  the  meaning 


124  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of  the  arch  to  the  human  face  and  body,  and  we  find  that  its 
meaning  is  precisely  the  same  in  the  human  that  it  is  in  all  the 
lower  forms  of  existence.  The  perpendicular  or  horizontal  out- 
line, wherever  it  is  observed  in  an  organism,  reveals  character  dif- 
ferent from  all  other  forms.  As  crooked  lines  disclose  crookedness 
of  action,  so  straight  lines,  in  their  normal  localities,  whether  in 
man  or  animal,  denote  straightness  of  action  and  upright  conduct. 
Persons  with  straight  bones  and  straight  muscles  are  more  reliable 
and  possess  more  integrity  than  those  with  warped  or  curved  bones 
and  muscles.  Straight  eyes  and  mouths  evince  truthful  proclivities, 
while  crooked,  slanting  eyes  ("  d,  la  Ghinols  "),  and  twisted  mouths 
exhibit  characteristics  the  reverse  of  the  former.  Observe  the  slant- 
eyed  animals,  the  tiger,  the  panther,  the  fox,  and  the  cat,  and  the 
habits  and  dispositions  of  these  creatures  coincide  with  their  slant- 
ing organs  of  vision.  They  are  deceptive,  sly,  treacherous,  and 
cruel,  and  this  is  precisely  like  the  character  of  those  races  and 
persons  who  exhibit  the  same  formation.  The  Mongolian  is  an 
excellent  example  of  this  peculiarity  of  formation.  The  races  of 
animals  such  as  the  dog,  the  horse,  and  the  ox  have  straighter 
eyes  and  are  more  reliable  and  faithful  than  the  former  classes  of 
animals. 

These  facts  are  patent  to  all,  and  easily  verified  in  the  animal 
or  human  families,  as  well  as  in  the  vegetable  kingdom.  Form 
comes  hy  design^  and  is  a  reliable  significator  of  character.  It  is 
only  the  indifference  of  man  to  these  subjects  that  has  caused  the 
wide-spread  ignorance  of  the  inherent  meaning  of  forms,  as  well 
as  of  colors  in  Nature.  The  lamentable  absence  of  knowledge  on 
the  part  of  man  in  regard  to  himself  causes  one  to  coincide  with 
Carlyle  when  he  exclaimed :  "  I  had  no  idea  until  late  times  what 
a  bottomless  fund  of  darkness  there  is  in  the  human  mind."  The 
correct  method  to  interpret  form  is  to  observe  what  characteristics 
and  traits  accompany  certain  forms,  and  the  form  will  thereafter 
stand  for  the  character  found  in  combination  therewith. 

The  arch,  curve,  circle,  ovoid,  square,  and  straight  line  are 
created  by  Nature,  and  each  illustrates  different  grades  and  phases 
of  character.  We  shall  be  more  than  blind  if  we  remain  ignorant 
of  their  meanings,  their  powers,  and  their  capacities.  There  are 
other  principles  in  Nature  which  serve  to  exemplify  and  illustrate 
character,  and  when  found  in  combination  with  certain  forms 
greatly  modify  their  meanings.  One  of  the  most  important  prin- 
ciples in  all  Nature's  domain,  and  most  especially  important  to  the 
human  family,  is  Color.  This  topic  will  next  be  treated  of,  and 
here  the  student  of  physiognomy  will  have  an  opportunity  to 
advance  in  the  science. 


COLOR.  125 


COLOR. 


The  element  of  color  which  we  behold  spread  broadcast 
throughout  Nature  is  an  inherent  and  constituent  principle  in 
n^ineral,  vegetable,  and  animal  life.  Color  is  as  potent  a  factor  in' 
creating  as  it  is  in  expounding  character,  and  indicates  by  its  pres- 
ence life,  health,  activity,  and  beauty.  Its  absence  from  vegetation 
denotes  disease  or  death.  In  the  human  family  similar  appear- 
ances indicate  like  conditions.  Color  is  a  necessary  and  natural 
element  of  the  human  organism,  and  is  a  preservative  of  health 
and  power,  both  mental  and  physical.  Color  is  obtained  from  two 
sources,  viz.,  from  the  mineral  constituents  of  the  earth  upon  which 
are  grown  our  foods,  and  from  the  atmosphere  and  sunlight. 
Color  is  extracted  from  the  earth  by  the  roots  of  the  plants  and 
trees,  and  carried  upward  by  the  tubes  which  circulate  the  nourish- 
ment thus  received  in  a  fluid  form  through  all  their  parts. 

The  origmal  source  of  all  color  is  mineral,  whether  it  comes 
to  us  from  the  sun, — whose  incandescent  rays  are  thrown  off"  from 
vaporous  minerals  in  the  fonn  of  white  light  (which  by  refraction 
is  shown  to  be  composed  of  the  seven  primary  colors,  viz.,  red, 
orange,  blue,  green,  yellow,  indigo,  and  violet), — or  whether  it  is 
evolved  from  the  earthy  minerals  upon  which  our  foods  are  grown. 
The  experiments  made  by  means  of  the  spectroscope  teach  us  that 
there  are  twenty  important  elements  in  sunlight  which  are  the 
origin  of  colors ;  sixteen  of  these  are  mineral,  viz.,  sodium,  cal- 
cium, barium,  magnesium,  iron,  chromium,  nickel,  copper,  zinc, 
stronium,  cadmium,  cobalt,  manganese,  aluminum,  titanum,  and 
rubidium.  Each  of  these  minerals  has  its  own  peculiar  color,  and 
it  is  by  the  colors  given  forth  from  the  mineral  that  the  scientist, 
aided  by  the  spectrum  analysis,  is  enabled  to  know  which  particu- 
lar minerals  are  in  any  given  atmosphere.  The  minerals  which 
give  forth  a  red  light  are  not  the  same  as  those  that  emit  a  blue 
ray.  Some  rays  are  composed  of  three  of  these  minerals,  others 
have  eleven,  and  others  sixteen  mineral  constituents.  Color ^  like 
sound,  is  brought  to  us  by  vibrations  of  the  surrounding  atmos- 
phere, and  the  longer  and  shorter  vibrations  give  us  diflerent- 
colored  rays,  just  as  longer  and  shorter  vibrations  of  atmospheres 
bring  to  us  higher  and  lower  sounds,  as  heard  in  the  musical  scale, 
when  some  resonant  object  has  been  struck ;  the  key-board  of  the 
piano  or  harp-strings,  for  example.  The  longest  waves  or  vibra- 
tions produce  heat  only.  The  shorter  and  quicker  rays  give  oiF  a 
red  color,  and  as  they  quicken  and  become  shorter  they  emit  orange, 
yellow,  green,  blue,  indigo,  and  violet. 

The  sciences  of  sound  and  color  are  yet  in  their  infancy,  but 


126  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

as  the  greatest  minds  of  the  world  are  turned  to  their  investiga- 
tion, aided  by  the  manifold  scientific  apparatus  and  instruments 
which  this  inventive  age  has  brought  forward,  we  may  hope  for 
great  discoveries  in  these  directions — discoveries  which,  like  all 
those  that  have  preceded  them,  will  bring  to  us  greater  knowledge 
of  the  laws  of  God  and  Nature. 

The  color  derived  from  the  two  sources  mentioned,  it  will  be 
observed,  must  naturally  and  inevitably  permeate  all  Nature ; 
hence,  plants,  animals,  and  man  are  all  influenced  and  sustained 
by  color  in  some  form  or  other.  The  wonderfully  variegated  hues 
of  the  shells  of  marine  animals  excite  our  admiration ;  so,  also, 
the  iridescent  hues  of  minerals  and  gems  appeal  to  our  sense  of 
the  harmony  of  color ;  the  fields  with  their  verdant  vegetation, 
the  foliage  and  flowers  with  their  pencillings  of  delicate  beauty, 
the  clouds  which  float  above  our  earth,  shading  from  the  roseate 
through  all  grades  of  color, — from  azure,  golden,  opaline,  and 
virescent  to  the  beautiful,  yet  sombre,  lavender,  drab,  gray,  brown, 
and  black, — the  gorgeous  dyes  of  the  Aurora,  the  brilliant  pris- 
matic colors  of  tlie  rainbow,  the  lustrous  and  variegated  plumage 
of  birds,  and  the  myriad  hues  of  insects  delight  and  satisfy  the  eye 
of  those  whom  Nature  has  endowed  with  the  color-sense. 

This  universal  endowment  of  color  teaches  us  that  it  has  a 
most  important  bearing  upon  our  lives^  and  is  worthy  our  earnest 
investigation.  What  is  its  use  to  the  human  family  and  what  its 
method  of  action"? 

Its  use  primarily  is  to  give  health,  vigor,  tone,  and  beauty  to 
the  human  organism  and  all  natural  objects ;  its  secondary  use  is 
for  the  reproduction  by  man  of  the  same  principle  and  element 
in  works  of  art,  in  pictures,  and  in  the  wide  range  of  the  industrial 
arts,  as  in  dyeing,  house-painting,  etc.  We  all  know  that  a  green 
color  of  vegetation  denotes  life  and  health ;  that  a  yellow  hue  of 
the  same  indicates  ripeness  or  decay.  A  plant  that  is  sickly  is 
pale  or  yellow ;  a  human  being  with  a  pallid,  colorless  skin  is  not 
only  sickly,  but  where  this  condition  is  natural  or  permanent  he  is 
not  so  useful  to  himself  and  the  world  as  is  the  person  with  a 
brilliant-colored  complexion,  for  the  reason  that  the  law  before 
stated,  viz.,  that  an  element  or  principle  which  is  the  best  developed 
within  the  organism  is  the  one  which  the  individual  can  best  ex- 
press in  external  operations,  applies  with  just  as  much  force  to 
Color  as  it  does  to  Form. 

This  principle  of  the  color-sense  giving  power  to  reproduce 
it  externally  in  artistic  efforts  must  have  been  understood  by  the 
great  artists ;  for  Winkleman  tells  us  that  "  we  read  the  coloring 
of  Guide  and  Guercino  in  their  countenances."*     These  painters 

*  Lavater's  Essays,  p.  318. 


COLOR.  127 

were  both  distinguished  for  the  brilliancy  of  the  colors  and  tints  in 
their  paintings,  and  Winkleman  being,  like  all  truly  great  artists, 
something  oi'  a  scientist  as  well  as  a  philosopher,  made  this  obser- 
vation of  their  powers  as  he  understood  them.  Those  persons  who 
pass  much  time  in  the  open  air,  and  particidarly  in  pure  air,  have 
the  most  brilliant  complexions,  and  are  among  the  healthiest  of 
people ;  hence,  fresh,  pure  air  is  the  best  cosmetic.  The  high- 
flying birds  and  all  birds  who  pass  their  time  in  pure  atmospheres 
are  more  brilliantly  colored  than  the  marsh  birds  which  never  fly 
high  nor  seek  the  sunlight  and  the  higher  atmosphere.  The  color 
acquired  by  outdoor  life  gives  vigor  to  the  blood  owing  to  the 
large  quantity  of  oxygen  and  electricity  inhaled  from  the  air  as 
the  blood  passes  through  the  lungs ;  this  purified  blood  is  carried 
to  all  parts  of  the  organism,  and  rebuilds  all  tlie  tissues  of  the  body 
upon  a  more  healthful  and  sound  basis  than  pale  or  colorless  blood. 
Fishes  have  less  color  relatively  than  birds,  beasts,  or  man.  The 
reason  is  that  they  inhale  less  oxygen ;  and  the  deep-sea  fishes  have 
less  color  than  those  that  live  nearer  the  suriace,  where  more  air 
is  inhaled.  Bright-colored  birds,  we  know,  have  a  most  developed 
color-sense,  and  bright-colored  insects  as  well ;  for,  as  Mr.  Darwin 
has  shown  us  in  his  "Origin  of  Species": — 

The  species  of  shells  which  are  confined  to  tropical  and  shallow  seas 
are  generally  brighter  colored  than  those  confined  to  cold  and  deeper  seas.* 

Here  we  are  met  with  the  fact  that  heat  produces  color ;  and 
we  shall  find  as  we  progress  that  color  and  heat  are  synonymous, 
and  that  heat,  color,  and  activity  are  in  close  relationship.  All  the 
darker  mces  of  the  world  live  in  the  most  heated  climes,  and  the 
darkest  races  have  the  most  intense  and  violent  passions  and  emo- 
tions ;  even  among  civilized  races  the  darker  are  the  more  excit- 
able and  passionate.  Compare  the  Italian  and  Spanish  with  the 
German,  English,  or  Scot(;h,  for  example,  and  we  shall  compre- 
hend the  fact  that  color  indicates  character  in  man  as  well  as 
in  all  lower  developments,  such  as  fishes,  birds,  insects,  and  beasts. 
Those  in  whom  the  coloring  pigment  is  wanting  are  weaker  than 
those  who  have  a  normal  supply.  We  observe  this  quite  often  in 
young  persons  who  are  growing  too  fast,  as  well  as  in  consump- 
tives and  aiueniic  people.  In  these  classes  enough  color  is  not 
taken  into  the  system  by  the  food  or  by  exercise  in  sunlight ;  hence, 
the  skin  fails  to  get  a  proper  quantity.  The  pallor  produced  indi- 
cates enfeebled  conditions  of  other  parts  of  the  organism. 

Haeckel,  in  his  "  History  of  Creation,"  treating  of  the  influ- 

»  Origin  of  Species,  Cbas.  Darwin,  p.  138. 


128  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

ence  of  color  on  animals,  quotes  the  following  from  Darwin.     He 
remarks : — 

"Very  frequently  Albinos  are  more  feebly  developed,  and  consequently 
the  whole  structure  of  the  body  is  more  delicate  and  weak  than  in  colored 
animals  of  the  same  species.  The  organs  of  the  senses  and  nervous  sj'stem 
are  in  like  manner  curiously  affected  when  there  is  a  deficiency  of  coloring 
pigment.  The  want  of  the  usual  coloring  matter  goes  hand  in  hand  with 
certain  changes  of  the  formation  of  other  parts, — for  example,  of  the  muscu- 
lar and  osseous  sytems, — consequently,  of  organic  systems  which  are  not 
at  all  intimately  connected  with  the  system  of  the  outer  skin. 

He  also  says  : — 

White  cats  with  blue  eyes  are  nearly  always  deaf.  White  horses  are 
distinguished  from  colored  horses  by  their  liability  to  form  sarcomatous 
tumors.  In  man,  also,  the  degree  of  development  of  pigment  in  the  outer 
skin  greatly  influences  tlie  susceptibility  of  the  organism  for  certain  diseases  ; 
so  that,  for  instance,  Europeans  with  a  dark  complexion  and  brown  eyes 
become  more  easily  acclimatized  to  tropical  countries  and  are  less  subject 
to  the  diseases  there  prevalent — inflammation  of  the  liver,  yellow  fever, 
etc. — than  Europeans  with  white  complexions,  fair  hair,  and  blue  eyes.* 

The  Albinos  of  the  human  family  are  always  deficient  in  the 
senses  of  sight  and  hearing ;  and  very  light-haired,  light-eyed  per- 
sons are  generally  predisposed  to  scrofulous  and  kidney  complaints. 

My  experience  has  led  me  to  observe  that  the  color-sense  may 
be  imperfect  where  the  hair  and  eyes  are  dark  and  the  skin  pallid 
or  not  clear.  It  is  necessary  that  color  should  be  loeU  defined  and 
the  skin  clear  in  the  entire  organism  in  order  to  exhibit  the  color- 
sense  in  its  highest  perfection.  Persons  who  have  the  color-sense 
best  developed  are,  without  doubt,  those  who  have  inherited  large, 
strong  lungs.  This  enables  them  to  inhale  copious  draughts  of 
air  which  serve  to  oxygenate  and  thus  color  tlie  blood.  By  this 
process  the  color  of  the  skin  and  eyes  is  "deepened,  and  thus  the 
color-sense  is  enhanced.  All  of  the  great  color  artists,  Reubens, 
Titian,  Paul  Verronese,  Van  Dyck,  and  Rembrandt,  for  example, 
were  the  inhabitants  of  countries  where  people  live  mainly  in  the 
open  air ;  their  ancestors  had  thus  inherited  and  developed  this  fine 
color-sense,  and  as  traits  become  aggregated  by  inheritance  they  are 
transmitted  in  an  intensified  form  ;  and  as  deep-colored  individuals 
have  an  ardent  love  of  color,  these  artists  were  able  to  reproduce 
in  their  works  the  element  of  color  which  permeated  their  whole 
being.  I  venture  to  affirm  that  no  great  color-artist  ever  existed 
who  was  possessed  of  very  fair  hair,  very  light  eyes,  and  a  colorless 
or  pallid,  thick,  muddy-looking  skin. 

Deep  colors,  as  before  stated,  accompany  strong  passions,  and 

*  Origin  of  Species,  CUas.  Darwin,  p.  26. 


COLOR.  129 

in  the  animal  kingdom  this  is  well  ilkistrated ;  for  we  know  that 
love,  jealousy,  and  revenge  are  all  the  more  active  with  dark 
people.  It  is  the  same  with  dark  or  black  animals  ;  a  black  horse 
is  more  fiery  in  his  disposition  than  a  white  one,  and  less  teach- 
able. You  will  always  observe  white  or  cream-colored  liorses  em- 
ployed in  a  circus  as  trick-horses  on  account  of  their  superior  in- 
telligence and  docility.  Light  persons  and  races  are  found  to  be 
more  progressive  than  those  of  dark  color.  As  their  passions  and 
emotions  are  not  so  intense  they  are  more  capable  of  improvement. 
The  local  sign  for  color  given  by  phrenology  is  "arching  or 
height  of  the  external  portion  of  the  eyebrow."  This  sign  is,  of 
course,  more  prominent  in  muscular  persons  than  in  bony  ones, 
for  the  reason  that  muscle  produces  curves,  while  bones  produce 
straight  lines  and  angles.  Then,  too,  muscular  persons  are  more 
given  to  art  than  bony  ones  ;  and  this  sign,  as  shown  in  the  face 
of  Holbein,  is  the  result  of  opening  the  eye  wide  for  a  number 
of  years  in  order  to  take  in  wide  expanses,  and  to  observe  the 
effect  of  artistic  work.  This  sign  is  not  at  all  a  sign  for  coloi\  but 
is  one  sign  of  the  artistic  tendency.  The  sign  for  color  is  not  locals 
but  is  shown  by  general  color  of  the  eyes^  the  hair,  and  complexion. 
This  is  inherited  when  it  is  present  in  childhood.  There  are  many 
persons  who  are  color-blind.  Albinos  are  entirely  so ;  a  larger 
percentage  of  males  than  females  are  destitute  of  the  color-sense. 
Dr.  Jay  Jeffries,  a  recent  writer,  states  that  those  who  are  color- 
blind, in  a  greater  or  less  degree,  are  as  one  in  every  twenty-five 
males,  while  among  females  of  all  ages  only  one  in  seven  thousand 
one  hundred  and  nineteen  are  so  !  There  are  several  reasons  for 
this  wide  difference  of  the  color-sense  in  the  sexes ;  one  is,  that 
females  are  early  taught  to  combine  colors  in  dress  and  household 
appointments  ;  another  is  that  they  work  at  many  trades  and  pro- 
fessions which  cultivate  this  sense.  The  use  of  tobacco  does  much 
to  destroy  this  sense  in  man  by  altering  the  functional  action  of  the 
glandular  system  and  the  circulation  of  the  blood.  The  counte- 
nances of  habitual  smokers  are  pallid,  blue,  or  ashen,  thus  indi- 
cating that  the  arterial  circulation  is  vitiated.  The  kindergarten 
schools  are  doing  a  good  work  in  respect  to  the  training  of  boys, 
as  well  as  girls,  in  teaching  them  in  childhood  the  harmonies  and 
differences  of  shades,  tints,  and  colors.  When  we  reflect  that  so 
many  lives  are  dependent  on  the  color-sense  of  an  engineer  on  a 
railroad  train,  or  the  pilot  of  a  steamboat,  the  necessity  for  the 
carefiU  training  of  aU  boys  in  color  is  at  once  perceived.  Absti- 
nence from  tobacco  should  be  a  well-grounded  principle  in  every 
boy  who  desires  to  be  a  useful  man,  as  this  sense  is  not  only  pre- 
servative of  his  life  and  health,  but  enables  him  to  protect  the  lives 


130  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of  those  who  may  be  intrusted  to  his  care  in  many  positions  which 
require  a  knowledge  of  colors. 

The  origin  of  colors  is  readily  traced,  and  as  they  play  so  im- 
portant a  part  in  our  lives  it  is  right  we  should  have  a  clear  com- 
prehension of  their  use  and  origin.  Color  has  a  moral  as  well  as 
an  intellectual  significance,  which  is  explained  in  the  chapter 
on  the  "Rationale  of  Signs  and  Functions."  I  think,  however, 
that  enough  light  has  been  thrown  upon  this  subject  in  the  pre- 
ceding pages  to  convince  my  readers  that  if  a  high  degree  of  health, 
usefulness,  and  activity  is  desired,  an  adequate  quantity  of  sun- 
light and  color  must  be  had  in  order  to  bring  about  this  result. 
We  have  found  that  a  due  admixture  of  color  assists  talent,  art, 
industry,  science,  health,  and  longevity.  Later  on  we  shall  dis- 
cover that  it  lias  a  direct  bearing  upon  our  moral  nature,  and  can 
assist  or  impede  moral  effort  according  to  the  proportion  which  we 
have  in  our  system.  This  will  seem  a  singular  statement  to  those 
who  have  been  accustomed  to  regard  morality  as  a  sentiment 
merely,  something  which  the  brain  or  conscience  has  in  charge ; 
but  if  these  persons  reflect  that  it  is  only  by  the  right  use  of  the 
organs  and  members  of  the  body  and  by  their  being  in  a  normal 
or  equilibrated  condition  that  we  are  able  to  lead  moral  lives,  they 
will  at  once  perceive  the  importance  of  a  proper  degree  of  color  in 
the  organism,  as  well  as  a  just  proportion  of  bone,  muscle,  nerve, 
and  brain.  The  regeneration  of  the  race  should  commence  by  right 
generation  and  by  attention  to  physical  laws,  for  these  laws  are 
just  as  divine  and  just  as  binding  upon  us  as  are  moral  laws,  and 
obedience  to  the  former  leads  directly  to  the  advancement  of  the 
latter.  Observation  and  comparison  of  the  colors  of  the  several 
races  of  mankind  reveal  to  us  the  fact  that  where  a  race  or  people 
retain  one  color  of  skin  and  eyes  for  generations,  that  race  is  rela- 
tively non-progressive.  Races  which  have  within  their  num- 
bers many  varieties  of  color, — where,  for  example,  we  find  the 
black-,  blue-,  and  gray-  eyed  people,  as  well  as  dark-  and  fair- 
haired  and  dark-  and  fair-  skinned  people, — we  shall  find  a  more 
original  class.  A  mixture  of  colors  always  denotes  capacity  for 
improvement  and  progress.  The  Chinese  are  an  example  of  a 
uniform-colored  race.  They  have  remained  stationary  in  their 
habits  and  customs  for  ages.  The  Spanish  among  civilized 
people  are  of  a  nearly  uniform  color,  and  are  not  so  progressive 
as  are  the  Germans  or  English ;  neither  have  they  as  diverse  talents, 
nor  as  much  originality  and  independence. 

In  the  animal  kingdom  the  law  of  color  is  just  as  applicable 
as  in  the  human  family.  All  the  non-progressive  animals,  such  as 
the  lion,  the  panther,  the  bear,  and  the  zebra,  have  always  re- 


PROPORTION,    OR   HARMONIOUS  DEVELOPMENT.  131 

mained  the  same  in  color  and  in  character ;  they  are  untamable  and 
intractable,  while  other  animals  that  have  a  variety  of  colors,  such 
as  the  elephant,  the  camel,  the  horse,  the  dog,  and  the  ox,  are 
more  teachable,  and  can  be  very  much  improved  in  intelligence 
and  beauty  by  scientific  breeding.  They  are  also  more  amiable 
and  docile,  less  fierce,  and  more  useful  than  the  stationary-colored 
animals.  In  fact,  all  races  that  retain  one  color  or  form  for  ages  are 
non-progressive  and  not  as  adaptable  nor  as  amiable  as  those  which 
possess  a  diversity  of  form  and  color. 

THE   LAW   OF    PROPORTION,    OR   HARMONIOUS   DEVELOPMENT. 

A  correct  knowledge  of  the  laws  of  proportion  governing  the 
human  physiognomy  and  organism  will  not  be  found  to  ac- 
cord with  the  laws  of  proportion  as  taught  in  the  schools  of  art. 
Science  has  wrought  a  mighty  change  in  nearly  every  department  of 
knowledge.  It  is  possible  that  a  widespread  understanding  of  the 
laws  of  physiognomy,  as  revealed  by  Nature,  may  also  create  a 
revolution  in  art.  The  Greek  ideal  of  symmetry,  to  which  the 
ages  have  given  their  assent,  will  be  found  to  be  based  on  mathe- 
matical calculation,  and  it  is  from  this  cold  and  mechanical  idea 
of  what  constitutes  beauty  that  the  modern  conceptions  of  beauty 
and  proportion  are  taken. 

A  scientific  comprehension  of  the  law  of  proportion  as  shown 
in  the  human  face  will  unfold  more  beauties  than  Greek  art  ever 
conceived.  My  understanding  of  beauty,  as  disclosed  by  physi- 
ognomy, is  based  on  the  idea  that  moral  and  intellectual  beauty 
exhibited  in  the  countenance  and  form  constitute  true  beauty. 

True  greatness  in  the  moral,  mechanical,  and  mental  consti- 
tution of  man  is  not  accompanied  by  any  such  law  of  proportion 
as  the  Greek  or  any  other  school  of  art  has  set  forth.  Nothing  is 
more  indicative  of  selfish  will  and  heartless  character  than  the  so- 
called  Greek  profile.  Lavater,  the  great  intuitional  physiognomist, 
says,  in  discussing  its  signification  : — 

Depraved  is  the  taste  which  can  call  this  graceful,  and,  therefore,  it 
must  be  far  from  majestic.  I  should  wish  neither  a  wife,  motlier,  sister, 
friend,  relation,  nor  goddess  to  possess  a  countenance  so  cold,  insipid, 
affected,  stony,  unimpassioned,  or  so  perfectly  a  statue.* 

A  scientific  interpretation  of  the  face  will  reveal  more  beauties 
than  the  ordinary  observer  has  any  idea  of;  for  when  he  comes  to 
attach  meanings  to  forms  and  expressions  which  indicate  beauties 
of  character,  he  will  regard  them  quite  differently  than  when  in 
his  ignorance  they  signified  nothing  to  him ;  and  when  an  intelli- 

*  Lavater's  Essays,  p.  432. 


l32  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

gent  observer  looks  with  the  eye  of  comprehensive  understanding 
upon  the  countenances  about  him,  his  sense  of  the  beautiful  vt^ill 
be  gratified  beyond  expression.  A  new  world  will  open  to  him ;  and 
I  predict  that  with  a  general  diffusion  of  physiognomical  knowledge 
a  complete  revolution  in  rehgion,  art,  hygiene,  and  government 
will  be  brought  about. 

Proportion  is  as  potent  a  factor  in  determining  character  as 
ar^  Form,  Size,  or  Quality ;  and  yet  an  arbitrary  system  based  on 
mathematical  measurement  cannot  be  set  up,  for  the  reason  that 
very  great  diversity  of  form  and  size  exists  in  which  symmetHcal 
character  is  exhibited.  If  we  were  to  form  a  standard  of  beauty, 
and  take  for  the  standard  those  faces  in  which  the  most  moral 
goodness  or  power  for  usefulness  was  disclosed,  we  should  then 
have  a  more  elevating  and  intelligent  model  than  those  already 
observed,  which  teach  that  beauty  consists  in  mathematical  pro- 
portions mainly,  and  not  in  those  proportions  and  expressions 
which  reveal  moral  grandeur  or  useful  talents  of  a  high  order. 

As  has  been  shown,  each  of  the  five  systems  of  the  body  pro- 
duces a  form  peculiar  to  itself,  and  every  human  being  possesses 
an  admixture  of  a  certain  proportion  of  each  of  these  forms.  It 
will,  therefore,  be  apparent  to  the  observer  that  the  law  of  Com- 
pensation is  more  potent  in  forming  Proportion  than  any  other 
factor.  If  these  five  systems  were  always  blended  in  every  form 
in  exact  proportions,  we  might  then  be  able  to  realize  the  ideals 
of  art  in  living  forms,  but  this  would  not  produce  that  differentia- 
tion of  types  which  is  needed  to  supply  the  varied  wants  of 
humanity.  To  carry  out  the  idea  of"  diversity  in  unity,"  which  is 
the  ruling  idea  observed  in  progressive  Nature,  we  must  have  con- 
stant modifications,  which  will,  of  course,  produce  ever- varying 
forms  and  countenances.  This  comprehensive  differentiation 
results  in  higher  development  of  species.  It  is  a  law  throughout 
Nature  that  the  greater  the  variety,  the  higher  the  power  for 
development  and  progress. 

The  law  of  scientific  proportion  and  beauty  to  be  observed  in 
the  human  face  is  illustrated  in  those  countenances  in  which  all 
of  the  features,  taken  together,  express  to  the  scientific  reader  of 
character  a  balanced  condition  of  the  mind,  and  consequently  of 
the  body. 

The  physiognomy  of  Washington  is  an  illustration  of  good 
proportion.  In  his  face  and  physique  the  five  systems  of  functions 
are  about  equally  exhibited,  hence  he  was  not  great  in  any  one 
given  direction,  but  was  great  in  any  direction  in  which  he  chose 
to  exercise  his  powers.  He  was  a  good  farmer,  an  excellent 
surveyor,  an  able  statesman  and  mihtary  leader;  he  was  always 


PROPORTION,    OR   HARMONIOUS   DEVELOPMENT.  133 

self-poised,  cool,  and  resolute ;  his  inherited  quality  was  of  a  high 
order,  and  the  proportionate  action  of  all  his  functions  assisted  his 
general  power  for  usefulness.  Each  of  the  systems  of  the  body 
has  a  beauty  peculiar  to  itself,  but  an  excess  of  eitlier  one  of  them 
causes,  by  its  disproportion,  a  lack  of  harmony;  therefore,  a  lack 
of  true  beauty.  Too  much  brain  exhibits  as  little  beauty  as  too 
much  fat ;  too  much  bone  makes  the  individual  awkward,  ungainly, 
inert— lazy;  a  predominance  of  muscle  causes  its  possessor  to  be 
too  forceful  and  too  much  like  an  animal;  too  great  a  thoracic 
development  causes  an  excess  of  hopefulness,  and  a  tendency  to 
fly  from  one  thing  to  another  without  finishing  anything. 

The  most  useful  men  have  been  those  who  were  either  the 
best  proportioned,  or  those  who  were  the  best  balanced.  Now, 
there  is  a  difference  in  these  two  conditions — for  example,  an  indi- 
vidual may  have,  like  Thomas  H.  Benton,  a  disproportionately 
small  brain,  but  with  disproportionately  large  lungs.  Here  a 
balance  is  struck,  and  he  is  hence  enabled  to  be  most  useful 
because  the  lungs  and  brain  stand  in  such  close  relation  to  each 
other  as  to  favor  this  particular  method  of  balancing  functions. 
If,  on  the  contrary,  the  individual  should  have  a  preponderance 
of  fatty  tissue  and  disproportionate  bones,  the  usefulness  of  the 
person  is  very  much  impaired  because  there  is  here  no  compen- 
sation. 

This  kind  of  disproportion  can  oflen  be  remedied  by  reducing 
the  bulk  of  fat  by  hygienic  measures,  by  non-use  of  liquids,  and 
more  exercise,  particularly  of  the  lungs,  by  swinging  clubs  or  row- 
ing, or  by  anything  which  will  accelerate  the  action  of  the  lungs, 
thus  increasing  their  power. 

Too  great  size  of  the  brain  system  can  be  improved  by  using 
the  muscular  system  more,  by  toning  up  the  nutritive  powers,  and 
by  dispensing  with  study,  and  taking  more  sleep. 

All  of  the  longest-lived  persons  that  I  have  seen  or  those 
whose  portraits  I  have  studied  have  shown  in  their  faces  and 
physiques  singularly  harmonious  or  well-proportioned  contours, 
and  which  showed  that  they  not  only  possessed  bodies  of  high  or 
good  quality,  but  also  that  their  organs  were  so  well  proportioned 
that  they  were  able  to  resist  pressure  or  strain  upon  every  part 
equally. 

The  most  common  form  of  disproportion  of  organs  in  civilized 
races  is  found  in  the  want  of  lung  development.  This  is  not  a 
natural  condition,  but  will  become  a  permanent  one  if  the  modes 
of  dressing  which  women  have  adopted  are  not  changed  for  more 
healthful  styles.  This,  added  to  the  bad  air  which  is  inhaled  by 
both  men  and  women  who  sleep  in  ill-ventilated  rooms,  and  who 


184  PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

sit  for  hours  in  churches,  theatres,  and  public  halls  without  any 
ventilation,  is  the  main  cause  of  the  small,  ill-developed  lungs 
which  are  so  common  that  consumption  and  other  lung  disorders 
are  prevalent  in  all  civilized  countries.  Indeed,  large,  well-devel- 
oped lungs  in  women  are  so  rare  that  I  have  heard  dressmakers, 
who  have  a  good  opportunity  for  observing  large  numbers  of 
women's  forms,  exclaim  with  astonishment  upon  seeing  one  whose 
chest  was  well-developed,  and  thought  it  certainly  must  be  a  mal- 
formation ! 

The  way  to  reduce  the  disproportion  between  too  great  size  of 
the  head  and  too  small  lungs  is  by  inhaling  more  pure  air.  The 
way  to  decrease  the  disproportion  between  too  great  fat  and  too 
small  bones  is  to  inhale  pure  air,  drink  lime-water,  and  exercise 
more.  The  way  to  decrease  the  disproportion  between  too  weak  a 
liver  and  too  great  an  appetite  is  to  inhale  more  pure  air,  use  acid 
fruits,  avoid  sugar,  and  take  more  exercise. 

It  will  be  seen  that  fresh,  pure  air  is  the  main  reliance  for  the 
removal  of  all  disproportions  of  form  and  functions,  and  that  no 
amount  of  good,  wholesome  food  can  take  the  place  of  good,  pure 
air.  People  can  live  longer  and  be  healthier  on  very  indifferent 
food  indeed,  if  the  air  which  they  inhale  be  pure  and  plentiful, 
and  the  water  drunk  of  good  quality,  than  they  can  if  these  con- 
ditions are  reversed.  Where  the  brain  is  used  too  much,  and  the 
muscles  too  little,  a  disproportionate  action  is  set  up  which  will,  in 
time,  destroy  the  usefulness  of  the  mind.  On  the  other  hand,  if 
the  muscles  are  called  into  activity  constantly,  and  the  brain  used 
but  little,  the  individual  becomes  dull  of  thought  and  speech ;  his 
sensibilities  obtuse,  his  whole  sensitive  system  is  rendered  sluggish, 
and  all  power  of  mental  enjoyment  is  destroyed  in  a  few  years. 
Physical  drudgeiy  impairs  the  health  and  shortens  life  sooner  than 
the  most  arduous  mental  labors.  The  numbers  of  farmers  and 
farmers'  wives  and  sheep-herders  in  the  insane  asylums  of  Cahfor- 
nia  predominate  over  those  of  any  other  classes  of  laborers.  I  am 
told  that  this  is  the  case  in  other  States.  Now,  these  kinds  of 
labor  are  more  arduous  and  monotonous  than  all  others,  and  the 
constant  routine  of  physical  drudgery  unrelieved  by  any  mental 
labor  or  mental  enjoyment  soon  begets  disproportion  between  the 
mind  and  the  body,  and  the  result  is  an  unbalanced  mind.  The 
longest-lived  persons  have  been  those  who  have  used  the  mental 
faculties  greatly,  but  with  reasonable  regard  to  health.  Many  of 
our  most  distinguished  literary  men  and  women  have  lived  to 
advanced  age,  and  have  enjoyed  good  health  under  constant  and 
prolonged  mental  labor.  Miss  Caroline  Hcrschel,  the  astronomer, 
died  at  ninety-eight  years  of  age,  after  a  life  of  both  physical  and 


PROPORTION,   OR  •  HARMONIOUS   DEVELOPMENT.  135 

mental  labor.  Harriet  Martineau,  an  indefatigable  English  writer, 
lived  to  the  age  of  seventy-four  years. 

Fontanelle  lived  to  one  hundred  years  of  age,  Joanna  Bailly, 
a  most  industrious  writer  of  prose  dramas  and  poetry,  lived  to 
eighty-nine  years.  Humboldt,  a  writer,  traveller,  scientist  and 
naturalist,  after  a  life  of  most  incessant  mental  labor  and  great 
attainments,  died  at  ninety  years  of  age.  Sir  William  Herschel, 
a  most  eminent  astronomer,  lived  to  the  age  of  eighty-three  years. 
We  seldom  see  a  laborer  who  has  pursued  a  vocation  of  purely 
physical  drudgery  live  to  an  advanced  age,  and  the  reason  of  this 
is  that  too  great  an  amoimt  of  physical  labor  establishes  a  dispro- 
portion between  the  physical  and  mental  faculties,  and  an  unbal- 
anced condition  being  the  result,  hfe  is  shortened,  or  in  many 
instances  reason  dethroned. 

Where  there  are  one  or  more  faculties  excessively  developed, 
as,  for  example,  Secretiveness,  Cautiousness,  Approbativeness,  or 
Amativeness,  or  any  other  trait  or  traits  in  excess,  they  so  com- 
pletely dominate  all  others  and  color  or  shape  the  action  of  other 
faculties  as  to  produce  disproportionate  action  of  some  other  faculties, 
and  consequently  of  other  physical  functions.  Too  great  Secretive- 
ness induces  a  tendency  to  hold  on  to  whatever  the  mind  desires  to 
keep  secret;  the  glands  and  muscles  both  partake  of  this  holding 
on  and  holding  back  principle,  and  the  consequence  is  a  constricted 
condition  of  the  glands,  as  well  as  a  similar  condition  of  the 
muscles,  particularly  of  the  sphincters.  As  a  consequence  of  this 
holding  on  and  '"keeping  tight  and  close"  feeling,  the  liver  (the 
largest  gland  in  the  body)  becomes  inactive  and  sets  up  abnormal 
or  torpid  action,  and  the  class  of  diseases  called  "bilious"  are  ex- 
hibited, and  after  awhile  become  permanent,  and  will  cause  death 
unless  the  disproportion  between  the  two  parts  of  the  mmd  and 
body  (for  both  mind  and  body  are  ajOfected  by  this  condition)  is 
removed  by  cultivating  a  more  open,  frank,  and  communicative 
disposition,  and  at  the  same  time  using  food  and  a  regimen  suited 
to  this  peculiarity  of  the  glands  and  muscles.  Herein  is  another 
proof  of  the  unity  or  interaction  of  the  mind  and  body— of  mental 
faculties  and  physical  functions. 

In  cases  where  Cautiousness  is  excessive,  the  character  becomes 
timid,  fearful,  excessively  watchful,  filled  with  forebodings  and 
apprehensions  of  the  future,  always  looking  for  accidents,  and 
prophesying  poverty,  calamities,  etc.  This  condition  of  mind 
will  in  time  produce  such  disturbances  of  the  glar.dular  and  ner- 
vous systems  as  to  cause  insomnia,  melancholia,  suspicion  and 
dementia,  and  will  often  end  in  suicide.  Here  again  we  note  the 
effect  of  the  mind  upon  the  physical  organs,  and  their  functional 


136  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

interaction,  and  observe  the  serious  results  arising  from  a  dispro- 
portionate action  of  the  mental  faculty  of  Cautiousness  and  the 
glands  and  nerves. 

Where  Acquisitiveness  is  too  much  cultivated  the  spirit  of 
accumulation  becomes  dominant,  and  the  body  partakes  of  the 
same  spirit  by  becoming  clogged  in  all  its  functions  owing  to  the 
large  amount  of  gross  matter  which  accumulates  in  the  body,  and 
here  again  we  shall  be  able  to  observe  the  similarity  of  action 
between  mental  faculties  and  physical  functions.  The  Hebrew 
race  is  a  good  example  of  this  interaction  of  the  faculty  of  Acquisi- 
tiveness and  the  functions  of  digestion,  assimilation  and  appropria- 
tion. Most  of  their  physical  disorders  arise  from  overappropriation 
of  nutriment  and  accumulations  of  fatty  tissues,  which  induce 
apoplexy,  fatty  degeneration  of  tlie  heart,  and  other  complications 
of  overrepletion  of  the  organism.  Too  much  or  too  little  of  any 
given  faculty  or  function  is  productive  of  disease  and  will  shorten 
life,  unless  these  proportions  are  such  as  will  create  a  balance^  as 
in  the  case  of  small  brain  and  large  lungs  and  heart.  But 
wherever  we  look  into  Nature's  operations  we  shall  find  that  Pro- 
portion is  one  of  her  ruling  principles,  and  if  this  law  is  broken 
and  its  provisions  greatly  violated  in  the  human  organism,  suffering, 
both  of  body  and  mind,  with  ill  health  and  shortness  of  life  will 
ensue.  How  essential,  then,  is  it  that  all  should  understand  the 
meanings  of  the  human  face,  as  well  as  the  signs  of  character 
revealed  in  the  voice,  the  walk,  the  gestures,  the  attitude,  and  the 
contour  or  outline  of  the  entire  head  and  body. 

Evenly-developed  characters  are  not  as  apt  to  excel  in  one 
given  direction  as  those  who  are  less  evenly  balanced,  but  their 
chances  for  usefulness  and  longevity  are  very  great,  if  possessed 
of  a  fine  inherited  quality.  Most  poets  are  disproportionately 
developed  in  their  mentality,  hence  some  of  their  physical  powers 
are  correspondingly  defective,  and  this  has  caused  many  of  them 
to  die  young.  The  Davidson  Sisters,  who  showed  uncommon 
talent  for  poetic  construction  as  early  as  four  years  of  age,  died, 
one  at  sixteen  and  the  other  at  seventeen  years  of  age.  Byron 
lived  to  only  thirty-seven  years.  Edgar  \.  Poe  died  even  younger. 
Shelley  attained  only  to  thirty  years.  Keats  died  at  twenty-four. 
Mrs.  Hemans  expired  at  forty.  Burns  lived  only  to  thirty-seven. 
All  of  the  physiognomies  of  these  poets  express  to  the  scientific 
reader  either  a  disproportion  between  the  physical  functions  or  an 
inherited  delicacy  of  the  nervous  system.  He  who  reads  the  physi- 
ognomy scientifically  understands  measurably  the  law  of  destiny, 
and  can  easily  predicate  which  organs  will  give  way  first  and  about 
how  long  they  will  last;    also,  the  amount  of  strain  the  stronger 


flEALTH.  137 

will  make  upon  the  weaker.  The  law  of  Proportion  as  exemplified 
by  the  laws  of  physiognomy  is  a  great  advance  in  mental  and 
medical  science.  It  should  be  included  in  the  curriculum  of  all 
medical  colleges ;  and  I  predict  that  the  coming  century  will  see  it 
established  by  the  faculties  of  all  such  colleges,  and  chairs  of  Moral 
Philosophy  will  be  held  only  by  such  as  are  conversant  with 
Scientific  Physiognomy.  Lavater  predicted  that  a  System  of  Scien- 
tific Physiognomy  would  be  formulated  within  this  century,  and, 
'behold!  it  is  here. 

Comparative  anatomy,  as  now  taught  in  medical  colleges, 
will  be  extended,  and  the  meaning  of  all  forms  and  shapes  of  the 
external  parts  of  the  organism  will  be  taught  to  students  just  as 
physiognomy  now  teaches  it,  by  the  law  of  Proportion;  and 
students  will  then  be  able  to  diagnose  the  power  of  the  lungs  or 
liver  by  the  outline  of  the  forehead;  for  the  retreating  forehead 
ever  denotes  an  active  liver,  while  a  straight,  full  forehead  rounding 
out  at  the  highest  part  indicates  the  supremacy  of  the  heart  and 
venous  system  over  the  arterial  system.  Other  shapes  and  outlines 
of  the  forehead  convey  each  a  different  and  distinct  meaning  which 
the  law  of  Proportion  teaches,  and  which  will  be  found  by  the 
keen  analyst  to  be  infallible  in  their  revelations.  The  secret  of  all 
great  mental  power  is,  after  quality,  right  proportion  in  all  bodily 
parts,  and  this  proportion  can  be  discovered  in  the  physiognomy 
as  well  as  in  the  body. 

HEALTH. 

The  basis  of  all  really  useful  character  must  be  founded  upon 
good  healtli.  The  fact  that  some  sickly  poet  or  feeble  saint  has 
been  able  to  live  a  term  of  years  and  spin  out  more  or  less  weak 
sentiment  and  poetry  is  not  proof  that  ill  health  is  one  of  the 
conditions  of  either  talent  or  piety.  The  asceticism  of  the  middle 
ages  taught  that  to  vitiate  and  degrade  the  body  by  filth,  starva- 
tion and  deprivations  of  all  kinds  was  to  assure  a  more  bUssful 
state  of  the  soul,  and  Hannah  More — ^good,  pious  saint — wrote 
that  a  low  fever  was  a  "marvelous  means  of  grace."  We  of  the 
nineteenth  century,  under  the  enlightenment  of  the  science  of 
physiology  and  hygiene,  differ  with  these  ideas  of  an  ignorant  past, 
and  believe  that  the  first  step  toward  saving  souls  is  to  save 
bodies.  Indeed,  it  would  seem  but  practical  common  sense,  inas- 
much as  we  are  endowed  with  bodies,  that  we  should  take 
measures  to  understand  and  protect  them,  trusting  to  the  Power 
that  has  given  us  our  bodies  to  take  care  of  the  soul,  which,  since 
He  has  not  made  known  to  us  its  locality,  we  can  do  nothing  to 
advance  its  interest  beyond  caring  for  the  body  and  mind,  which 
we  have  already  in  our  keeping. 


138  PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  first  law  of  a  sound  and  true  religion  should  be  the  incul- 
cation of  sound  health,  and  all  religious  tenets  should  be  based 
upon  a  regard  for  fresh  air,  proper  ibod  and  drink,  upon  suitable 
clothing,  exercise,  rest,  pure  amusements  and  sanitary  regulations; 
these  principles  must  be  incorporated  into  all  religions  that  truly 
desire  the  highest  moral  welfare  of  the  people.  A  religion  which 
ignores  these  principles  as  fundamental  articles  of  its  belief  is  not 
worthy  the  consideration  of  honest  and  sensible  people.  One 
generation  of  preaching  on  these  subjects  would  advance  the  world 
immeasurably  in  morality  and  health,  and  consequently  in  pros- 
perity. Good  character  is  dependent  upon  good  health  for  its 
support.  If  you  answer  me  that  you  know  many  persons  who  are 
good,  yet  are  in  poor  health,  I  reply  that  they  would,  without 
doubt,  be  still  better  people  if  their  bodily  conditions  were  more 
perfect  and  stronger.  If  ill  health  were  conducive  to  goodness, 
then  we  should  all  strive  to  depreciate  our  health  conditions  in 
order  to  become  more  moral,  more  honest,  more  loving,  wise  and 
useful.  The  fact  that  some  persons  can  preserve  morality  in  spite 
of  ill  healtli  is  proof  that  they  have  inherited  very  excellent  moral 
natures,  and  only  need  ruder  health  to  become  giants  of  morality 
and  usefulness.  That  moral  character,  as  weU  as  the  mental,  is 
dependent  upon  sound  organic  conditions  must  be  apparent  to  aU 
thoughtful  persons. 

Treating  of  the  connection  between  morality  and  organic 
perfection,  Dr.  Maudsley  observes : — 

Now,  if  there  be  a  class  of  persons  without  the  moral  sense,  who  are 
true  moral  imbeciles,  it  is  the  class  of  habitual  criminals.  All  observers, 
who  have  made  them  their  study,  agree  that  they  constitute  a  morbid  or 
degenerate  variety  of  mankind,  marked  hy  peculiar  low  mental  and  physical 
characteristics.  The}^  are  scrofulous,  often  deformed,  with  badly  formed 
angular  heads,  are  stupid,  sluggish,  deficient  in  vital  energy,  and  sometim,es 
epileptic.  They  are  of  weak  and  defective  intellect,  though  excessively 
cunning,  and  not  a  few  of  them  are  weak-minded  and  imbecile.  The  women 
are  ugly  in  features,  and  without  grace  of  expression  or  movement.  The 
children,  who  become  juvenile  criminals,  do  not  evince  the  educational  apti- 
tude of  the  higher,  industrial  classes  ;  they  are  deficient  in  the  power  of 
attention  and  application  ;  have  bad  memories,  and  make  slow  progress  in 
learning ;  many  of  them  are  weak  in  mind  and  body,  and  some  of  them 
actually  imbecile.* 

Here  we  have  the  statement  of  one  of  the  first  writers  on 
Mind,  giving  the  opinion  that  moral  defects  are  accompanied  witli 
low  physical  conditions.  Any  careful  student  of  this  work  wiU 
soon  become  convinced  that  moral  character  and  sound  organiza- 
tion are  inseparably  connected,  and  that  in  order  to  have  moral 

*  Body  and  Mind,  Henry  Maudsley,  M.D.,  p.  UO. 


HEALTH.  139 

children  they  must  not  only  be  healthy,  but  must  be  the  inheritors 
of  normal  ancestral  iniiuence3  of  both  mind  and  body.  Good 
health  is  the  greatest  desideratum  of  existence ;  without  it  all  the 
luxuries  that  wealth  can  procure  pall  upon  the  senses.  Only  strict 
adherence  to  liygienic  law  can  secure  a  fair  share  of  this  most  de- 
sirable condition.  Tlie  greatest  talents  without  health  amount  to 
little,  and  if  a  man  would  become  proficient  as  an  artist,  writer, 
inventor,  or  actor,  a  fine  and  healthful  state  of  lungs  and  liver  are 
quite  as  essential  as  a  cultivated  brain.  A  weak  and  defective 
bodily  organ  will  sometimes  neutralize  completely  all  the  efforts 
of  the  most  profound  and  polished  intellect.  It  is  said  that 
Napoleon  lost  the  battle  of  Waterloo  through  suffering  from  a  fit 
of  indigestion,  and  I  think  we  have  all  had  experience  enough  to 
know  that  the, most  vital  interests  of  hfe  are  often  jeopardized  by 
temporary  ailments,  brought  on  by  imprudent  eating,  drinking,  or 
injudicious  amusements  or  excitements. 

A  brain  or  body  of  the  highest  quality  may  become  perfectly 
demoralized  by  long-continued  misuse  of  its  functions  and  facul- 
ties. Indeed,  a  high  quality  of  brain  demands  good  lung-power 
for  its  highest  efficiency,  and  this  can  ensue  only  by  being  supplied 
with  plenty  of  pure,  fresh  air.  Ventilation  is  one  of  the  highest, 
if  not  the  first,  demands  of  life.  It  is  not  at  all  strange  that  there 
are  so  many  weak,  pale,  sallow,  consumptive  men  and  women  in 
the  community,  who,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  they  have  good 
and  expensive  homes,  fine  raiment,  and  luxuries  untold,  are  yet 
the  victims  of  ill  health,  caused  in  many  instances  by  the  defective 
ventilation  of  their  homes,  and  particularly  of  their  sleeping- 
rooms. 

Precocious  children^  who  might  in  many  instances  live  to  be- 
come noble  and  useful  men  and  women,  die  in  childhood  for  want 
of  pure  air  and  physical  exercise.  Children  who  are  endowed  with 
genius  and  talent  and  who  have  a  lack  of  vitality  should  not  be 
encouraged  to  overexert  their  intellect  in  their  youth,  but,  instead, 
should  pass  most  of  their  time  out  of  doors  gardening,  rowing, 
swimming,  chopping  wood,  weeding  vegetables,  or  in  a  gymnasium 
developing  the  muscles  and  lungs,  until  the  body  is  able  to  support 
the  bmin  and  nervous  system  already  too  active  and  sensitive.  An 
harmonious  balance  between  the  mind  and  body  could  by  these 
means  be  obtained.  How  many  lovely,  beautiful,  and  talented 
youths  fill  an  early  grave  from  the  injudicipus  treatment  or  want 
of  hygienic  knowledge  on  the  part  of  parents ! 

Nothing  can  be  more  conducive  to  the  mental  welfare  of  a 
child  than  outdoor  life  and  labor,  and  all  children  of  uncommon 
mental  powers  need  a  motive  for  physical  effort,  and  this  can  be 


140  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

supplied  by  giving  them  tasks,  paying  them  for  them,  and  having 
them  well  done.  Sensitive^  nervaus  children  would  be  greatly 
benefited  if  the  first  ten  years  of  life  were  given  up  exclusively  to 
outdoor  work  and  play  alternately.  The  degree  of  health  attained, 
not  to  mention  the  substantial  character  gained  by  such  a  course, 
can  hardly  be  estimated.  Work  is  a  vital  necessity  and  molds 
character ;  play  should  be  used  only  as  a  rest  from  labor,  and 
those  who  work  in  their  childhood  are  more  reliable  and  responsi- 
ble characters  than  those  who  do  nothing  but  play  all  through 
their  early  years.  The  men  and  women  of  the  last  generation 
were  more  substantial  and  useful  than  the  present,  and  one  reason 
for  this  is  found  in  the  fact  that  formerly  all  children  had  tasks  and 
duties  to  perform.  The  word  datif  meant  a  great  deal  to  them, 
and  was  an  incentive  to  noble  effort,  because  they  were  thus 
trained.  Children  in  most  instances  will  be  greatly  influenced 
by  their  early  training,  hence  the  first  years  of  a  child's  life  are  the 
most  important  ones.  If  good  health  be  desired,  youth  is  the  time 
to  lay  the  foundation  for  it.  Many  distinguished  and  learned 
people,  who  were  born  sickly  and  were  feeble  in  youth,  have 
passed  lives  of  great  usefulness  and  died  at  advanced  age.  Fon- 
tanelle  was  a  very  sickly  and  weak  infant,  yet  he  lived  to  be  one 
hundred  years  of  age.  Albert  von  Haller,  a  celebrated  Swiss 
physician,  was  "rickety,  feeble,  and  delicate  as  a  child,"  but  lived 
to  the  age  of  sixty-eight  years ;  he  was  one  of  the  greatest  medical 
minds  of  the  world.  Baron  Cuvier,  an  illustrious  naturalist,  was 
feeble  in  childhood,  but  became  robust  in  after  hfe ;  he  was  most 
industrious  and  attained  the  age  of  sixty-three.  Augustin  de  Can- 
doUe,  a  great  botanist,  nearly  died  of  hydroceplialus  at  seven  years 
of  age  ;  he  was  feeble  until  fifteen,  when  his  health  improved,  and  he 
lived  to  the  age  of  sixty-three,  having  passed  a  most  useful  career. 
Aristotle,  the  most  eminent  of  ancient  philosophers  and  natural- 
ists, was  a  weak,  precocious  child,  but  lived  to  an  advanced  age 
after  performing  almost  herculean  mental  labor.  Many  more  cases 
might  be  mentioned  of  the  same  sort,  but  sufficient  are  given  to 
show  that  weakness  in  childhood  can  be  counteracted  by  judicious 
hygienic  treatment,  which  will  prolong  life  and  restore  health.  The 
let-alone  cure  is  one  of  the  best  for  precocious  or  feeble  youth ; 
let  them  grow  up  as  do  the  plants,  in  a  free,  wild,  and  natural 
manner.  Such  children  thus  treated  will  more  than  make  up  in 
after  years  all  the  time  considered  lost  by  fond  and  anxious  parents, 
who  are  very  apt  to  regret  the  loss  of  early  schooling  and  study  by 
their  children. 

A  majority  of  those  who  are  born  healthy  and  with  sound 
organs  in  most  cases  become  weakened  by  ignorant  or  foolishly- 


HEALTH.  141 

fond  parents,  who  often  allow  children  to  have  their  own  way  in 
regard  to  eating,  sitting  up  late  at  night,  playing  too  much  or 
too  violently  (who  ever  heard  of  a  child  injuring  itself  at  work*?), 
and  yet  most  parents  are  afraid  to  set  their  children  a  task  for  fear 
that  they  will  be  injured  by  it,  while  at  the  same  time  they  allow 
them  to  play  without  supervision  (and  many  of  their  games  are 
conducted  without  judgment,  and  prolonged  until  exhaustion 
ensues) ;  yet  parents  would  not  think  of  allowing  their  youth  to 
exercise  one-half  as  hard  or  as  injudiciously  at  their  work  as  they 
do  in  their  sports. 

It  is  more  essential  to  oversee  children  at  their  amusements 
than  at  their  tasks.  Few  parents  feel  this  necessity,  but  if  one  will 
only  observe  the  little  girls  in  a  school-yard  jumping  ropes  in  the 
violent  manner  which  is  their  habit,  one  will  become  convinced  of 
this  necessity.  Dancing  is  also  carried  to  a  great  extreme,  and 
needs  to  be  corrected.  It  is  usually  prolonged  too  far  into  the  night 
for  health,  and  this  phase  of  it  should  be  discouraged.  A  good  sub- 
stitute for  dancing  is  gymnastics ;  club-swinging  is  a  fine  exercise 
for  health,  and  quite  exhilarating ;  as  suitable  for  children  and 
young  ladies  as  for  gentlemen.  A  pair  of  Indian  clubs  should  be 
included  in  the  furnishing  of  all  homes.  Dr.  Dio  Lewis'  Light 
Gymnastics  will  be  found  most  excellent  aids  to  vigorous  health, 
as  well  as  Butler's  Health  Lift  and  the  Reactionary  Lift.  All  these 
can  be  obtained  for  less  than  the  price  of  one  fashionable  suit  of 
clothes,  and  every  household  should  have  them  as  an  essential  part 
of  its  furniture. 

I  think  the  reader  has  long  ere  this  become  convinced  that  size 
of  the  brain,  body,  or  nose  alcnie  does  not  indicate  either  mental  or 
physical  power.  Neither  does  quality  alone,  nor  form,  nor  propor- 
tion, but  a  modicum  of  all  these  qualities  and  conditions  is  essential. 

If  the  size  of  the  nose  observed  in  a  given  subject  would 
seem  to  exhibit  mental  power,  the  quality  of  the  texture  of  skin, 
hair,  and  eyes  must  be  diagnosed  before  judgment  can  be  passed. 
Then,  in  order  to  know  what  direction  the  mind  takes,  the  form  of 
the  nose  must  be  understood;  then  the  color  taken  into  considera- 
tion, and  the  proportion  which  each  feature  bears  to  the  others 
should  be  noted,  and  then  the  proportions  of  the  body  must  be 
observed.  At  the  same  time  the  health  conditions  of  the  individual 
must  be  taken  into  account  before  a  just  verdict  of  character  can 
be  rendered.  If  size,  form,  quality,  color,  and  proportion  are  all 
in  favor  of  a  good  and  useful  character,  and  good  health  be  want- 
ing, all  these  indications  are  greatly  modified,  because  the  motive 
power  of  the  body  is  feeble  and  the  organism  is  an  inert  mass, 
without  ability  to  carry  out  its  mental  behests. 


142  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  mind  and  body  being  a  unit,  and  so  closely  interrelated, 
it  is  impossible  for  the  one  to  be  very  greatly  defective  without  in- 
volving tlie  other. 

Drug  Medication. — Unless  by  the  intelligent  direction  of  the 
medical  profession,  drug  medication  is  generally  a  dangerous  prac- 
tice. The  intelligent  use  of  Nature's  medicines, — diet,  light,  heat, 
pure  fresh  air  and  water,  and  rest, — at  the  commencement  of 
many  ailments,  will  in  most  cases  remove  morbific  influences  and 
assist  Nature  in  throwing  off  disease.  Very  often  serious  injury 
is  done  the  human  constitution  by  an  indiscriminate  use  of  patent 
nostrums  or  private  recipes.  Unless  such  medication  is  of  some 
simple  remedy  of  known  value  and  intelligently  used,  a  tmin  of 
evils  may  be  set  up  that  will  take  many  months  of  patient  care 
and  the  attention  of  a  conscientious  physician  to  overcome. 

If,  in  case  of  threatened  sickness,  one  will  at  the  outset  give 
up  for  a  few  days  his  accustomed  business,  control  a  probably 
abnormal  ap])etite,  and  rest  from  all  care,  labor,  and  anxiety,  this 
course,  with  exercise  projierly  taken,  may  avert  many  a  serious 
illness  and  save  much  suffering.  I  have  found  hot  water  a 
splendid  tonic  for  a  jaded,  all-gone  feeling;  and  a  glass  of  hot 
milk,  on  retiring,  has  often  worked  wonders  with  a  stomach  de- 
pressed by  nervous  excitement  or  late  suppers.  The  fact  is,  in 
this  electric  century  we  eat  too  fast,  too  much,  and  ofttimes  im- 
proper food,  improperly  cooked. 

We  must,  if  we  wish  to  progress  and  get  all  out  of  life  pos- 
sible, reform  our  kitchens  and  our  dietary.  A  dish  of  pork  and 
beans,  pot-pie,  and  soggy  bread  and  pastr}"  may  be  all  right  for 
the  average  laborer  in  the  ditch  (even  that  I  question),  but,  for 
the  delicate  young  woman  at  the  desk  or  the  man  of  business  at 
his  office,  such  a  diet  is  entirely  inadmissible. 

Thousands  of  persons  annually  swallow  various  dnigs  in  the 
delusion  that  they  are  toning  up  the  system,  while  in  many  cases 
they  are  doing  themselves  irrei)arable  injury  through  not  knowing 
what  they  are  taking  or  what  its  effect  will  he  on  the  system.  The 
medical  profession  are  now  honestly  and  conscientiously  devothig 
much  time,  thought,  energy,  and  labor  to  hygiene,  and  publications 
on  this  essential  subject  should  be  more  sought  for.  Every  family 
should  have  some  good  work  on  hygienic  topics,  and  follow  the  sug- 
gestions which  in  the  majority  of  cases  are  essential  to  good  health 
and  looks.  While  I  am  writing  on  the  subject  of  health,  I  would 
religiously  urge  upon  all  heads  of  families  the  necessity  of  keeping 
the  cellar  and  back-yards  scrupulously  clean ;  it  is  just  here  where 
many  a  case  of  typhoid  fever,  etc.,  has  its  first  start,  more  particu- 
larly in  the  large  centres  of  population. 


HEALTH.  143 

If  municipalities  would  spend  more  money  to  provide  pure, 
wholesome  water,  and  insist  on  better  methods  of  house-hygiene, 
many  diseases  of  an  epidemic  character  might  be  stamped  out,  and 
the  liuman  race  im[)roved  in  physique  and  endurance.  Cleanli- 
ness is  the  price  of  material  progress,  and  I  cannot  too  strongly 
urge  upon  my  readers  the  necessity  of  household  and  personal 
cleanliness. 

1  propose  in  these  chapters  to  teach  the  reader  that  the 
health  principle  resides  in  the  human  system,  and  is  only  imparted 
to  it  by  Nature's  own  peculiar  remedies,  viz.,  pure  air,  sunlight, 
water,  exercise,  rest,  suitable  food,  magnetism,  electricity,  and 
self-ccmtvol  and  self-denial^  the  last  two  being  the  main  factors. 
These  are  all  aids  to  health,  as  well  as  to  a  truly  religious 
condition ;  in  fact,  health  and  religion  seem  to  me  to  be  very 
closely  allied.  It  is  true,  we  shall  have  to  modify  our  precon- 
ceived notions  of  both  subjects,  and  not  regard  health  as  something 
which  the  doctor  has  on  hand,  or  that  the  apothecary  keeps  in  a 
bottle  to  be  dealt  out  by  the  dollar's  worth ;  nor  should  we  under- 
stand religion  as  something  that  the  minister  has  in  a  church,  and 
of  which  he  has  the  monopoly  to  impart  at  his  pleasure.  No,  dear 
reader ;  rehgion  and  health  are  not  in  the  hands  of  monopolists, 
but  reside  within  our  own  organizations,  and  are  matters  that  we 
have  control  of  mainly.  Happy  he  who  has  inherited  both  a  re- 
ligious and  a  healthful  organism  !  for  such  beings  are  capable  of 
great  good  to  others,  and  to  whom  "  much  is  given  much  shall  be 
required,"  and  to  do  for  those  who  are  impoverished  in  mind  and 
body  is  one  of  the  greatest  joys  and  luxuries  of  life. 

The  features  of  the  face,  taken  one  by  one,  then  all  together, 
without  any  reference  to  the  shape  or  size  of  the  head,  will  unfold 
and  describe  the  entire  character  of  the  individual.  Not  only  will 
it  do  this,  but  it  will  also  give  us  the  history  of  his  tribe,  his  an- 
cestry, his  past,  and  the  probabilities  of  his  future.  Physiognomy 
is  the  only  science  with  which  I  am  acquainted  that  will  foretell 
the  future  as  well  as  reveal  the  past  with  certainty.  In  making 
delineations  of  character,  and  in  predicting  future  powers  and 
capacities,  the  diagnostician  must  ever  keep  in  view  the  influence 
which  a  state  of  high  good  health  will  have  upon  the  efforts  of  the 
individual.  With  good  health  almost  anything  is  possible;  with- 
out it  very  little,  indeed,  except  wretchedness  and  a  state  of  general 
depravity.  In  order  to  understand  any  given  face,  the  health  con- 
ditions, past  and  present,  must  be  had  in  consideration  before  a 
verdict  or  final  summing  up  can  be  made. 

*  Medical  Almanac,  1875. 


144  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


COMPENSATION. 

All  through  the  various  forms  of  wnat  may  be  termed  the 
higher  development  of  organized  life — from  the  insect  up  to  man — 
we  find  clearly  established  a  law  of  Compensation,  or,  as  I  am 
sometimes  impelled  to  call  it,  a  law  of  Substitution ;  for  its  action 
does  not  seem  to  always  fully  compensate  for  absence  of  qualities, 
but  rather  substitutes  other  powers,  both  physical  and  mental,  for 
defects  which  would  render  the  organism  helpless  or  unhappy  with- 
out some  assistance  from  other  faculties  and  functions.  In  this 
relation  I  shall — as  this  is  a  very  important  branch  of  my  subject — 
dwell  briefly  on  its  action  in  the  lower  organisms,  and  will  then 
proceed  to  discuss  its  operation  in  the  human  mind  and  body. 
And  here  let  me  remark  that  while  the  law  of  Compensation  has 
been  recognized  by  naturalists  in  the  animal  organism,  it  has  never 
been  applied  scientifically  to  the  workings  of  the  human  mind,  so 
far  as  I  have  been  able  to  learn. 

The  compensatory  structure  of  animals  will  be  easily  recog- 
nized in  the  following  statement  of  Paley.     He  remarks: — 

In  many  species  of  insects  the  eye  is  fixed,  and  consequently  cannot 
turn  the  pupil  to  the  object  sought.  This  great  defect  is  perfectly  compen- 
sated by  a  mechanism  not  easily  observed.  The  eye  is  a  multiplying  glass, 
with  a  lens  looking  in  every  direction,  by  which  means — although  the  orb 
of  the  eye  be  stationary — the  field  of  vision  is  as  ample  as  that  of  other 
animals,  and  is  commanded  on  every  side.  We  are  told  that  one  thousand 
four  hundred  of  these  reticulations  have  been  counted  in  the  two  eyes  of  a 
drone-bee.  The  wing  of  a  bat  is  furnished  with  a  meclianical  contrivance 
in  the  form  of  a  hook,  with  which  it  fastens  itself  to  the  surface  of  rocks, 
houses,  and  caves.  At  the  angle  of  the  wing  there  is  a  bent  claw.  It  hooks 
and  remains  suspended  by  this  claw ;  takes  its  flight  from  this  position.  As 
it  can  neither  run  upon  its  feet  nor  take  its  flight  from  the  ground,  this 
unique  instrument  was  necessary.  A  singular  defect  required  a  singu- 
lar substitute.  The  proboscis  of  an  elephant  is  a  compensation  for  the 
shortness  of  its  neck.  A  snail  is  compensated  by  the  secretion  of  a  viscid 
humor  which  it  discharges  from  its  skin  ;  and  so,  in  the  absence  of  feet,  is 
enabled  to  ascend  the  stalks  of  plants  with*  facility. 

The  common  parrot  has  in  its  structure  of  the  beak  both  an  inconve- 
niency  and  a  compensation  for  it.  When  I  speak  of  an  inconveniency  I 
have  a  view  to  a  dilemma,  which  frequently  occurs  in  the  works  of  Nature, 
in  that  the  peculiarity  of  structure  by  which  an  organ  made  to  answer  one 
purpose  necessarily  unfits  it  for  some  other  purpose.  This  is  the  case  before 
us.  The  upper  bill  of  the  parrot  is  so  much  hooked  and  so  much  overlaps 
the  lower  that  if,  as  in  other  birds,  the  lower  chap  alone  had  motion, the  bird 
could  scarcely  gape  wide  enough  to  receive  its  food;  yet  this  hook  and  over- 
lapping of  the  bill  could  not  be  spared,  for  it  forms  the  verj-  instrument  by 
which  the  bird  climbs,  to  say  nothing  of  the  use  which  it  makes  of  it  in 
breaking  nuts  and  the  hard  substances  upon  which  it  feeds.  How,  there- 
fore, has  Nature  provided  for  the  opening  of  this  occluded  mouth?  By 
making  the  upper  chap  movable  as  well  as  the  lower.     In  most  birds  the 


COMPENSATION.  145 

upper  chap  is  connected  and  makes  but  one  piece  with  the  skull,  but  in  the 
parrot  the  upper  chap  is  joined  to  the  base  of  the  head  by  a  strong  mem- 
brane, placed  each  side  of  it,  which  lifts  and  depresses  it  at  pleasure. 

The  spider's  web  is  a  compensating  contrivance.  The  spider  lives 
upon  flies  without  wings  to  pursue  them,  a  case  one  would  have  thought  of 
great  ditHculty,  yet  provided  for,  and  provided  by  a  resource  which  no 
stratagem,  no  efl'ort  of  the  animal  could  have  produced,  had  not  both  its  ex- 
ternal and  internal  structure  have  been  specially  adapted  to  the  operation.* 

I  could  multiply  these  examples  ad  Injiiviturn. 

In  the  human  family  the  illustration  of  the  law  of  Compen- 
sation is  more  extended,  and  includes  the  mental  as  well  as  the 
physical  system.  This  involves  some  knowledge  of  the  law  of 
Proportion,  or  harmonious  development  of  the  body,  upon  which, 
of  course,  depends  the  harmonious  action  of  the  mind;  for,  as 
before  stated,  certain  conformations  of  the  body  produce  certain 
mental  faculties.  It  therefore  behooves  us  to  know  to  which  forms 
these  faculties  are  related  and  how  produced. 

I  will  notice,  first,  the  operation  of  the  law  of  Compensation 
as  regards  the  human  organism  physically,  or,  rather,  physiologi- 
cally. In  cases  where  one  lung  is  weak,  the  other  often  increases 
in  size  and  jjoiver  to  make  up  the  deficiency.  Deaf-mutes  are  com- 
pensated by  an  increased  activity  of  other  senses.  Blind  people 
are  unusually  gifted  with  an  acuteness  of  the  senses  of  hearing  and 
touch.  Where  the  kidneys  are  small  or  weak  the  skin  is  uncom- 
monly active,  and  assists  the  kidneys  in  carrying  off  the  waste  of 
the  body.  These  are  some  of  the  ways  in  which  Nature  compen- 
sates for  defective  and  inharmonious  organizations.  The  manifold 
action  of  the  law  of  Compensation,  as  exhibited  in  the  working 
of  the  human  mind,  is  as  wonderful  as  it  is  beautiful.  I  shall 
have  space  here  to  offer  only  a  few  illustrations,  and  leave  the  rest 
for  the  investigations  of  my  readers. 

If  you  observe  an  individual  with  very  smaU  Self-esteem, 
which  is  indicated  by  a  short  upper  lip,  you  will  find  Approbative- 
ness.  Imitation,  and  generally  Mirthfulness  correspondingly  large. 
The  philosophy  of  this  form  of  compensation  is,  that  as  small 
Self-esteem  produces  sensitiveness  to  the  opinions  of  others.  Imita- 
tion seems  given  the  individual  to  assist  him  in  entertaining  and 
attracting,  while  large  Mirthfulness  gives  the  faculty  of  amusing  and 
of  being  easily  amused,  and,  consequently,  prevents  the  individual 
from  becoming  unhappy  through  the  consciousness  of  the  absence 
of  Self-esteem  ;  for  any  deficiency  which  prevents  a  balanced  con- 
dition produces  a  want  which  is  instinctively  felt.  I  hold  that  we 
all  instinctively  feel  what  we  are^  whether  we  acknowledge  it  in 
words  to  ourselves  or  not.     Actors,  as  a  class,  possess  the  faculties 

*  Chambers'  Information  for  the  People,  vol.  ii,  p.  201. 
10 


146  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of  Imitation  and  Mirthfulness  in  a  large  degree,  and  most  of  them 
will  be  found  deficient  in  Self-esteem,  but  large  in  Approbativeness ; 
for  it  is  not  their  own  esteem  that  they  desire  and  which  satisfies 
them,  but  the  approbation  of  their  audiences.  A  large  propor- 
tion of  them  liave  a  short  upper  lip — relative  length  of  the  upper 
lip  indicati  ng  a  good  development  of  Self-esteem.  An  individual  with 
large  Self-esteem  being  self-sufficient — that  is,  more  given  to  regard 
his  own  opinion  of  himself  than  to  accept  the  estimate  of  others  in 
regard  to  his  character — feels  no  particular  sensitiveness  as  to  what 
others  think  of  liim,  and  therefore  depends  upon  himself,  jiist  as  lie 
is,  for  the  power  to  attract  and  hold  the  esteem  of  others.  Self- 
esteem  lends  dignity  to  its  possessor,  and  creates  a  substantial  and 
decorous  dem(?anor,  which,  in  itself,  has  tlie  power  to  fasten  the 
good  opinion  and  attachment  of  otiiers,  and  he  therefore  needs 
none  of  tlie  fascinations  of  imitative  talent  to  attract  friends  to 
himself  Indeed,  every  one  could  not  be  attracted  by  tbe  same 
qualities,  and  so  Nature  gives  this  infinite  variety  and  diversity  for 
the  satisfa(;tion  of  our  minds  and  for  tlie  varied  uses  of  mankind, 

Wliere  Friendship  is  lacking  we  often  see  Benevolence  com- 
pensating the  character.  Where  Constructiveness  is  wanting  Size 
and  Form  assist,  by  an  increased  development,  in  making  the  indi- 
vidual useful  in  some  branch  of  mechanical  art.  Many  persons 
possessed  of  highly  artistic  natures  very  often  exhibit  a  large  share 
of  Acquisitiveness,  and  sometimes  evince  a  strong  commercial 
spirit ;  this  acts  in  a  compensating  manner,  and  takes  the  place  in 
them  of  the  practical  faculties.  This  system  of  Compensation  in- 
heres in  the  entire  mental  constitution.  Later  on  I  shall  refer  to 
this  subject  and  to  the  localizing  of  signs  of  character.  Enough, 
however,  of  the  compensatory  action  of  the  mind  has  been  shown 
to  illustrate  its  methods. 

The  preceding  consideration  of  the  sub-basic  principles  of 
physiognomy  leads  us  to  regard  the  following  laws  as  established, 
viz. : — 

The  size  of  the  nose  (governed  by  quality)  is  the  measure  of 
power,  both  of  the  mental  and  physical  nature. 

The  foi-m  or  shape  of  the  nose  indicates  the  kind  or  direction 
of  the  power. 

QmiUty  of  the  skin,  hair,  and  eyes  is  decisive  as  to  the  grade 
of  the  individual^  men  tally  and  physically. 

Color  of  the  skin,  hair,  and  eyes  is  indicative  of  the  amount 
of  force  present,  and  of  the  health  conditions. 

Pro'portimi  or  harmonious  development  of  the  face  denotes 
balanced  character  and  equilibrium  of  the  bodily  functions. 

Good  health  is  essential  to  normal  action  of  body  and  mind. 


COMPENSATION,  147 

Compensation  is  the  endeavor  of  Nature  to  assist  unbalanced 
organisms. 

This  exposition  of  the  sub-basic  principles  of  physiognomy 
will  teach  the  reader  that  in  analyzing  the  character  very 
many  principles  are  involved  and  must  be  considered  in  order  to 
render  a  just  reading  of  the  face.  Besides  the  requisites  here 
mentioned  for  consideration,  there  are  many  facial  expressions 
which  have  been  acquired  by  long  use  or  misuse,  which  always 
leave  their  impress  indelibly  stamped  upon  the  countenance.  A 
man  can  no  more  work  as  a  blacksmith  for  years  without  showing 
the  increase  of  muscle  in  his  arms  than  can  one  use  constantly  the 
same  set  of  muscles  in  the  face  without  their  leaving  a  permanent 
indication  of  such  use.  By  watching  closely  the  movements  of 
the  mouth  in  talking,  one  can  form  a  very  good  estimate  of  the 
kind  of  language  which  that  mouth  has  been  accustomed  to  utter 
— whether  it  be  kind,  gentle,  and  loving,  or  cross,  peevish,  bad- 
tempered,  and  profane.  The  record  is  indeUble,  and  cannot  be 
easily  erased  or  changed  except  by  long  practice  in  another  direc- 
tion. All  abuses  of  the  physical  functions  write  their  record  upon 
the  face.  The  dram-drinker,  the  sensualist,  the  glutton,  as  well  as 
the  sneak  and  liar,  may  be  all  detected  by  a  close  observer  who 
has  learned  to  apply  the  rules  of  scientific  physiognomy. 

Of  this  tendency  of  the  muscles  to  reveal  long-continued 
states  of  mental  and  physical  abuse,  Dr.  John  Cross  remarks : — 

It  lies  with  physiognomy  to  detect  the  impostor ;  for  however  well  he 
may  manage  to  jabber  about  morality,  honor,  or  even  religion,  yet  he  can- 
not hinder  the  muscles  without  from  obeying  the  central  impulse,  nor  can 
he  prevent  an  organ  whose  function  is  perverted  from  falling,  according  to 
the  self-accommodating  power,  into  color,  size,  and  shape  most  suitable  to 
the  performance  of  this  perverted  function.* 

*  An  Attempt  to  Establish  Physiognomy  upon  Scientific  Principles,  John  Cross,  M.D.,  p.  12. 
Glasgow,  1817. 


CHAPTER  V. 

Rationale  of  Physical  Functions  and  Mental  Faculties  and 
THEIR  Signs  in  the  Face. 

"Whether  the  soul  be  air  or  Are,  I  know  not ;  nor  am  I  ashamed,  as  some  men 
are,  in  cases  where  I  am  ignorant,  to  own  that  I  am  so." — Cicero. 

"It  will  be  understood  by  the  word  Mind  we  do  not  designate  the  intellectual 
operations  only  But  the  word  Mind  has  a  broader,  deeper  signification  ;  it  includes 
all  sensations,  all  volition,  and  all  thought  ;  it  means  the  whole  Psychical  Life.  And 
this  psychical  life  has  no  one  special  centre  ;  it  belongs  to  the  whole  and  animates 
the  whole." — George  Henry  Lewes. 

THE  plan  of  this  system  of  physiognoiDy  would  be  incom- 
plete were  I  to  omit  the  rationale,  or  theory,  of  the 
action  of  the  several  organs  and  systems  of  functions 
comprised  in  the  human  body,  and  which  assist  in  pro- 
ducing the  various  social,  moral,  and  mental  phenomena 
observed  in  the  actions  of  the  individual,  and  which  collectively  I  term 
Mind.  Many  philosophers  have  endeavored  to  ascertain  the  basis 
of  mind;  and  by  mind  I  mean  that  class  of  phenomena  called 
reason,  sentiment,  mental  operations,  morality,  the  emotions,  the 
passions,  such  as  anger,  jealousy,  fear,  hope,  love,  friendship,  etc. 

The  action  of  these  is  generally  considered  to  be  the  result  of 
brain-  or  will-  power,  with  which  the  interior  organs  of  the  body 
have  little  or  nothing  to  do.  Theologians  teach  us  that  the  influ- 
ences prompting  many  of  the  emotional  states,  such  as  anger, 
hatred,  revenge,  jealousy,  and  the  like,  are  created  by  a  spirit 
denominated  a  "devil."  The  acceptance  of  this  theoiy  would  end 
all  further  inquiry  on  the  subject.  My  observations  do  not  cor- 
roborate their  explanation  of  these  phenomena,  and  I  am  conse- 
quently forced  to  bring  against  this  view  the  Scotch  verdict  of 
"not  proven."  My  theory  of  the  passions,  so-called,  will  be  found 
in  the  chapter  on  "Theories  of  Certain  Traits,"  and  the  face  read 
scientifically  will  corroborate  this  theory. 

Many  diverse  methods  of  ascertaining  the  basis  of  mind 
have  been  employed  in  all  ages,  yet  without  satisfactory  results. 
Philosophers  both  in  ancient  and  modern  times  have  pursued  the 
method  of  sitting  in  judgment  upon  their  own  mental  states,  and 
have  analyzed  their  mental  processes,  in  order  to  give  a  rationale 

(U9) 


150  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of  mind.  These  observations  have  been  made  without  reference 
to  bodily  conditions  by  treating  of  the  mind  as  an  entity,  some- 
thing almost  separate  from  the  body,  and  not  co-operating  with  it, 
but  acting  in  concert  with  another  entity  denominated  a  "soul." 
This  view  of  mind  has  met  with  popular  acceptance  for  ages,  and 
to  this  day  the  most  crude,  hazy,  and  uncertain  idea  of  the  location 
and  construction  of  the  mind  is  prevalent  even  in  the  most  culti- 
vated circles.  So  vague  and  indistinct  is  the  understanding  in 
regard  to  mind  that  for  two  thousand  years  the  words  "soul"  and 
"mind"  have  been  used  synonymously.  A  reference  to  the  liter- 
ature of  the  past  will  show  that  this  nomenclature  was  popular 
among  all  classes  of  writers.  Since  the  wonderful  invention  of 
mechanical  instruments  which  the  last  century  has  witnessed,  the 
instrumentalities  essential  to  experiment  in  all  departments  of 
study  have  been  increased ;  hence  it  is  that  men  have  been  enabled 
to  commence  anew,  and  with  improved  implements,  the  investi- 
gation of  mind  on  a  more  scientific  basis  than  that  formerly 
employed  by  the  old-time  philosophers.  Experiment  has  been 
followed  by  demonstration,  until  now  the  best  anatomists  and 
physicians — especially  those  having  charge  of  the  insane,  the 
feeble-minded,  the  defective  and  the  criminal  classes — have  become 
more  enlightened  on  the  subject  of  mind  and  its  sources  and  seats. 
Their  experience  has  led  them  to  take  a  more  comprehensive  and 
practical  view  of  mind,  and  one  less  imaginary  and  sentimental 
than  those  promulgated  by  ancient  faiths  and  philosophers. 

Phrenology  appeared  early  in  the  present  century  and  did  a 
great  work  in  breaking  up  the  idea  that  mind  was  a  unit,  which 
was  one  of  the  fundamental  errors  of  the  old  school  of  philosophy. 
Yet  phrenology,  radical,  daring,  and  progressive  as  it  was  compared 
to  the  then  existing  theories,  was  in  its  basilar  construction  erro- 
neous. The  theory  that  mind  was  composed  of  many  separate 
parts,  each  having  a  "local  habitation  and  a  name,"  was  an  inno- 
vation and  a  step  forward ;  but  when  it  took  the  ground  that  mind 
is  shut  up  in  the  brain,  and  held  it  a  prisoner  there,  and  that  all 
mental  powers  proceed  from  that  source  and  are  confined  to  that 
locality,  it  formulated  an  error,  of  which  its  founders  were  not,  of 
course,  aware.  They  did  a  good  work  in  their  day,  according  to 
their  best  light,  and  the  world  is  the  better  for  it;  but  modern 
science  reflects  sufficient  light  of  a  more  advanced  character; 
hence — 

Phrenologists  are  bound  by  all  laws  of  truth  and  science  to  advance 
with  the  age,  and  give  a  more  scientific  explanation  of  ntiind,  and  connect 
their  theory  and  observations  with  the  entire  nervous  system  and  visceral 
organization.    (Lewes.) 


RATIONALE   OP   FUNCTIONS   AND   SIGNS.  151 

My  theory  or  philosophy  of  mind  wiU  be  unfolded  in  this 
work.     It  takes  the  ground 

That  mind  inheres  in  the  entire  organism,  and  that  the  face 
read  scientifically  reveals  all  the  conditions  of  mind  and  body; 

That  the  brain  is  the  chief  mental  organ  ; 

That  it  is  also  the  locality  where  co-ordination  of  the  motor 
and  sense  systems  takes  place; 

That  one  office  of  the  brain  is  to  assist  the  voluntary  muscles 
to  contract; 

That  all  parts  of  the  body  and  mind  have  local  representation 
in  the  brain; 

That  the  several  ganglia  and  plexuses  are  mental  organs  and 
directly  concerned  in  mental  manifestations; 

That  the  entire  nervous  mechanism  as  well  as  the  muscles, 
the  skin,  the  bones  and  the  entire  visceral  orgcuiizatimi  are  mental, 
each  in  its  own  way  and  degree,  and  altogether  in  their  operations 
make  up  the  sum  total  of  what  we  call  mind; 

That  every  mental  faculty  has  a  physiological  or  anatomical 
base,  and  that  each  mental  faculty  can  be  traced  directly  to  its  own 
appropriate  base,  whether  located  in  a  ganglion,  a  visceral  organ, 
or  in  the  muscular  or  osseous  system; 

That  the  office  of  the  mind  is  threefold,  viz.,  to  produce,  first, 
sensation;  second,  intelligence  or  consciousness;  third,  thought  or 
ideation.  All  of  these  three  departments  of  mind  are  founded 
upon  the  sensations  felt  and  the  intelligence  conveyed  by  the  sev- 
eral parts  of  the  nervous  mechanism; 

That  the  entire  human  structure  is  essential  to  the  expression 
of  mental  eifort,  and  that  mentality  cannot  be  excluded  from  any 
organ  or  function  whatever,  yet  the  fact  is  recognized  that  some 
functions  contribute  more  directly  than  others  to  mental  eftbrts, 
each  in  a  difierent  degree  and  kind  ; 

That  the  human  face,  read  scientifically,  reveals  all  interior 
physical  powers,  as  well  as  all  mental  states,  and  is  both  the  proof 
and  result  of  evolution,  and,  lastly,  proves 

That  the  human  organism  embodies  all  of  the  basilar  princi- 
ples of  chemistry,  architecture,  and  mathematics  observed,  in  the 
mineral,  vegetable,  and  animal  kingdoms,  viz.,  the  laws  of  gravita- 
tion, capillary  attraction,  color  optics,  pneumatics,  crystallization, 
acoustics,  the  mechanical  principles  of  the  several  lever  i)owers, 
the  hinge,  the  valve,  the  ball-and-socket  joint,  together  with  the 
principles  of  electricity  in  the  brain  and  nervous  system,  and  of 
magnetism  in  the  muscles. 

Let  it  be  understood  tliat  no  attempt  is  made  in  this  work  to 
connect  the  mind  and  soul,  and  that  the  term  mind^  as  herein  used, 


152  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

refers  to  the  material  mind  found  organized  with  the  material  body. 
The  task  of  connecting  the  mind  with  the  soul  is  left  to  theolo- 
gians. My  own  theories  on  the  subject  of  the  soul  I  do  not  offer 
as  scientific.  Yet  it  may  not  be  inappropriate  for  me  to  state  that 
it  appears  to  me  that  one  life  and  principle  animates  all  created 
things,  which  seem  formed  according  to  a  universal  plan  and 
design. 

My  theory  will  now  be  unfolded  and  will  show  that  mind  and 
body  are  one  and  indivisible,  and  cannot  be  judged  as  entities ; 
for  mind  inheres  in  every  atom  of  the  body.  All  intellectual  and 
moral  powers  are  indebted  to  physiological  organization  to  exhibit 
their  ability.  The  office  of  the  mind  is  threefold,  viz.,  to  produce 
sensation,  consciousness,  and  ideation.  The  chief  organ  of  sensa- 
tion is  the  entire  outer  skin-covering,  together  with  the  so-called 
"five  senses."  The  visceral  organs,  together  with  the  bones  and 
muscles  of  the  body,  contribute  their  share  of  sensation;  while 
the  nerves  assist  in  conveying  intelligence  to  the  chief  mental  organ, 
where  sensation  is,  as  George  Henry  Lewes  expresses  it,  "  in  some 
profoundly  mysterious  manner  elaborated  into  ideas."  Wherever 
there  is  a  ganglion,  or  plexus,  or  a  branch  or  filament  of  the 
nerves,  there  we  find  mentality, — that  is  to  say,  sensation, — for  the 
nerves  ramify  upon  every  organ  and  form  a  net-work  over  the 
entire  skin-covering  of  the  body.  Hence  it  is  that  we  know  that 
fine,  thin-skinned  persons  and  animals  are  more  sensitive  and  more 
intelligent  than  those  possessed  of  thicker  and  coarser  skins. 
Here,  then,  is  a  most  convincing  proof  of  the  direct  relationship 
between  the  two  extremities  of  the  mind — the  brain  and  the  skin. 
The  sooner  we  discard  the  idea  that  mind  and  morals  are  shut  up 
in  the  skull,  and  instead  adopt  the  truth,  that  mind  and  morality 
are  dependent  upon  physiological  formation  and  exist  and  are 
exhibited  in  every  atom  of  the  body,  the  sooner  shall  we  arrive  at 
the  correct  basis  of  mind.  We  shall  then  understand  that  normally 
organized  bodies  are  more  capable  of  the  highest  morality  and 
mentality  than  are  defective  or  diseased  ones.  The  human  mind 
cannot  conceive  of  anything,  not  even  of  a  "soul,"  which  does 
not  possess  a  material  form  or  shape  and  composed  of  material  of 
some  sort,  whether  gaseous,  ethereal,  celestial,  or  in  some  manner 
or  of  some  substance  or  property  which  exists  and  is  known 
already  to  the  human  mind ;  for  it  is  impossible  to  think  or  imagine 
anything  with  this  human  material  mind  that  is  not  material ;  call 
it  "spiritual"  or  "divine"  or  what  we  may,  it  is  not  thinkable  in 
other  than  material  form  or  substance. 

The  more  recent  of  the  philosophers  and  writers  on  the  origin 
of  mind — Messrs.  Spencer,  Lewes,  Haeckel,  Lindsay,  and  others 


RATIONALE  OF  FUNCTIONS  AND   SIGNS.  15S 

have  adopted  the  plan  of  seeking  for  the  constituents  and  origin 
of  mind  by  the  investigation  of  matter,  viz.,  in  the  bodies  as  well  as 
brains  of  animal  and  human  organisms.  And  here  I  believe  the 
problem  will  be  solved.  The  introduction  of  words  into  our 
language,  representing  ideas  which  are  as  far  as  scientifi^^  demon- 
stration is  concerned  entirely  without  foundation  or  support,  has 
caused  much  confusion  in  the  minds  of  the  masses  of  mankind. 
Before  proceeding  in  this  study,  the  idea  of  "  soul "  as  being  in  any 
way  related  to  mind  (for  at  present  we  can  offer  no  scientific  proof 
that  it  is  anything  but  an  idea)  must  be  dismissed.  This  will 
clear  away  the  hindrances,  so  that  mind  can  be  demonstrated 
through  the  action  of  physical  phenomena  entirely,  and  without 
the  complications  and  confusion  which  would  ensue  were  we  to 
endeavor  to  prove  the  origin  of  the  mind  by  mysterious  doctrines 
dependent  entirely  on  speculation  and  faith  for  their  explanation. 

The  bmin  has  been  considered  by  most  metaphysicians,  philos- 
ophers, and  anatomists  even,  to  be  the  sole  source  and  seat  of  the 
mind.  Recently,  a  dim  suspicion  has  been  creeping  into  the 
minds  of  the  more  advanced  and  intelligent  observers  and  thinkers 
that  this  may  be  an  error.  The  proofs  of  the  theory  of  the  soul 
and  mind,  so  much  dwelt  upon  by  the  ancient  metaphysicians, 
have  no  material  or  tangible  basis  upon  which  to  commence 
experiment  and  demonstration,  but  rest  entirely  on  belief  or  faith. 
Hence,  in  the  investigation  of  mind,  we  are  necessarily  limited  to 
the  observation  of  matter.  By  confining  ourselves  to  this  domain, 
we  shall  reach  conclusions  which  I  believe  will  be  decisive. 

The  cerebrum,  or  front  portion  of  the  brain,  has  for  a  long 
time  been  considered  by  anatomists  as  the  locality  where  thought, 
emotion,  volition,  and  sensation  are  in  some  way  (unknown) 
brought  into  a  condition  called  consciousness.  By  recent  experi- 
ments upon  animals,  and  through  accidents  to  human  beings,  it  is 
demonstrated  that  the  cerebrum  does  not  possess  the  power 
formerly  attributed  to  it.  Much  of  it  has  been  removed  without 
destroying  life  and  without  causing  the  cessation  of  the  principal 
physical  functions.  Indeed,  in  one  instance,  well  authenticated  by 
Longet,  as  quoted  by  Lewes,  it  is  related  that 

A  newborn  infant,  whose  brain  during  the  birth  had  been  completely 
extirpated  (to  save  the  mother's  life),  was  wrapped  in  a  towel  and  placed  in 
a  corner  of  the  room  as  a  lifeless  mass.  Whfle  the  surgeon  was  giving  all 
his  attention  to  the  mother,  he  heard,  with  horror,  a  kind  of  murmur  pro- 
ceeding from  the  spot  where  the  body  had  been  placed.  Soon  a  distinct  cry 
was  heard,  and,  to  the  surprise  of  all,  this  brainless  infant  was  seen  strug- 
gling, with  rapid  movements  of  its  arms  and  legs.  It  cried,  and  gave  other 
signs  of  sensibility  for  several  minutes.* 

♦  Tlie  Physiology  of  Common  Life,  Geoi^e  Henry  Lewes,  p.  161. 


154  PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Dr.  Dalton,  in  giving  the  result  of  experiments  he  performed 
in  removing  the  cerebrum  of  a  fowl,  says: — 

It  was  not  accompanied  with  the  loss  of  sight,  of  hearing,  or  of  ordi- 
nary sensibility.  All  of  these  functions  remained,  as  well  as  voluntary 
motion.* 

This  is  a  mere  alhision  to  the  mass  of  evidence  observed  and 
collected  by  different  anatomists,  all  going  to  prove  that  the  brain 
is  not  the  exclusive  seat  of  sensation  and  consciousness.  I  advise 
my  readers  to  consult  the  book  from  which  these  examples  are 
taken,  as  well  as  the  later  work  by  the  same  author,  entitled  "  The 
Physical  Basis  of  Mind." 

Let  every  fair-minded,  unprejudiced  person  ask  himself  this 
question :  For  what  purpose  are  the  nerves  and  ganglia  connected 
with  the  several  visceral  organs'? — what  is  their  use'?  Why,  says 
popular  opinion,  to  carry  to  the  brain  the  knowledge  of  the  condi- 
tion of  those  organs.  Is  that  all  their  office  *? — is  there  no  power 
evolved  from  these  organs] — do  they  not  sustain  or  create  and 
nourish  certain  so-called  "mental  faculties"]  Whence,  then,  is 
derived  the  sentiment  of  Love,  for  example'? — is  it  manufactured 
in  the  brain  and  exhibited  only  by  the  voice,  by  sentiment '?  If 
this  were  the  case,  then  it  would  result  in  words  only.  This  senti- 
ment of  Love  is  derived,  in  my  opinion,  from  a  physical  base — 
from  the  functional  action  of  the  reproductive  system — and  results, 
in  most  cases,  in  functional  activity  of  this  system  by  reproduction. 
I  think  the  most  superficial  reasoner  will  not  dispute  this.  Now, 
if  sentiment  is  derived  in  one  instance  from  the  functional  action 
of  one  visceral  organ  and  its  ganglion  or  plexus,  would  it  not  be 
corroborative  evidence  as  to  the  ability  of  all  the  other  viscera  to 
produce  or  create  other  hinds  of  sentiment^  such,  for  example,  as 
Friendship,  Conscientiousness,  Love  of  Young,  Benevolence,  or 
Cheerfulness'? — which  last  many  of  the  most  ignorant,  even,  under- 
stand is  in  some  way  connected  with  a  healthy  condition  of  the 
liver;  for  when  they  observe  one  who  is  "blue,"  as  they  express  a 
despondent  state  of  mind,  they  invariably  ascribe  it  to  a  disordered 
condition  of  the  liver,  and  correctly  so ;  for  Hope,  which  creates  a 
cheerful  disposition,  is  directly  related  to  the  liver;  and  if  the 
sentiment  of  Hope  depends  upon  the  normal  action  of  that  organ, 
how  can  it  be  said  that  Hope  is  a  purely  mental  attribute,  and 
created  in  the  brain  %  I  grant  that  the  liver  must  be  connected 
with  the  brain,  as  we  know  it  is,  by  the  great  sympathetic  or  nervus 
vagus ;  but  I  deny  that  Hope  is  manufactured  there.  Its  seat  and 
source  is  in  the  liver ^  and  depends  upon,  first,  its  natural  construc- 

•  The  Physiology  of  Common  Life,  Qeorge  H.  Lewes,  pp.  76, 77. 


RATIONALE   OP   FUNCTIONS   AND   SIGNS.  155 

tion,  or  size  and  quality ;  and,  second,  upon  its  normal  condition. 
These  two  requisites  being  had,  we  find  a  cheerful,  hopeful  indi- 
vidual, with  a  clear,  fertile,  suggestive  mind — so  clear,  indeed,  as 
to  make  him  highly  analytical  in  everything  whicli  he  observes  or 
does.  I  know  all  this  is  antagonistic  to  the  popular  idea  of  mind, 
of  sentiment  and  emotion;  but  whence,  I  ask  again,  does  Mind 
derive  its  power's  Not  from  the  brain  alone,  because  I  have  given 
you  the  evidence  collected  by  such  eminent  students  as  Lewes  and 
Dalton,  and  the  opinions  of  others  as  learned  will  follow  this.  I 
have  shown  that,  in  the  case  of  the  newly-born  child,  movement, 
respiration,  and  vocal  exercise  were  possible  without  any  brain 
whatever.  Now,  if  this  be  possible  without  brain,  then  the  power 
was  derived  from  some  other  source.  I  claim  that  it  came  from 
the  plexuses  of  the  several  visceral  structures ;  and  the  face,  which 
is  an  exact  register  of  the  size  and  power  of  the  various  organs  in 
the  body,  will  prove  to  any  good  observer,  who  cares  to  investigate 
the  science  with  a  dispassionate  mind,  that  where  the  signs  for  size 
of  certain  visceral  organs  are  found  in  the  face,  the  mental  char- 
acteristics, which  I  claim  are  related  to  these  organs,  will  be 
exhibited  in  every  instance.  Is  this  fancy  or  imagination,  fact  or 
fiction '?  The  proof  is  within  reach  of  every  reader ;  let  him 
justify  my  theories,  or  disprove  them  by  evidence  as  conclusive. 

The  more  advanced  of  writers  on  mind  at  the  present  time 
are  a  unit  in  their  understanding  of  the  oneness  of  body  and  mind, 
and  of  the  intimate  connection  of  the  organs  of  the  body  with  the 
functional  action  of  the  brain.  Of  these  writers,  none  have  ad- 
vanced opinions  that  have  commanded  more  attention  and  respect 
than  Dr.  Henry  Maudsley,  author  of  "  Physiology  and  Pathology 
of  Mind,"  "  Body  and  Mind,"  etc. 

Of  the  unity  of  body  and  mhid,  he  observes : — 

So  intimate  and  essential  is  the  sympathy  between  all  the  organic 
functions  of  which  mind  is  the  crown  and  consummation  that  we  may  justly 
Ba)'  of  it  that  it  sums  up  and  comprehends  the  bodilj'  life, — that  everything 
which  is  displayed  outwardly'  is  contained  secretly  in  the  innermost.  We 
cannot  truly  understand  mind  functions  without  embracing  in  our  inquiry 
all  the  bodily  functions,  and  I  might,  perhaps  without  exaggeration,  say,  all 
the  bodily  features.* 

One  of  the  most  mischievous  ideas  prevalent  is  that  the  moral 
sense  is  not  created  by  the  bodily  organization,  but  that  it,  in  some 
mysterious  and  unknown  manner,  is  connected  with  a  "  soul "  or 
"  spirit "  that  is  external  or  superior  to  the  body,  and  cannot  be 
improved  or  injured  by  the  inherited  or  varying  conditions  of  the 
bodily  organs.     It  is  popularly  believed  that  a  rehgious  or  moral 

•  Body  and  Mind,  p.  29. 


156  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

training  alone  imparts  the  power  for  eifective  morality,  and  that  a 
certain  degree  of  the  "  grace  of  God  "  (which  can  be  had  only  by 
complying  with  certain  religious  rites  and  ceremonies  and  by  be- 
lieving certain  sectarian  dogmas)  is  the  most  essential  condition 
toward  moral  life  and  action.  Those  who  have  studied  the  patho- 
logical changes  of  the  human  mind  and  body,  as  well  as  those 
who  have  learned  the  meanings  which  Nature  reveals  in  certain 
forms,  colors,  and  qualities  exhibited  by  the  human  face  and  body, 
have  become  thereby  convinced  that  there  are  more  potent  and 
certain  causes  for  the  presence  or  absence  of  the  moral  sense  in 
man  than  those.  Perhaps  the  most  efficient  cause  is  found  in  in- 
herited tendencies  either  for  or  conducive  to  moral  power.  On  this 
subject  let  me  again  quote  Dr.  Maudsley.     He  writes  thus : — 

When  we  come  to  deal  with  examples  of  moral  degeneracy,  whether 
among  the  insane  or  among  criminals,  we  must  perceive  at  once  that  it  is 
not  sufficient  to  ascribe  immorality  to  the  devil ;  that  we  must,  if  we  would 
not  leave  the  matter  a  mystery,  go  on  to  discover  the  cause  of  it  in  the  in- 
dividual. The  effect  defectiA^e  comes  by  cause,  we  are  constrained  to  be- 
lieve. What  is  the  cause  and  what  are  the  laws  of  moral  degeneracy  ?  As 
society  is  constituted,  certain  forms  of  evil-doing  are  certainly  not  profitable 
in  the  long  run.  How  comes  it,  then,  that  an  individual  capable  of  look- 
ing before  and  after,  remembering  the  retribution  of  past  sin  and  foreseeing 
the  Nemesis  that  awaits  on  wrong-doing,  is  so  forgetful  of  true  self-interest 
as  to  yield  to  evil  impulses  ?  And  whence  do  these  impulses  come  ?  One 
thing  is  certain,  that  moral  philosophy  cannot  penetrate  the  hidden  springs 
of  feeling  and  impulse ;  they  lie  deeper  than  it  can  reach,  for  they  lie  in  the 
physical  constitution  of  Ihe  individual,  and,  going  still  farther  back,  perhaps 
in  his  organic  antecedents.  Assuredly,  of  some  criminals,  as  of  some  insane 
persons,  it  may  be  truly  said  that  they  are  born,  not  made.  They  go  crimi- 
nal as  the  insane  go  mad — because  they  cannot  help  it.  A  stronger  power 
than  they  can  counteract  has  given  the  bias  of  their  being.* 

Later,  he  remarks : — 

I  do  not  dispute  that  much  may  sometimes  be  done  by  education  and 
training  to  counteract  in  this  respect  the  ills  of  a  bad  inheritance,  but  it  is 
still  true  that  the  foundations  upon  which  the  acquisition  of  education  must 
rest  are  inherited,  and  that  in  many  instances  they  are  too  weak  to  hear  a 
good  moral  superstructure. 

Dr.  Maudsley  and  all  other  writers  on  the  origin  of  mental 
and  moral  states  will  grope  in  darkness  on  many  points,  unless 
they  study  the  human  face  as  shown  by  the  light  of  scientific 
physiognomy.  This  will  reveal  many  obscure  and  hazy  phenomena 
connected  with  mental  and  moral  manifestations.  This  knowledge 
is  at  this  juncture  very  much  needed.  The  following  observations 
from  Dr.  Maudsley  reveal  to  us  that  he  sees  the  probability  of 
physiognomical  knowledge,  and  of  its  use  in  the  treatment  of  the 
insane  and  morally  weak,  for  he  observes : — 

•  Body  and  Mind,  pp.  108, 109. 


EATIONALE   OF  FUNCTIONS   AND   SIGNS.  157 

To  me  it  seems  not  unreasonable  to  suppose  that  the  mind  may  stamp 
its  tone,  if  not  its  very  features,  on  the  individual  elements  of  the  body, 
inspiring  them  witli  hope  and  energy  or  infecting  them  with  despair  and 
feebleness.  A  separated  portion  of  the  body,  so  little  that  our  naked  eye 
can  make  nothing  of  it, — the  spermatozoon  of  the  male  and  the  ovum  of 
the  female, — does,  at  any  rate,  contain  in  a  latent  state  the  essential  char- 
acters of  the  mind  and  body  of  the  individual  from  whom  it  has  proceeded, 
and,  as  we  are  utterly  ignorant  how  this  m3^sterious  effect  is  accomplished, 
we  are  certainly  not  in  a  position  to  deny  that  what  is  true  of  the  sperma- 
tozoon and  ovum  may  be  true  of  other  organic  elements ;  and,  if  this  be  so, 
then  those  who  profess  to  discover  the  character  of  the  individual  in  the 
character  of  the  nose,  and  hand,  and  features,  or  other  part  of  the  body,  may 
have  a  foundation  of  truth.* 

Many  of  the  greatest  pathological  mysteries  will  be  unveiled 
by  a  knowledge  of  the  human  face.  Much  of  the  ignorance  in  the 
.  treatment  of  the  insane,  idiotic,  and  morally  weak  will  be  removed 
when  our  medical  practitioners  study  this  science  as  a  part  of  their 
college  course.  And  not  until  this  is  done  shall  we  have  true 
physicians,  for  to  ignore  the  human  face  and  all  that  it  reveals  of 
existing  states,  temporary,  permanent,  and  ancestral,  is  to  ignore 
the  most  important  part  of  human  knowledge.  Consider  the  value 
of  being  able  to  locate  the  signs  for  all  the  visceral  organs  in  the 
face.  This  has  never  appeared  in  any  medical  work  in  the  world, 
yet  it  is  properly  a  part  of  medical  knowledge. 

Observe  the  immense  power  a  knowledge  of  this,  together 
with  the  mental  signs,  would  give  to  those  who  have  charge  of  the 
insane  and  imbecile.  A  true  moral  and  mental  philosophy  is  im- 
possible without  scientific  knowledge  of  the  human  physiognomy. 

A  vast  and  weighty  amount  of  evidence  as  to  the  locale  of 
the  mind  is  slowly  yet  surely  being  adduced  from  the  greatest  ex- 
perimental anatomists  of  the  age.  The  following  extract  from  a 
work  of  Dr.  David  Ferrier  is  quoted  in  support  of  my  position  on 
the  contributory  power  of  the  viscera  to  mental  manifestations. 
He  observes : — 

Whether  the  various  viscera  are  represented  in  the  cerebral  hemi- 
spheres has  not  been  experimentally  ascertained.  It  is  not,  however,  im- 
probable, and  the  ancient  localization  of  certain  emotions  in  certain  viscera, 
though  crude,  is  not  without  some  foundation  in  positive  physio-psycho- 
logical fact.  Morbid  states  of  the  viscera  or  of  the  centres  of  organic 
sensation  in  reciproc?.!  aqtion  snij  reaction  may  give  rise  to  hypochondriasis 
or  melancholia.f  

Again,  he  remarks : — 

We  have  every  reason  for  believing  that  there  is  in  company  with  all 
our  mental  processes  an  unbroken  material  succession  from  the  ingress  of 
a  sensation  to  the  outgoing  responses  in  action.     The  mental  succession  is 

*  Body  and  Mind,  p.  39.    [Italics  the  author's.] 

t  Fonctiou  of  the  Brain,  David  Ferrier,  M.D.,  p.  20. 


158  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

•not  for  an  instant  dissevered  from  a  physical  succession.     The  only  supposi- 
tion is  that  mental  and  physical  proceed  together  as  undivided  twins.* 

Other  eminent  observers,  as  Sir  Charles  Bell  expressed  it,  are 
beginning  to  have  "a  firm  yet  dim  conviction  that  the  mind  is 
not  confined  either  to  the  brain  or  nervous  system."  Mr.  George 
Henry  Lewes'  remarks  on  this  point  are  not  vi^ithout  interest.  He 
observes : — 

I  feel  myself  justified,  therefore,  in  considering  that  ideation  is  the 
form  of  cerebral  sensibility  which  is  determined  by  connection  with  the 
ganglia  of  visceral  sensation.  It  was  formerly  believed  that  the  heart,  the 
liver,  and  the  spleen  were  seats  of  the  passions.  Popular  language  still  pre- 
serves this  notion,  but  Blcliat  was  the  last  great  anatomist  who  countenanced 
the  doctrine.  Since  that  doctrine  has  fallen  into  discredit  there  has  been  an 
undue  neglect  of  the  important  fact  which  it  endeavored  to  explain,  viz.,  the 
immediate  influence  exercised  over  the  emotions  by  the  condition  of  the  vis- 
cera, and  the  influence  exercised  over  the  viscera  by  the  state  of  the  emo- 
tions; both  the  ancient  and  modern  are  reconciled  in  the  view  I  have  put 
forth,  which  makes  the  viscera  the  main  source  of  emotions,  just  as  the 
organs  of  sense  are  the  main  source  of  ideas."]" 

I  shall  bring  forward,  as  I  proceed,  the  strongest  proof  of  my 
position,  that  mind  is  to  be  found  in  the  action  of  the  organs  of  the 
several  viscera  and  other  functions,  as  well  as  in  the  nervous 
ganglia  of  the  entire  organism.  It  is  true  that  no  scientist  has,  so 
far  as  I  am  aware,  brought  forward  the  main  principles  which  I 
here  present.  It  remains  for  me  to  elaborate  and  carry  to  a 
finality  my  theories  in  my  own  particular  branch  of  science.  At 
the  same  time,  it  is  a  very  great  recommendation  to  my  theories 
that  they  receive  the  support  (in  any  degree,  however  remote)  of 
the  best  and  most  advanced  thinkers.  Although  the  task  of  conr 
necting  the  proof  has  faUen  to  me,  it  is  both  a  task  and  a  pleasure. 
It  is  made  the  easier,  for  the  reason  that  I  have  the  whole  world 
of  living  animal  and  human  organisms  from  which  to  derive  my 
proofs. 

We  will  now  commence  our  investigations  in  the  chemical 
or  primitive  system  of  the  body  and  analyze  the  signs  in  the  chin. 

THE   KIDNEY   SYSTEM. 

Analysis  of  Conacientkmsness. — The  kidney  system  creates  or 
evolves  Conscientiousness.,  Integrity^  Morality.  The  width  of  the 
chin,  caused  by  width  of  its  hony  structure.,  denotes  Conscientious- 
ness, as  well  as  the  strength  and  action  of  the  kidney  system.  A 
narrow,  retreating  chin  shows  that  the  kidneys  are  narrow  and 
8maU ;  a  broad,  bony  chin  (if  the  eyes  are  well  colored)  announces 

*  Function  of  the  Brain,  David  Ferrier,  M.D.,  p.  256.    [Italics  the  author's.] 
t  Physiology  of  Common  Life,  G.  H.  Lewes,  p.  84. 


THE   KIDNEY   SYSTEM.  159 

strong,  large,  or  broad  kidneys  and  relative  breadth  at  the  "  small 
of  the  back,"  as  it  is  termed.  By  the  kidney  system  I  mean  not 
only  the  kidneys,  but  the  several  ducts  and  the  bladder,  as  well  as 
all  the  apparatus  included  in  the  performance  of  its  functions ; 
that  is  to  say,  all  of  the  Jiuid  circulation  of  the  body  concerned  in 
the  excreting  of  the  fiaid  loaste  and  the  fluid  upbuilding  of  the 
entire  body.  Taking  into  consideration  the  fact  that  75  per  cent, 
of  the  human  organism  is  composed  of  water,  the  importance  of 
water  as  a  fluid  solvent  of  all  the  materials  taken  into  the  system, 
as  well  as  its  very  important  office  as  the  carrier  of  all  the  ma- 
terials through  the  veins  and  absorbent  and  secretory  tubes  to 
the  several  tissues  involved  in  the  human  organism,  it  must  be 
apparent  that  upon  the  power  and  activity  of  the  fluid  and  kidney 
systems  man  depends  very  largely  for  the  pinity  and  integrity  of 
his  physical  powers,  hence  of  his  moral  nature.  If  the  kidney 
system  is  not  capable  of  excreting  the  waste  of  the  fluid  circula- 
tion, it  is  thrown  back  or  retained  in  the  body,  thus  destroying  the 
soundness  and  integrity  of  the  whole  organism ;  or,  if  the  fluid 
system  fail,  as  a  common  carrier,  to  convey  the  particles  of  lime 
•and  other  materials  needed  in  sustaining  the  power  of  the  bony 
system ;  or,  if  the  fluid  circulation  is  incompetent  to  perform  its 
mission  in  conveying  other  materials  in  their  right  proportion 
to  their  several  destinations,  the  organism  tcill  suffer  from  an 
unbalanced  condition  iii  its  physical  as  well  as  in  its  moral  devel- 
opment. We  cannot  separate  cause  from  effect ;  one  cannot  be 
moral  without  the  physical  powers  first  possess  purity,  integrity, 
and  equilibrium  in  their  components  and  action.  Some  may 
object  to  thi«5  showing  of  the  dependence  of  the  moral  powers 
on  the  physical  functions,  as  antagonistic  to  Theology.  Now,  if 
we  could  exhibit  morality  without  the  use  of  the  organs  and  mem- 
bers of  the  body,  this  theory  would  be  untenable.  If  Theology 
cannot  agree  with  the  laws  of  God  as  shown  through  the  laws  of 
Nature,  so  much  the  worse  for  Theology. 

Morality  is  related  to  the  use  of  the  members  and  organs  of 
the  body ;  we  cannot  be  immoral  without  using  them.  We  can 
be  neither  moral  nor  immoral  in  thought  alone.  It  is  by  the  im- 
proper use  or  diseased  conditions  of  our  organs  and  members 
that  we  can  become  immoral.  Morality  is  not  a  inere  sentiment; 
it  is  not  a  matter  of  beUef  or  speculation,  but  a  living,  actual 
reality,  related  to  the  right  use  of  our  physical  powers.  Almost 
every  individual  will  admit  that  certain  persons  look  more  h(ynest 
or  moral  than  certain  others ;  also,  that  some  are  very  sensual- 
looking.  The  investigation  of  their  conduct  often  r)roves  that 
their  Hves  and  their  looks  correspond.     Now,  what  creates  this 


160  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

correspondence  and  causes  the  difference  between  moral  and 
immoral  persons  ?  Is  it  the  nature  of  their  surroundings  alone  ? 
No;  for,  with  equal  opportunities  and  temptations,  some  are  able 
to  conduct  themselves  with  more  morality  than  others.  Is  it  not, 
then,  in  inherited  organisms '?  Is  it  not  in  certain  combinations 
of  organs,  bones,  blood,  muscle,  and  tissue,  so  placed  as  to  pro- 
duce certain  forms,  which,  by  virtue  of  these  inherited  forms,  the 
individual  is  able  to  be  either  moral  or  immoral  1  Is  it  possible 
for  us  to  know  how  these  moml  or  immoral  qualities  are  produced, 
and  are  we  not  capable  of  understanding  which  forms  are  most 
inclined  to  morality  or  immorality  ]  I  claim  that  all  this  can  be 
known;  and  not  only  that  all  these  qualities  can  be  detected,  but 
that,  by  judicious  mingling  of  forms  and  systems,  vices  can  be 
bred  out  of  and  virtues  bred  into  the  human  family,  just  as  it  is  done 
with  the  lower  animals.  What  we  need  to  know  is,  first,  the 
meanings  of  the  several  organ  systems  and  forms  of  the  body ; 
and  then  a  wise  and  judicious  combination  of  these  principles, 
added  to  hygienic  diet  and  health  conditions,  and  moral  and 
intellectual  surroundings. 

Since  the  theological  and  metaphysical  method  of  investigating, 
the  bases  of  mind  have  given  way  to  the  physiological  and  demon- 
strable method,  it  is  shown  by  our  best  thinkers, — those  who  have 
had  experience  with  the  defective  classes  of  mankind, — that  mo- 
raUty,  as  well  as  immorality,  is  a  matter  of  physiological  organiza- 
tion. The  following,  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  Henry  Maudsley,  dis- 
closes to  us  that  he  comprehends  the  intimate  connection  between 
defective  organisms  and  lack  of  moral  sense.     He  observes: — 

The  observations  of  intelligent  prison  surgeons  are  tending  more  and 
more  to  prove  that  a  considerable  proportion  of  criminals  are  weak-minded 
or  epileptic,  or  come  of  families  in  which  insanity  or  some  other  neurosis 
exists.  Mr.  Thompson,  surgeon  to  the  general  prison  of  Scotland,  has 
gone  so  far,  recently,  as  to  express  his  conviction  that  the  principal  busi- 
ness of  prison  surgeons  must  always  be  with  mental  defects  or  disease.  He 
holds  ''  that  there  is  among  prisoners  a  distinct  and  incurable  class  marked 
by  peculiar  low  physical  and  mental  characteristics ;  that  crime  is  hereditary 
in  the  families  of  criminals  belonging  to  this  class ;  that  this  hereditary 
crime  is  a  disorder  of  mind  belonging  to  this  class ;  and  that  this  hereditary 
crime  is  a  disorder  of  mind  having  close  relations  of  nature  and  descent  to 
epilepsy,  dipsomania,  insanity,  and  other  forms  of  degeneracy.  Such  crim- 
inals are  really  morbid  varieties,  and  often  exhibit  marks  of  physical  degen- 
eracy ,^-^spinaZ  deformities,  stammering,  imperfect  organs  of  speech,  club- 
foot, cleft-palate,  hare-lip,  deafness,  paralysis,  epilepsy,  and  scrofula.''^  * 

Here  we  have  the  evidence  of  one  who  has  had  great  oppor- 
tunities to  study  large  numbers  of  defective  and  criminal  persons, 

»  Body  and  Mind,  H.  Maudsley,  M.D.,  p.  61. 


THE   KIDNEY    SYSTEM.  161 

and  we  find  as  a  result  that  in  a  large  majority  of  instances  the 
lack  of  moral  sense  is  accompanied  with  some  organic  defect. 
How  essential,  then,  that  bodily  equilibrium  and  visceral  integrity 
should  be  regarded  as  of  as  high  importance  as  the  inculcation  of 
moral  precepts.  If  the  persons  who  had  charge  of  our  defective 
classes,  such  as  habitual  criminals,  the  insane,  and  the  idiotic, 
understood  physiognomy  as  a  science,  very  great  results  to  hu- 
manity would  ensue.  That  the  time  will  come  when  we  shall  aU  be 
judged  and  understood  by  our  faces  is  not,  I  am  convinced,  far  dis- 
tant, and  herein  lies  the  opportunity  for  race-improvement  by  de- 
sign; for,  when  men  have  learned  to  recognize  the  criminal  or 
insane  neuroses,  as  exhibited  in  the  face,  they  will  undoubtedly 
refrain  from  intermarrying  with  those  who  would  be  sure  to  curse 
instead  of  bless  posterity  by  reproducing  their  own  weaknesses. 

The  more  we  investigate  the  effect  of  intoxicating  drinks 
upon  the  system,  and  observe  the  utter  absence  of  moral  sense  and 
self-control  which  follows  their  excessive  and  habitual  use,  the 
better  we  shall  comprehend  the  terrible  devastation  and  moral 
degradation  which  a  diseased  condition  of  the  kidney  system  in- 
duces, for  it  is  this  system  which  receives  the  brunt  of  the  shock 
in  cases  of  long-continued  inebriety.  It  is  true  that  in  these  cases 
the  heart,  the  liver,  and  the  stomach  are  all  involved  in  the  general 
depreciation  of  moral  and  mental  vigor ;  but  the  kidneys,  being  the 
largest  excretory  organs  of  the  body,  and  those  which,  by  excret- 
ing the  fluid  waste  of  the  body,  are  the  most  important  organs  in 
the  system,  receive  a  larger  share  of  labor  and  of  the  impurities 
of  the  organism  engendered  by  excesses  and  the  consumption  of 
poisonous  liquids.  The  faces  of  habitual  criminals,  or  those  in 
society  who  are  morally  weak,  may  be  known  by  narrowness  of 
chin,  and  many  intelligent  persons  who  have  inherited  apparently 
good  intellects  will  often  become  criminal  through  a  lack  of  con- 
scientiousness and  firmness,  while  at  the  same  time  they  are  intel- 
lectually conscious  of  the  enormity  and  consequent  sad  results  of 
their  conduct.  But,  as  Dr.  Maudsley  justly  remarks,  "  some  go 
criminal  as  others  go  insane — because  they  cannot  help  it."  Added 
to  the  narrowness  of  the  chin,  we  often  observe  in  the  same  indi- 
vidual shortness  of  the  chin  also.  Where  these  two  appearances 
are  combined,  a  lack  of  firmness,  endurance,  patience,  and  perse- 
verance, a  disposition  to  fly  from  one  pursuit  to  another,  will  be 
present,  and  in  this  case  it  is  almost  impossible  to  make  the  subject 
successful  in  any  department  of  learning  or  trade.  These  people 
remind  one  of  the  apes,  whose  chins  (if  they  can  be  said  to  have 
chins)  resemble  theirs,  and,  as  all  know,  these  creatures  cannot  be 
trained  to  useful  labor,  notwithstanding  their  very  keen,  quick 


162  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

observation  and  agile  movements.  Indeed,  with  the  deprivation  of 
the  moral  sense,  it  often  happens  that  there  is,  as  a  compensation, 
an  acute  and  cimning  intellect. 

No  degree  of  moral  sentiment  will  compensate  one  for  absence 
of  a  true,  inherent  moral  faculty.  It  cannot  be  comprehended 
even  by  those  who  are  thus  deficient.  It  behooves  us,  therefore, 
if  we  would  be  truly  religious,  truly  conscientious,  to  eat  and  drink 
and  order  our  habits  in  such  manner  as  shall  lead  to  a  fine  and 
strong  development  of  the  kidney  system.  All  peppers,  spices, 
intoxicating  liquors,  tea,  and  coffee  should  be  avoided,  and  medi- 
cated food,  such  as  contains  drugs,  spices,  soda,  saleratus,  etc., 
should  be  eschewed.  A  man  with  weak  or  defectively  organized 
kidneys  cannot  expect  to  live  to  old  age.  It  is  possible  to  exist 
many  years  with  disorders  of  other  organs,  but  the  faces  of  all 
aged  persons  that  I  have  ever  seen  have  the  sign  for  the  kidneys 
well  defined.  It  is  right  to  inculcate  moral  sentiments,  honesty, 
honorable  motives,  and  fidelity  to  principle  and  truth.  These  ideas 
must  be  taught  and  kept  constantly  in  the  minds  of  old  and  young, 
but  a  strict  regard  to  physiological  truth  and  principles  is  equally 
binding^  if  we  would  save  either  soul  or  body  here  or  hereafter. 

There  are  so  many  fine  gradations  of  each  faculty  discover- 
able in  different  persons  that  it  is  quite  impossible  to  describe  them 
all.  They  must  be  comprehended  by  the  observer  through  his 
acquaintance  with  the  laws  and  principles  of  scientific  physiog- 
nomy. Conscientiousness,  for  example,  has  as  many  different 
modes  of  manifestation  and  degrees  of  power  as  there  are  persons. 
So  has  love,  and,  indeed,  it  is  the  same  with  every  mental  faculty. 
But  if  we  wish  to  consider  integrity  in  its  largest  sense  we  must 
analyze  it,  and  discover,  if  possible,  its  constituents.  Many  persons 
have  the  faculty  of  speaking  the  truth,  and  who  are,  at  the  same 
time,  quite  lax  in  regard  to  the  payment  of  their  just  dues,  and 
others  act  vice  versa.  Ordinary  observers  content  themselves  with 
calling  such  persons  "  inconsistent,"  but  the  scientific  physiogno- 
mist, aided  by  the  light  of  its  principles,  understands  that  these 
persons  are  true  to  the  law  of  their  organization ;  that  they  are 
entirely  consistent  with  their  physiological  and  anatomical  com- 
bination and  proportions.  There  is  an  integrity  of  the  bony 
system  and  an  integrity  of  the  muscular  system,  as  well  as  of  the 
glandular,  the  nervous,  the  thoracic,  and  the  brain  systems.  When 
an  individual  inherits  all  these  systems  in  about  equal  degrees  of 
power,  and  they  are  of  a  high  quality,  then  we  have  a  man  of 
integrity  in  its  highest  sense.  A  man  may  possess  an  integrity  of 
the  bony  system,  and  he  will  be  naturally  and  spontaneously  in- 
chned  to  morality,  without  fear  or  hope  of  reward ;  that  is  to  say, 


THE   KIDNEY   SYSTEM.  163 

he  will  be  honest  in  his  dealings,  paying  his  debts,  and  can  be 
always  relied  on  for  honesty,  and  also  may  exhibit  considerable 
moral  heroism.  At  the  same  time  he  may  not  evince  integrity  of 
the  muscular  system,  and  this  will  cause  him  to  be  dishonest  in  his 
treatment  of  the  opposite  sex,  or  he  may  be  untruthful  and  unre- 
liable in  his  statements.  This  kind  of  character  is  often  met  with. 
The  organs  of  generation  and  of  speech  are  almost  entirely  within 
the  action  of  the  muscular  system ;  hence,  any  lack  of  integrity 
in  or  want  of  balance  of  this  system  would  lead  directly  to 
irregularities  of  the  sexual  nature,  or  of  erratic  action  of  the 
speaking  apparatus,  and  untruthfulness  or  deception  would  be  the 
result. 

An  undeveloped  or  enfeebled  condition  of  the  glandular  sys- 
tem exhibits  its  action  in  various  ways.  Color-blindness,  or  lack 
of  integrity  of  the  sight,  is  one  method  of  manifesting  its  deficient 
organization.  Color-blindness  is  due  to  a  lack  of  supply  of  the 
coloring  pigments  and  defective  arterial  circulation.  When  the 
glands  fail  to  create  a  due  amount  of  coloring  matter  for  the  gen- 
eral circulation,  the  organism  does  not  receive  its  normal  supply  of 
coloring  matter  with  which  to  supply  and  replenish  the  pigments, 
which  assist  not  only  the  organs  of  sight  and  the  ganglia  of  the 
other  sense-organs,  but  those  of  smell  and  hearing,  etc.  One  of 
the  most  significant  circumstances  observed  in  regard  to  color  is 
that  those  who  have  the  most  color  in  their  hair,  eyes,  and  com- 
plexion are  the  best  adapted  to  judge  of  colors.  Yet  we  often 
observe  those  who  are  color-blind  in  a  certain  degree  who  have  con- 
siderable color,  yet  clearness  of  the  skin  is  lacking,  and  this  one 
circumstance  prevents  the  individual  from  having  a  decidedly  good 
and  strong  color-sense.  Here  we  note  that  integrity  of  the  general 
circulation  has  failed,  and  thus  the  individual  is  lacking  in  this 
form  of  integrity  or  conscientiousness ;  for  conscientiousness  is  not 
a  sentiment  merely,  but  is,  as  you  will  doubtless  become  convinced, 
a  matter  of  physiological  organization,  and  dependent  greatly  upon 
the  manner  in  which  we  hve  and  upon  our  daily  habits  of  eating 
and  breathing.  There  are  numerous  laws  which  are  called  into 
action  to  produce  a  conscientious  condition  of  the  body.  If  a  cer- 
tain mechanical  construction  of  the  eye  is  defective,  cross-eyes 
(strabismus)  is  the  result.  Other  defects  produce  short-sightedness 
and  squinting.  Here,  then,  is  a  departure  from  trueness  and  con- 
scientiousness. These  persons  are,  in  the  degree  that  they  are  de- 
fective, so  much  less  capable  of  correct  and  true  action  of  their 
visual  system, — another  form  of  immorality  or  untrueness. 

Where  the  organs  of  hearing  are  mechanically  defective  the 
individual  is  incapable  of  the  same  degree  of  accuracy  in  regard 


164  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

to  sound  and  speech  as  where  the  auditory  system  is  perfect. 
Another  sort  of  immorality  is  induced  by  this  defect. 

We  might  continue  this  form  of  analysis  of  the  faculty  of 
Conscientiousness  indefinitely,  but  suflficient  is  here  noted  to  teach 
the  fact  that  morality,  integrity,  conscientiousness,  honor,  and 
honesty  in  every  department  of  the  body  is  dependent  mainly  upon 
an  equilibrated  or  honest  condition  of  the  several  organ  systems 
within  the  human  organism. 

AnalU'Sis  of  Firmness. — Firmness  is  indicated  by  length  down- 
ward and  forward  of  the  ramus,  or  lower  jaw-bone ;  it  shows  power 
in  the  individual  to  resist  disease  by  the  exercise  of  a  firm  and 
persevering  determination  to  recover,  as  well  as  the  power  to  per- 
severe in  a  course  calculated  to  restore  health.  This  faculty  being 
related  to  the  bony  system  denotes  that  there  is  organic  power, — 
the  power  which  the  conscientious  nature  of  bone  yields, — and  this 
is  useful  in  combating  diseased  conditions.  The  face  of  Dr.  Tan- 
ner (who  once  undertook  tlie  task  of  fasting  forty  days  and 
succeeded)  exhibits  this  faculty  in  a  remarkable  degree.  His  firm- 
ness and  perseverance  contributed  materially  to  his  success,  while 
the  superior  bony  structure  which  he  possesses  shows  that  the  kid- 
ney system  is  uncommonly  well  developed.  These  two  faculties — 
Conscientiousness  and  Firmness — will  carry  one  through  not  only 
great  physical  but  also  great  moral  disorders,  and  enable  their  pos- 
sessors to  stand  upon  principle  against  a  world  of  opposition.  Had 
Dr.  Tanner  exhibited  equal  power  in  other  parts  of  his  mind  and 
body,  but  without  Firmness,  he  could  not  have  accomplished  his 
self-imposed  task. 

The  physiognomies  of  all  long-lived  persons  have  the  sign 
for  Firmness  remarkably  well  developed.  This  faculty,  physiologi- 
cally developed,  gives  the  power  to  endure  and  also  to  resist  all 
that  would  tend  to  imperil  health  and  life,  and  even  after  health  is 
assailed  the  organic  power  which  inheres  in  a  good  bony  system 
often  enables  the  individual  to  withstand  the  attack  of  disease  and 
come  off  conqueror. 

The  northern  tribes  of  North  American  aborigines  have  this 
faculty  in  excess;  hence  their  indomitable  will  and  power  to  resist 
diseases  and  recover  from  desperate  wounds. 

Among  the  civilized  nations  I  have  never  known  a  man  of 
eminent  character  to  be  greatly  deficient  in  Firmness,  and  most 
men  who  excel  in  any  great  enterprise  show  the  sign  for  Firmness 
well  defined ;  even  great  criminals,  especially  those  who  have  com- 
mitted crimes  requiring  great  endurance,  hardship,  and  persist- 
ency, exhibit  this  trait  in  their  physiognomies.  Its  location  is 
worthy  our  attention,  being  close  to  Conscientiousness ;  it  assists 


FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM   THE   INTESTINAL   SYSTEM.  165 

moral  effort  by  its  stable,  firm  fixedness  of  purpose.  Firmness  has 
been  formed  by  a  fine  development  of  bone ;  its  sign  is  found  in 
the  elongation  of  the  lower  jaw-bone,  and  this  bone,  as  a  logical 
and  physiological  sequence,  has  been  formed  by  the  kidney  and 
fluid  system  of  the  body  doing  its  work  in  a  thorough  and  capa- 
ble manner ;  upbuilding  the  bones  by  means  of  the  lime  in  the  sys- 
tem which  has  been  conveyed  in  its  fluid  state  to  its  several  destina- 
tions, and  also  by  the  excretory  action  of  the  kidneys  in  excreting 
noxious  and  useless  elements.  An  excess  of  bone,  like  all  un- 
balanced systems,  induces  disease  as  well  as  perversions  of  char- 
acter, which  are  shown  in  the  mulish  and  stupid  animal  and  person 
whose  bones  are  too  large  and  heavy  for  the  other  systems  to  har- 
monize with  and  give  them  proportionate  action.  Too  much  bone 
leaves  its  possessor  stupid,  obtuse,  inert, — in  other  words,  dull  and 
lazy.  The  ass  is  a  specimen  of  what  a  preponderance  of  bone  will 
do  in  the  way  of  stupidity  and  obstinacy.  In  the  human  family 
we  shall  find  many  who  are  real  sufferers  by  too  heavy  and  too 
large  bones ;  not  only  do  they  suffer  from  inertia  or  laziness,  but  a 
too  great  deposition  of  lime  in  the  system  induces  constitutional 
disorders,  such  as  rheumatism,  gout,  enlargement  of  the  joints,  and 
ossification,  in  some  instances,  of  the  fingers ;  also,  a  decided  tend- 
ency to  liver  complaints  and  melancholy  as  age  advances.  Those 
who  doubt  that  mind  and  morals  are  dependent  upon  physiological 
formation  for  the  illustration  of  their  varied  modes  of  action  are 
referred  to  an  examination  of  the  bony  system  and  its  associated 
characteristics  in  all  their  various  modifications  for  evidence  of 
what  is  herein  stated. 

The  cultivation  of  Firmness,  where  it  is  defective,  should  be 
attempted  in  a  religious  spirit,  with  the  view  of  improving  upon 
ancestral  inheritances  and  for  the  sake  of  advancing  character  to  a 
balanced  condition,  to  the  end  that  morality  may  be  enhanced, 
success  in  business  assured,  and  health  and  longevity  made 
possible. 

FACULTIES   DERIVED  FROM   THE  INTESTINAL   SYSTEM. 

Digestion  or  Alimentiveness. — Digestion  has  its  principal  sign 
in  the  face  located  on  either  side  of  the  mouth,  and  is  known  by 
fullness  of  the  lower  part  of  the  cheek.  This  is  the  most  promnient 
sign,  in  infancy,  of  good  assimilative  and  nutritive  powers.  It  is 
true  that  the  signs  of  good  digestion  are  to  be  found  all  over  the 
person,  and  the  bones  will  be  well  covered  with  adipose  tissue 
where  this  function  is  vigorous.  There  is  a  seeming  want  of  in- 
ductive ratiocination  on  the  part  of  the  majority  of  persons,  who, 
while  they  recognize  this  sign  for  one  physical  function  in  the  face, 


166  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

— viz.,  that  of  good  digestive  powers, — look  no  farther  for  the  signs 
of  the  action  of  the  other  visceral  organs,  such  as  the  liver,  the 
kidneys,  the  heart,  the  lungs,  the  glands,  the  stomach,  etc.  Now, 
if  Nature  has  placed  the  sign  for  one  function  in  the  face,  it  is 
logical  and  natural  to  infer  that  others  are  also  represented  there. 
While  this  function  (digestion)  is  the  sustainer  of  all  the  mental 
faculties — that  is  to  say,  gives  the  nutrition  essential  to  their  exist- 
ence and  activity — the  kidney  system  keeps  all  in  purity  and 
soundness  by  its  excretory  qualities  alone.  The  fact  that  the  fluid 
waste  of  the  body  exceeds  the  solid  waste  is  undeniable.  By 
actual  demonstration  it  has  been  proved  that  the  fluid  waste  from 
the  kidneys  and  sweat-glands  is  more,  by  several  pounds'  weight 
in  twenty-four  hours,  than  is  the  waste  excreted  from  the  intestinal 
system.  Writers  on  physiology  are  unable  to  account  for  the 
origin  of  the  sensation  of  hunger.  They  do  not  seem  to  be  able 
to  discover  how  the  individual  becomes  conscious  of  the  need  of 
the  body  for  more  nourishment ;  that  is  to  say,  how  the  stomach 
is  made  to  feel  hunger. 

Dr.  C.  Cutter,  a  writer  of  physiology,  observes : — 

It  has  been  inferred  by  some  writers  on  pliysiology  that  the  glands 
which  supply  the  gastric  fluid,  by  a  species  of  instinctive  intelligence,  would 
only  secrete  enough  fluid  to  convert  into  chyme  the  aliment  needed  to 
supply  the  real  wants  of  the  system. 

What  are  the  reasons  for  this  inference  %  There  is  no  evi- 
dence that  the  gastric  glands  possess  instinctive  intelligence,  and 
can  there  be  a  reason  adduced  why  they  may  not  be  stimulated  to 
extra  functional  action  as  well  as  other  organs,  and  why  they  may 
not  also  be  influenced  by  habit  1  Precisely  what  Dr.  Cutter  means 
by  "  instinctive  intelligence  "  he  does  not  explain ;  and  until  he 
gives  his  explanation  we  can  find  no  solution  to  the  question  as  he 
propounds  it.  How  can  the  human  system  know  when  it  re- 
quires nutriment  *?  My  theory  has  been  stated  before,  and  I  should 
answer,  from  its  mind,  or  consciousness ;  for,  as  mind  inheres  in 
every  part  of  the  body,  so  the  branches  and  filaments  of  nerves 
connected  with  the  gastric  glands  convey  to  the  brain  these  wants 
of  the  individual.  The  pneumogastric  nerve  ramifies  upon  the 
stomach,  and  this  nerve  becomes  cognizant  of  the  wants  of  the 
organ  over  which  it  presides,  so  to  speak,  and,  communicating  with 
the  nerves  of  the  other  parts  of  the  organism  involved  in  the 
process  of  digestion,  all  combined  make  demand  for  more  nutrition 
and  prepare  the  several  organs  and  glands  for  its  reception.  This 
theory  is  clearly  proved  by  the  fact  that  where  the  brain  is  func- 
tionally or  structurally  diseased  it  is  often  mcapable  of  taking  cog- 


FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM   THE   E^ITESTINAL   SYSTEM.  167 

nizance  of  the  conditions  and  appeals  of  these  parts,  and  insane 
persons  are  often  compelled  by  force  to  partake  of  food,  as  they 
would  starve  to  death  if  left  to  their  own  care,  not  being  notified 
by  the  stomach  of  the  needs  of  the  body — the  consequence  of  the 
diseased  condition  of  the  brain.  The  case  of  the  wounded  sailor, 
noted  by  Sir  Astley  Cooper,  illustmtes  this  theory,  and  shows  that 
all  the  vegetative  processes  of  the  body  can  go  on  without  the 
brain  being  conscious  of  the  action  of  the  organs  of  respiration, 
secretion,  excretion,  or  growth. 

In  Sir  Astley  Cooper's  "  Lectures  on  Surgery,"  the  following 
singular  case  is  noted:  At  Gibraltar,  a  sailor  fell  from  the  yard- 
arm  of  a  ship,  and  was  taken  up  unconscious.  He  remained  some 
months  in  the  hospital  there,  in  a  iierfectly  insensible  condition. 
He  was  then  conveyed  to  England  and  placed  in  a  hospital  at 
Deptford,  where  Sir  Astley  Cooper,  the  eminent  surgeon,  visited 
him.  He  was  informed  by  the  attending  surgeon  that  the  sailor 
had  been  insensible  for  many  months.     He  said: — 

He  lies  on  his  back  with  a  few  signs  of  life;  he  breathes;  indeed, 
has  a  pulse,  and  some  motion  in  his  fingers;  but  in  all  other  respects  he  is 
deprived  of  all  powers  of  mind,  volition,  or  sensation.  If  he  wanted  food, 
he  had  the  power  of  moving  the  lips  and  tongue,  and  this  action  of  his 
mouth  was  the  signal  to  his  attendants  for  supplying  this  want.* 

This  last  sentence  corroborates  my  theory  of  the  mental  pov^^er 
of  the  nerves  of  the  digestive  apparatus.  It  is  here  proved  that 
consciousness  was  suspended  for  many  months;  yet  the  organs  of 
digestion  had  power  to  manifest  intelligence  in  the  manner  indicated 
above.  This  man  lay  in  this  condition  for  thirteen  months,  when 
Sir  Astley  Cooper  trephined  him;  that  is  to  say,  raised  the  de- 
pressed portion  of  the  bone  from  off  the  brain,  upon  which  it  was 
pressing.  Four  hours  afterward  he  was  able  to  sit  up  in  bed  and 
converse,  and  four  days  after  he  was  restored  to  all  the  faculties  of 
his  mind  and  functions  of  body.  He  said  tliat  he  remembered 
nothing  from  the  moment,  that  he  fell;  thus  proving  that  the 
faculty  of  Memory  of  Events  was  entirely  suspended.  His  reason, 
we  see,  was  dormant;  all  power  over  the  muscles,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  slight  motion  of  the  fingers  and  tongue  and  lips,  was 
gone;  yet  this  man  lived,  breathed,  secreted  the  juices  of  the 
stomach,  liver,  and  intestines;  excreted  from  the  kidneys  and 
bowels;  but  was  unable  to  manifest  intelligence,  except  that  sort 
which  the  digestive  apparatus  was  able  to  make  apparent. 

This  peculiar  diseased  condition  of  the  sailor  above  instanced 
led  to  the  important  discovery  that  consciousness,  or  mind,  existed 
within  the  body,  as  it  does  in  those  animals  which  are  destitute  of 

•Quoted  from  "A  Physiology  for  Schools,"  C.  Cutter,  M.D.,  p.  30. 


168  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOONOMY. 

a  brain;  it  shows  also  that,  while  tliouglit  is  manufactured  in  the 
brain,  consciousness  and  intelligence  are  properties  of  nerve  and 
ganglionic  masses,  and  the  nerves  connected  with  the  glandular 
system  of  digestion  were  able  in  this  instance  to  make  the  man's 
tvants  apparent  without  the  direct  co-operation  of  either  brains  for 
thought,  or  muscles  for  speech.  Of  the  method  of  studying  mind 
through  observation  of  morbid  or  diseased  conditions,  Dr.  Maudsley 
remarks  thus: — 

It  is  probable  that  an  exact  observation  of  the  mental  effects  of 
morbid  states  of  the  different  organs  would  help  the  inquiry  into  the 
feelings  and  desires  of  the  mind  which  owe  their  origin  to  particular 
organs.  Wliat  are  the  psychological  features  of  disease  of  the  heart,  dis- 
ease of  the  lungs,  disease  of  the  liver?  They  are  unquestionably  different 
in  each  case.* 

Elsewhere  the  same  writer  observes: — 

Let  me  now  say  a  few  words  concerning  the  abdominal  organs.  No 
one  will  call  in  question  that  the  states  of  their  functions  do  exert  a 
positive  influence  on  our  states  of  mind.  I  have  met  with  one  case  of 
severe  melancholia  of  long  standing  which  was  distinctly  cured  by  the 
expulsion  of  a  tape-worm,  and  it  appears  to  be  tolerably  certain  that 
hypochondriacal  insanity  is  in  some  instances  connected  with,  if  not 
caused  by,  a  perverted  sensation  proceeding  from  an  internal  organ,  most 
often  abdominal.  In  health  we  are  not  conscious  of  the  impressions  which 
these  organs  make  upon  the  brain,  albeit  they  assuredly  send  their  unper- 
ceived  contributions  to  the  stream  of  energies  of  which  consciousness 
is  the  sum  and  outcome;  but  when  a  disordered  organ  sends  a  morbid 
impression  to  the  brain  it  no  longer  does  its  work  there  in  silence  and 
self-suppression,  but  asserts  itself  in  an  unwonted  affection  of  conscious- 
ness. Not  long  since  I  saw  a  patient  who  believed  that  he  had  a  man 
in  his  belly;  when  his  bowels  were  constipated  the  delusion  became  active; 
he  made  desperate  efforts  by  vomiting  to  get  rid  of  his  tormentor,  and 
was  then  surly,  morose,  and  dangerous ;  but  when  his  bowels  had  been 
relieved  the  delusion  subsided  into  the  background  and  he  was  good- 
tempered  and  industrious.^ 

The  reciprocal  action  of  visceral  organs  upon  the  brain,  and 
of  the  brain  upon  interior  organs,  has  long  been  investigated  hi 
asylums  for  the  insane;  biit  for  want  of  a  system  to  verify  obser- 
vations not  much  progress  in  the  intelligent  treatment  of  these 
cases  has  been  made.  A  correct  understanding  of  the  physiog- 
nomy will  assist  materially  in  the  recovery  of  these  patients  where 
disorder  is  caused  by  diseased  states  of  the  abdominal  organs ;  for 
the  face  does  unfold  the  signs  for  all  these  organs,  and  will  reveal 
at  a  glance  which  are  the  weaker,  and  consequently  those  which 
are  most  likely  to  be  assailed  with  disease,  as  well  as  those  which 
are  sufficiently  strong  to  assist  in  repelling  disease. 

•Body  and  Mind,  Henry  Maudsley,  M.D.,  p.  36. 
tifttU,  pp.  83,  84. 


FACULTIES  DERIVED  FROM  THE  GLANDtJLAR   SYSTEM.  169 


FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM   THE   GLANDULAR   SYSTEM. 

Benevolence. — Benevolence,  shown  by  the  full.,  rolling.,  moist 
under  lip.,  indicates  a  strong  and  active  condition  of  the  glandular 
system,  both  of  the  secretory  and  absorbent  systems.  Whenever 
this  feature  of  the  physiognomy  is  well  developed,  most  of  the 
secreting  glands — viz.,  the  lachiymal,  salivary,  and  mammary 
glands,  pancreas,  liver,  prostate,  and  testes — will  be  found  to  coin- 
cide in  their  vigor  and  normal  action  with  the  size  and  moisture 
of  the  under  lip.  The  absorbent  glands  also  find  their  illustration 
in  the  same  feature.  The  absorbents  are  divided  into  two  classes — 
the  lacteals  and  the  lymphatics. 

The  function  of  absorption  is  indispensable  to  nutrition ;  its  agents 
are  the  numerous  minute  vessels  named  the  "absorbents"  and  the  small, 
reddish  bodies  through  which  these  vessels  pass  the  "  absorbent  or  conglo- 
bate lymphatic  glands."  The  lacteals  are  found  only  in  the  abdomen. 
Their  office  is  to  convey  the  chyle,  which  they  absorb  (after  the  food  has 
been  digested  in  the  intestines),  to  the  thoracic  duct,  whence  it  is  sent  into 
the  general  circulation  icf  repair  the  waste  and  renew  the  tissues.  The 
lymphatics,  on  the  contrary,  are  distributed  through  all  portions  of  the 
body.  Their  use  is  to  take  up  by  absorption  all  waste  or  useless  matters, 
and  convey  such  matters  which  have  become  solvent  either  to  the  general 
circulation,  there  to  be  discharged  from  the  system  by  some  of  the  excretory 
organs,  or  used  again  in  the  economy  of  the  human  organism.* 

I  have  inserted  this  slight  description  of  the  office  of  the 
glandular  system,  in  order  that  those  of  my  readers  who  are  not 
well  read  in  physiology  and  anatomy  may  understand  the  philos- 
ophy of  the  action  of  these  glands  and  the  appropriateness  of  their 
signs  in  the  face.  Now,  the  glands  in  the  lower  lip,  being  more 
numerous  and  more  prominent  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  face, 
would  seem  to  point  to  that  feature  as  the  facial  index  of  the 
glandular  power  of  the  entire  system ;  added  to  the  fact  that  the 
absorbing  glands  are  directly  related  to  the  function  of  digestion, 
and  whenever  a  prominent  sign  of  any  function  or  faculty  is 
observed  in  the  face,  all  minor  signs  are  always  to  be  found  in 
juxtaposition  with  it,  just  as  in  the  body  all  organs  which  assist  a 
similar  function  or  class  of  functions  are  placed  in  positions  of 
sufficient  contiguity  to  facilitate  their  mutual  action.  If  the  entire 
glandular  system  is  well  developed,  we  must  infer  that  the  absorb- 
ents will  take  up  sufficient  material  to  supply  the  necessities  of  the 
organism  by  creating  new  tissues,  and  that  the  excretory  glands 
will  perform  the  task  of  carrying  from  the  system  all  effete  or 
waste  matter.  Hence,  a  good  development  of  this  system  shows 
its  power  to  throw  off  diseases  as  well  as  to  resist  the  approach  of 

*  Practical  Anatomy,  Robert  Harrison,  M.D.,  p.  960. 


170  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

those  which  affect  the  glands  more  particularly.  Again,  the  lip  is 
a  facial  indicator  of  the  intestinal  system,  and  it  is  an  organ  of 
taste.  Thus  you  will  observe  that  Benevolence  in  its  developed 
state  assists  in  protecting  the  body,  as  well  as  gives  the  power  and 
desire  to  assist  others.  We  cannot  give  if  we  are  in  an  impover- 
ished condition,  and  cannot  warm  toward  others  if  we  are  deficient 
in  what  creates  animal  heat.  A  thln^  dry  imder  Up  indicates  the 
reverse  of  Benevolence,  and  shows  a  constricted  or  impoverished 
condition  of  the  glandular  system,  as  well  as  a  stingy,  close-fisted 
person. 

Physicians  have  long  known  the  value  of  the  hps  as  indicators 
of  pathological  and  morbid  states  of  the  body,  yet  have  never 
understood  their  use  as  an  exponent  of  physiological  and  mental 
conditions  and  powers.  In  certain  fevers  the  lower  lip  assumes  a 
dry  appearance,  at  other  times  a  livid  or  pale  hue,  and  denotes 
either  inflammatory  or  impoverished  conditions  of  the  system.  At 
times  the  lips  turn  dark  and  crack,  and  are  the  seat  of  other  dis- 
orders consequent  on  diseased  states  of  remote  parts  of  the  organ- 
ism or  of  general  disturbances;  as  in  fevers,  etc.  In  many  cases 
where  the  lips  are  full  and  the  cheeks  are  thin,  one  set  of  glands 
are  predominant  over  others.  Thin  cheeks  indicate  a  lack  of  vigor 
in  the  glands  of  the  abdomen,  and  consequently  the  faculties  of 
Friendship  and  Sociality  are  measurably  lacking ;  but  in  such  per- 
sons it  is  usual  to  find  the  lips  full,  more  especially  the  lower  one. 
This  appearance  reveals  the  fact  that  the  other  glands  are  more 
perfectly  and  more  strongly  developed,  as,  for  example,  the  mam- 
mary in  women  and  the  prostate  and  testes  in  men.  In  such 
persons  the  lack  of  Friendship  is  compensated  by  an  increased 
development  of ''  Love  of  Young  "  and  conjugal  love.  This  love 
does  not  extend  to  friends,  but  is  exclusively  conjugal  or  sexual, 
and  distinct  from  Friendship  entirely.  And  thus  there  is  ever  this 
apparent  attempt  on  the  part  of  Nature  to  balance  or  compensate 
in  some  way  the  defects  of  certain  parts  of  the  organism  mentally 
and  physically.  A  man  without  love  for  friends  and  deficient  in 
love  for  the  opposite  sex  would  be  an  anomaly.  Many  misers 
who  have  avoided  the  haunts  of  men  and  showed  no  friendly 
associative  feelings  whatever,  have  shown  love  for  woman  by 
desultory  attachments  to  those  of  the  opposite  sex,  and  some  slight 
feeling  for  their  oflspring,  the  result  of  such  connections.  The 
well-known  John  Elwes,  once  M.P.  for  Berkshire,  England,  was  a 
miser  of  this  description,  and  when  he  died  bequeathed  to  his  two 
illegitimate  children  £500,000.  This  person's  portrait  discloses 
an  under  lip  rather  more  full  and  rounding  than  that  of  most 
misers ;  his  upper  lip  also  shows  an  average  amount  of  Amative- 


FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM   THE  GLANDULAR   SYSTEM,  171 

ness,  but  Friendship  and  Sociality  are  altogether  wanting  in  his 
countenance. 

Economy. — The  faculty  for  economizing  and  making  the  most 
of  one's  materials  is  a  noble  and  usefid  quality.  Saving  is  neither 
meanness  nor  stinginess,  as  many  seem  to  think,  but  is  the  result 
in  most  cases  of  a  good  development  of  conscientiousness ;  for  this 
trait  in  combination  with  firmness  is  observed  well  defined  in  the 
faces  of  all  who  possess  the  saving  faculty  as  a  talent.  Now,  in 
order  to  understand  the  faculty  of  economy  we  must  analyze  its 
origin  and  action  physiologically  before  we  can  comprehend  its 
mental  and  moral  aspects.  In  the  first  place,  we  must  not  con- 
found saving  with  acquiring.  In  many  cases  the  ability  to  save  is 
the  compensation  for  a  lack  of  acquisition.  Many  persons  are  not 
endowed  by  Nature  with  a  faculty  for  gaining  much,  and  so  the 
character,  in  order  to  sustain  itself,  has  often  the  compensating 
faculty  of  economy.  Yet  many  individuals  possessed  of  good 
sound  intellects,  well  balanced  both  as  regards  reason  and  practi- 
cality, and  with  good  powers  for  acquisition,  save  and  store  up  for 
themselves,  as  well  as  for  others.  Economy  is  not  a  faculty  pos- 
sessed by  the  defective  alone,  but  in  some  is  the  outgrowth  of  a 
combination  of  reason,  conscientiousness,  benevolence  and  firmness. 
In  highly  developed  characters,  those  possessed  of  power  and  prin- 
ciple, are  found  the  faculties  which  lie  at  the  base  of  their  economy. 
Economy  is  derived  from  the  normal  action  of  the  glands  primarily ; 
for  in  all  those  who  are  best  adapted  to  store  up  and  accumulate 
on  a  large  scale  (while  at  the  same  time  using  with  sense  their 
possessions),  we  find  the  storing-up  capacity  within  their  own 
systems.  The  glands  create  the  juices  of  the  body  and  accumulate 
a  fund  of  tissue,  which  serve  to  keep  the  body  in  a  state  of  vigor 
and  usefulness.  Economy  also  results  from  balanced  condition 
of  all  the  bodily  or  visceral  organs,  induced  by  the  vigor  and  power 
which  well-nourished  glands  have  given  to  the  organism.  This 
creates  such  vigor  of  mind  and  breadth  of  judgment  as  to  produce 
that  quality  of  conservativeness  which  enables  one  to  amass  a  large 
fortune,  which  by  exercise  of  the  same  faculties  may  be  used  for 
the  good  of  large  numbers,  as  was  the  case  with  the  fortune  which 
Peter  Cooper  accumulated  and  which  will  be  used  as  a  fund  in 
perpetuity  for  the  education  of  the  youth  of  New  York.  And 
herein  lies  another  proof  and  demonstration  of  the  theory  that  men 
of  broad  build  and  large,  broad  noses  possess  greater  breadth  of 
judgment  than  those  of  opposite  formation. 

The  saving  faculty  is  often  exhibited  by  persons  possessed  of 
little  power  to  acquire  on  a  large  scale.  In  their  cases  it  enables 
them  to  balance  their  income  with  their  expenditures,  and  often 


17^  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

such  characters  will   possess   in   the  end  more  than  those  with 
superior  powers  of  acquisition. 

Every  faculty  is  primarily  indebted  for  its  vigor  to  the  amount 
of  nutriment  furnished  to  the  blood  from  the  lymphatic  or  absorbent 
system;  for  the  blood  is  the  common  carrier  of  all  nutritious 
materials  which  rebuild  and  replenish  all  the  tissues  whatsoever, 
and  every  faculty  of  mind  was  once  in  the  blood.  The  local  sign 
for  Economy  is  situated  in  the  vegetative  division  of  the  face,  and 
receives  its  power  directly  from  glandular  action  and  development. 
The  law  in  scientific  physiognomy  in  regard  to  localizing  the  facial 
signs  is  that  each  sign  will  be  found  situated  within  the  system 
from  which  it  derives  its  support.  For  example,  the  local  sign  for 
Constructiveness  is  located  on  the  side  of  the  nose  in  the  muscular 
formation.  Conscientiousness  is  known  by  the  width  of  the  bony 
structure  of  the  chin.  Language  is  dependent  upon  muscle  for 
its  power,  and  all  its  signs  are  within  the  muscular  system,  viz.,  in 
the  ear,  the  eye,  the  lips,  the  larynx,  etc. 

The  economizing  spirit  manifests  itself  in  a  great  variety  of 
ways.  Some  will  be  saving  of  money,  and  not  of  property  or 
goods ;  others  will  be  saving  of  materials,  yet  give  freely  of  personal 
service.  One  of  the  most  lavish  persons  I  ever  observed  gave 
liberally  of  his  money,  but  would  make  no  personal  effort  for 
friends,  hardly  bringing  himself  to  speak  up  for  their  benefit  when 
he  might  easily  have  done  so.  Every  phase  and  each  degree  of  ' 
Economy  may  be  ascertained  by  a  reference  to  the  physiognomy 
and  physiology  of  the  individual.  The  desire  to  save  is  usually 
quite  wanting  in  childhood.  In  such  cases  it  should  be  cultivated, 
and  if  it  is  weak  the  child  should  be  taught  in  all  ways  that  it  is 
an  essential  part  of  a  well-balanced  character;  but  the  training  in 
this  direction  must  be  systematic  and  persistent. 

The  economical  traits  of  character  are  rather  weak  in  Ameri- 
cans, and  should  be  more  cultivated  by  them.  Economy  is  not 
miserliness,  neither  is  it  meanness;  only  the  economist  can  be 
generous,  for  the  spendthrift  having  no  stores  has  nothing  to  use 
and  nothing  to  give  in  time  of  need.  liconomy  is  a  noble  trait, 
for  it  requires  both  intellectual  power  to  administer  upon  one's 
possessions,  and  strength  of  mind,  of  will,  and  of  conscience  to 
store  up  against  the  day  of  want,  sickness  and  old  age,  as  well  as 
for  the  demands  of  benevolence.  Indeed,  in  the  faces  of  all  in 
whom  I  have  observed  the  saving  and  economical  faculty  the 
signs  for  Firmness  and  Conscientiousness  were  very  noticeable. 
Storing  up  for  selfish  gratification  is  seldom  practiced.  Excessively 
selfish  characters  lack  reason,  hence  are  incapable  of  making  a 
sufficiently  wise  use  of  their  acquisitions  as  to  save  up  against  a 


FACULTIES  DERIVED   FROM   THE   GLANDULAR   SYSTEM.  173 

day  of  need,  but  spend  as  they  go,  and  usually  for  their  own  wants 
and  appetites.  Benjamin  Franklin  was  noted  equally  for  his 
generosity  and  for  his  economy.  His  face  exhibits  the  local  signs 
for  several  sorts  of  economy,  for  there  are  several  phases,  as  before 
mentioned. 

The  grade  of  intellectual  development  possessed  by  an  indi- 
vidual will  denote  the  sort  of  economy  which  he  is  capable  of 
practicing  or  of  understanding.  Some  devote  their  powers  to 
Political  Economy,  and  put  their  ideas  before  the  world  for  the 
better  protection  of  the  people,  or  for  a  more  equitable  division  of 
the  products  of  labor ;  while  others  are  only  able  to  deal  with  the 
small  economies  of  a  modest  home.  The  conserving  spirit  will 
manifest  itself  in  each  individual  differently,  and  where  it  is  most 
decided  will  make  its  presence  felt.  A  little  of  this  trait  in  public 
affairs  would  result  in  a  more  just  and  equitable  condition  in  the 
finances  of  our  country,  but  as  long  as  children  are  not  trained  to 
comprehend  the  value  of  property  and  to  use  it  economically  and 
with  justice,  just  so  long  shall  we  have  the  loose  and  dishonest 
methods  of  financial  management  at  present  in  vogue,  both  in 
municipal.  State,  and  national  governments.  "  A  fountain  cannot 
rise  higher  than  its  source."  Men  brought  up  without  the  prin- 
ciples of  Economy  well  grounded  in  their  youth  cannot  commence 
the  practice  in  manhood  with  hope  of  succeeding. 

The  phrase  "  Economy  of  Nature"  is  often  used,  and  we  would 
think  sometimes  in  looking  over  the  vast  stores  of  natural  resources 
that  Nature  was  so  prolific  that  there  was  no  need  of  economizing. 
Yet  Nature  is  lavish  by  reason  of  her  Economy.  It  is  only  the 
economical  who  have  anything  with  which  to  be  lavish.  The 
economies  and  conservation  practiced  by  Nature  in  every  human 
organism  in  the  world  is  a  subject  for  deep  thought  and  investi- 
gation ;  yet  this  economy  is  nowhere  more  apparent  than  in  those 
who  are  the  most  richly  endowed  with  physical  and  mental  gifts. 

Hosjdfaliff/.— Hospitality  and  Sociality  are  two  phases  of  the 
same  faculty,  and  both  derive-  their  support  from  the  glandular 
system.  The  sign  for  this  faculty  adjoins  the  signs  for  Digestion 
and  Friendship,  and  is  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  other 
glandular  signs.  Friendship  and  Hospitality  are  very  nearly  allied 
in  character,  for  one  phase  of  friendship  exhibits  hospitality  and 
sociality,  while  other  phases  of  friendship  are  manifested  in  other 
ways,  depending  on  the  faculties  in  combination. 

Hospitality,  like  Friendship,  presents  two  aspects,  the  selfish 
and  the  unselfish.  As  the  action  of  the  glands  is  dual,  they  being 
both  secretory  and  excretory,  it  is  natural  that  it  should  exhibit  its 
accompanying  faculty  or  sentiment  in  a  dual  manner.    The  glands 


174  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

contribute  juices  that  not  only  assist  in  building  up  a  warm  and 
strong  circulation,  which  tends  to  personal  health  and  enjoyment. 
Friendship  enables  us  to  warm  toward  others  and  gives  the  desire 
for  association  at  table,  and  this  in  order  to  enhance  our  own 
enjoyment ;  not  for  charity,  for  the  sake  of  giving  a  good  meal  to 
a  hungry  person,  but  for  the  selfish  enjoyment  which  we  derive 
from  eating  and  talking  with  others.  Fine  and  keen  analysis  is 
needed  to  discriminate  the  action  of  faculties  which  by  Nature 
and  location  are  closely  allied ;  as,  for  example.  Hospitality  and 
Friendship,  or  Benevolence  and  Friendship.  Tlieir  expression  and 
action  in  many  phases  are  quite  similar.  Yet  analysis  will  prove 
their  separate  and  distinct  action.  Hospitality  in  its  primary 
aspect  is  related  to  Digestion,  to  eating  and  drinkmg ;  hence, 
the  table  is  its  field  of  action,  and  this  is  where  it  exhibits  its 
highest  expression  and  shows  that  it  proceeds  from  that  primary 
associative,  gregarious  instinct,  which  is  observed  in  all  gregarious 
animals  who  love  to  feed  in  company  with  each  other. 

In  a  more  refined  and  cultivated  sense,  assisted  by  other 
faculties,  it  shows  itself  in  other  ways.  In  conjunction  with  Friend- 
ship it  exhibits  a  range  of  activity  quite  difierent  from  the  mere 
animal  enjoyment  of  eating  and  drinking.  It  will  be  greatly 
influenced  by  other  traits,  which  are  stronger,  and  its  action  will 
be  modified  by  them.  The  group  of  faculties  in  which  its  local 
sign  is  situated  derives  its  support  from  similar  organic  sources, 
and  this  grouping  of  faculties  and  functions  throughout  the  body 
and  face  is  not  the  least  remarkable  circumstance  in  relation  to  it 
Mark  the  company  in  which  it  is  found :  Friendship  adjoins  it  on 
its  upper  side.  Digestion  is  near  its  lower  side,  whUe  Approbative- 
ness  flatters  and  praises  its  efforts  on  another  side,  and  Mirthful- 
ness,  Love  of  Home,  Patriotism,  Economy,  and  Love  of  Young 
are  near  neighbors.  Tliese  are  all  derived  from  the  action  of  the 
glands,  and  are  located  in  the  face,  as  are  their  organs  in  the  body, 
in  sucli  close  contiguity  as  to  assist  mutual  action  and  reveal  their 
near  relationship.  All  evidence  points  to  their  glandular  source. 
Nearly  all  faculties  have  a  primitive  derivation,  and  exhibit  a 
primitive  mode  of  expression ;  but  cultivation  by  education  and 
imitation  gives  variety  and  refinement  to  all  faculties,  until  in 
many  cases  the  primary  meaning  and  expression  of  a  function  and 
faculty  is  lost  sight  of  in  the  advanced  refinement  and  aesthetic 
mode  of  its  expression.  I  recall  to  mind  the  circumstance  of  a 
gentleman  who  was  quite  indignant  at  my  statement  that  he 
derived  his  capacity  for  friendliness  from  his  intestinal  system ;  but 
after  I  showed  him  the  face  of  a  celebrated  miser  and  explained 
the  action  of  Friendship,  he  became  quite  reconciled  to  the  idea  that 


FACULTIES    DERIVED   FROM   THE   GLANDULAR   SYSTEM.  175 

friendly  sentiment  could  be  derived  from  a  physical  base,  and  was 
not  altogether  the  product  of  the  brain  or  mind,  as  he  had  been 
taught.  Why  tlie  products  of  the  brain  should  seem  more  honor- 
able than  the  product  of  any  other  organ  I  am  at  a  loss  to  under- 
stand, for  the  brain  is  as  much  an  animal  organ  as  is  the  heart  or 
liver,  and  the  mind  is  certainly  an  animal  organism.  What  we 
should  endeavor  to  do  is  to  get  at  the  fundamental  principles  of 
the  body,  and  then  adopt  those  methods  of  living  that  are  in  accord 
with  Nature's  laws.  For  in  this  way  only  can  we  make  aU  func- 
tions and  faculties  seem  alike  honorable. 

Love  of  Home. — The  love  of  home,  like  all  the  primitive  or 
cultivated  traits,  is  exhibited  in  varying  degrees  of  power  and  in- 
tensity in  different  persons  and  races.  Some  races,  the  Swiss 
mountaineers,  for  example,  possess  a  most  ardent  love  for  their 
mountain  heights,  and  when  removed  from  them  often  suffer  ex- 
tremly  with  nostalgia,  or  home-sickness,  and  some  have  died  in 
consequence  of  their  protracted  separation  from  home. 

This  faculty  is  a  primitive  animal  faculty,  and  is  quite  devel- 
oped in  nest-building  in  birds,  and  such  animals  as  the  beaver,  etc., 
who  make  permanent  structures  for  habitation,  and  in  such  ani- 
mals it  is  more  strongly  developed  than  in  many  wandering,  savage, 
and  barbarous  tribes  who  have  no  permanent,  settled  abode.  Among 
the  civilized  races  are  often  found  individuals  who  are  natural  wan- 
derers, to  whom  a  settled  home  is  unendurable  for  any  length  of 
time.  Such  persons  make  good  pioneers,  hunters,  trappers,  navi- 
gators, founders  of  towns,  and  leaders  of  enterprises  which  involve 
travelling.  Tiie  love  of  home  is  more  prevalent  and  stronger  in 
woman  than  in  man,  for  the  conservation  of  the  race  demands  that 
the  mother  shall  be  a  home-keeper,  and  thus  the  harmony  of 
Nature  is  exhibited  by  creating  in  the  female  a  more  stable  attach- 
ment to  the  home.  Yet  some  men  are  as  ardently  attached  to 
home  as  any  woman  can  be.  I  have  met  a  lady  who  changes  her 
abode,  on  an  average,  six  times  a  year,  and  shifts  the  position  of 
her  furniture  every  week.  But  tliis  is  a  most  uncommon  mani- 
festation of  absence  of  this  trait. 

The  local  sign  for  Love  of  Home  is  known  by  fullness  of  the 
soft  part  of  the  chin  just  below  the  sign  for  Benevolence  and  adjoin- 
ing Love  of  Cyountry.  It  is  derived  from  the  glandular  system,  as 
are  most  of  the  faculties  whose  local  signs  are  in  this  vicinity,  for 
nearly  all  the  signs  here  represent  primitive  faculties, — those  com- 
mon to  man  and  animals.  The  analysis  of  character  must  be  con- 
ducted in  a  spirit  of  candor,  and  without  any  bias,  prejudice,  or 
preconceived  ideas  of  the  action  of  faculties,  else  no  profit  can  be 
derived  from  it.    Now,  Love  of  Home  is  a  trait  difficult  of  analysis 


176  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

by  the  ordinary  observer.  To  know  how  much  of  this  sentiment 
is  natural  or  how  much  is  acquired,  or  to  know  whether  those  who 
stick  close  to  the  home  do  so  from  love  of  it,  or  whether  it  is  the 
result  of  laziness,  is  a  question  for  the  keen  observer  to  decide. 
Some  persons  remain  in  one  abode  or  stay  constantly  at  home  be- 
cause they  are  averse  to  making  the  efforts  essential  to  change, 
while  others  exhibit  a  most  decided  affection  for  the  home  of  their 
childhood,  and  if  obliged  to  leave  it  never  cease  to  regret  it.  The 
development  of  the  gland  below  the  lip  shows  more  after  childhood 
is  passed,  for  the  reason  that  the  face  never  assumes  its  perfect  form 
until  the  character  has  begun  to  strengthen  and  develop. 

Patriotism. — The  love  of  country  is  a  faculty  which  varies  in 
the  degree  of  its  manifestation  quite  as  much  as  other  faculties. 
At  first  presentation  of  the  subject  one  would  think  that  love  of 
country  must  of  necessity  be  a  cultivated  faculty  and  an  attribute 
of  highly  developed  persons  only,  inasmuch  as  it  is  exhibited  in  its 
highest  power  by  orators,  statesmen,  and  heroes.  Without  the 
assistance  of  physiognomy  we  might  think  that  Patriotism  belonged 
exclusively  to  men  of  this  class,  but  we  shall  presently  learn  that 
this  trait  is  general  in  all  civilized  races,  and  even  among  the  un- 
civilized there  are  many  who  evince  the  most  ardent  love  of  their 
own  land.  The  Esquimaux,  for  example,  are  quite  unable  to 
understand  how  any  one  can  live  in  a  country  which  has  neither 
ice  nor  seal,  and  their  attachment  for  their  own  land  is  most 
decided. 

Many  persons  evince  a  most  lively  affection  for  their  country, 
yet  are  not  locative  in  their  habits,  and  care  little  for  a  settled  place 
of  abode ;  yet  these  two  faculties  are  in  harmony  and  mutually 
assist  each  other.  Their  local  signs  in  the  face  adjoin,  and  their 
origin  is  the  same :  both  are  derived  from  the  action  of  the  glands. 
The  perfected  phase  of  this  trait,  which  is  observed  in  statesmen 
and  orators,  is  due  to  the  general  development  and  perfecting  of 
this  trait,  assisted  by  other  perfected  powers  in  the  individual  thus 
exhibiting  it. 

There  are  men  in  private  life  who  are  unknown  to  history  and 
to  fame,  whose  love  of  country  is  not  excelled  by  any  statesman  or 
hero.  There  are  women,  too,  whose  Patriotism  is  of  the  highest 
order.  Such  women  are  the  mothers  of  patriot  heroes.  It  is  to  be 
remarked  that  man  has  not  a  single  mental  faculty  which  is  not 
equally  the  attribute  of  woman,  and  if  woman  is  possessed  of 
Patriotism  it  is  intended  that  she  should  use  it  and  transmit  it, 
for  every  faculty  is  for  use.  Nothing  is  created  by  Nature  with- 
out a  purpose,  and  if  it  be  argued  that  Love  of  Country  was  given 
to  woman  to  transmit  to  her  sons,  I  answer  that  it  might  have  been 


FACULTIES  DERIVED   FROM   THE   REPRODUCTIVE   SYSTEM.  177 

given  to  the  male  only,  and  so  transmitted  as  a  masculine  faculty 
exclusively  without  the  intervention  of  the  female. 

The  pages  of  history  are  brilliant  with  the  deeds  of  patriotic 
heroines,  and  for  one  whose  glorious  deeds  shine  forth  with  noon- 
day brilliancy  there  are  thousands  unknown  to  fame  who  have 
given  up  sons,  fathers,  and  brothers,  as  well  as  risked  their  own 
lives  and  fortunes,  in  defense  of  their  country ;  and  the  bead-roll 
of  fame  might  be  enriched  with  names  whose  deeds  were  as  great 
as  those  of  Joan  of  Arc,  Charlotte  Corday,  or  Madame  Roland. 
This  facidty  is  universal  in  the  higher  races,  and  is  an  animal  or 
primitive  faculty,  and  manifested,  of  course,  in  a  limited  and 
animal-like  way  by  birds  and  beasts,  who  show  most  decided  love 
for  their  own  countries  by  pining  and  drooping  when  transported 
to  countries  unfavorable  to  their  development.  We  must  not  argue 
that  animals  do  not  possess  all  of  the  faculties  common  to  man 
because  they  do  not  express  them  as  we  do. 

We  shall  do  credit  to  our  modesty  if  we  refrain  from  setting 
ourselves  up  too  high  above  those  creatures  in  whose  organisms 
reside  the  self-same  traits  of  honesty,  affection,  maternal  love, 
fidelity,  industry,  patience,  love  of  home  and  of  country  which  the 
highest  human  races  possess,  varying  only  in  degree,  not  in  kind. 
There  is  no  doubt  in  my  mind  that  the  faculties  which  derive  their 
sustenance  from  the  action  of  the  glands  have  each  a  separate 
source  of  supply  ;  for  example,  the  sentiment  of  Amativeness  un- 
doubtedly derives  its  power  from  the  development  of  the  glands 
belonging  to  the  reproductive  system,  while  the  sentiment  of  Love 
of  Young  doubtless  receives  its  sustenance  from  the  mammary 
glands,  which  are  largest  in  the  female  and  only  rudimentary  in 
the  male.  This  deficiency  in  the  male  would  account  for  the 
superior  strength  of  this  sentiment  in  woman.  Love  of  Home  and 
of  Country,  as  well  as  Approbativeness  and  Hospitality,  I  think  must 
be  derived  from  the  intestinal  glands.  Their  signs  being  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  mouth,  the  principal  organ  of  digestion,  would 
indicate  this  to  be  the  case. 


FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM   THE   REPRODUCTIVE   SYSTEM. 

AmativeTiess,  or  Love  of  the  Sexes. — Amativeness  and  repro- 
ductive capacity  are  known  by  thickness,  moisture,  and  redness  of 
the  centre  of  the  upper  lip.  When  very  thick  it  also  denotes 
glandular,  muscular,  and  adipose  development.  This  sign  is  better 
defined  in  the  physiognomies  of  ancient  races  and  in  European 
faces  than  in  American  people.  The  function  of  reproduction  is 
more  active  in  the  muscular  or  artistic  classes  than  in  all  others, 

12 


178  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and  those  who  have  excelled  in  creative  art  will  disclose  the  sign 
of  this  function  and  faculty  well  defined. 

Its  use  primarily  is  for  the  propagation,  creation,  and  per- 
petuation of  the  race.  Its  moral  significance  is  of  incalculable 
importance,  for  upon  its  normal  action  and  natural  and  religious 
use  the  purity  and  welfare  of  the  human  family  are  dependent 
It  has  no  functional  activity  until  the  age  of  puberty,  at  which 
time  important  moral  as  well  as  physical  changes  occur.  These 
changes  are  equivalent  to  the  introduction  of  an  entirely  new 
faculty  and  function.  Its  lull  moral  and  physiological  importance 
should  be  taught  to  youth,  as  ignorance  of  the  true  nature  of  its 
powers  may  lead  to  disastrous  results,  which  may  descend  to  the 
innocent  for  generations  and  lead  to  the  utter  demoralization  of 
entire  communities. 

It  lias  be(Mi  the  custom  to  regard  the  sexual  system  as  some- 
thing bad,  and  entirely  animal  in  its  influence  upon  the  human 
mind;  how  mucli  tliat  is  moral,  beautiful,  aspiring,  social,  and  ar- 
tistic proceeds  from  its  normal  development  the  reader  will  learn  as 
we  continue  the  science  of  physiognomy  in  these  pages.  I  feel  very 
much  strengthened  and  fortihed  in  my  theories  by  much  that  Dr. 
Maudsley  has  written,  and  it  is  due  my  readers  that  my  ideas, 
novel  and  unique  as  they  may  seem,  should  be  supplemented  by 
authority  from  those  who  have  made  a  life-time  study  of  mind  in 
all  its  phases.  In  referring  to  the  fact  that  conscience  is  a  matter 
of  physical  organization,  and  also  of  the  effect  of  depreciated 
sexual  power  in  man,  he  remarks : — 

Of  the  moi-iil  character  of  eunuchs,  all  that  we  can  briefly  say  is  that 
in  most  cases  they  have  no  moral  character  ;  their  minds  are  mutilated,  like 
their  bodies ;  with  the  deprivation  of  sexual  feeling,  they  are  deprived  of 
all  the  mental  growth  and  energy  which  it  directl}^  or  remoteh^  impairs. 
How  much  this  is  it  would  be  hard  to  sa3- ;  but  were  man  deprived  of  the 
instinct  of  propagation,  and  of  all  that  mentallj^  springs  from  it,  I  doubt 
not  that  most  of  the  poetry  and  perhaps  all  of  the  moral  feeling  would  be 
cut  out  of  his  life.* 

Comment  on  such  evidence  is  wholly  unnecessary.  A  refer- 
ence to  the  faces  of  all  persons  who  are  most  remarkable  for  moral 
or  mental  energy  will  prove  the  statements  here  made.  All  well- 
sexed  men  and  women  inspire  more  attention  and  exert  more  in- 
fluence in  their  communities  than  do  those  who  are  more  feebly 
endowed  in  this  respect.  I  have  never  seen  the  portrait  or  face  of 
any  character  remarkable  for  any  mental  or  moral  gifl  whose 
countenance  and  physique  showed  a  lack  of  procreative  power. 
The  organs  of  reproduction  are  situated  in  the  vegetative  or  chem- 

*  Body  and  Mind,  H.  Maudsley,  M.D.,  p.  118. 


FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM   THE    REPRODUCTIVE   SYSTEM.         179 

ical  division  of  the  body.  The  signs  for  Amativeness  and  the  re- 
productive system  are  located  in  the  vegetative  division  of  the  face. 
Now,  although  the  organs  of  this  system  are  muscular,  the  func- 
tional action  of  these  systems,  both  in  male  and  female,  are  chemical 
mainly,  and  assisted  by  the  action  of  the  glandular  system.  The 
growth  of  the  embryo  is  a  purely  vegetative  or  chemical  process, 
as  much  so  as  is  the  growth  of  a  plant. 

The  procreative  act  is  the  highest,  holiest,  as  well  as  the  most 
constructive  and  creative  of  which  man  is  capable.  It  should  be 
so  taught  and  understood,  and  its  high  office  comprehended 
thoroughly  by  those  who  enter  matrimony. 

Love  of  Young. — The  local  sign  for  love  of  children,  pets, 
and  animals  is  shown  by  the  drooping  of  each  side  of  the  upper 
lip  on  either  side  of  Amativeness,  of  which  it  is  the  natural  and 
necessary  companion.  It  forms  a  little  "  scallop  "  shape,  which 
also  assists  in  giving  beauty  to  the  mouth.  Indeed,  all  well- 
developed  mouths  present  this  appearance  more  or  less.  Every 
function  that  is  of  use  to  the  individual,  and  in  a  normal  condition, 
sets  a  sign  of  beauty  in  the  face,  and  those  who  learn  to  under- 
stand these  signs  and  their  signification  will  enjoy  beauties  which 
are  denied  to  those  ignorant  of  them. 

In  some  subjects  the  outer  sides  of  the  lip  project  downward, 
almost  overlapping  the  lower  lip,  just  as  is  seen  in  dogs  and  cows 
and  other  animals  whose  love  of  offspring  is  intense.  This  sign  is 
situated  in  the  same  place  in  all  the  highejr  animals.  As  I  have 
stated  elsewhere,  when  Nature  gives  the  love  or  capacity  for  any 
pursuit  she  also  gives  some  kind  of  power  for  its  expression. 
Hence,  when  we  observe  this  sign  largely  defined,  we  must  infer 
that  the  ability  to  nourish  or  care  for  the  young  accompanies  it. 
In  some  it  betokens  the  physical  development  essential  to  the 
nourishment  of  oftspring, — that  is  to  say,  good  digestion  and  a 
suitable  endowment  of  the  glandular  system.  In  others,  in  whom 
the  brain  system  is  predominant,  it  is  associated  with  a  mirthful- 
constructive  talent,  which  manifests  itself  in  the  invention  of 
stories,  games,  and  amusements  for  the  diversion  of  the  young. 
Miss  Louisa  Alcott,  the  celebrated  writer  for  children,  exhibits 
this  formation  ;  all  the  signs  of  this  kind  of  talent  are  prominent 
in  her  physiognomy. 

This  faculty  is  manifested  in  others  by  love  of  teaching  and 
training  young  children  and  animals.  No  one  can  succeed  in 
training  dogs  or  horses  who  has  not  this  faculty.  All  of  the  facul- 
ties and  functions  in  the  Vegetative  or  Chemical  Division  of  the 
face  are  related  in  some  degree  to  the  glandular  system.  Now,  as 
love  of  ofi"spring  is  generally  stronger  in  woman  than  in  man,  she 


180  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

is  by  Nature  especially  fitted  to  nourish  the  young,  and  the  senti- 
ment  of  Love  of  Young  is  created  and  sustained  by  the  glandular 
system — by  the  mammary  glands  in  particular.  In  man  these 
glands  are  rudimental,  hence  his  love  for  and  desire  to  nourish  and 
take  care  of  the  young  is  not  so  strong  as  in  woman,  although 
several  well-authenticated  cases  are  found  in  medical  works  of  men 
who  were  able  to  nourish  babes  at  their  breasts.  There  are  a  few 
ducts  and  a  small  gland  in  the  mammae  of  men,  it  is  true,  and  it 
is  quite  likely,  under  some  abnormal  conditions  of  the  generative 
function  in  man,  that  the  mammary  glands  have  become  en- 
larged, as  is  well  known  in  cases  where  the  testes  have  become 
atrophied. 

This  function  and  faculty,  it  will  be  observed,  has  its  moral 
and  intellectual  use,  as  well  as  its  physiological  power.  It  is, 
therefore,  highly  importixnt  as  being  one  of  the  greatest  protectors 
of  infant  life  and  health  and  the  conservator  of  posterity.  The 
signs  of  the  functions  and  faculties  in  the  Chemical  Division  of  the 
body  are  the  most  easily  recognized  by  the  ordinary  observer ;  but 
more  profound  thought  and  reason  are  necessary  to  carry  this  law 
of  correspondence  of  fimctioiia  loith  mental  and  moral  faculties  to 
its  ultimate  conclusions. 

Where  there  is  large  Love  of  Young,  in  combination  with  an 
average  or  good  physical  development  of  body,  all  of  the  facial 
glands  will  present  an  active  appearance,  exhibited  by  a  healthy, 
red  hue,  and  moist  condition.  The  portion  of  the  upper  lip  where 
the  sign  for  Love  of  Young  is  located  exhibits  redness  and  moisture. 
The  eyes  will  appear  bright  and  moist,  and  all  of  the  glands  con- 
cerned in  assimilation  will  be  found  active.  The  juices  extracted 
from  the  nutriment  are  received  into  the  lacteal  glands,  and 
supply  the  body  with  nourishment.  The  better  the  development 
of  these  glands,  the  greater  is  the  degree  of  the  "sentiments" 
of  Love  of  Young,  Mirthfulness,  x\pprobativeness,  Benevolence, 
and  Sociality. 

Many  physiologists  and  modem  writers  on  mind  have  ob- 
served the  action  and  effect  of  hope,  joy,  fear,  and  rage  upon  the 
glandular  system ;  but,  singular  as  it  may  seem,  have  never  in  one 
instance,  that  I  am  aware  of,  connected  the  several  glands  with 
these  various  and  distinct  related  emotions  as  their  source  or  origin- 
Pathognomy  ought  to  have  enlightened  them  on  this  point,  as  in- 
sanity has  opened  the  door  so  widely  to  the  comprehension  of  the 
origin  of  mental  powers.  Yet,  we  find  among  writers  such  ob- 
servations as  the  following,  which  I  claim  corroborate  my  position 
as  to  the  origifi  of  the  emotions  of  Hope,  Approbation,  Benevolence, 
Love  of  Young,  and  Muthfulness. 


FACULTIES  DERIVED  FROM  THE  REPRODUCTIVE  SYSTEM.    181 

Says  Dr  Tuke  :— 

As  respects  secretion,  the  emotions,  by  causing  a  larger  amount  of 
blood  to  be  transmitted  to  a  gland,  increase  sensibility  and  warmth,  and  so 
stimulate  its  functions ;  or  they  may  directly  excite  the  process  by  their 
influence  on  nerves  supplying  the  glands.* 

MirtJifuhiess. — The  most  prominent  sign  of  this  faculty  is 
found  at  the  outer  corners  of  tlie  mouth.  It  is  shown  firstly  by  a 
depression  caused  (when  smihng)  by  the  action  of  the  two  muscles 
named  major  and  minor  zygomaticus,  which  draw  the  mouth  out- 
ward and  upward,  and,  secondly,  by  glandular  tissue  or  adipose 
material.  The  more  these  muscles  are  exercised,  the  more  defined 
the  impress  of  such  activity  is  apparent,  and  hence  it  is  that  we 
often  find  dimples  at  this  place.  In  those  who  are  less  playful 
and  mirthful,  small  vertical  wrinkles  are  seen.  This  sign  adjoins 
the  local  sign  for  Love  of  Young,  and  by  virtue  of  its  character  is 
connected  naturally  and  necessarily  with  it.  In  some  it  causes  the 
corners  of  the  mouth  to  turn  upward.  Laurence  Sterne,  the  cele- 
brated humorous  writer,  had  this  peculiarity  in  a  marked  manner. 
It  is  adapted  to  the  care  and  amusement  of  the  young  as  well  as  to 
the  recreation  of  adult  life.  It  is  in  one  sense  creative  or  construct- 
ive^ like  Amativeness,  as  it  assists  in  contriving  and  planning 
amusements  for  old  and  young;  it  shows  in  witty  and  funny 
speeches,  and  attracts  all  by  mirthful  and  lovable  manners;  it  is 
also  an  aid  to  digestion,  and  adjoins  its  most  prominent  sign.  All 
display  of  anger  or  sadness  while  eating  impedes  digestion,  while 
mirth  assists  its  action.  The  source  of  supply  of  Mirthfulness  is 
undoubtedly  glandular,  although  the  muscles  assist  its  expression. 
The  zygomaticus  minor  muscle  is  sometimes  scarcely  perceptible  or 
entirely  wanting. 

The  location  of  Mirthfulness  near  the  mouth  and  its  intimate 
relation  to  Love  of  Young  point  to  its  origin  as  glandular,  depend- 
ing undoubtedly  on  the  quantity  and  quality  of  nutrition  assimi- 
lated and  animal  warmth  supplied  to  the  system  by  the  action  of 
the  lacteal  glands.  Shriveled,  thin  persons,  or  dyspeptics,  are  not 
as  mirthful  as  those  whose  digestion  is  unimpaired;  and  as  dys- 
peptics regain  health  and  normal  conditions  their  love  of  fun  and 
mirthfulness  returns  to  its  natural  state.  The  location  of  this 
function  and  faculty  and  the  effect  of  its  normal  and  abiiormal 
action  evidence  its  origin.  Like  all  the  faculties  found  in  the 
Vegetative  System,  it  must  be  considered  as  having  its  support 
from  sources  similar  to  those  of  other  functions  and  faculties  in 
this  syst;pm.     The  association  of  all  these  functions  is  for  mutual 

»  Influence  of  the  Mind  upon  the  Body,  D.  H.  Tuke,  M.D.,  p.  819. 


182  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

support  and  assistance;  hence,  their  origin  is  easily  determined. 
To  "laugh  and  grow  fat"  is  a  truism,  dinger  and  sadness  suppress 
the  normal  supply  of  secretions,  while  mirth  and  contentment 
excite  them  to  action. 

In  regard  to  the  processes  of  Nutrition,  the  pleasurable  emotions 
tend  to  excite  them;  hence,  the  excitement  of  certain  feelings,  if  definitely 
directed,  restores  healthy  action  to  an  affected  part  and  removes  abnor- 
mal growths.  The  pleasurable  emotions  tend  to  act  only  in  one  direction, 
that  of  increased  activity  of  the  secretions,  but  the  painful  emotions  act 
both  in  stimulating  and  in  arresting  secretions.  Thus,  Grief  excites  the 
lachrymal  and  Rage  the  salivary  glands.  On  the  other  hand,  the  salivary 
secretion  ma}'  be  checked  by  Fear,  and  the  gastric  by  Anxiety.* 

Most  of  us  have  witnessed  the  depressing  effects  upon  the 
mind  caused  by  the  recital  of  sad  news,  or  by  long-continued 
anxiety.  Tliese  effects  extend  to  the  digestive  processes,  and  many 
persons,  when  under  the  influence  of  grief,  sadness,  or  anxiety, 
lose  all  relish  and  desire  for  food,  and  also  the  power  to  digest 
nourishment.  In  this  condition  it  is  wrong  to  urge  the  sufferer  to 
eat,  and  great  harm  may  result  in  the  attempt. 

Instead  of  making  attempts  to  force  them  to  take  nourishment, 
a  pleasant,  cheerful  manner  should  mark  those  surrounding  the 
individual,  and  the  mind  should  be  led  to  more  hopeful  and  cheer- 
ing views.  In  this  manner,  the  natural  secretions  which  have 
been  affected  by  unpleasant  emotions  will  gradually  return  to  a 
normal  condition,  and  the  appetite  be  in  this  manner  restored. 

Pneumativeness  is  dependent  primarily  upon  the  perfection 
of  the  glandular  system,  yet  its  function  is  not  perfected  until  the 
blood  has  received  the  purifying  influences  of  the  oxygen  as  it 
peaches  the  lungs.  Color  also  has  a  mixed  origin,  being  both 
glandular  and  arterial. 

Sanativeness  belongs  partly  to  the  glandular  system,  but  is 
assisted  by  the  muscular  powers. 

THE   LIVER. 

Hope. — The  degree  of  this  very  important  faculty  found  in  an 
individual  is  dependent  upon  the  normal  action  of  a  strong  and 
healthy  liver.  If  the  hver  be  of  good  quality — that  is  to  say,  free 
from  all  inherited  weakness,  and  always  acting  normally — a  high 
quality  of  Hope  will  accompany  its  action.  Hope  is  a  great  sus- 
tainer  of  life ;  it  buoys  one  up  under  great  difficulties ;  it  gives  the 
power  to  overcome  obstacles  by  a  hopeful,  cheerful  cast  of  mind 
— if  I  may  be  allowed  to  use  this  term  in  speaking  of  a  physical 
function,  for  we  derive  our  "  mental  powers "  from  these  functions 

^Influence  of  the  Mind  upon  the  Body,  D.  H.  Take,  M.D.,  p.  319. 


THE   LIVER.  183 

direct.  In  sickness  no  faculty  except  Firmness  so  sustains  the  spirits 
and  strength  of  the  invaUd.  In  this  way  it  promotes  health  and  lon- 
gevity. Whenever  I  see  an  individual  with  cheerless,  despondent, 
hopeless  views  of  life  and  the  future,  I  look  for  a  liver  diseased 
either  by  abuse  or  by  inheritance  from  some  "blue,"  grim,  joyless, 
jaundiced,  bilious  ancestor,  and  I  find  this  invariably  the  case. 
How  little  people  think,  as  they  stuft'  and  gorge  and  make  them- 
selves bilious  and  jaundiced,  of  the  gloom  and  wretchedness  they 
are  storing  up  for  future  generations,  cursing  the  unborn  and 
sending  down  to  posterity  the  blighting  effects  of  their  uncon- 
trolled appetites!  Surely,  it  is  here  rehgion  should  commence, 
where  it  is  most  needed ;  and  Nature  has  placed  Conscientiousness 
in  the  Vegetative  Division  in  the  physical  basis  of  human  character, 
in  order  that  it  should  protect  the  body  in  purity  and  soundness, 
and  that  morality  should  prevail. 

When  I  observe  persons  whose  views  of  life  are  gloomy,  and 
who  live  without  hope,  I  cannot  refrain  from  paraphrasing  the 
Scriptures  thus: — 

The  fathers  have  chewed  gall,  and  the  children's  teeth  are  set  on  edge. 

I  suspect  there  must  have  been  many  keen,  observing, 
thoughtful  men  in  "  Bible  times,"  who  were  wiser  and  more  scien- 
tific than  they  dared  to  acknowledge — some  who  understood,  as 
Moses  did,  the  physical  construction  of  the  body,  as  well  as  man's 
requirements  toward  a  religious  life.  When  I  read  such  expres- 
sions as  the  "gall  of  bitterness,"  "bowels  of  mercy,"  etc.,  I  can- 
not but  think  that  some  of  the  men  of  those  times  must  have 
known  that  friendship  derived  its  merciful  attributes  from  the  in- 
testinal system,  and  that  hopelessness  and  bitterness  of  spirits  came 
from  an  overflow  of  the  gall-bladder;  else  why  such  expressions'? 
It  will  be  a  happy  day  for  society  when  these  unfortunates  can 
be  made  to  clearly  undierstand  that  people  who  observe  their 
peculiarities  are  able  to  appreciate  them  from  the  stand-point  of 
physical  imperfection,  and  not  in  the  light  of  unpleasant  eccen- 
tricity. It  is  a  hopeful  sign  of  the  times  that  no  one  cares  to  pose 
in  the  light  of  the  "  interesting  invalid."  With  the  development 
of  Face  and  Form  Reading  all  these  oddities,  resultant  from  a  dis- 
ordered liver,  will  be  classified  in  their  proper  light  of  physical 
deformity.  No  one  cares  to  be  classed  among  the  physically  un- 
fortunate, like  the  hunchback,  the  club-footed,  and  the  blind; 
and  if  an  increased  knowledge  as  to  the  true  relations  existing 
between  the  liver  and  the  disposition  can  be  generally  disseminated, 
it  will  result  in  a  greater  degree  of  caution  in  the  indulgence  of 
the   appetite.      Suggestions  as  to   curbing  the   demands  of  the 


184  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

palate,  however,  are  not  usually  received  with  much  enthusiasm, 
and  I  will  not  pursue  the  subject  farther,  except  to  say  that  I 
firmly  believe  that  a  great  responsibility  rests  on  parents  in  the 
arrangement  of  a  dietary  for  their  children,  if  they  would  secure 
for  them  a  perfect  digestion. 

The  liver  being  the  largest  gland  in  the  body,  we  must  infer 
that  it  creates  important  mental  states.  The  greatest  writers  on 
mind  seem  to  realize  its  importance,  and  have  gathered  extensive 
evidence  by  observation  and  experiment  which  go  far  toward 
proving  its  intimate  relation  to  mental  activity.  The  evidence 
collected  by  tliis  class  of  writers  is  chiefly  obtained  by  observing 
this  oi:gan  in  a  state  of  disease.  Not  having  any  scientific 
knowledge  of  the  face  by  which  to  make  observations  of  the  liver 
in  a  state  of  healtli,  nor  to  observe  how  it  affects  the  normal  in- 
dividual, their  only  resource  has  been  pathological  observation, 
such  as  is  had  in  cases  of  sudden  emotion  or  long-continued  dis- 
orders of  this  viscus.  And  until  physicians  and  metaphysicians 
are  acquainted  thoroughly  with  the  facts  of  scientiflc  physiog- 
nomy these  methods  ^lone  will  have  to  be  employed  in  the  study 
of  those  diseases  of  the  mind  induced  by  disorders  of  the  liver,  or, 
conversely,  diseases  of  the  liver  induced  by  injuries  to  the  brain 
or  brought  on  by  violent  emotion.  The  following  description  of 
disease  of  the  liver,  produced  by  mental  shock,  is  stated  thus  by 
Dr.  Tuke.     He  remarks : — 

Dr.  Budd,  in  his  "  Diseases  of  the  Liver,"*  observes  that  jaundice 
following  mental  shock,  long-continued  anxiet}^  or  grief,  is  often  unattended 
by  any  alarming  symptom,  but  now  and  then,  after  it  has  existed  for  some 
time  without  any  symptoms  indicative  of  especial  danger,  disorder  of  the 
brain  which  proves  rapidly  fatal  comes  on.  After  death,  in  such  cases,  por- 
tions of  the  liver  axe  sometimes  found  completely  disorganized.  It  would 
seem  that  some  virulent  poison  is  generated  in  the  liver  which  deranges  and 
then  paralyzes  the  brain,  and  after  death  comes  softening  and  disorganiza- 
tion of  the  liver  itself.  Dr.  Wilson  Phillip  asserts  that  depression  of  mind, 
if  protracted,  alters  the  structure  of  the  liver. 

Of  the  influence  of  the  liver  over  mental  states,  Dr.  John 
Wm.  Draper  observes  : — 

It  is,  however,  on  all  hands  admitted  that  nothing  so  quickly  disturbs 
the  brain  in  its  action  as  functional  disturbance  of  the  liver.  If,  through  a 
partial  failure  in  the  operation  of  that  great  gland,  the  products  which  it 
should  normally  secrete  begin  to  accumulate  in  the  blood,  or  have  to  seek 
new  channels  for  their  escape,  the  vigor  of  the  intellect  is  at  once  impaired.'^ 

Not  only  is  the  general  condition  of  the  mind  impaired  by 
pathological  changes  in  the  action  of  the  liver,  but  where  there 
is  an  inherited  defect  either  in  size  or  activity  of  this  organ  there 

*  Influence  of  tlie  Mind  upon  the  Body,  D.  H.  Tuke,  M.D.,  p.  304. 
t  Human  Pathology,  John  William  Draper,  M.D. 


FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM   THE   INTESTINAL   SYSTEM.  185 

is  a  corresponding  defect  in  the  activity  and  clearness  of  the  in- 
tellect ;  especially  is  this  the  case  with  the  reasoning  and  analytical 
powers. 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  this  viscus  is  both  an  excreting 
as  well  as  a  secreting  organ  ;  hence,  it  assists  in  relieving  the  sys- 
tem of  impurities,  where  its  action  is  strong  and  active.  A  tem- 
porary disturbance  of  its  function,  as  is  seen  in  a  torpid  or  inact- 
ive state  of  the  liver,  produces  a  temporary  inert  condition  of  the 
mind,  as  well  as  a  cheerless,  melancholy,  "blue"  state  of  feeling, 
which  a  return  to  normal  action  completely  changes  to  activity  of 
mind  and  to  a  cheerful,  liopeful  condition.  It  is  well  known  that  per- 
sons transacting  business  while  laboring  under  temporary  disease  of 
the  liver  are  not  so  well  able  to  perform  their  business  in  a  satis- 
factory manner  as  when  in  their  normal  condition  ;  neither  have 
they  the  same  control  of  the  moral  iiatiire.  This  fact  is  too  well 
known  to  require  proofs  from  me.  This  being  admitted,  how  then 
can  it  be  doubted  that  a  healthy  condition  of  the  liver  leads  to 
morality,  while  an  unhealthy  state  of  this  organ  conduces  to  feeble- 
ness of  moral  action  ] 

The  first  and  most  important  knowledge  for  mankind  to  gain 
is  that  concerning  his  own  body,  and  a  health-catechism  should  be 
the  first  book  placed  in  the  hands  of  youth,  who  should  be  taught 
that  the  worst  sin  against  God's  law  is  to  breathe  impure  air ;  next, 
to  drink  impure  water  and  eat  improper  food ;  and  that  to  keep 
these  laws  is  the  "  chief  end  of  man."  If  the  body  be  kept  in  a 
normal  condition,  pure  morals  and  good  minds  are  pretty  sure  to 
be  the  result.  The  candid  reader,  I  am  sure,  will  ere  this  have 
become  convinced  that  true  religion  and  a  good  liver  are  in  direct 
relation  to  each  other.  It  has  been  shown  that  insanity  is  often 
the  result  of  a  diseased  liver.  Now,  if  this  be  so,  can  it  not  be 
readily  seen  how  essential  to  a  pure  mind  and  religious  life  is  a 
sound  liver"? 

FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM   THE   INTESTINAL   SYSTEM. 

Friendship. — Friendship  is  related  to  and  sustained  by  the 
intestinal  system,  and  is  comprised  in  the  chemical  or  vegetative 
part  of  the  process  of  digestion.  Its  principal  local  sign  is  fullness 
of  the  upper  portion  of  the  cheek,  and  adjoins  the  chief  sign  for 
Digestion,  or  Alimentiveness.  Fullness  of  the  salivary  glands 
just  in  front  of  the  ear-opening  is  another  sign  of  assimilative 
capacity.  The  first  stages  of  digestion — those  performed  by  the 
stomach — are  produced  by  muscular  action  chiefly,  with  slight 
assistance  from  the  chemical  action  of  the  salivary  and  gastric 
juices.     The  most  important  part  of  digestion  is  carried  on  by  the 


186  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

alimentary  canal,  commencing  with  the  duodenum.  The  food,  in 
its  passage  through  the  intestines,  is  acted  upon  by  the  secretions 
of  the  liver  and  pancreas ;  and  in  this  part  of  digestion  the  process 
is  mainly  chemical ;  and  it  is  here  that  the  juices  needed  for  ani- 
mal heat  and  warmth,  for  the  nutrition  of  the  body  generally,  are 
found.  It  is  here  that  color  is  evolved  by  chemical  action  and  sent 
through  the  glands  and  veins  to  its  several  destinations  in  the  tis- 
sues by  the  power  of  the  same  action  without  the  slightest  assist- 
ance from  the  muscular  system ;  and  when  we  observe  fullness  of 
the  upper  part  of  the  cheek  and  a  bright-red  color,  we  know  that 
Friendship  is  active,  because  the  power,  the  warmth  essential  to  its 
action,  is  present  in  the  body  in  just  the  right  proportion  to  enable 
the  individual  to  perform  the  offices  essential  to  the  active  duties 
which  Friendship  exacts.  A  thin,  flat,  pale,  or  bluish  upper 
cheek  shows  the  reverse  of  this  faculty,  and  will  always  be  accom- 
panied by  a  small  or  relatively  defective  intestinal  system. 

Friendship,  like  Love,  is  both  a  benevolent  and  a  selfish  trait. 
Its  character  is  dual,  as  is  its  functional  action^  for  the  glands  both 
excrete  and  absorb.  Primarily,  it  seeks  to  please  itself  in  social 
enjoyments,  in  the  society  of  friends,  and  in  eating  and  drinking 
with  them.  It  is  not,  Hke  the  Irishman's  "reciprocity,"  all  on  one 
side.  It  seeks,  also,  the  enjoyment  of  those  it  loves  ;  and,  where 
there  is  a  good  admixture  of  the  Architectural  or  Mathematical 
powers,  it  assists,  by  planning  and  personal  service,  in  every  way 
the  interests  of  the  objects  of  its  aft'ection.  A  good  development 
of  the  intestinal  system  gives  to  the  organism  the  juices  and 
nourishment  needed  to  carry  forward  the  work  of  Friendship,  and 
also  affords  the  animal  warmth  essential  to  the  creation  and  per- 
petuation of  this  faculty,  either  as  a  sentiment  or  social  enjoyment. 
Its  physical  basis,  as  I  have  shown,  is  in  the  Chemical  Division ;  and, 
in  its  primitive  aspect,  it  creates  a  desire  for  association  and  com- 
panionship. In  the  early  stages  of  man's  development  it  assisted 
in  forming  tribes  and  clans,  and  the  faces  of  all  clannish  races  ex- 
hibit this  faculty  largely ;  as,  for  example,  the  Highland  Scotch,  the 
Swiss,  the  Hollanders,  and  others.  As  the  organism  rose  higher 
by  the  development  and  perfection  of  other  faculties,  it  exhibited 
itself  more  as  a  sentiment^  and  showed  its  action  by  pleasant  speech, 
in  thought,  care,  and  active  works.  In  combination  with  the 
Chemical  Division  large  it  will  exhibit  itself  by  entertaining  friends 
with  feasts,  by  cooking  for  them,  and  by  presents  of  nice  foods, 
and  by  attention  to  their  bodily  wants.  With  the  Architectural 
faculties  added  it  shows  in  entertainments  also,  but  adds  both  sen- 
timent and  good  deeds.  With  the  highest  or  Mathematical  Divi- 
sion large,  where  the  brain  and  nerves  impart  sensitiveness,  it  will 


FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM   THE    INTESTINAL   SYSTEM.  18*7 

be  exhibited  more  in  emotion,  feeling,  thought,  and  sentiment ;  in 
plans  for  the  welfare  of  friends;  in  poetry  dedicated  to  beloved 
objects;  and  by  presents  of  flowers,  books,  and  pictures,  and  by 
deUcate  attentions. 

The  Germans,  as  a  class,  are  the  most  sociable  and  friendly 
of  all  the  civilized  mces.  They  are  also  the  best  feeders,  with  most 
uncommon  assimilative  powers.  Hence,  it  will  be  seen  that  Friend- 
ship is  a  conservator  of  life,  and  assists  in  the  progressive  develop- 
ment of  the  human  family,  both  morally  and  physiologically. 
Some  of  the  glands  involved  in  digestion  are  both  secretory  and 
excretory.  This  dual  action  gives  rise  to  a  dual  manifestation  of 
Friendship ;  it  is  both  selfish  and  unselfish. 

The  erroneous  views  of  metaphysical  writers  as  to  the  origin 
of  mind  have  given  rise  to  the  idea  that  Friendship,  as  well  as  all 
other  sentiments,  is  originated  and  operated  by  brain-power  alone. 
Had  these  writers  taken  the  trouble  to  investigate  man  in  a  scien- 
tific manner,  they  would  have  found  that  those  races  which  have  the 
best  assimilative  powers  are  inclined  to  be  the  most  sociable  and 
friendly.  Persons  who  are  very  abstemious  in  their  diet  always 
care  less  for  society  and  have  less  ability  for  social  efforts  than 
those  whose  digestion  is  very  strongly  developed.  The  act  of 
eating  is  itself  a  social  affair,  inasmuch  as  it  brings  together  those 
of  the  same  family  or  household,  and  this  constantly  recurring  act 
develops  the  desire  and  love  of  association.  Those  who  are  en- 
dowed with  large  Friendship  make  good  caterers  and  provide  well 
for  the  physical  wants  of  those  under  their  charge. 

Hollow-cheeked  and  pale-faced  persons  have  so  poor  a  diges- 
tion and  so  little  regard  for  food  that  they  are  incapable  of  selecting 
food  for  others ;  hence,  in  choosing  a  landlord  or  landlady,  never 
select  one  who  has  a  long,  thin,  pale  face,  for,  with  every  desire  to 
please,  they  will  prove  themselves  less  capable  of  selecting  and 
preparing  food  and  drink  than  those  who  exhibit  a  full  and  rosy 
development  of  this  part  of  the  face. 

The  close  proximity  of  the  facial  signs  for  Alimentiveness, 
Sociality,  and  Friendship  are  significant,  and  serve  to  show  the 
cc/mmcm  origin  of  all  these  sentiments.  The  base  of  all  of  these 
is  found  in  those  organs  which  conduce  to  the  perfect  assimilation 
and  appropriation  of  the  nutriment  taken  into  the  system.  No 
metaphysician  that  I  am  aware  of  has  given  the  origin  of  any  of 
these  social  sentiments,  but  has  lefl  the  whole  matter  to  be  referred 
to  the  action  of  the  brain  system. 

I  think  it  must  be  apparent  to  all  thoughtful  persons  that  the 
brain  can  create  nothing  of  itself;  but  must  depend  entirely  upon 
the  power  originated  or  residing  in  the  several  organ  systems  within 


188  PRACTICAL   AKD   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the  body,  and  which  send  their  contributions  to  the  brain  through 
the  blood,  nerves,  and  muscles.  The  body  is  the  manufactory^  the 
hrain  the  registering  and  'photograj^hiny  aiyparatus  ;  the  face  is  the 
index  or  dial  of  all  existing  states  and  conditions  ;  and  not  only  is 
the  face  the  register  of  all  moral,  mental,  and  physical  con- 
ditions, but  it  is  also  the  indicator  of  the  grade  of  development 
of  our  ancestors^  and  one  skilled  in  physiognomy  is  often  able 
to  tell  the  habits,  customs,  professions,  and  physical  powers  and 
weaknesses  of  one's  ancestors  by  means  of  the  facial  signs  ob- 
served. A  developed  friendship  is  not  created  in  one  generation,  but 
must  be  the  product  of  the  habits  of  many  ancestors ;  hence,  when 
we  observe  the  sign  for  Friendship,  Sociality,  or  Alimentiveness 
large  in  the  countenance  of  an  individual,  we  are  safe  in  saying 
that  the  ancestors  of  that  person  were  friendly,  hospitable  people. 
In  this  way,  as  in  all  ways,  "  our  deeds  do  follow  and  live  after 
us."  We  are  not  living  for  ourselves  alone,  neither  can  we,  if  we 
desire  it.  Our  faces  write  in  living  letters  not  only  our  characters, 
but  those  of  our  progenitors  also,  and  if  we  are  descended  from  the 
"  nobility"  we  need  no  "  Herald's  College"  to  proclaim  it.  Our 
faces  settle  the  question.     Said  Voltaire : — 

If  as  much  care  were  taken  to  perpetuate  a  race  of  fine  men  as  is  done 
to  prevent  the  mixture  of  ignoble  blood  in  horses  and  dogs,  the  genealogy 
of  every  one  would  be  written  on  his  face  and  displayed  in  his  manners. 

There  have  been  master  minds  in  all  ages  of  the  world  who 
have  comprehended  that  the  face  was  intended  to  disclose  the 
character ;  but  as  a  practical  system  has  been  lacking  by  which  to 
locate  and  a  erify  the  signs  of  character,  intuition  has  been  the 
main  dependence  of  all  observers. 

The  physiognomy  of  Shakespeare  reveals  a  character  possessed 
of  a  large  degree  of  this  faculty.  He  was  by  this  power  enabled 
to  divine,  as  it  were,  friendly  or  unfriendly,  honest  or  dishonest 
persons  by  simply  coming  within  their  personal  atmosphere.  It 
was  thus  he  comprehended  character  instantaneously.  His  writ- 
ings, as  well  as  his  physiognomy,  prove  his  possession  of  this 
power. 

Analysis. — As  I  have  previously  shown  that  Hope  derives  its 
power  from  a  portion  of  the  glandular  system, — viz.,  from  the  liver, — 
so  also  we  shall  find  that  the  analytical  power  is  in  strong  sympathy 
with  the  same  organ.  Its  facial  sign  adjoins  that  of  Hope,  and  is 
situated  upon  the  septum  of  the  nose  directly  under  the  cautionary 
action  of  the  nostrils.  These  two  faculties  and  functions  (Hope 
and  Analysis)  occupy  a  position  about  midway  between  the  Vege- 
tative, or  chemical,  and  the  Muscular,  or  mechanical  divisions  of  the 


FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM   THE   INTESTINAL   SYSTEM.  189 

face  and  body,  and  are  both  assisted  by  the  action  of  the  liver. 
This  organ  has  the  power  of  excreting  and  secreting,  and  assists 
by  its  clearness  of  action  the  so-called  mental  operations  so  neces- 
sary in  mechanical,  artistic,  and  literary  work. 

The  sign  for  the  Liver  and  Hope  in  the  face  is  situated  just 
above  the  Vegetative  Division  of  the  physiognomy,  yet  it  seems  to 
assist  the  action  of  this  department  as  well  as  the  action  of  the 
other  divisions  above ;  particularly  does  it  affect  the  lungs  and  heart. 
We  know  that  this  is  the  fact  physiologically,  and,  if  physiologi- 
cally, the  "  mental"  character  is  affected  by  such  interaction.  The 
kind  of  analytical  power  to  which  the  action  of  the  liver  gives  rise 
is  better  adapted  to  the  analysis  of  art,  literature,  mechanism,  and 
science,  than  the  sort  which  is  essential  to  abstract  reasoning. 
Hence,  we  observe  with  inventiye,  fertile,  imaginative,  and  artistic 
persons  this  sign  is  very  pronounced.  The  septum  of  the  nose  of 
such  subjects  will  be  seen  projecting  downward,  with  an  unusual 
clearness  of  the  skin  and  brightness  of  the  eye,  thus  evidencing 
that  the  biliary  system  is  doing  its  perfect  work.  A  large  frontal 
brahi,  if  of  high  quality,  gives  the  power  to  reason  abstractly,  but 
for  reflection  resulting  in  acticm^  as  in  executive  administration, 
and  in  the  several  forms  of  art,  as  in  painting,  sculpture,  acting,  etc., 
an  active  liver  is  necessary,  as  this  gives  clearness  and  activity  in 
carrying  out  the  ideas  which  the  mind  has  formed. 

Physiology  teaches  that  the  liver  acts  as  a  sort  of  "clearing 
house  "  for  the  blood  of  the  entire  system,  and  that  its  office  is  to 
cleanse  and  purify  the  blood  belbre  it  ascends  to  the  brain.  This 
being  the  case,  we  can  readily  understand  how  essential  to  the 
brain  is  the  perfect  action  of  this  organ  in  all  its  operations.  Hence 
it  is  that  where  we  observe  the  facial  sign  for  the  liver  we  always 
find  a  good  degree  of  analytical  power  accompanying  it.  This 
fact  should  teach  us  that  if  we  wish  to  increase  our  mental 
powers  we  should  pay  attention  to  the  condition  of  the  liver,  as 
far  more  depends  upon  the  condition  of  this  organ  than  most 
people  are  aware  of  The  purity  and  vigor  of  the  entire  body 
depends  upon 'the  purity  and  quality  of  the  blood,  and  thus  it  is 
that  the  interaction  of  the  liver,  blood,  nerves,  and  brain  are  all 
concerned  in  intellectual  manifestations  and  power.  AU  organs 
of  the  viscera  are  directly  related  to  mentality,  and  the  mind  is 
dependent  upon  their  normal  action  for  the  ability  to  manifest 
Hope,  Analysis,  and  other  sentiments  and  powers.  I  feel  justified 
in  naming  the  liver  as  the  basis  of  Analysis,  for  the  reason  that  I 
have  observed  this  faculty  most  active  when  the  liver  was  most 
developed,  and  not  so  active  in  those  in  whom  the  sign  for  the  liver 
was  small,  even  when  the  fore-brain  was  well  developed.    Another 


190  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

reason  for  considering  these  faculties  as  having  a  common  basis  is 
because  their  signs  adjoin  each  other  in  the  septum;  and  it  is  a 
law  of  physiognomy,  as  well  as  of  physiology,  that  those  faculties 
and  functions  which  are  grouped  in  close  juxtaposition  are  mutually 
related  to  and  assist  each  other. 

FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM    THE   NERVES   OF  THE   SKIN. 

Modesty. — The  most  prominent  sign  of  Modesty  is  shown  by 
a  vertical  depression  running  down  the  centre  of  the  upper  lip. 
It  is  an  unfailing  sign  of  a  love  of  purity,  cleanliness,  and  gener- 
ally of  chastity ;  all  of  which  are  conducive  to  health  and  long  Hfe. 
Persons  exhibiting  this  sign  use  refined  language,  dislike  all  coarse 
or  smutty  jokes  or  allusions;  love  neatness  of  attire,  and  desire  to 
change  their  clothing  often ;  dislike  bad  odors  emanating  from  the 
breath  or  skin;  bathe  frequently;  and  in  all  ways  testify  to 
cleanly,  chaste,  and  modest  tastes.  Its  location  near  Amativeness 
and  Self-esteem  suggests  the  beauty  and  utility  of  its  placing. 

Modesty  is  related  to  the  brain  and  nerve  system,  and  is  sus- 
tained by  the  nerves  of  the  skin-covering  mainly.  The  sensitive- 
ness of  the  skin  demands  that  care  shall  be  exercised  in  promoting 
the  comfort  of  the  body  by  cleanliness  without  and  purity  within. 
Individuals  exhibiting  the  sign  for  Modesty  take  as  much  pains  in 
the  preparation  of  their  food  as  they  do  in  preserving  the  skin,  for 
Modesty  is  more  than  "skin  deep."  It  is  concerned  with  the 
■interior  conditions  as  well  as  with  the  exterior;  for  it  is  only  by 
having  a  state  of  soundness  and  purity  of  the  digestive  system  that 
a  fine,  clear,  healthy  sldn  can  be  obtained;  and  although  very 
cleanly,  chaste,  and  modest  persons  may  not  know  enough  of  the 
rationale  of  this  faculty  to  reason  upon  it  they  will  observe,  if  they 
attend  to  it,  that  they  are  inclined  to  be  fastidious  in  regard  to  the 
quality  of  their  food  and  drink.  Care  in  this  direction  prevents 
the  pimples  and  blotches  which  are  often  observed  in  the  counte- 
nances and  on  the  bodies  of  many  persons. 

Modesty  is  innate  in  those  who  exhibit  it  largely.  It  has 
many  phases,  and  presents  both  physical  and  mental  aspects. 
Some  individuals  exhibit  only  one  phase,  others  possess  several 
characteristics.  Those  persons  whose  skins  are  thick,  greasy,  and 
rough,  and  whose  hair  is  veiy  coarse  and  dull  are  never  as  modest 
and  cleanly  as  those  who  are  the  reverse,  and  this  is  still  another 
proof  of  its  origin. 

The  situation  of  the  local  sign  is  most  wisely  placed,  for  on 
the  one  hand  it  tempers  and  modifies  the  effects  of  Amativeness, 
which  would  otherwise  descend  to  coarse,  low,  and  sensual  behavior, 
and  on  the  other  hand  it  modifies  Self-esteem,  which  unrestrained 


ANALYSIS  OF   THE   GLANDULAR   SYSTEM.  191 

would  exhibit  egotism  of  the  most  offensive  and  unbearable  descrip- 
tion. Scarcely  any  sign  so  exhibits  the  wisdom  of  its  placing  as 
the  local  sign  for  Modesty.  This  sign  is  general  as  well  as  local, 
and  fine,  clear  skin,  as  well  as  bright,  fine,  glossy  hair,  attests  to 
that  love  of  cleanliness  and  neatness  which  is  one  of  its  most 
striking  phases. 

ANALYSIS   OF   THE   GLANDULAR   SYSTEM  AND  OLFACTORY  GANGLION. 

Cautiousness. — One  of  the  principal  facial  signs  of  Caution  is 
shown  by  extreme  length  of  nose.  Its  principal  use  is  to  protect 
the  body  by  the  sense  of  scent,  which  prevents  all  hurtful  and 
noxious  materials  from  entering  the  stomach,  and  keeps  poisonous 
gases  and  odors  from  the  lungs.  The  sense  of  scent  acts  as  a 
sentinel ;  hence  its  position,  directly  above  the  mouth.  This  sign 
is  conceded  by  all  pliysiognomists.  In  the  animal  world  this 
faculty  is  more  used  than  in  the  human  race ;  for  we  depend  more 
than  they  upon  our  eyes  and  acquired  experience.  The  eyes  and 
observation  are  not  so  well  suited  to  this  purpose  in  animals  as  they 
are  in  men,  hence  it  is  that  all  animals  smell  their  food  constantly 
during  a  meal.  The  herbivorous  animals,  while  in  a  natural  state, 
seldom  touch  any  grass  or  herb  which  is  poisonous  or  detrimental 
to  them — so  unerring  is  their  scent;  yet,  after  becoming  domesti- 
cated, they  lose  this  faculty  partially.  This  sense  is  perhaps  as 
high  as  man's  power  for  observation ;  yet  people  usually  speak  of 
it  as  "animal  instinct,"  conveying  the  idea  that  this  faculty  is 
something  inferior  to  human  observation,  while  in  reality  it  is  far 
superior  to  it ;  for  no  human  being  can  tell  by  scent  alone,  without 
experience,  whether  certain  plants  are  hurtful  or  useful.  In  many 
directions  animals  possess  superior  powers.  Had  they  a  suitable 
physiological  development  which  would  enable  them  to  speak,  they 
would  soon  convict  many  of  us  of  more  cruelties,  meannesses,  and 
contemptible  behavior  than  even  wild  beasts  are  guilty  of. 

An  excess  of  Cautiousness  is  usually  associated  with  a  con- 
stricted state  of  the  liver  and  prevents  its  healthy  action.  Where 
this  is  the  case,  Hope  and  artistic  Analysis  are  never  strongly  devel- 
oped in  the  individual.  Intense  Secretiveness  tends  also  to  an 
inactive  liver. 

All  of  those  classes  of  animals  that  are  excessively  cautious 
and  secretive — as,  for  example,  the  tiger,  the  panther,  the  fox,  the 
coon,  the  skunk,  the  opossum,  and  the  cat — make  great  use  of  their 
flexor  muscles,  and  this,  added  to  the  fact  that  their  biliary  system 
is  not  so  powerful  as  their  thoracic  system,  causes  many  disorders 
of  the  liver  among  them. 

The  correlation  of  function  with  faculty,  and  of  form  with 


192  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

function,  is  a  most  interesting  branch  of  our  subject,  and  will  be 
treated  of  later.  The  habits,  traits,  forms,  and  weaknesses  pro- 
duced by  different  degrees  of  development  of  the  liver  are  most 
wonderful.  The  sense  of  scent  is  a  powerful  animal  faculty,  and 
in  looking  for  its  origin  we  find  it  best  developed  in  the  most 
cautious  animals;  hence,  the  length  as  well  as  width  of  the  nasal 
organ  stands  in  direct  relation  to  the  faculty  of  caution,  and  this 
reacts  upon  the  muscles,  particularly  upon  the  flexors,  as  by  the 
use  of  these  the  animal  is  enabled  to  sneak  and  hide.  Secretive- 
ness  and  Cautiousness  both  conspire  to  affect  the  action  of  the 
liver  as  well  as  of  the  muscles  and  the  sphincters.  Those  in  whom 
these  traits  are  paramount  are  usually  affected  by  constipation  and 
all  the  sphincters  of  the  body  are  veiy  tensely  constricted.  So 
great  is  this  contraction  in  some  cautious  and  secretive  persons  that 
it  induces  permanent  derangements  of  the  intestinal  system. 
Herein  we  have  the  most  positive  evidence  of  the  interaction  of  the 
mental  and  physical  states  of  function  and  faculty. 

The  Hebrew  race  is  the  most  Cautious  of  all  the  civilized 
races ;  the  facial  sign  of  this  trait  in  them  is  most  remarkably  devel- 
oped ;  their  noses  are  both  very  long  and  very  broad,  thus  evidencing 
a  talented  degree  of  Caution. 

The  several  faculties  the  signs  of  which  cluster  about  the  tip 
of  the  nose,  viz..  Mental  Imitation,  Sublimity,  Ideality,  and  Human 
Nature,  are  based  mainly  upon  a  fine  development  of  the  brain  and 
nervous  system,  assisted  by  the  muscular  system.  Acquisitiveness 
is  evolved  from  the  muscular  system  and  visceral  organs,  while 
Constructiveness  derives  its  power  from  muscle. 

FACULTIES   DERIVED    FROM    THE    OSSEOUS   SYSTEM. 

Veneration. — This  faculty  is  evolved  primarily  from  a  devel- 
oped condition  of  the  stomach.  Height  and  width  of  the  bridge 
of  the  nose  is  its  principal  local  sign  in  the  face.  Unlike  the  in- 
testinal system,  the  action  of  the  stomach  is  mainly  mechanical. 
We  find  its  local  sign,  as  well  as  the  organ  itself,  situated  in  the 
mechanical  or  architectural  division.  The  stomach  is  the  receiv- 
ing laboratory  where  the  solid  materials  are  Jirst  mixed  by  me' 
chanical  action  mainly.  This  operation  is  named  "peristaltic 
action,"  and  is  produced  by  the  contractions  of  the  muscles  of  the 
stomach  and  the  expansion  and  contraction  of  the  lungs  and  dia- 
phragm. The  saliva  and  gastric  juice  of  the  stomach  perform  only 
a  small  part  of  the  chemistry  of  digestion.  The  materials  that  are 
taken  into  tlie  stomach,  after  being  thus  acted  upon,  are  distributed 
for  further  chemical  action  in  the  intestines,  glands,  etc.,  before  the 
act  of  creating  and  replacing  new  tissues,  bones,  muscles,  nerves, 


FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM   THE   OSSEOUS   SYSTEM.  193 

etc.,  is  completed.  Although  we  are  dependent  upon  the  fluid  cir- 
culation to  convey  to  their  destinations  in  the  liquid  form  all  the 
materials  necessary  for  the  maintenance  of  the  body,  at  the  same 
time  suitable  solid  materials  must  be  furnished  to  the  stomach,  to 
be  by  its  mechanism  converted  into  chyme,  a  kind  of  pulp.  There 
its  further  progress  is  continued  to  the  duodenum,  where  it  attains 
a  fluid  state  denominated  chyle.  This  is  received  into  the  general 
circulation,  and  assists  not  only  in  nourishing  the  body,  and  in 
creating  bone,  muscle,  and  nerve,  but  it  also  furnishes  the  materials 
essential  to  the  creation  of  other  human  organisms. 

This  slight  description  of  the  process  of  digestion  will  serve 
to  explain  how  the  perfected  and  developed  condition  and  action 
of  the  stomach  will  produce  a  corresponding  development  of  the 
bony  system,  as  well  as  a  fine  quality  of  all  the  softer  tissues. 

And  now  I  suppose  the  reader  will  ask  for  the  connecting 
proofs  of  the  relation  of  the  stomach  with  the  faculty  of  Venera- 
tion and  its  sign  in  the  face.  This  question  is  pertinent,  and  de- 
mands on  my  part  a  decided  and  clear  answer.  Physiognomy,  like 
all  sciences,  is  founded  on  observation  primarily.  Now,  in  the 
faces  of  the  most  developed  races  and  persons  (by  this  I  mean 
physical  as  well  as  moral  development)  we  observe  that  the  nose  is 
high  and  broad  at  the  point  where  I  have  located  the  sign  for 
Veneration,  and  this  height  and  width  are  always  accompanied  by 
superior  strength  of  stomach.  In  the  noses  of  undeveloped  persons 
and  races  the  organ,  at  the  sign  for  Veneration,  is  flat  and  narrow, 
and  totally  different  in  appearance  from  the  former ;  and  with  this 
inferiority  of  nasal  development  we  always  find  co-existent  a  lack  of 
the  venerative  faculty,  while  the  character  is  inclined  to  low  thoughts 
and  impudence,  or  evinces  a  spontaneous  and  natural  disregard 
of  those  things  which  are  respected  by  the  opposite  type,  such  as 
laws,  customs,  proprieties,  old  age,  religion,  and  social  observances. 
Depression  of  the  nose  at  Veneration  is  always  accompanied  with  a 
relative  iceakness  of  the  stomach.  The  logical  conclusion,  then, 
must  be  that  the  face  and  character  of  an  individual  who  is  physio- 
logically and  anatomically  developed  will  exhibit  a  degree  of  per- 
fection in  which  the  bony  system  is  one  of  the  dominant  tissues 
and  Veneration  one  of  the  most  marked  attributes.  Continued 
observation.,  research.,  and  comparison  on  my  part  have  given  me 
the  proof  that  the  development  of  the  nose  at  this  part  indicates 
a  vigorous  and  strongly  developed  condition  of  the  stomach.  This 
faculty  and  function  are  finely  illustrated  in  the  Hebrew  race,  for 
the  Hebrew  is  an  old  and  perfected  race, — one  which  has  paid 
especial  attention  to  the  hygienic  laws  as  inculcated  by  Moses ; 
hence,  it  has  become  physiologically  developed,  and  in  point  of 


194  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

ahility  to  digest  is  not  excelled  by  any  other  civilized  race.  The 
noses  of  most  of  them  are  high  and  broad  at  the  sign  for  Venera- 
tion. Their  regard  for  God,  law,  order,  old  age,  etc.,  is  exhibited 
in  their  lives,  and  certainly  a  race  which  has  given  to  the  world  a 
Deborah  and  a  Moses  in  ancient  times,  and,  in  modern  days,  a 
Mendelssohn,  an  Aguilar,  a  Heinrich  Heine,  a  Disraeli,  a  Lessing, 
a  Rachel,  a  Malibran,  and  a  Montifiore,  proves  its  title  to  a  high 
degree  of  development. 

As  before  stated,  a  nose  low  or  scooped  at  the  centre  is  uni- 
versally accompanied  by  a  predisposition  to  weakness  of  the 
stomach.  This  does  not  necessarily  involve  weakness  of  the  intes- 
tinal system,  for  the  one  depends  upon  muscular  or  mechanical 
action  and  the  other  part  of  the  process  of  digestion — the  chief 
part — upon  chemical  or  glandular  action.  Over  thirty  feet  of  in- 
testinal surface  (according  to  physiologists)  are  traversed  before  the 
process  of  digestion  is  complete.  In  the  animal  kingdom  we 
observe  among  those  that  have  very  flat  noses,  such  as  monkeys, 
apes,  and  other  flat-nosed  creatures,  that  dyspepsia  is  quite  preva- 
lent, more  so  than  among  camels,  dogs,  elephants,  and  horses. 
Dyspepsia  leads  to  consumption,  which  cuts  off  those  men  and 
animals  that  exhibit  a  low  formation  of  the  nose.  Persons  and 
animals  with  long,  slim  necks  are  also  predisposed  to  dyspepsia 
and  consumption,  and  accordingly  we  find  that  giraffes  especially 
are  subject  to  dyspeptic  ailments,  even  in  their  natural  state. 

FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM   THE   OSSEOUS   AND   MUSCULAR    SYSTEMS. 

Executiveness. — This  faculty,  like  Veneration,  is  found  only 
among  the  most  developed  beings.  Wherever  it  is  observed  it  re- 
sults from  a  fine  development  of  the  bony  system,  and  its  local  sign 
is  manifested  by  height  of  the  nasal  bone  and  width  of  the  muscle 
just  above  Veneration.  Its  location  between  the  signs  for  Venera- 
tion and  Self-will  is  most  significant,  and  denotes  that  it  is  related 
in  its  action  to  both  these  faculties  of  mind.  It  is  assisted  by  both, 
hence  their  juxtaposition  in  the  face.  AVherever  the  fluid  circula- 
tion of  the  body  has  done  its  work  thoroughly,  we  find  that  the 
bones  have  received  their  modicum  of  material,  created  by  thor- 
ough assimilation  of  the  nutriment  conveyed  to  the  stomach.  If 
heredity  has  in  the  first  instance  bestowed  upon  an  individual  a 
fine  development  of  the  osseous  system  the  ability  for  perfect 
assimilation  will  keep  up  the  same  high  standard  of  bone  growth, 
and  it  is  among  individuals  thus  endowed  that  we  may  look  for  the 
highest  examples  of  executive  powers.  Assistance  must  also  be 
received  from  the  muscular  system,  for  no  system  acts  entirely 
alone.     The  local  signs  which  lie  grouped  together  are  useful  iii 


FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM   THE   MUSCULAR   SYSTEM.  195 

pointing:  out  tlie  systems  or  functions  which  they  represent  and 
from  which  they  derive  their  support.  Each  group  acts  in  conjunc- 
tion and  harmony  in  the  body,  and  promotes  the  mental  manifesta- 
tion made  possible  by  their  developed  condition.  Here,  as  else- 
where in  the  human  organism,  we  are  met  with  the  fact  of  the 
interrelation  and  correlation  of  physical  functions  with  mental 
faculties. 

FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM   THE   MUSCULAR   SYSTEM. 

Self'  Will. — The  ancient  metaphysicians,  not  having  a  phys- 
ical basis  upon  which  to  rest  their  deductions  in  regard  tp  Mind, 
left  us  a  very  indefinite  idea  of  the  term  "  Will "  as  applied  to  the 
human  mind.  What  I  wish  to  describe  by  this  term  is  that  class 
of  acts  vt^hich  are  performed  by  aid  of  the  muscles  mainly  in  con- 
formity to  the  decision  of  the  individual.  Whenever  we  observe 
one  with  a  large  development  of  the  muscles  we  shall  find  the  sign 
for  Self-will  most  decided  in  the  face.  This  sign  is  situated  in  the 
nose  at  its  junction  with  the  forehead.  It  lies  between  the  eyes 
and  above  the  sign  for  Executiveness,  a  faculty  which  it  greatly 
assists.  It  is  composed  of  muscle.  It  is  true  that  there  is  bone 
beneath  it,  but  where  this  sign  is  most  apparent  the  muscle  fills  out 
this  portion  of  the  nose,  and  (as  we  see  in  Greek  profiles)  the  out- 
Hne  of  the  nose  descends  in  one  continued  right  line  from  the  fore- 
head to  the  tip  of  the  nose. 

The  corroborative  evidence  of  its  muscular  origin  is  found  in 
the  fact  that  those  whose  muscular  system  is  best  developed  possess 
the  greatest  degree  of  will-power,  or  the  ability  for  prompt,  spon- 
taneous, and  forcible  action,  while  those  lacking  in  the  muscular 
system  are  correspondingly  deficient  in  this  most  useful  faculty  of 
mind.  The  faces  of  all  who  have  excelled  as  leaders,  commanders, 
and  those  who  have  led  in  the  greatest  entei*prises  of  the  world 
exhibit  in  their  countenances  this  sign,  and  in  every  instance  where 
this  sign  is  exhibited  we  shall  find  a  superior  muscular  develop- 
ment. I  do  not  mean  by  this  remark  that  we  shall  find  the  mus- 
cular system  of  a  prize-fighter,  but  that  the  muscles  dortnnate  the 
bony  system,  regardless  of  the  size  of  the  individual,  whether  it  be 
a  child  or  a  dwarf  The  signs  for  the  supremacy  of  this  system 
are  manifest  all  over  the  entire  body,  and  are  known  by  thickness 
of  the  neck,  wide  and  thick  shoulders,  jound  body  and  head,  full 
convex  eye,  round  ear,  curving  jaw,  round  thick  nose,  round  chin, 
fingers  inclined  to  taper,  and  all  of  the  joints  rounded  and  well 
covered  by  muscle.  These  signs  are  found  in  those  whose  will  is 
most  powerful. 

It  is  true  that  the  brain  where  conscious  intelligence  is  created, 


196  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and  where  sensation  and  motion  are  co-ordinated,  must  have  a 
quahty  or  condition  corresponding  to  the  quahty  of  muscle  found 
in  each  individual.  This  the  law  of  harmonious  action  teaches 
must  be  the  case;  the  action  of  the  muscles  depends  in  most  cases 
upon  the  decision  of  the  thinking  or  conscious  portion  of  the 
brain,  and  those  who  possess  a  fine  and  large  degree  of  muscle 
decide  instantaneously.  In  many  instances  the  muscles  act  auto- 
matically after  repeated  movements  of  them  in  one  direction,  and 
instances  are  related  where  piano-players  have  been  able  to  use 
this  automatism  while  asleep  at  the  piano. 

If  one  were  to  decide  upon  performhig  a  certain  act  without 
going  any  further,  the  mere  act  of  deciding  could  not  be  considered 
an  act  of  the  will  purely,  but  must  be  understood  as  a  process  of 
the  abstract  power  of  reason^  which,  if  followed  by  acts  of  the 
muscular  system  could  be  properly  demonstrated  an  exercise  of  the 
will.  Sometimes  the  voluntjiry  muscles  seem  to  act  spontaneously 
or  without  previous  decision  on  the  part  of  the  reasoning  powers, 
but  whether  the  individual  acts  spontaneously  or  with  purpose,  or 
whether  he  acts  wisely  or  unwisely,  the  one  best  endowed  in  the 
matter  of  muscle  can  act  with  the  greatest  force  and  spontaneity 
in  his  movements,  and  where  there  is  a  good  or  great  brain  system 
in  addition,  the  thouglits  and  speech  are  capable  of  the  greatest 
degree  of  courage,  clearness,  and  power.  Such  people  are  execu- 
tive and  resolute,  with  ability  to  command  and  lead,  in  thought  as 
well  as  in  action.  If  Self-will  were  a  purely  mental  or  brain 
faculty,  then  those  with  the  most  powerful  brain  systems  would 
exhibit  the  greatest  degree  of  will-power;  but  observation  teaches 
us  that  this  is  not  the  case.  It  is  true  that  those  with  large  brains 
have  decided  opinions^  but  where  we  observe  the  best  development 
of  the  muscles  there  is  to  be  found  the  greatest  capacity  for  the 
expression  of  the  active  ivill.  By  dividing  up  the  powers  of  the 
human  organism,  we  are  enabled  to  simplify  the  study  of  human 
science ;  not  only  to  simplify  its  study,  but  also  to  make  clear 
what  has  been  so  long  a  mystery  to  the  mass  of  mankind,  and 
when  the  masses  can  be  taught  that  the  first  and  most  important 
duty  of  life  is  to  luiderstand,  care  for,  and  protect  the  body,  we 
shall  then  have  those  who  are  truly  religious ;  that  is  to  say,  those 
who  live  in  harmony  with  the  laws  of  God  and  Nature.  A  high 
and  fine  development  of  the  muscular  system  is  a  precious  inherit- 
ance ;  the  conservation  of  this  system  should  be  taught  as  a 
religious  duty.  The  world  is  peopled  with  the  weak  of  will,  the 
irresolute,  the  timid  and  shrinking,  who  oflen  become  a  burden  to 
others  and  assist  in  swelling  our  criminal  classes.  Surely,  then, 
parents  should  see  that  daughters,  as  well  as  sons,  have  opportunity 


FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM   THE   MUSCULAR   SYSTEM.  197 

for  such  muscular  training  as  shall  fit  them  to  meet  the  battles 
and  storms  of  life  with  a  strong  and  courageous  will,  which  will 
enable  them  to  conquer  circumstances  as  well  as  their  own  defects, 

Credenciveness, — A  faculty  which  is  so  generally  distributed 
in  so  large  a  measure  throughout  all  the  races  of  mankind  is  surely 
worthy  of  more  than  passing  notice. 

Credenciveness  m  its  normal  condition  is  the  faculty  which  is 
adapted  to  the  reception  and  belief  of  the  truths  of  history,  biog- 
raphy, current  events,  and  statements  of  individuals. 

It  has  been  named  by  phrenologists  "Faith,"  "Wonder," 
"  Spirituality,"  and  "  Marvelousness,"  neither  of  which  expresses  its 
normal  use  and  purpose.  Its  peniersimw  are  numerous  and  gross, 
leading  often  to  the  most  superstitious  and  degrading  practices.  Un- 
accompanied by  reason,  conscientiousness,  or  intelligence,  it  is  found 
among  the  degraded  idolaters  and  animal  worshippers  of  the  savage 
tribes,  and  leads  to  most  barbarous  and  inhuman  practices.  This 
faculty  is  also  possessed  in  varying  degrees  by  civilized  races,  and 
is  the  faculty  most  relied  upon  by  fanatics  and  despots  to  control 
multitudes  of  those  who  possess  Credenciveness  unbalanced  by 
reason,  conscientiousness,  or  knowledge.  Religious  impostors 
from  time  to  time  have  relied  upon  an  exaggerated  degree  of 
Credenciveness  in  their  followers  to  maintain  their  power  and  re- 
plenish their  coffers ;  and,  even  in  this  enlightened  age,  there  are 
numerous  people  who  are  swayed  by  those  who  know  how  to 
work  upon  this  weakness,  and  thus  they  become  voluntary  con- 
tributors toward  the  maintenance  of  numbers  of  idle  people,  simply 
because  they  have  shrewdly  identified  themselves  thoroughly  with 
the  "  cause." 

The  uses  of  this  faculty  are  various.  Besides  the  aid  it  ren- 
ders to  our  daily  life  by  giving  us  the  desire  to  know  the  wonders 
of  Nature,  to  hear  the  news  and  statements  of  facts,  the  love  of 
stories,  history,  biography,  etc.,  it  assists  the  poet  in  clothing  his  de- 
scriptions in  most  exaggerated  and  wonderful  style,  such  as  are  found 
in  Dante's  "Inferno  "  and  Milton's  "  Paradise  Lost."  This  faculty 
is  large  in  those  artists  who  by  their  works  illustrate  the  wonder- 
ful, weird,  mystic,  and  improbable.  The  paintings  of  Gustave 
Dore  and  William  Blake  show  the  effect  of  this  peculiar  faculty. 
Many  poets  have'  given  convincing  proof  of  their  possession  of 
this  faculty  by  their  vivid  descriptions  of  heavens,  hells,  devils, 
furies,  and  dragons,  of  fearful  aspect ;  such  beings  are  described 
by  Milton  and  Dante,  who  also  have  given  us  pen-paintings  of 
scenes  of  supernal  beauty. 

Astrologers  and  mesmerists  deal  in  mystic  and  symbolic 
language,  and  astonish  the  credulous  and  amuse  others,  all  for 


198  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

a  small  financial  consideration.  But,  with  the  advance  of  general 
knowledge,  their  field  of  operation  is  steadily  narrowing  in  all 
directions.  The  works  and  face  of  Mahomet,  too,  are  in  perfect 
accord  in  this  direction;  and  in  private  life,  wherever  we  find  a 
very  superstitious  person,  one  wlio  revels  in  marvels,  miracles, 
and  wonderful  statements,  we  shall  find  the  wide-open  eye  and 
high-arched  brow  of  the  "believer"  of  anything  and  everything 
which  is  impossible,  improbable,  astounding,  and  marvelous.  The 
less  truth  there  is  in  anything,  the  more  attraction  is  there  for  this 
class  of  beings.  Europeans  as  a  class  are  more  credulous  than 
Americans.  They  are  yet  under  the  influence  of  mediaeval 
superstitions  and  the  authority  of  the  ecclesiastical  powers,  while 
Americans  have  had  one  hundred  years  of  enlightenment  and 
freedom  of  thought  and  conscience,  and  these  influences  tell  upon 
the  character,  for  Americans  have  less  veneration  and  less  credulity 
than  any  other  civilized  nation ;  yet  even  they  have  enough  and 
to  spare.  The  Chinese,  as  a  race,  are  very  credulous,  and  certainly 
we  can  scarcely  find  a  more  slavishly-superstitious  race.  Just  the 
opposite  of  theirs  is  the  physiognomy  of  a  scientist — one  who 
seeks  the  absolute  truth.  The  eyebrows  of  such  are  most  espe- 
cially significant  of  Observation, — the  faculty  which  is  just  the 
opposite  of  Credenciveness.  In  these  the  inner  corner  of  the  eye- 
brow is  brought  close  down  to  the  eye,  and  the  eye  itself,  no 
matter  how  large  it  may  be,  is  set  back  under  projecting  eye-bones, 
and  this  is  the  appearance  that  the  faces  of  the  most  practical 
classes  present — such  as  mechanics,  most  physicians,  naturaUsts, 
scientists,  and  practical  persons  generally. 

Now,  it  will  be  observed  that  all  of  these  indications  of  Cre- 
denciveness are  found  situated  in  the  muscular  system,  and  are  most 
developed  among  the  muscular  races ;  hence,  we  are  warranted  in 
ascribing  to  this  faculty  a  muscular  origin.  The  very  construction 
of  the  portion  of  the  face  about  the  eyes  and  eyehroics  renders  this 
class  of  persons  incapable  of  the  closest  observation.  Capacity 
for  accurate  ohservation  alone  can  give  this  power,  aided  by  Con- 
scientiousness, and  these  two  faculties  arise  from  the  bony  system. 
Those  in  whom  the  muscular  system  is  dominant  have  not  evolved 
to  that  plane  which  enables  them  to  comprehend  the  laws  and 
principles  of  Nature  so  well  and  so  readily  as  those  in  whom  the 
bony  system  is  dominant.  It  would  appear  that  religion  is  a  result 
of  evolutionary  progression,  and  that  the  capacity  to  understand 
absolute  truth  is  most  pronounced  where  reason  and  conscience 
are  the  most  developed,  and  these  faculties  are  strongest  in  the 
osseous  people  and  races ;  while  superstitious  religions,  and  beliefs 
in  charms,  incantations,  omens,  and  supernatural  beings  are  observed 


FACULTIES  DERIVED  FROM  OSSEOUS   AND   NERVOUS   SYSTEMS.    199 

most  prevalent  among  the  muscular  people  and  races — for  example, 
the  Turks,  Arabs,  Hindoos,  Chmese,  and  the  barbarous  races  gen- 
erally. Their  religious  beliefs  are  characterized  by  the  most  ■ 
childish,  mystic,  and  incomprehensible  ideas  and  ceremonies ;  or  in 
other  classes,  by  barbarous,  cruel,  and  degrading  rites.  The  re- 
ligion of  a  race  will  settle  its  grade  in  development  most  conclu- 
sively, for  "  religion  without  reason  is  superstition." 

FACULTIES   DERIVED    FROM    THE   OSSEOUS   AND    NERVOUS   SYSTEMS. 

Observation. — The  origin  of  this  faculty  is  without  doubt  in 
the  osseous  system,  assisted  by  the  muscles  and  certain  nerves,  inas- 
much as  it  is  the  most  general  and  the  best  developed  among  bony 
people  and  animals.  Its  principal  facial  sign  is  a  lowering  down  of 
the  eyebrows  at  their  inner  terminus  and  a  projection  forward  of  the 
frontal  bone  at  this  point.  Phrenologists  tell  us  that  this  appear- 
ance is  caused  by  "  brain  development "  at  this  locality,  but  I  think 
we  can  readily  prove  it  to  ha^  e  its  origin  in  the  osseous  system 
primarily,  assisted  by  the  eye  and  the  muscles  of  the  surrounding 
parts,  particularly  by  the  orbicularis  palpebrarum  and  the  corru- 
gator  supercilii  muscles,  which,  by  reason  of  their  constant  use  (by 
those  who  are  naturally  observant),  become  much  enlarged  as  age 
advances,  until  they  sometimes  present  the  appearance  of  a  small 
wen.  Again,  the  superior  size  of  tliese  muscles  at  this  point  is 
due  to  the  increased  size  of  the  bones  beneath  them. 

The  phrenological  theory  that  brain-matter  causes  the  bulging 
out  of  the  eyes  by  an  "  organ  "  under  them,  or  back  of  them,  indi- 
cating Language,  is  as  erroneous  as  the  theory  that  brain  "  organs  " 
back  of  the  bones  of  the  superciliary  arch  cause  the  prominence 
wliich  they  name  "Observation,"  a  name  which  I  also  use  as  de- 
scriptive of  the  same  faculty  and  locality,  but  claim  for  it  an 
entirely  different  origin.  I  believe  I  have  stated  elsewhere  in  this 
work  the  origin  of  the  signs  adjacent  to  the  eyes.  The  develop- 
ment of  this  locality  takes  place  under  the  laws  of  progressive 
evolution,  and  when  organisms  have  reached  that  point  in  which 
the  bones  have  supremacy  over  the  muscles,  the  bones  adjacent  to 
the  eyes,  the  superciliary  ridges  are,  as  a  matter  of  course,  corre- 
spondingly developed.  Hence  it  is  that  we  find  the  faculty  of 
Observation  not  the  strongest  where  the  brain  is  the  largest,  but 
where  the  bony  system  is  best  exhibited. 

Bone  development  in  the  face  advances  pari  pa^su  with  bone 
development  in  the  rest  of  the  body.  In  order  to  clear  away  the 
doubt  and  mystery  which  has  so  long  attended  the  analysis  and 
origin  of  mental  power,  we  must  lift  the  load  from  the  poor  over- 
loaded brain  and  relegate  to  their  own  sources  the  several  powers 


200  PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

concerned  in  the  so-called  "Mental  operations."  Again,  we  may- 
find  corroborative  evidence  of  the  osseous  origin  of  the  several 
signs  and  faculties  by  reference  to  the  most  observing  animals, — 
the  horse,  the  elephant,  and  the  dog.  The  bony  system  of  these 
animals  is  in  excess  of  the  muscular,  and  their  uncommon  degree 
of  the  faculty  of  Observation  is  well  known. 

The  aggregation  of  bone  and  muscle  about  the  eyes,  as  ex- 
hibited in  the  countenance  of  the  most  observing  and  practical 
races  and  persons,  is  caused  in  the  first  instance  by  continued 
use  of  the  visual  organs.  Now,  it  is  a  well-settled  principle  of 
physiology  that  "  use  increases  capacity,"  and  when  the  eyes  are 
greatly  exercised  an  unusual  flow  of  blood  to  those  parts  takes 
place,  and  a  corresponding  increase  of  size  of  all  of  the  several 
tissues  involved  in  the  act  of  seeing  occurs,  and  this  being  trans- 
mitted to  offspring  (who  by  virtue  of  another  principle  equally  po- 
tent, viz.,  "that  those  faculties  which  are  the  strongest  demand 
the  most  activity"),  exercise  in  a  greater  degree  the  same  faculties 
as  did  their  progenitors,  and,  thus  intensified  by  inheritance  and 
use,  the  great  observers  of  the  world  are  created,  not  by  their  own 
efforts  entirely,  but  by  the  efforts  of  their  ancestors  as  well.  If  we 
take  the  trouble  to  trace  the  lineage  of  any  of  our  eminent 
scientists,  mechanics^  or  inventors,  we  shall  undoubtedly  find  that 
they  have  inherited  from  some  practical  and  observing  ancestor  the 
capacity  for  increased  observation.  Erricsson  is  a  most  illustrious 
example  of  inherited  mechanical  powers. 

Bone  development  is  a  later  and  higher  evolution  than  muscle 
growth,  and  accordingly  we  find  that  those  races  and  persons 
whose  bony  systems  exceed  the  muscular  are  higlier  and  more  per- 
fected generally  and  most  unquestionably  more  moral  and  prac- 
tical. The  reader  is  referred  to  the  general  description  of  the 
osseous  system  for  a  full  account  of  its  powers.  I  believe  that  all 
faculties,  as  well  as  functions,  are  represented  in  the  brain,  but 
doubt  the  ability  of  any  one  to  describe  the  character  of  others  by 
feeling  or  looking  at  the  brain,  without  reference  to  the  face  and 
the  form  of  the  body  generally. 

FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM   THE    MUSCULAR    AND   BRAIN    SYSTEMS. 

Memory  of  Events. — The  memory  of  events,  as  its  name  in- 
dicates, gives  the  power  to  retain  and  recall  events  of  all  kinds, — 
history,  scientific  facts,  anecdotes,  experiments,  public  measures, 
news,  and  neighborhood  gossip.  Its  facial  sign  is  situated  above 
Observation  and  between  the  two  local  signs  of  Locality. 

Those  with  this  faculty  large  learn  readily  new  ideas,  princi- 
ples, and  doctrines ;  can  become  good  teachers,  and,  with  Language 


FACULTIES   DEtllYED  FROM   MUSCULAR   AND   BRAIN   SYSTEMS.    201 

large,  editors  and  writers.  It  endows  the  character  with  a  com- 
mon-sense view  of  affairs,  and  assists  progressive  tendencies.  It  is 
large  in  children,  as  their  faces  indicate.  It  is  possessed  by  histo- 
rians, descriptive  writers,  orators,  and  statesmen. 

Memory  of  Events  is  indebted  mainly  to  the  brain  system  for 
its  power,  aided  by  the  muscular  system.  Its  complex  derivation 
gives  it  abihty  to  remember  events  which  the  visual  organs  take 
cognizance  of,  as  well  as  what  is  heard, — as  events  transpire  in 
liistory,  or  in  affairs  of  the  city,  town,  or  neighborhood.  Where 
he  region  about  the  eyes  is  well  developed  the  character  will 
possess  great  practical  inclinations,  and  as  the  eyes  and  ears  are 
largely  concerned  in  the  reception  of  news,  both  by  seeing  and 
hearing,  this  department  of  the  mind  is  indebted  to  the  auditory 
and  optic  nerves,  as  well  as  to  the  muscles  of  those  parts. 

Memory  pertains  to  every  individual  thing  and  fact  in  exist- 
ence. There  is  memory  of  form,  of  words,  of  tunes,  of  time,  of 
voice,  of  taste,  of  color,  of  locality,  of  numbers,  and  of  all  sepa- 
rate parts,  particles,  and  motions  in  the  universe.  Indeed,  Memory 
is  a  universal  faculty,  and  adapted  to  the  recognition  and  retention 
of  all  matter  and  matters  whatsoever ;  it  is  as  illimitable  as  the 
scope  of  creation. 

Memory  is  a  faculty  of  the  five  systems  of  functions ;  each  has 
its  own  sort  of  memory.  The  muscular  system,  in  a  most  especial 
manner,  is  endowed  with  Memory.  The  automatic  movements 
which  are  made  by  the  musician,  the  dancer,  the  athlete,  the 
mechanician,  etc.,  become  to  them  "  second  nature,"  as  we  term  it. 
So,  also,  the  olfactory,  auditory,  and  gustatory  nerves  store  up  sen- 
sations once  impressed  upon  them,  and  the  odor  of  a  flower  or  the 
taste  of  food  instantly  brings  to  the  recollection  scenes,  places,  and 
persons  long  since  (apparently)  forgotten.  Memory  connected  with 
the  taste  and  smell  must  be  the  strongest,  inasmuch  as  they  are 
the  parts  of  the  sense-memory  that  is  first  exercised  in  infancy. 
After  these,  the  visual,  auditory,  and  tactile  sensations  are  earhest 
used  and  the  easiest  recalled ;  but  the  memory  of  thought,  of  ab- 
stract ideas,  comes  into  play  later  in  the  life  of  the  individual  afler 
the  knowledge  of  things  has  ripened  into  thoughts. 

A  great  memory  in  any  department  of  mentahty  is  a  grand 
gift,  and  where  great  memory  is  co-existent  with  other  equally  large 
powers  of  mind  we  have  individuals  of  the  first  class;  such  were 
Julius  and  Joseph  Scaliger,  Humboldt,  Lord  Macaulay,  Hugh 
Miller,  Guizot,  Richard  Porson,  Baron  Cuvier,  Goethe,  Madame 
de  Stael,  and  Edmund  Burke,  of  whom  Dr.  Johnson  remarked 
that  "  his  mind  was  a  perennial  stream."  Most  of  these  persons 
were  endowed  by  Nature  with  exceptional  powers  of  Memory,  but 


202  PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

developed,  increased,  and  strengthened  by  wise  care  and  judicious 
practice.  There  are  some  persons  who  possess  most  uncommon 
powers  of  Memory,  but  have  no  originahty.  Unhke  the  above- 
mentioned  persons,  they  contribute  nothing  to  the  general  store  of 
knowledge  or  thought,  but  are  mere  storehouses  of  the  thoughts 
of  others,  and  can  quote  by  the  hour  what  different  authors  have 
said,  yet  never  venture  upon  an  original  observation.  These  last 
may  be  likened  to  a  storehouse,  while  the  former  are  great  manu- 
factories wherein  thougJU  is  created  for  the  benefit  of  generations 
to  come.  Apropos  to  this,  the  poet,  Tupper,  observes,  "Memory 
is  not  wisdom  ;  a  fool  can  rote  volumes."  Yet  this  faculty  is  often 
taken  by  the  thoughtless  as  an  indication  of  wisdom. 

The  possession  of  a  great  memory  merely  is  no  indication  of 
intellect  or  wisdom.  Many  persons  noted  for  memory  of  various 
kinds  have  also  been  noted  for  absence  of  intelligence  of  most 
other  things.  Young  Bidder,  the  arithmetician,  possessed  a  most 
extraordinary  gift  of  calculation,  yet  was  incapable  of  being  educated 
for  the  higher  departments  of  mathematics  for  lack  of  sufficient 
intellect  to  supplement  his  arithmetical  powers.  Indeed,  there  is 
no  doubt  that  extended  memorizing  often  injures  and  impairs  the 
reasoning  faculties.  Many  gifted  creative  minds  are  very  deficient 
in  certain  departments  of  Memory.  The  agitation  and  rapidity  of 
thought,  and  the  manifold  combinations  of  ideas,  of  construction  and 
reconstruction  essential  to  original  creations,  whether  of  music, 
science,  or  literature,  must  naturally  militate  against  that  calm  and 
quiet  condition  of  the  brain  which  is  essential  to  extended  memor- 
izing. This  is,  no  doubt,  the  experience  of  all  creative  minds,  unless 
an  unusually  great  memory  has  been  inherited  along  with  the  other 
powers. 

As  Memory  belongs  to  every  part  of  the  organism,  so  its  cul- 
tivation can  be  proceeded  with  from  the  physical  stand-point  as 
well  as  from  the  mental,  and,  indeed,  in  children  this  part  of  the 
memory  would  be  the  only  proper  part  to  commence  with.  It  is 
this  department  of  mind  that  the  kindergarten  system  of  education 
seeks  to  develop  when  it  educates  the  young  child  in  size,  form, 
color,  touch,  taste,  and  smell ;  for  as  physical  sensations  are  the 
first  which  are  experienced  by  the  human  being,  this  method  of 
teaching  is  simply  following  the  methods  of  Nature  in  this  respect. 
The  old-time  method  of  education  was  to  commence  with  the  use 
of  abstract  memory, — the  memorizing  of  ideas,  words,  and  expres- 
sions,— and  this  involved  the  forcing  into  action  that  part  of  the 
memory  which  develops  latest  in  life.  This  is  manifestly  im- 
proper and  injurious.  Nature's  teaclmig  and  Nature's  leading  can 
never  take  us  wrong.     The  old-time  ideas  of  Memory  contributed 


FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM   MUSCULAR   AND   BRAIN   SYSTEMS.    203 

to  this  ignorant  method  of  procedure.  Metaphysics  taught  that 
memory  was  a  unit  and  the  direct  effect  of  the  action  of  the  brain 
alone.  It  admitted  not  the  degraded  body  into  the  companion- 
ship of  Memory.  The  ideas  entertained  in  regard  to  it  were  very 
restricted.  On  this  point  the  following  expression  from  Dr.  Mauds- 
ley  is  pertinent.     He  observes : — 

Take,  for  example,  the  so-called  faculty  of  memory,  of  which  meta- 
physicians have  made  so  much,  as  aflording  us  the  knowledge  of  personal 
identity.  From  the  way  in  which  they  usually  treat  of  it  one  would  sup- 
pose that  Memory  was  peculiar  to  Mind,  and  far  beyond  the  reach  of  phys- 
ical exphmation.  But  a  little  reflection  will  prove  that  it  is  nothing  of  the 
kind.  The  acquired  functions  of  the  spinal  cord  and  of  the  sensory  gan- 
glia obviously  imply  the  existence  of  Memory,  which  is  indispensable  to 
their  formation  and  exercise.  How  else  could  these  centres  be  educated  ? 
The  impressions  made  upon  them  and  the  answering  movements  both  leave 
their  traces  behind  them,  which  are  capable  of  being  revived  on  the  occa- 
sions of  similar  impressions.  A  ganglionic  centre,  whether  of  mind,  sensa- 
tion, or  movement,  which  was  without  memor^^  would  be  an  idiotic  centre 
incapable  of  being  taught  its  functions.  In  every  nerve-cell  there  is  Memor}', 
and  not  only  so,  but  there  is  memory  in  every  organic  element  of  the  body. 
The  virus  of  small  pox  or  of  syphilis  makes  its  mark  on  the  constitution  for 
the  rest  of  life.  The  Memory  in  which  the  scar  of  a  cut  on  a  child's  finger 
is  perpetuated  and  grows  as  the  body  grows  evinces,  as  Mr.  Paget  1ms 
pointed  out,  that  the  organic  element  of  the  past  remembers  the  change 
which  it  has  suffered.* 

Memory  of  all  sorts  depends  upon  a  healthy  condition  of  the 
body  for  the  exercise  of  its  greatest  degree  of  power.  Slight  ill- 
ness will  sometimes  weaken  the  memory  of  persons,  places,  duties, 
words,  and  facts  to  an  astonishing  degree,  and  not  until  the  bodily 
health  resumes  its  normal  condition  will  the  memory  resume  its 
power. 

There  are  cases  on  record  where  the  memory  has  been  almost 
entirely  obliterated  by  long-continued  illness,  by  debauchery,  and 
also  by  sudden  fright  and  terror,  by  suspense  long-continued,  and 
by  sexual  excesses,  self-abuse,  and  other  causes.  Memory  is  sub- 
ject to  many  diseases,  and  investigators  who  have  adopted  the 
physiological  method  of  research  are  accumulating  a  vast  amount 
of  useful  knowledge  as  to  the  origin  or  cause  of  these  diseases, 
together  with  the  means  for  their  remedy.  Mons.  T.  H.  Ribot 
has  written  a  very  common-sense  and  useful  work  on  "  Diseases  of 
the  Memory,"  and  as  he  has  adopted  the  new  method  of  analyzing 
Memory  he  has  advanced  our  knowledge  in  this  direction  im- 
measurably. Of  the  various  inequalities  of  Memory  he  has  the 
most  just  ideas.  The  fact  that  some  persons  possess  memory  of 
words  and  not  of  colors,  memory  of  forms  and  not  of  sounds,  etc., 

•  Body  and  Mind,  H.  Maudsley,  M.D.,  p.  2A. 


204  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and  that  the  base  of  some  departments  of  Memory  is  to  be  found 
in  the  organic  functions  is  recognized  by  him,  as  the  following 
extract  will  prove.     He  observes: — 

Through  differences  of  constitution  the  impression  transmitted  may 
be  faint  or  strong,  stable  or  transient.  The  preponderance  of  any  system 
of  organs — those  of  generation,  for  example — gives  the  superiority  to  one 
group  of  recollections.  There  remain  the  higher  psychic  states,  abstract 
ideas,  and  complex  sentiments.  These  cannot  be  referred  directly  to  any 
organ.  The  seat  of  their  production  and  reproduction  has  never  been 
located  with  precision,  but  as  they  no  doubt  result  from  an  association  or 
disassociation  of  primary  states,  there  is  no  ground  for  supposing  that  they 
are  exceptional.* 

Of  the  possessions  of  partial  memories  he  observes: — 

What  is  implied  by  these  partial  memories  ?  Special  development  of 
a  special  sense  ivith  the  anatomical  structures  dependent  on  it.  To  make  this 
clearer  take  a  particular  case — for  instance,  a  good  visual  memory.  This 
has  for  its  condition  a  good  structure  of  the  eye,  of  the  optic  nerve,  and  of 
the  portions  of  the  brain  which  concur  in  the  act  of  vision, — that  is  to  say 
(according  to  the  received  notions  of  anatomists),  certain  portions  of  the 
pons,  the  crura,  the  optic  tract,  and  the  hemispheres.f 

M.  Ribot  gives  as  among  the  causes  of  loss  of  memory  the 
following:  "Weakened  circulation  of  the  blood,  deficient  action 
of  the  heart,  excessive  fatigue,  and  lack  of  nutrition,  together  with 
the  immoderate  use  of  stimulants,  narcotics,  and  sedatives,  such  as 
hasheesh  and  bromide  of  potassium,"  which  last  very  greatly  im- 
pairs the  general  memory.  Besides  the  work  by  M.  Ribot,  above 
mentioned,  the  reader  can  consult  with  profit  "  Principles  of  Mental 
Physiology,"  by  Wm.  W.  Carpenter,  M.D. 

Weight. — The  sense  of  weight  or  balance  is  inherent  in  the 
muscular  system,  and  its  effects  are  wrought  almost  entirely  by  the 
movements  and  adjustments  of  the  muscles,  as  in  walking,  danc- 
ing, skating,  and  balancing.  It  is  the  peculiar  inherited  quality 
of  the  muscles  which  gives  ability  for  marksmanship,  aim  and 
direction, — as  in  shooting,  handling  tools,  such  as  the  graver,  the 
chisel,  the  use  of  levers,  and  dentists'  instruments,  etc. ;  it  gives 
the  intuitive  perception  of  the  laws  of  equilibrium,  or  gravity, 
motion,  and  resistance ;  it  is  one  of  the  essentials  in  engineering, 
setting  up  and  running  machinery,  and  in  the  mechanical  part  of 
music.  Children  possessed  of  a  good  degree  of  this  sense  walk 
earlier  than  others  and  love  to  be  in  constant  motion.  The  effects 
produced  by  its  development  point  to  its  origin.  It  has  several 
facial  signs.  As  muscle  produces  curves,  and  bones  cause  angles, 
we  shall  expect  to  find  in  the  rounded  individual  many  evidences 
of  this  sense.     The  rounding  head,  the  rounding  out  of  the  sides 

*  The  Diseases  of  Memory,  T.  H.  Eibot  (Humboldt  Library),  p.  33.  f  Ibid.,  p.  32. 


FACULTIES   DERIVED   TROM   MUSCULAR   AND    BRAIN    SYSTEMS.    205 

of  the  upper  part  of  the  forehead,  and  the  filling  out  of  the  super- 
cilii  muscle  at  its  intersection  with  the  pyramidaHs  nasi  muscle  are 
some  of  its  facial  and  local  signs. 

The  muscular  sense,  or  faculty  of  weight,  is  large  in  singers, 
musical  instrumentalists,  acrobats,  sailors,  athletes,  rowers,  swim- 
mers, and  equestrians,  as  well  as  in  astronomers,  engravers,  sculp- 
tors, jewellers,  glass-blowers,  weavers,  plumbers,  and  mechanics 
generally. 

Those  who  possess  a  large  share  of  this  sense  are  not  liable 
to  seasickness,  for  the  reason  that  the  adjustments  necessary  for 
walking,  balancing,  etc.,  are  easily  made,  and  the  individual  shifts 
his  position  and  maintains  his  equilibrium  most  readily. 

The  united  action  of  the  bones  and  muscles  form  a  system  of 
lever-powers,  and  hence  it  is  that  the  joints  of  those  who  have  sen- 
sitive and  highly  organized  muscles  can  change  and  adapt  their 
positions  more  readily  than  where  this  system  is  deficient  in  size 
and  quality.  "  Physical  Imitation  "  is  a  muscular  faculty,  as  well 
as  Constructiveness,  Language,  and  Self-will ;  hence,  it  must  be 
apparent  to  the  reader  how  important  is  the  development  and  ex- 
ercise of  the  muscular  system  to  the  growing  child,  and  when  he 
reflects  that  those  faculties  which  are  put  in  constant  use  are  trans- 
mitted in  an  intensified  and  augmented  degree  he  will  realize  the 
vastness  of  results  which  flow  from  a  highly  developed  muscular 
sense.  The  Greeks  comprehended  the  influence  which  the  de- 
velopment of  the  muscles  had  upon  the  character,  and  accordingly 
we  find  that  their  govemment  sustained  at  a  great  expense  elabo- 
rate gymnasia,  where  athletic  games  were  taught  to  men,  women, 
and  children.  These  games  were  accounted  sacred,  and  great 
prizes  ahd  honors  awarded  to  the  successful  competitors.  How 
vast  the  influence  which  this  muscular  development  of  the  Greeks 
has  exercised  upon  ancient  as  well  as  modern  art,  science, 
and  intellect,  it  would  be  hard  to  say,  but  looking  backward  to 
the  days  of  their  great  sculptors,  orators,  actors,  poets,  and  crowned 
athletes  we  are  forced  to  recognize  that  the  high  development  of 
the  muscular  sense  is  one  of  the  most  important  factors  in  char- 
acter-building, both  mentally,  morally,  and  physically. 

Not  only  is  the  high  development  of  the  muscular  system  a 
powerful  ally  to  art,  but  it  also  contributes  to  assist  poor,  ailing 
humanity  by  its  magnetic  qualities ;  for-  we  find  in  this  system  the 
capacity  for  imparting  vital  powers  to  those  who  have  lost  strength 
and  who  are  suffering  under  diseased  conditions.  The  capacity 
for  healing  by  magnetic  powers  or  manipulation  is  most  strongly 
indicated  where  the  muscular  system  is  dominant,  and  is  least 
exhibited  where  the  vegetative  system  is  in  the  ascendancy. 


206  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Locality. — Locality  is  a  faculty  from  which  is  derived  the 
sense  of  locating  and  placing  all  things  which  one  observes,  and 
of  being  able  to  re-locate  them  by  recalling  to  mind  their  places 
and  positions. 

It  is  always  found  large  in  those  who  love  motion,  and  ac- 
cordingly we  observe  in  the  faces  of  travellers  the  local  sign  for 
locality  well  defined.  Naturalists,  navigators,  scientists,  and  me- 
chanics find  this  a  most  useful  faculty,  and,  as  they  are  obliged  to 
exercise  this  trait  constantly,  it  soon  makes  a  most  decided  im- 
press upon  the  countenance.  By  constant  practice  the  muscle 
at  the  local  sign  for  weight  assumes  a  size  most  noticeable,  and 
is  often  mistaken  for  a  false  growth  or  wen  by  those  who  are 
ignorant  of  how  large  a  facial  muscle  may  become  by  constant  use. 
Where  the  brain  system  is  regnant  this  faculty  and  sign  are  rela- 
tively small ;  so,  also,  where  the  vegetative  system  dominates,  but 
with  the  muscular  system  slightly  in  the  ascendant,  there  we  find 
it  the  best  defined;  hence,  we  know  that  it  originates  in  that 
system.  Another  proof  is,  that  the  sign  itself  is  shown  by  the 
fullness  of  a  particular  muscle.  One  peculiarity  in  regard  to  the 
signs  in  the  face  is  that  each  so-called  "  mental  faculty"  exhibits  its 
facial  sign  by  the  development  in  the  face  of  the  system  or  systems 
from  which  its  poimr  is  derived,  and  which  is  its  physical  base  ;  thus, 
to  illustrate,  the  sign  for  Benevolence  is  found  in  the  development 
of  the  under  lip,  and,  as  the  size  of  the  under  lip  is  caused  by  the 
development  of  the  glands  therein,  so  we  know  that  Benevolence 
is  created  and  sustained  by  the  power  and  action  of  the  glandular 
system.  The  only  method  to  observe  in  tracing  the  origin  of  facial 
signs  is  to  analyze  their  purpose  as  well  as  the  system  or  tissue 
which  promotes  their  action,  observe  its  laws  and  methods,  and 
study  its  immediate  surroundings. 

FACULTIES    DERIVED    FROM   THE   GLANDULAR    AND    ARTERIAL    SYSTEMS. 

Analysis  of  Color. — The  ancient  writers  classified  the  several 
races  of  men  by  the  colors  exhibited  in  their  skin,  hair,  and  eyes, 
and  the  combinations  of  colors  observed  by  them  were  denominated 
"  temperaments."  Hippocrates,  the  most  noted  physician  of  ancient 
times,  described  four  primary  constituents  of  the  blood,  or  what  he 
assumed  to  be  its  constituents,  as  the  basis  of  human  character. 
These  he  named  the  "  blood,"  the  "  phlegm,"  the  "  yellow  bile," 
and  the  "black  bile."  According  to  the  predominance  of  one  or 
the  other  of  these  components  in  the  individual,  he  was  considered 
to  be  either  of  the  "  sanguine,"  "  phlegmatic,"  "  the  choleric,"  or 
"  melancholic"  temperament.  This  classification  of  the  structure 
and  character  of  mankind  was  the  standard  authority  for  ages,  and 


FACULTIES  OF  GLANDULAR   AND   ARTERIAL   SYSTEMS.  207 

existed  as  such  with  slight  modifications  by  later  observers,  until 
modem  phrenology  was  announced  as  a  science,  when  its  promul- 
gators modified  these  four  primary  temperaments  into  the  lym- 
phatic, the  sanguine,  the  bilious  and  nervous,  or  mental;  the 
latter  addition  being  the  radical  idea  introduced  into  the  ancient 
system.  Now,  the  ancient  writers,  both  in  their  scientific  writings 
as  well  as  in  their  poems  and  statuary,  show  that  they  laid  little 
stress  upon  the  formation  of  the  brain  as  illustrative  of  character. 
It  was,  in  fact,  an  unknown  region  to  them.  They  knew  nothing 
of  its  importance  to  the  human  body,  and  did  not  realize  its  rela- 
tions at  all.  Lavater  first,  and  after  him  Gall  and  Spurzheim, 
the  promulgators  of  phrenology,  made  the  first  departure  from  the 
ancient  method  of  classification  based  on  color,  and  classified  by 
the  form  of  the  hrain^  as  well  as  the  colors  of  the  organism.  The 
phrenologists  went  almost  as  far  in  one  direction  as  the  ancients 
liad  in  the  other :  while  the  latter  laid  all  the  stress  upon  color,  so 
the  former  laid  the  most  stress  upon  the  sJiape  of  the  brain,  and, 
going  farther,  at  last  located  the  entire  mind  therein. 

Scientific  physiognomy  extends  somewhat  the  science  of 
mind,  and  shows  that  mind  is  inherent  in  evei'y  atom  of  the  body; 
that  form.,  not  only  of  the  brain,  but  of  the  face,  the  limbs,  the 
trunk,  the  viscera,  the  hands,  the  feet,  the  fingers  and  toes,  together 
with  color,  quality,  size,  proportion,  and  compensation,  must  all  be 
regarded  in  order  to  secure  a  just  comprehension  of  any  individual 
character  of  mind.  Still,  color  plays  a  most  important  part  in  re- 
vealing character.  In  order  to  understand  its  importance  as  a 
revelator  of  mental  and  physical  characteristics,  we  must  analyze 
its  pui-pose  and  trace  it  to  its  origin.  The  color  which  emanates 
from  the  sun  is  undoubtedly  the  source  from  which  we  obtain  the 
greater  amount  of  coloring  matter.  Light  is  composed  of  all 
colors,  and  it  is  from  sunlight  that  we,  as  well  as  all  vegetation, 
derive  the  larger  amount  of  color.  The  lesser  quantity  is  brought 
into  the  human  system  through  the  medium  of  nutriment  received 
through  animal  and  vegetable  foods.  These  articles  of  food  take 
up  from  the  mineml  constituents  of  the  earth,  air,  and  water  por- 
tions of  coloring  matter  which,  by  the  fine  and  subtle  chemistries 
of  Nature,  are  carried  through  these  channels  until  they  reach  the 
complex  human  system,  and  are  there  organized  into  several 
colors,  which  we  observe  in  the  white,  red,  black,  and  yellow 
races,  as  well  as  in  the  diverse  shades  which  we  find  in  the 
Caucasian,  or  white  race.  Experiments  with  the  spectroscope  have 
demonstrated  that  each  mineral  possesses  a  color  peculiar  to  itself, 
and  chemical  analysis  has  taught  us  that  a  bright-yellow  color 
is  a  product  of  sodium  or  salt ;  strontium  and  hthium  give  forth 


208  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

red ;  copper,  green ;  arsenic,  lilac.  Various  shades  of  these  several 
colors  are  produced  while  these  minerals  are  in  a  state  of  incan- 
descence, and  form  wliat  is  called  their  spectra.  By  the  use  of 
the  prism,  which  is  a  triangular  piece  of  glass,  a  volume  of  color 
from  any  one  of  these  metals  while  in  an  incandescent  state  can  be 
obtained,  and  by  refraction  the  lines  of  light  are  thrown  apart,  and 
the  color,  which  is  a  property  of  that  particular  mineral,  is  thrown 
into  view.  Continued  experiments  on  the  part  of  the  great  sci- 
entists and  chemists  of  the  world  have  demonstrated  that  the 
potencies  of  all  substances  in  Nature  may  be  known  by  their 
colors.  Now,  if  it  be  possible  to  determine  the  power  of  an  ele- 
mentary substance  by  its  color, — such,  for  example,  as  sodium, 
which  is  a  mineral  almost  universally  present  in  air,  water,  and  in 
all  organized  bodies, — would  it  not  be  logical  to  infer  that  colors  as 
we  find  them  exhibited  in  the  highest  organism  in  the  world  would 
be  equally  susceptible  of  analysis  and  classification,  and  their  power 
demonstrated  1  The  truth  is,  that  color  is  so  universal  a  constituent 
of  all  things  in  Nature,  and  man  has  been  so  accustomed  to  its 
effects,  that  an  analysis  of  its  properties  and  potencies  has  not  been 
sought  until  recently.  But  the  labors  of  such  physicists  as  Wol- 
lasten,  Bunsen,  Frauenhofer,  Helmholtz,  Lockyer,  Dalton,  Ber- 
zelius,  Kirchoff,  Brewster,  and  others,  are  unfolding  to  the 
knowledge  of  man  the  highly  important  part  which  color  plays 
in  the  construction  of  the  entire  universe,  as  well  as  in  its  effect 
upon  man's  organism.  Eveiy  phase  of  color,  each  shade,  hue,  and 
tint,  reveals  somewhat  of  man's  character,  and  when  the  glands  by 
their  subtile  chemistries  have  extracted  the  colors  from  the  nutri- 
ment taken  into  the  stomach  (which  had  been  previously  drawn 
up  from  the  soil  into  tlie  grains  and  vegetables  through  their  roots) 
and  placed  them  in  the  skin,  hair,  and  eyes  of  man,  it  is  quite 
within  the  power  of  ordinary  minds  to  comprehend  and  interpret 
the  signification  of  the  several  colors  thus  placed. 

We  have  only  to  refer  to  the  origin  and  primitive  meaning  of 
colors  as  disclosed  by  the  spectrum  and  chemical  analyses,  in  order 
to  determine  the  relation  which  they  bear  to  man  and  the  powers 
which  he  derives  from  them.  We  shall  find  in  this  comparison  a 
remarkable  coincidence  of  signification,  and  a  true  interpretation 
of  Nature's  methods  of  revealing  her  laws  and  power. 

Without  going  into  an  exhaustive  description  of  the  signifi- 
cance of  colors  here,  I  will  briefly  state  that  experiments  with  the 
solar  spectrum  have  demonstrated  that  red  gives  forth  the  most  heat ; 
yellow  stands  next  in  power  ;  green  the  third  ;  blue  still  less,  while 
the  violet  ray  has  the  least  of  all.  The  mineral  substances  from 
which  each  of  these  colors  are  derived  are  known  to  chemists.     It 


FACULTIES   DERIVED    FKOM    BRAIN    AND    NERVE   SYSTEM.  209 

follows  as  a  logical  sequence  that  wherever  we  find  corresponding 
colors  in  man  we  shall  also  find  a  (jorrespondence  of  'j_}ropeTties  ; 
as,  for  example,  with  red,  we  shall  observe  the  most  heat  or  vitality 
and  power ;  and  thus  in  decreasing  degrees  the  grade  of  potency 
of  other  and  weaker  hues.  It  must  be  apparent,  also,  that  if  cer- 
tain colors  are  present  in  an  individual,  the  mineral  constituents 
from  which  these  colors  are  drawn  must  be  present ;  of  course,  not 
in  the  crude  state,  but  organized  in  the  blood,  the  bones,  tlie 
muscles,  the  skin,  the  liair,  and  eyes.  The  variations  in  the  min- 
eral constituents  in  different  human  organisms  have  been  proven  by 
the  analyses  of  the  several  parts  of  the  body  in  different  individuals 
after  death.  For  it  has  been  demonstrated  experimentally  by  physi- 
cists that  sodium,  calcium,  iron,  copper,  and  other  minerals  enter 
into  the  composition  of  the  human  body  in  varying  degrees  of 
quantity,  and  are  different  in  the  several  organs ;  hence,  the  differ- 
ences in  power,  health,  activity,  and  appearances  in  divers  indi- 
viduals are  shown  and  may  be  known  by  analyses  of  the  several 
colors  of  the  various  parts  of  their  bodies.  One  fact  is  patent  to 
aU,  that  colorless,  pallid  persons  never  possess  the  same  degree  of 
health,  power,  and  activity  that  is  exhibited  by  the  well  and  nor- 
mally colored.     And  this  is  equally  true  in  regard  to  plants. 

FACULTIES   DERIVED    FROM    THE    BRAIN    AND    NERVE    SYSTEM. 

Mental  Order. — This  department  of  Order  is  largest  where 
the  brain  system  is  dominant,  and  enables  its  possessor  to  arrange 
thoughts,  sentences,  quotations,  and  all  his  mental  operations  in 
an  orderly,  precise,  and  systematic  manner.  This  form  of  order  is 
operated  by  the  brain  purely, — by  that  part  of  the  brain  which  is 
representative  of  this  faculty;  for  there  can  be  no  longer  a  doubt 
that  every  department  of  mind,  every  faculty,  and  every  function 
is  represented  and  localized  in  the  brain ;  and  that  this  department 
of  Order  derives  its  energy  from  the  brain  purely,  without  the 
assistance  of  the  muscles,  the  bones,  the  viscera,  or  other  parts. 
We  must  consider  it  as  having  its  origin  in  the  brain.  Many  per- 
sons who  possess  Mental  Order  in  large  measure  are  deficient  in 
Physical  Order  and  seem  to  have  no  ability  for  the  methodical 
systematic  arrangement  of  their  homes,  furniture,  clothing,  books, 
etc.  Mental  Order  is  large  in  writers  of  history,  scientists,  and 
naturalists,  and  is  possessed  by  inventors  and  good  mechanics. 

Physical  Order  is  derived  from  a  square,  precise,  and  orderly 
arrangement  of  the  osseous  system.  Where  this  system  is  slightly 
in  the  ascendancy  over  the  muscular  system,  we  find  the  best  talent 
in  this  direction.  Its  possessors  will  have  a  place  for  everything 
and  everything  in  its  place;    will  be  precise,  methodical,  exact, 

14 


210  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and  with  a  fair  degree  of  time  will  be  prompt  and  punctual  in 
keeping  engagements  and  observing  set  times  for  duties,  business, 
pleasures,  etc.  They  are  pained  and  irritated  if  their  associates 
fad  to  replace  things  where  they  belong,  and  if  they  become 
enfeebled  by  nervous  disorders  are  very  fussy  and  suffer  by  seeing 
things  disordered  or  out  of  their  place.  This  faculty  is  quite 
small  where  the  vegetative  system  is  dominant,  for  this  system 
possesses  very  little  either  of  Mental  or  Physical  Order.  The  vege- 
tative system  is  based  on  the  iiuid  circulation  and  the  nature  of 
fluid  is  such  that  it  moves  and  shifts  and  does  not  remain  in  fixed 
positions,  but,  like  the  water  of  the  ocean,  surges  from  point  to 
point  and  never  returns  to  the  same  place.  Hence,  very  little 
Order  may  be  expected  from  the  soft,  fluidic,  yielding,  vegetative 
individual. 

Order  is  adapted  to  everything  in  Nature  and  must  be 
supreme  on  earth,  as  well  as  "  Heaven's  first  law  "  All  creatures 
have  their  appropriate  sphere  or  realm,  and  when  they  are  inap- 
propriately placed  chaos  and  suffering  is  the  result.  Each  indi- 
vidual has  his  or  her  place  in  Nature,  and  until  this  is  found  tlieir 
highest  use  and  happiness  will  not  ensue.  Physiognomy  is  the 
best  means  known  to  man  for  classifying  and  grading  all  human 
beings  and  for  pointing  out  and  determining  their  place  according 
to  the  order  or  grade  of  intellect  which  each  possesses. 

FACULTY   DERIVED   FROM   THE   FIVE    SUPERIOR   SYSTEMS. 

Time. — The  faculty  of  Time  has  several  diverse  phases  and  is 
manifested  in  very  different  and  distinct  ways.  Time,  as  we  com- 
pute it,  is  caused  by  the  revolutions  of  the  earth,  sun  and  moon. 
This  is  our  basis  for  the  calculation  of  time;  hence,  time  and 
motion  are  synonymous,  and  the  several  distinct  phases  of  time 
which  we  observe  in  the  acts  and  organisms  of  man  are  dependent 
upon  some  of  the  many  modes  of  motion,  either  within  or  without 
his  body,  for  their  ability  to  manifest  their  presence.  One  phase 
of  this  faculty  enables  us  to  take  cognizance  of  the  lapse  of  time, 
of  periods  of  succession  of  hours,  days,  months,  and  years.  This 
peculiar  form  of  time  mheres  in  the  bj'ain  and  nervous  system, 
and  is  exhibited  in  its  highest  power  by  astronomers  and  mathe- 
maticians, and  is  dependent  largely  upon  abstract  mathematical 
faculties  for  its  expression.  Its  computations  can  be  conducted 
by  the  brain  alone,  without  the  assistance  of  the  other  parts  of  the 
organism.  Another  form  of  time  gives  the  ability  to  keep  time 
in  dancing,  walking,  marching,  athletics,  beating  time  on  instru- 
ments with  the  hands,  and  in  singing,  playing  upon  musical  instru- 
ments, and   in   manufacturing   time-keeping   instruments,   which 


FACULTY  DERIVED  FROM  THE  FIVE  SUPERIOR  SYSTEMS.    211 

illustrate  the  periodic  movements  of  the  earth,  winds,  tides,  etc. ; 
also,  in  elocution,  oratory,  and  speaking.  In  all  these  movements 
the  muscular  system  is  most  concerned,  and  this  sort  of  time  is 
discoverable  in  persons  in  whom  the  muscular  system  is  dominant 
and  who  are  possessed  of  a  rounded  form.  In  elocution  and 
oratory  the  regular  periodic  beating  of  the  hearty  and  the  rliytlimic 
movement  of  the  lungs  and  periodic  circidatimi  of  the  blood  doubt- 
less influences  the  speech  by  dividing  it  up  into  natural  pauses. 

Time  is  most  certainly  concerned  in  the  process  of  digestion^ 
and  here  tioo  different  phases  of  time  will  be  observed  in  action. 
That  part  of  the  digestive  process  which  is  performed  by  the 
stomach  has  a  certain  set  and  defined  time  for  the  proper  discharge 
of  its  duties;  for  the  time  essential  to  the  digestion  of  all  articles 
of  food  by  the  stomach  is  known  and  has  been  tabulated  in  medical 
works.  The  process  of  digestion  in  the  stomach  is  aflected  and 
assisted  by  the  move^nents  of  the  heart  and  lungs,  and  thus  we  see 
why  it  is  that  those  in  whom  the  thoracic  system  is  large  exhibit  a 
good  sense  of  time  in  walking,  speaking,  singing,  etc.  The 
rhythmic  movements  of  the  heart,  the  lungs,  and  stomach  combined 
contribute  to  produce  movements  of  a  precise  and  periodic  nature, 
and  those  in  whom  the  muscidar  system  predominates  are  the  best 
adapted  to  regularity  and  automatism  of  motion  of  all  sorts.  The 
time-keeping  sense  in  marching  and  walking  and  in  taking  cog- 
nizance of  the  lapse  of  time — in  being  punctual  in  keeping  engage- 
ments and  in  observing  regular  habits — is  almost  lacking  in  those 
in  whom  the  vegetative  system  predominates.  The  explanation 
of  this  is  that  the  process  of  digestion  is  almost  constantly  going  on 
in  the  intestines  and  the  functional  action  of  the  intestines  is  not 
dependent  upon  a  certain  set  peiiod  of  time  for  its  performance. 
Individuals  have  been  known  to  exist  thirty  days  and  over  without 
action  of  the  intestinal  system ;  hence,  time  affects  this  part  of  the 
organism  the  least.  In  the  lowest  animal  organisms  assimilation 
is  constantly  going  on,  and  the  intestinal  system  of  the  human 
species  is  analogous  to  the  primitive  intestinal  tube  of  the  gastrula 
(the  primitive  intestinal  animal). 

Several  forms  of  the  time-sense  are  often  observed  in  combina- 
tion in  one  individual.  Musical  composers,  for  example,  like 
Handel  and  Meyerbeer,  illustrate  by  their  combination  of  the  brain 
and  muscular  systems  the  possession  of  two  sorts  of  time — the  sort 
which  inheres  in  the  brain  system  e^iclusively,  added  to  the  rhythmic 
sort  which  is  the  essential  property  of  the  muscular  system,  and 
which  cannot  be  performed  by  means  of  any  other  department  of 
the  bodily  organization.  Brain  is  competent  to  perform  only  its 
own  pecuUar  form  and  share  in  the  illustration  of  the  time-keeping 


212  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

faculty,  and  until  this  division  and  distribution  of  the  several  parts 
of  this  faculty  is  made,  and  each  form  of  the  faculty  assigned  its 
own  proper  sphere  of  action,  we  shall  have  no  just  or  correct  ideas 
of  this  all-pervading  sense.  The  phrenological  idea,  that  one  little 
sign  at  the  outer  angle  of  the  eyebrow  stands  indicative  of  this 
universal  faculty,  is  most  absurd  in  the  presence  of  the  great 
enlightenment  which  physiological  analysis  throws  upon  the  origin 
of  the  several  sources  of  Time.  It  is  not  disputed  that  the  faculty 
of  Time  is  represented  in  the  brain.  It  probably  has  several 
representatives  there,  each  standing  for  its  own  pecuhar  phase  in 
the  bodily  organism.  The  appearance  at  that  portion  of  the  eye- 
brow which  is  said  by  phrenologists  to  be  the  sign  for  the  presence 
of  an  "  organ  "  of  Time  in  an  individual  is  a  local  sign  of  the  sort 
of  time  which  inheres  in  the  osseous  system  and  is  caused  by  the 
squareness  of  the  bones  at  this  point,  and  not  by  a  bulge  of  brain. 
The  osseous  system  illustrates  a  different  phase  of  time  than  that 
exhibited  by  the  brain,  the  thoracic,  or  the  muscular  system.  The 
dominance  of  the  osseous  system  in  an  individual  gives  the  sort 
of  time-sense  which  exhibits  punctuality  in  habits,  promptness  in 
keeping  engagements,  and  in  being  able  to  tell  the  time  of  day  or 
night  instinctively.  Time,  as  well  as  Order,  is  one  of  the  leading 
characteristics  of  the  bony  system,  and  belongs  to  the  mind  of  the 
bones.  The  vegetative  individual  possesses  Httle  of  either  of  these 
faculties,  because  lacking  in  bone;  yet  many  have  the  sort  of  time 
useful  to  musical  accentuation,  if  a  fair  share  of  muscle  is  in  combi- 
nation. Many  eminent  singers  in  whom  the  vegetative  system  is 
well  developed  possess  the  faculty  of  musical  time  through  their 
combination  of  the  muscular  and  vegetative  systems.  A  predomi- 
nance of  the  osseous  and  muscular  systems  "will  exhibit  a  different 
phase  of  time  than  where  the  muscular  and  brain  systems  are  pre- 
eminent. So,  also,  an  individual  in  whom  the  brain,  muscular, 
and  osseous  systems  are  well  developed  and  of  high  quality  will 
possess  a  combination  of  several  kinds  of  Time,  which  may  assist 
in  musical  composition  or  in  astronomical  labors.  In  which  of 
these  it  may  result,  will  depend  upon  other  faculties  in  the  combi- 
nation. If  the  osseous  system  predominates  slightly,  then  a  scien- 
tific tendency  will  be  exhibited;  but  if  the  muscular  system  is  in 
the  ascendency,  a  musical  or  artistic  capacity  is  present.  A  little 
more  bone  or  a  trifle  more  muscle  makes  a  vast  difference  in  the 
direction  of  mental  efforts ;  so,  also,  does  a  slight  difference  in  the 
quality  of  the  several  constituents  of  a  given  organism,  generally 
speaking.  Where  the  quality  of  the  skin  is  of  a  high  grade,  all 
the  other  tissues  and  constituents  will  be  of  the  same  quality,  even 
if  they  are  not  largely  developed.     In  the   investigation  of  the 


FACULTIES  DERIVED  FROM  THE  MUSCULAR  SYSTEM.     213 

source  or  sources  of  a  faculty,  and  in  the  analysis  necessary  to  the 
same,  we  must  be  guided  by  a  close  investigation  of  tlie  physio- 
logical and  anatomical  structure  of  the  body.  Neither  one  person 
nor  one  generation  is  competent  to  perceive  and  relate  all  that  may 
be  said  on  the  subject  of  physiognomy;  for,  like  astronomy,  one 
generation  of  observers  after  another  must  leave  to  posterity  the 
result  of  their  labors  to  be  added  to  and  built  upon  by  their  succes- 
sors. There  is  much  that  can  be  learned  only  by  an  examination 
of  the  living  subject,  and  the  teacher  of  this  science  should  endeavor 
to  teach  from  the  book  of  Nature  all  departments  of  the  science, 
as  it  is  only  in  this  manner  that  the  infinite  number  of  minute 
differences  in  human  nature  can  be  observed  and  comprehended ; 
for  the  smallest  and  finest  appearances  in  a  physiognomy  are  some- 
times the  most  decisive,  as,  says  Lavater,  "to  despise  what  is 
minute  is  to  despise  Nature;"  hence,  in  looking  for  the  origin 
of  the  faculty  of  Time,  or  indeed  of  any  other  trait,  we  must 
analyze  first  its  manifestations  as  it  outworks  mentally,  then  trace 
it  to  its  origin  and  analyze  the  action  and  the  constituents  of  the 
system  or  function  from  which  it  proceeds.  There  is  no  other 
reliable  method. 

The  periodic  character  of  all  vital  phenomena  is  well  demon- 
strated in  all  Nature's  works,  whether  it  be  in  the  process  of  diges- 
tion, in  the  repair  of  tissue,  the  periodic  movements  of  the  heart 
and  lungs,  or  in  the  regularity  attending  gestation  in  the  various 
animal  organisms.  All  attest  not  only  that  Time  is  a  universal 
property,  but  that  it  has  many  modes  of  manifesting  its  several 
phases ;  hence,  the  idea  of  pointing  to  one  single  sign  as  its  repre- 
sentative in  the  face  is  •  too  contracted  entirely.  We  must  learn 
how  to  separate  and  analyze  its  several  manifestations  before  passing 
judgment  on  this  point. 

FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM   THE   MUSCULAR    SYSTEM. 

Calcidatimi. — Arithmetical  ability,  or  the  capacity  for  compre- 
hending and  calculating  numbers,  memorizing  dates  and  figures, 
and  reckoning  sums,  is  a  trait  entirely  distinct  from  those  which 
conduce  to  mathematical  power.  Although  the  mathematician  is 
dependent  upon  a  certain  degree  of  knowledge  of  arithmetic,  yet 
the  two  are  not  always  found  associated  in  the  same  individual. 
The  origin  of  pure  Calculation  is  undoubtedly  in  the  muscular 
system,  and  is  represented  in  the  brain. 

The  best  natural  calculators  in  the  world  are  those  in  whom 
the  muscular  system  predominates  slightly  over  the  osseous.  The 
Mongolian  race,  for  example,  are  natural  and  rapid  calculators, 
and  show  early  and  decided  abihty  in  the  direction  of  arithmetical 


214  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

calculation;  yet  the  great  majority  of  them  would  be  wholly  unable 
to  learn  mathematics,  for  the  reason  that  pure  mathematics  is 
mainly  dependent  upon  the  reasoning  faculties  for  power  to  exhibit 
its  principles,  and  reason  of  a  high  order  is  not  a  development 
observed  in  the  majority  of  this  race.  Calculation  is  also  possessed 
by  some  animals  in  a  marked  degree.  The  pig  has  been  trained 
to  use  blocks  in  numbering,  but  its  powers  are  quite  limited.  The 
elephant,  the  horse,  the  magpie,  and  the  dog  possess  considerable 
ability  in  comprehending  the  number  of  articles  which  they  use,  or 
which  have  been  intrusted  to  them. 

On  this  point  Professor  Haeckel  remarks  thus: — 

At  the  lowest  stage  of  human  mental  development  are  the  Australians, 
some  tribes  of  the  Polynesians,  and  the  Bushmen,  Hottentots,  and  some  of 
the  Negro  tribes.  Language,  the  chief  cliaracteristic  of  genuine  men,  has 
with  them  remained  at  the  lowest  stage  of  development,  and  hence,  also, 
their  formation  of  ideas  has  remained  at  a  low  stage.  Many  of  these  wild 
tribes  have  not  even  a  name  for  animal,  plant,  color,  and  such  most  simple 
ideas,  whereas  the}'  have  a  word  for  every  single  striking ybrm  of  animal  and 
plant,  and  for  every  single  sound.  In  many  of  their  languages  there  are  nu- 
merals only  for  one,  two,  and  three.  No  Australian  language  counts  beyond 
four.  Very  many  wild  tribes  can  count  no  further  than  ten  or  twent}'^, 
whereas  some  verj*^  clever  dogs  have  been  made  to  count  to  forty  and  even 
beyond  sixty.* 

There  have  been  many  persons  who,  from  birth,  have  mani- 
fested most  extraordinary  powers  of  calculation.  George  Bidder, 
well  known  to  fame,  is  an  example  of  the  precocious  development 
of  this  trait,  yet,  although  his  calculations  were  most  extraordinary 
and  lightning-like,  he  was  quite  unable  to  pursue  the  higher  mathe- 
matics with  a  view  of  studying  for  a  profession,  proving  conclu- 
sively that  a  different  department  of  the  mind  and  body  is  used  in 
each  of  these  branches  of  numerical  computation.  There  are  many 
phases  of  the  calculative  faculty.  Where  it  is  exhibited  by  those 
in  whom  the  muscular  system  predominates  it  is  usually  accom- 
panied by  a  good  share  of  what  is  termed  "  policy,"  or  worldly 
calculation.  In  the  Mongolian  race,  and  in  those  individuals  of 
the  Caucasian  race  who  resemble  the  Mongolian  in  their  anatomical 
development,  a  large  degree  of  cunning,  craft,  and  slyness  is  ob- 
served. These  traits  are  all  based  on  pure  calculation,  and,  although 
they  have  no  immediate  relation  to  numbers,  are  yet  one  phase, 
and  the  lowest  phase,  of  Calculation ;  and  this  form  of  calculation 
is  the  compensation  for  mental,  moral,  or  physical  defects,  which 
prevent  tlie  individual  or  animal  from  making  his  way  or  procur- 
ing a  living  by  moral  and  intellectual  efforts.     Craft  in  man  or 

»  History  of  Creation,  Haeckel,  voL  ii,  p.  363. 


FACULTIES  DERIVED  FROM  THE  MUSCULAR  SYSTEM.     215 

animal  is  a  sign  of  weakness  of  some  sort,  for  "  craft  is  but  the 
substitute  of  power." 

The  class  of  animals  in  whom  are  found  the  greatest  degree 
of  calculation,  cunning,  slyness,  and  deception  are  those  in  whom 
the  muscular  system  dominates  the  osseous  or  brain  systems,  as 
will  be  observed  in  the  tiger,  the  panther,  the  cat,  the  rat,  the  fox, 
the  coon,  the  opossum,  and  the  skunk,  etc.,  while  in  those  animals 
in  whom  the  osseous  system  is  in  the  ascendency,  as  the  dog,  the 
horse,  and  the  camel,  we  find  very  little  cunning  or  slyness.  The 
latter  class  possess  real  power  of  mind  and  morality  ag  compared 
with  the  former,  hence  can  maintain  themselves  without  resort  to 
trickery.  Sliy  and  timid  animals  also  exhibit  a  large  share  of  cal- 
culation of  a  different  sort  from  that  shown  by  the  sly  animals. 
The  deer,  the  hare,  and  the  rabbit  are  dependent  upon  their  fleet- 
ness  and  extra  caution.  Cautiousness  is  one  form  of  calculation, 
and  cautiousness  in  excess  is  not  exhibited  either  by  persons  or 
animals  possessed  of  good  moral  and  intellectual  powers. 

I  do  not  wish  to  be  understood  as  saying  that  a  good  arithme- 
tician cannot  be  honest  or  possess  reason,  yet  I  may  safely  assert 
that  the  world  has  given  us  many  illustrious  examples  of  men  who 
were  eminent  for  rectitude  and  reason,  wlio  were  greatly  deficient 
in  calculation.  George  Combe,  who  was  talented  as  a  lawyer  and 
lecturer,  and  was  noted  for  the  integrity  and  purity  of  his  life,  said 
that  "  after  seven  years'  study  of  aritlimetic  he  could  not  compre- 
hend the  multiplication  table."  In  this  gentleman  the  brain  system 
was  dominant.  Many  eminent  astronomers,  chemists,  and  physi- 
cists possess  both  calculative  and  mathematical  ability,  but  these 
are  first-class  minds,  such  as  Ilerschel,  Lalande,  Pascal,  Del  Ambre, 
Procter,  Newton,  Lavoisier,  D'Alembert,  Dal  ton.  Oersted,  Count 
Rumford,  WoUaston,  and  numberless  others.  In  these  individuals 
most  of  the  mental  powers  are  above  the  average,  and  other 
faculties  are  of  the  first  grade.  In  such  minds  neither  calculation, 
policy,  nor  craft  predominate,  for  the  reason  that  real  power  and 
ability  preclude  the  necessity  of  substitutes  or  the  compensatory 
assistance  of  cunning  or  craft. 

Calculation,  or  computation,  is  nearly  related  to  Order  as  well 
as  to  Time,  and  the  local  signs  of  these  faculties  are  grouped  in  such 
contiguity  in  the  face  as  to  show  their  nearness  of  relationship  and 
mutual  dependence  upon  and  assistance  to  each  other.  Each 
faculty  presents  many  phases.  Not  only  are  these  differences  dis- 
tributed singly  among  many  individuals,  but  several  forms  of  the 
same  trait  are  often  observed  in  the  same  character.  Most  faculties 
appear  to  have  a  range  of  action  of  considerable  compass ;  thus. 
Calculation  ranges  in  man  and  animals  all  the  way  from  the  useful 


^16  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

condition  of  numerical  computation,  through  the  various  grades  of 
policy  (which  is  also  a  most  useful  and  necessary  trait,  being  nearly 
allied  to  tact)  down  to  cautiousness,  cunning,  deception,  trickery, 
slyness,  shyness,  and  timidity.  We  cannot  impute  cunning  or 
deception  to  an  individual  simply  from  his  possession  of  fine  arith- 
metical ability,  yet  he  may,  and  almost  always  does,  possess  in 
combination  a  good  share  of  worldly  policy  and  tact.  The  skilled 
physiognomist  can  decide  which  of  these  forms  each  person  pos- 
sesses. 

In  deciding  as  to  the  origin  of  faculties,  we  are  obliged  to 
depend  upon  long-continued  observations  for  verification,  and  from 
observation  both  in  the  human  and  animal  kingdoms  we  are  led  to 
analyze  the  action  and  nature  of  the  constituents  of  the  function, 
or  system  of  functions,  in  which  we  observe  a  faculty  to  be  the 
most  developed.  From  this  analysis  we  must  make  a  logical  deduc- 
tion wliich  shall  agree  with  the  facts  observed,  as  well  as  with  the 
related  law.  And  when  the  reader  asks — as  he  most  certainly  has 
the  right — how  the  muscular  system  is  proven  to  be  the  origin, 
source,  or  base  of  Calculation,  I  shall  refer  him  first  to  the  fact  that 
long-continued  observation  has  shown,  first,  that  this  power  is 
found  best  developed  in  those  persons  and  races  of  men  in  whom 
the  muscular  system  is  paramount ;  next,  that  its  lowest  develop- 
ments, such  as  craft,  cunning,  etc.,  are  found  universally  distributed 
in  varying  degrees  among  those  classes  of  animals  in  which  the 
muscular  system  is  dominant.  Furthermore,  Calculation  is  most 
nearly  related  to  Acquisitiveness  in  its  nature  and  action,  and  Ac- 
quisitiveness is  indebted  mainly  to  the  muscular  system  for  its 
getting  and  acquiring  power,  and,  in  its  primitive  or  animal  mani- 
festations, is  exhibited  by  the  desire  for  getting  food  and  materials 
for  nest-  and  home-  building,  as  we  observe  in  the  animals  and 
birds  of  the  forest ;  and,  as  those  animals  who  are  best  endowed 
by  Nature  with  the  getting  and  preying  instinct  and  talent  exhibit 
the  predominance  of  the  muscular  system,  we  must  logically  con- 
clude that  the  origin  of  Calculation  is  muscular,  for  "  similarity  of 
structure  denotes  similarity  of  function  and  faculty  "  all  along  the 
line  of  organic  evolution. 

Music. — Whatever  doubt  there  may  be  in  the  mind  of  man 
in  regard  to  the  origin  and  source  of  the  so-called  "mental  facul- 
ties "  there  can  surely  be  no  doubt  as  to  the  source  from  whence 
is  derived  the  capacity  for  singing  and  playing  upon  musical 
instruments. 

The  ^arts  of  the  organism  involved  in  the  production  of  tone 
or  sound,  whether  in  vocal  or  spoken  sound,  are  mainly  muscular. 
It  is  true  that  the  auditory  nerves  assist  in  conveying  to  the  depart- 


FACULTIES    DERIVED    FROM   THE   MUSCULAk    SYSTEM.  ^It 

ment  of  brain  assigned  to  the  consciousness  of  sound  the  sonorous 
vibrations  of  the  atmosphere,  yet  without  the  aid  of  the  muscular 
system  there  could  be  neither  spoken  nor  vocal  sound.  Brain 
alone,  no  matter  liow  well  developed,  has  not  the  capacity  to  pro- 
duce vocal  music,  for  singing,  speaking,  and  oratory  are  dependent 
upon  a  fine  quality  and  high  development  of  the  larynx,  the  glottis, 
the  trachea,  the  vocal  cords,  the  lips,  the  tongue  and  cheeks, 
together  with  a  suitable  development  of  the  diaphragm,  thorax, 
and  ear. 

All  these  parts  of  the  organism  are  mainly  of  a  muscular  or 
cartilaginous  nature,  and  where  these  several  parts  of  the  body  are 
strong  and  of  high  quality  there  will  be  found  the  most  spontane- 
ous capacity  for  vocal  expression  by  singing  and  instrumentation. 
The  principles  upon  which  sound  is  based  are  those  which  are  also 
found  to  exist  in  muscle,  viz.,  resonance,  elasticity,  and  the  ability 
to  produce  curved  motions.  In  order  to  comprehend  the  ratimiale 
of  the  signs  of  musical  ability,  we  are  obliged  to  analyze  the  origin 
of  sound  and  the  instrumentalities  which  produce  it.  Sound  is 
caused  by  vibrations  of  the  atmosphere  set  in  motion  by  force 
acting  upon  various  substances — such  as  wood,  metal,  reeds,  wire 
strings,  etc.  Vocal  sounds  are  originated  in  the  larynx,  which  is 
of  a  cartilaginous  nature.  The  action  of  this  organ  sets  in  motion 
atmospheric  air,  which,  impinging  upon  the  tympanum  of  the  ear, 
is  there  recognized  as  soft  or  hard,  short  or  long  tones,  according 
to  the  force  and  time  employed  in  such  performance.  Sound  once 
set  in  motion  forms  waves  or  curves  in  the  air,  which  are  caught 
by  the  external  ear  and  thrown  upon  the  t}  mpanum  or  drum,  and 
here  the  nerves  of  the  ear  and  brain  recognize  the  sounds  thus 
received  q,nd  imitate  and  modulate  them  by  the  aid  of  the  muscles 
of  the  glottis,  the  larynx,  the  vocal  cords,  the  trachea,  the  tongue, 
the  lips,  the  cheeks,  and  ear.  Two  of  the  elements  of  sound  are 
resonance  and  elasticity,  and  these  two  elements  are  found  in  the 
atmosphere,  as  well  as  in  reeds,  strings,  wire,  and '  cartilage. 
Another  element  of  sound  is  the  wavy  or  curved  motion  through 
the  air,  and  sound  which  proceeds  from  the  larynx  comes  through 
circular  waves  as  it  flows  through  the  air  toward  the  ear.  The 
auricle,  or  shell  of  the  ear,  is  also  round,  and  the  inner  formations 
are  of  a  curved  or  spiral  character,  as  exhibited  in  the  cochlea,  in 
the  three  semicircular  canals.  The  meatus  auditorius,  or  external 
opening  of  the  ear,  as  well  as  the  auricle,  are  both  circular  in 
formation. 

In  the  human  being  the  ability  to  execute  curves  is  confined 
to  cartilaginous  or  muscular  material,  and  all  art  is  founded  on 
the  circle  or  sections  of  it.     In  singing  and  speaking  the  larynx 


SIS  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

must  be  able   to    construct   every  gradation   of  the   circle.     As 
Swedengorg  expresses  it : — 

It  must  have  acquired  the  faculty  of  opening  the  glottis  into  all 
measures,  figures,  and  forms  whatever  that  can  be  described  by  the  geomet- 
ric compass  or  summed  up  by  the  analytical  calculus  from  the  line  or  fissure 
to  the  complete  circle. 

We  are  here  met  with  the  fact  that  geometrical  measurement 
and  form  is  yet  another  element  of  sound,  and  we  shall  find,  as 
we  continue  to  investigate  the  complex  mechanism  which  we  call 
man,  that  all  the  sciences,  chemical,  architectural  and  mathemati- 
cal, have  their  exponent  and  highest  illustration  in  that  most 
marvellous  and  sublime  of  all  God's  creations — man's  physiognomy. 

In  the  preceding  ideas  it  has  been  shown  that  the  elements 
of  sound  are  resonance,  elasticity,  and  circular  form ;  and  the 
necessary  components  of  a  musician  are  resonance,  elasticity  and 
circular  formation.  Who  shall  say  that  the  science  of  physiognomy 
is  not  capable  of  mathematical  illustration  ? 

As  before  stated,  the  parts  of  the  body  which  are  involved  in 
the  production  and  reception  of  sound  or  tone  are  situated  in  the 
moutli  and  its  surroundings,  as  well  as  in  the  ear.  Accordingly, 
we  shall  expect  to  find  in  the  formations  of  the  vocal  and  auditory 
apparatus  of  singers  and  orators  a  different  construction  from  that 
of  those  not  so  well  endowed  musically  or  vocally.  Were  we  to 
examine  these  parts  in  the  organisms  of,  say,  one  hundred  of  the 
most  eminent  singers,  we  should  find  that  their  facial  resemblances, 
in  these  respects,  were  identical,  althougli  of  different  nationalities 
and  of  the  most  diverse  individualities;  yet  in  all  cases  we  should 
find  a  nose  soft,  muscular,  round,  and  relatively  short,  notably  in 
the  face  of  Miss  Annie  Louise  Carey,  Madame  Scalclii,  Sir  Arthur 
Sullivan,  Madam  Sembrich,  Albani,  Emma  Abbot,  and  Campanini. 

Indeed,  the  noses  of  all  good  singers  are  short  in  relation  to 
the  other  facial  features.  There  are  two  causes  for  this.  In  the 
first  place,  all  great  singers  possess  a  predominance  of  the  muscu- 
lar system,  and  muscle  tends  to  shorten,  while  bone  tends  to 
lengthen  features.  Then,  again,  if  the  nose  were  long  relatively 
to  other  features,  there  would  not  exist  sufficient  length  from  the 
roof  of  the  mouth  to  the  point  of  the  chin  to  give  volume;  there 
would  not  be  sufficient  area  for  the  2^^'odiictiou  of  tone.  This 
peculiarity  of  formation  gives  heiglit  to  tlie  roof  of  the  mouth. 
Thus  it  will  be  observed  that  in  order  to  produce  powerful,  sonorous, 
vocal  effects,  there  must  be  a  consensus  of  action  between  the  bony 
structure  of  the  nose,  the  head  and  the  ear,  and  tlie  muscles  in- 
volved in  the  performance  of  vocality.     The  nasal  and  frontal  bones 


FACULTIES   DERIVED    PROM    THE   MUSCULAR   SYSTEM.  :2ld 

are  of  a  loose,  spongy  nature,  and  the  cavities  termed  "  frontal 
sinuses  "  assist  materially  in  affording  resonance  to  the  voice.  The 
bones  of  the  ear — the  malleus,  the  incus,  and  the  stapes — also 
contribute  by  their  reverberatory  quality  to  the  reception  of 
sound  and  tone,  while  the  auditory  nerves  are  useful  in  distinguish- 
ing the  differences  in  sounds.  The  formation  of  the  mouth  and 
its  surroundings  also  promote  the  production  of  tone.  Height  of 
the  roof  of  the  mouth  is  essential,  as  well  as  length  of  the  chin 
forward  and  downward;  and  full  cheeks  give  the  second  dimen- 
sion necessary,  while  width  from  the  lips  to  the  vocal  cords  give 
the  third  measurement ;  this  formation  is  characteristic  of  most  good 
singers  and  speakers.  It  is  this  space  which  gives  room  for  volume 
to  the  voice.  The  ear  is  also  concerned  in  musical  efforts,  and 
must  by  its  shape,  size,  and  quality  assist  in  the  general  make-up 
of  a  musician.  Accordingly,  we  find  that  the  musical  ear  will  be 
as  Professor  Willis  has  described  it ;  he  observes : — 

The  rounded,  well-formed  ear  that  sets  forward  and  outward  instead 
of  being  flat  on  the  head  is  a  pretty  good  sign  of  musical  taste,  if  not  of 
talent. 

Of  the  form  of  the  unmusical  ear,  he  remarks  thus : — 

Observe  the  angular  and  sharp-pointed  form  of  the  top  of  the  ear. 
It  is  built  on  the  same  principle  as  the  long,  sharp-pointed  ear  of  the  ass 
and  mule,  which  animals  are  not  noted  for  their  appreciation  of  music* 

"  All  animals  with  the  rounding  ear  are  more  or  less  fond  of 
musical  sounds,  while  those  with  sharp-pointed  ears  are  disgusted 
with  or  indifferent  to  music."  This  has  been  tested  by  several 
observers  with  the  above  results.  Ever)'  minute  appearance  of  the 
ear  is  noteworthy  and  has  its  meaning.  The  external  ear  in  every 
case  is  suited  to  the  head  and  person  upon  whom  it  is  observed; 
it  is  suited  also  to  the  throat,  nose,  and  mouth  found  in  combina- 
tion with  it,  and  it  would  suit  no  other,  so  homogeneous  is  Nature 
in  all  her  operations.  There  are,  of  course,  great  differences  in 
the  quality  of  bone  in  different  individuals,  but  I  must  believe  that 
the  bones  of  those  in  whom  the  muscular  system  is  dominant  are 
less  charged  with  lime  and  mineral  matters,  and  possess  a  larger 
proportion  of  animal  ingredients  than  those  in  whom  the  osseous 
system  is  supreme.  The  artist  and  singer  must  not  only  possess 
more  flexible  mtiscles  for  the  pur])oses  of  art  and  vocality,  but  must 
also  be  possessed  of  more  flexibility  of  bone,  than  the  mechanic, 
the  scientist,  or  moralist.  In  the  former,  all  the  powers  and  pur- 
poses arc  in  direct  opposition  to  the  latter.  The  artistic  classes  are 
for  the  expression  of  motion,  emotion,  imitation,  and  amusement, 

*A  Treatise  on  Human  Nature  and  Physiognomy,  Prof.  A.  £.  Willis,  p.  626.    Chicago,  1882. 


220  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

while  the  mechanical  and  scientific  classes  deal  with  the  laws  and 
principles  of  Nature ;  hence,  their  characters  exhibit  the  most  in- 
tegrity, stability,  firmness,  and  accuracy,  as  befits  those  engaged  in 
the  discovery  and  application  of  the  laws  and  truths  of  Nature. 
These  laws  are  founded  on  eternal  truth,  hence  those  who  assist 
in  the  exposition  of  them  must  in  their  own  organisms  possess  the 
quahties  which  partake  of  the  nature  of  the  phenomena  which 
they  investigate.  As  well  ask  a  blind  man  to  state  the  difference 
between  light  and  darkness  as  to  exjiect  the  purely  artistic  to 
comprehend  the  laws  which  reveal  the  sciences,  or  to  expect  from 
the  purely  mechanical  and  scientific,  the  flexible,  yielding,  resonant 
qualities  essential  to  art-purposes.  Whenever  Nature  constructs 
a  great  musician,  she  does  not  endow  him  with  great,  square, 
strong  bones  and  relatively  spare  muscles.  Man  often  makes  the 
stupid  mistakes  of  compelling  children  to  study  arts  and  sciences 
for  which  Nature  has  not  fitted  them ;  but  where  man  co-operates 
with  Nature,  those  great  geniuses  are  produced  who  dazzle  and 
astonish  the  world,  and  whose  works  and  lives  go  down  the  ages 
to  bless,  enrich,  and  stimulate  the  multitude. 

The  logical  outcome  of  tliis  analysis  of  music  is — 1st,  that  for 
the  purpose  of  producing  singing  tones  the  right  mechanism  must 
be  afforded  by  Nature ;  2d,  that  this  mechanism  is  mainly  con- 
structed of  muscle,  and  possesses  the  same  qualities  as  does  the 
atmosphere,  viz.,  those  of  resonance,  flexibility,  and  capacity  for 
producing  curves ;  3d,  that  the  signs  of  this  musical  capacity  are 
to  be  met  with  in  the  muscular  system,  and  most  of  them  are  ex- 
ternal, as  in  the  mouth,  the  ear,  the  cheeks,  the  lips,  the  chin,  and 
the  thorax ;  4th,  it  is  proven  that,  in  order  to  produce  volume  of 
tone,  the  area  of  the  internal  structure  of  the  mouth  must  possess 
vertical,  lateral,  and  antero-posterior  space ;  5th,  it  is  shown  that 
the  glottis  must  be  able  to  form  all  "  measures  and  figures  that  can 
be  described  by  the  geometric  compass  or  summed  up  by  the  ana- 
lytical calculus  from  the  line  of  fissure  to  the  complete  circle,"  and, 
lastly,  the  logical  deduction  is  that  the  musical  individual  is  dis- 
covered by  roundness  of  the  entire  body,  roundness  of  the  head, 
the  face,  the  ear,  the  cheeks,  the  throat,  the  chin,  the  thorax,  and 
the  fingers  round  and  tapering. 

Analysis  and  logic  will  reveal  much  of  Nature's  methods  of 
construction,  while  a  systematic  course  of  observation  and  general- 
izing will  provide  the  material  from  which*  the  deductions  can  be 
made. 

Language. — Investigation  as  to  the  origin  of  language  has 
been  conducted  with  great  ardor  in  the  two  last  centuries,  and  has 
resulted  in  a  systematic  classification  of  the  relationsliip  of  all 


r 


FACULTIES  DERIVED  FROM  THE  MUSCULAR  SYSTEM.     221 

languages  and  dialects,  both  ancient  and  modern.  To  the  inde- 
fatigable labors  of  one  man — Max  Muller — are  we  indebted  for 
great  light  upon  this  branch  of  knowledge.  His  method  of  classi- 
fication is  based  upon  the  grammatical  construction  of  language, 
and  not  on  the  similarity  of  the  words,  as  is  popularly  believed. 

Had  Mr.  Max  Miiller  made  use  of  the  knowledge  which  scien- 
tific physiognomy  imparts  he  would  have  been  able  to  advance  his 
efibrts,  and  perhaps  have  made  his  undertaking  lighter,  for  the 
language  of  a  race  depends  greatly  upon  its  anatomical  and  physio- 
logical structure.  In  spoken  sound,  as  in  singing,  the  effort  is 
made  by  aid  of  the  several  parts  involved  in  the  production  and 
reception  of  musical  sounds.  Yet  when  we  come  to  analyze  spoken 
language  we  must  take  a  wider  range  of  research,  for  the  reason 
that  all  persons  express  themselves  by  speech,  while  only  a  few, 
comparatively,  use  musical  tones. 

The  means  of  communicating  ideas  and  wants  by  language  is 
universal,  yet  the  kind  of  language  used  varies  in  different  indi- 
viduals ;  and  the  kind  of  language  which  will  be  used  by  the  nu- 
merous races,  both  civilized  and  uncivihzed,  depends  entirely  upon 
the  peculiarities  of  their  anatomical  structure,  together  with  the 
grade  of  quality  of  their  development  as  a  race  and  as  individuals. 

If  one  were  to  contrast  the  language  of  the  ancient  Greeks 
and  Chinese,  for  example,  he  would  find  the  expression  of  ideas, 
of  shades  and  grades  of  thought  and  feeling,  capable  of  being 
expressed  by  these  two  languages  as  diverse  as  are  these  two 
peoples ;  and  in  the  structure  of  both  face  and  form  he  would  trace 
(if  he  understood  physiognomy)  the  origin  of  these  diversities,  and 
assign  to  each  the  language  proper  to  the  two  distinct  races.  An 
examination  of  the  bones  of  the  skull  alone  would  not  give  this 
insight  into  these  existing  differences,  but  an  examination  of  the 
entire  outline  of  the  body,  together  with  a  critical  analysis  of  the 
face  and  the  quality  of  the  individual,  would  explain  how  the 
ancient  Greeks  came  to  construct  so  elabomte  and  pliant  a  lan- 
guage, and  one  so  capable  of  expressing  the  most  minute  shades  of 
thought  and  feeling.  This  could  be  done  by  an  investigation  of 
their  faces  and  figures  alone,  without  reference  to  their  literature, 
for  in  this  people  the  brain  and  muscular  systems  predominated, 
and  in  this  peculiarity  of  structure  we  find  the  mechanism  required 
for  philosophy  and  art,  as  well  as  for  the  grand  achievements  of 
oratory  which  have  probably  never  been  equalled  by  any  race. 
Of  this  peculiar  flexibility  of  the  Greek  language.  Professor  Jebb 
remarks : — 

By  using  one  tnm  of  phrase  instead  of  another  which  would  have  been 
equally  correct,  or  with  the  help  of  those  little  words  called  "  participles," 


222  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

which  answered  to  the  play  of  features  or  tone  of  voice  in  talking,  or  even 
by  a  slight  change  in  the  order  of  the  sentence,  a  Greek  could  mark  with 
delicate  precision  the  meaning  which  he  meant  to  convey.  This  peculiar 
power  which  the  language  acquired  of  being  bent  into  the  exact  shape 
of  the  thought  entitles  Greek  to  be  called  the  most  flexible  of  languages. 
No  one  who  is  a  stranger  to  Greek  literature  has  seen  how  perfect  an  instru- 
ment it  is  possible  for  human  speech  to  be.* 

The  language  of  the  Greeks  grew  and  developed,  as  did  the 
people,  and  the  master-pieces  of  the  Greek  sculptors  which  have 
escaped  the  ravages  of  time,  and  are  to  be  seen  in  the  various  art- 
galleries  and  museums  of  Europe,  disclose  to  us  the  source  of  the 
linguistic  power  of  this  nation. 

In  this  people  the  muscular  system  was  trained  and  developed 
in  every  part  to  the  highest  state  of  perfection  possible ;  hence, 
they  possessed  the  most  perfect  mechanism  for  speaking,  and  also 
for  hearing,  for  the  auditory  apparatus  is  almost  entirely  within  the 
muscular  system,  as  are  the  organs  of  speech.  It  is  rational  to 
conclude  that  the  one  conditions  the  other,  and  so  among  the 
families  of  language  the  Greek  stands  pre-eminent  for  its  capacity 
to  express  with  greatest  precision  and  exactness  the  most  delicate 
shades  and  grades  of  thought,  emotion,  and  feeling.  By  referring 
to  any  good  work  on  ethnology  the  reader  can  make  comparison 
between  the  Greek  and  the  uncivilized  races.  Not  only  will  the 
physiognomy  of  the  former  disclose  the  facial  signs  for  superior 
linguistic  capacities,  but  the  outlines  of  the  entire  organism  of  the 
Greek  will  (apart  from  the  face)  indicate  this  superiority  if  read  by 
the  laws  of  scientific  physiognomy.  I  claim  that  by  observation 
of  the  individual  one  can  decide  as  to  what  class  of  words  he  ^vill 
make  use  of,  and  that  by  classifying  a  race  or  individual  according 
to  the  laws  laid  down  in  the  chapter  on  the  "  Five  Systems  of  Func- 
tions" it  can  be  known  whether  one  will  use  adjectives  profusely, 
whether  he  will  make  greater  use  of  the  purest  Anglo-Saxon,  using 
nouns  most,  or  those  words  which  express  concrete  ideas,  such  as 
horse,  dog,  cow,  man,  or  other  words  or  short  sentences  which  com- 
pletely express  in  short,  terse,  and  practical  words  complete  ideas. 
Those  persons  in  whom  the  muscular  system  is  dominant  will,  if 
possessed  of  an  average  quality  of  brain,  make  use  of  many  ad- 
jectives, expletives,  interjections,  and  ejaculations ;  if  educated,  will 
use  the  most  ornate  language,  and  embellish  vdth  all  the  graces  of 
rhetoric  his  speech  and  writings.  Mad.  de  Stael  is  a  good  illus- 
tration of  this  class.  In  her  the  muscular  and  brain  systems  were 
dominant.  Where  the  osseous  system  is  supreme,  the  most  direct, 
simple,  clear,  and  practical  language  will  control  the  utterance. 

*  Greek  Literature,  R,  C.  Jebb,  p.  8.  1379. 


FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM   THE   MUSCULAR   SYSTEM.  223 

Where  education  has  assisted  the  individual  he  will  be  able  to 
make  the  most  clear,  concise,  and  explicit  descriptions,  both  in 
writing  and  speaking.  Such  persons  are  eminently  adapted  to  the 
elucidation  of  mechanical  and  scientific  principles.  Professor  Tyn- 
dall,  for  example,  is  an  excellent  illustration  of  this  class.  His 
language  is  sufficiently  ornate  and  pleasing,  but  its  general  style 
is  more  explicit,  definite,  clear,  pointed,  logical,  and  direct  than 
merely  ornamental.  The  bone  and  brain  systems  are  most  pro- 
nounced in  Professor  Tyndall. 

I  should  name  tlie  class  of  persons  of  whom  Mad.  de  Stael 
stands  representative  "adjective"  men,  and  Professor  Tyndall's 
class  "  noun  "  men.  These  differences  can  as  well  be  understood 
by  an  examination  of  the  hand,  the  fingers,  or  shape  of  the  finger- 
nails as  by  observation  of  the  face,  lor  here  the  sign  for  the  gift  of 
Language,  or  fluency,  is  denoted  by  fullness  of  the  muscular  eyeball. 
Fluency  alone  does  not  indicate  the  gift  of  Language  in  its  highest 
and  best  sense.  Fluent  chatter  is  not  fluent  sense,  neither  is  it  con- 
versation, nor  oratory.  Other  signs  must  decide  to  which  of  these 
departments  the  individual  belongs. 

Where  the  faculty  of  Language  is  best  defined,  it  is  shown  by 
a  fine  development  and  high  quality  of  the  muscular  system,  and 
reference  to  any  part  of  this  system  will  decide  upon  its  presence 
or  absence.  The  signs  for  mentality  will  exhibit  its  quality  and 
power.  Persons  in  whom  the  thoracic  system  abounds  will  give 
vent  to  many  exaggerations  in  speech.  Their  feelings  always 
being  at  very  high  or  very  low  tension,  they  will  in  accordance 
with  this  formation  express  themselves  vehemently,  with  force, 
enthusiasm,  and  joyfulness ;  or,  if  under  the  influence  of  sorrow, 
the  feelings  will  give  expression  to  the  most  despondent  and  hope- 
less words,  and  in  listening  to  one  under  these  influences  we  would 
imagine  that  never  before  was  such  a  desolate,  bereaved,  forlorn, 
and  deserted  being. 

This  class  of  persons  are  electric,  made  so  by  the  full  and  free 
inhalation  of  the  atmosphere,  which  elevates  and  depresses  (ac- 
cording as  it  is  good  or  bad,  or  scarce  or  plenty),  and  allows  great 
scope  for  expansiveness.  To  use  a  homely  expression,  "  they  are 
always  either  up  in  the  garret  or  down  in  the  cellar,"  but  to  their 
credit  I  will  say  they  reside  chiefly  in  the  garret  when  they  are  not 
still  higher  up — dn  the  observatoiy.  When  excited  by  indignation, 
their  expletives  are  of  the  most  pointed  description,  and  I  have 
known  most  amiable  and  moral  persons  bring  out  at  such  times  a 
"  big,  big  D,"  or  a  sudden  and  lively  reference  to  the  father  of  lies, 
apjiearing  afterward  to  be  much  relieved  by  the  explosion.  Not 
only  is  the  kind  of  language  which  one  uses  indicated  by  his  form, 


224:  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

but  the  quality  of  tone  produced  and  exhibited  by  his  anatomical 
formation  can  be  known  (if  disease  has  not  changed  it)  to  the 
skilled  physiognomist.  So  harmonious  is  Nature,  and  so  homo- 
geneous the  human  organism,  that  any  given  part  indicates  the 
character  of  the  whole.  This  principle  was  well  understood  by 
Lavater,  who,  writing  upon  this  point,  remarked: — 

Consider  the  voices  of  men  ;  their  height,  depth,  strength,  weakness; 
whether  hollow,  clear,  rough,  pleasant,  natural  or  feigned ;  and  inquire  what 
foreheads  and  what  tones  are  oftenest  associated.  If  the  student  has  a  good 
ear,  he  will  certainly  acquire  the  knowledge  of  temperament,  character,  and 
what  class  the  forehead  belongs  to  by  the  voice.* 

And,  again,  he  observes : — 

Tall  people  with  a  flatness  of  breast  have  weak  voices.f 

Persons  in  whom  the  muscular  system  is  dominant  and  of  a 
fine  quahty  possess  rich,  mellow,  full  tones  of  voice ;  but  where  the 
muscles  are  not  of  high  quality  the  voice  will  be  "  throaty,"  thick, 
and  unmusical ;  even  if  they  use  the  voice  in  singing,  it  will  be 
disagreeable  and  lacking  in  clearness,  sweetness,  and  purity. 

The  grade  of  the  mfental  development  of  a  race  or  of  an  indi- 
vidual will  discover  the  class  of  ideas,  as  well  as  exhibit  the  sort 
of  language,  suited  to  the  expression  of  the  grade  of  intelligence 
which  it  has  reached.  The  minds  of  uncivilized  races  could  not 
comprehend  many  of  the  ideas  which  are  common  to  the  most 
civilized,  and  we  find  upon  investigating  the  languages  of  savages 
that  they  are  as  lacking  in  the  ideas  of  many  moral,  afiectional,  and 
emotional  sentiments  as  they  are  in  suitable  words  for  the  expres- 
sion of  them.  Indeed,  they  could  not  comprehend  either  the 
meaning  of  many  of  our  words,  expressive  of  the  simplest  do- 
mestic duties  and  habits,  nor  see  the  necessity  or  use  for  such 
duties  and  customs.  The  mouth  and  its  surrounding  parts  of  the 
Tasmanian,  Bushman,  and  Hottentot,  for  example,  unfolds  the 
grade  of  mental  development,  together  with  the  style  of  language 
which  such  minds  would  naturally  make  use  of  Only  words 
expressive  of  the  simplest  animal  necessities,  and  of  rage  and  war- 
fare, with  very  few  terms  of  parental  or  conjugal  love,  or  of  mercy, 
justice,  right  or  wrong,  could  issue  from  such  lips.  No  person 
possessed  of  common  sense,  even  if  devoid  of  a  knowledge  of 
physiognomy  would  expect  anything  different  from  such  mouths. 
The  physiognomical  sense  is  sufficiently  strong  in  the  civilized 
races,  at  least,  to  enable  them  to  comprehend  this  at  the  first 
glance;  yet,  in  spite  of  this  inherited  and  intuitional  capacity  for 

•  Essays  on  Physiognomy,  Layater,  p.  158.  t  Ibid.,  p,  300. 


FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM    THE   MUSCULAR   SYSTEM.  225 

physiognomy,  many  persons  will  avow  their  utter  disbeUef  in  the 
theory  that  the  countenance  unfolds  character. 

That  language  improves  in  the  ratio  that  the  body  develops 
physiologically  is  proven  not  only  by  reference  to  the  savage  races, 
but  also  by  the  fact  that  language  is  not  as  essential  to  the  ex- 
pression of  our  physical  wants  as  it  is  to  the  expression  of  the 
higher  intellectual  and  moral  faculties.  Many  deaf-mutes  arc  able 
by  natural  signs  to  make  their  physical  wants  known  without 
education  in  the  sign  language ;  but  when  it  is  required  to  enun- 
ciate ideas  and  sentiments^  apart  from  mere  physical  wants,  then 
education  must  supply  a  system  by  which  these  can  be  imparted. 
The  language  of  savages  is  expressive  only  of  the  commonest 
wants  of  life,  and  all  of  their  social  intercourse  might  be  carried 
on  by  simple  natural  signs  in  daylight,  at  least,  but  communicating 
in  the  dark  requires  sound,  or  touch. 

Language  is  the  natural  expression  of  the  intellectual  powers. 
It  is  related  to  the  three  divisions  of  the  face,  inasmuch  as  the 
mouth,  nose,  and  eyes  are  concerned  in  its  expression.  Speech 
is  necessary,  alike  for  the  elucidation  of  mechanical,  artistic,  re- 
ligious, moral,  and  mathematical  ideas.  I  believe  speech  to  be 
related  to  pulsation;  forasmuch  as  language  is  naturally  and 
necessarily  divided  into  pauses,  there  must  be  synchronous  action 
between  the  rhythmic  movements  of  the  heart  and  lungs  and  the 
natural  accentuation  and  periodicity  of  syllables  and  sentences. 
In  Chapter  III,  Part  II,  will  be  found  further  analysis  of  the  voice. 

Language  and  Music  are  very  nearly  related.  The  art  of 
writing  poetry  depends  greatly  upon  one's  sense  of  rhythm,  and 
rhythm  is  a  musical  attribute.  Sympathy  is  another  musical 
quality  observed  in  language ;  harmony  another, — that  is  to  say, 
the  harmony  between  what  one  says  and  what  one  means,  for  a 
good  observer  can  detect  the  want  of  liarmony  between  the  lan- 
guage and  the  feeling  to  which  it  professes  to  give  utterance. 
Ruskin  beautifully  expresses  this  idea  in  the  following : — 

To  teach  the  meaning  of  a  word  thoroughly  is  to  teach  the  nature  of 
the  spirit  that  coined  it.  The  secret  of  language  is  tlie  secret  of  sj'mpathy, 
and  its  full  charm  is  possible  only  to  the  gentle.  And  of  yet  greater  im- 
portance is  it  deeply  to  know  that  every  beautj'  possessed  by  the  language 
of  a  nation  is  significant  of  the  innermost  laws  of  its  being.  Keep  the 
temper  of  the  people  stern  and  manly ;  make  their  associations  courteous, 
grave,  and  for  worthy  objects ;  occupy  them  in  just  deeds,  and  their  tongue 
must  needs  be  a  grand  one.  All  great  languages  invariably  utter  great 
things,  and  command  them  ;  the  breath  of  them  is  inspiration,  because  it  is 
not  only  vocal,  but  vital^  and  you  can  only  learn  to  speak  as  these  men  by 
becoming  what  these  men  were. 

In  this  quotation,  Ruskin  shows  that  he  comprehends  the 

15 


226  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

relation  which  exists  between  the  character  and  the  language  of  a 
race,  and  to  the  observer  and  thinker  nothing  can  be  more  sug- 
gestive of  the  harmony  of  Nature  than  the  investigation  and 
analysis  of  the  language  and  characteristic  traits  wliich  are  found 
in  combination  in  a  people.  Men  and  language  evolve  together  in 
the  same  ratio.  As  the  Greek  race  developed  its  beauty,  strength, 
and  flexibility  of  mind  and  body,  so  the  Greek  tongue  evolved  its 
keenness,  richness,  power,  and  pliancy.  The  powers  of  the  people 
and  the  possibilities  of  their  language  advanced  pari  passu.  In 
tone,  in  compass,  in  harmony,  in  grandeur,  will  a  race  rise  in  the 
direct  ratio  with  the  upward  march  of  its  physiological  and  ana- 
tomical formation.  Mark  the  Saxon  phraseology  so  common  to  the 
English,  its  practicability,  domesticity,  its  will,  bluntness,  straight- 
forwardness, and  monosyllabic  veracity,  and  we  find  in  it  the  picture 
of  the  people, — all  bone  and  raiisclo,  and  square  bones  and  round 
muscles  at  that.  Carry  the  analysis  further ;  observe  the  Celt ; 
compare  his  emotional,  vvitty,  artistic,  sarcastic,  vengeful,  variable 
and  imitative  mind  and  polysyllabic  language,  and  we  have  his 
bodily  image  before  us, — ^lithe,  slim,  flexible,  handsome,  rich- 
colored,  restless  and  amusing,  a  blending  in  his  anatomical  make- 
up of  small,  round  bones  and  supple,  round  muscles. 

This  analysis  of  form-development  and  correspondence  of 
language  might  be  carried  to  great  lengths,  and  most  of  the  char- 
acteristics of  race  be  explained  by  a  critical  survey  of  its  language, 
or  vice  versd ;  a  description  of  the  language  of  a  people  might 
well  be  given  from  a  scientific  analysis  of  their  bodily  and  facial 
peculiarities.  This,  of  course,  presupposes  a  knowledge  of  scien- 
tific physiognomy,  for  without  this  science  practically  applied  such 
comparisons  could  not  be  instituted. 

It  is  horse-physiognomy  which  the  stock-breeder  puts  into 
practice  when  by  the  union  of  certain  breeds  he  combines  the 
traits  of  celebrated  horses  and  produces  by  such  union  certain  de- 
sired virtues.  Were  he  ignorant  of  the  meaning  and  locality  of 
what  are  termed  "good  points"  in  an  animal  he  could  not  produce 
the  desired  result,  and  no  good  breeder  ever  risks  ignorance  and 
expects  excellent  results, — that  is  to  say,  in  horse-breeding.  With 
his  children  it  is  diff'erent,  for  the  "  good  points "  which  might  be 
looked  for  in  a  wife  he  does  not  understand,  and  would  probably 
care  little  for  if  he  did.  "  There's  moneij  in  fine  colts,"  but  no 
man  sells  his  children,  and  seems  not  to  care  that  a  fortune  should 
come  with  each  one  in  the  form  of  an  intellectual  or  moral  birth- 
right. Tliis  might  be  the  inheritance  of  many  did  man  only  pos- 
sess the  ambition  and  aspiration  to  become  the  progenitor  of 
noble  and  perfected  offspring.     Surely,  children  are  of  more  im- 


FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM   THE   BRAIN   SYSTEM.  227 

portance  than  horses,  hogs,  or  calves ;  yet  not  the  thousandth  part 
of  the  care  is  taken  to  rear  fine  specimens  of  the  former  as  there  is 
to  produce  thoroughbred  specimens  of  the  latter. 

In  this  age,  as  in  ancient  times,  the  nations  which  have  ex- 
celled in  muscular  development  have  produced  the  best  linguists. 
The  majority  of  continental  Europeans  possessing  a  supremacy  of 
the  muscular  system  are  excellent  linguists,  many  of  them  speak- 
ing several  languages.  The  English,  not  possessing  as  pliant 
muscles  as  the  Celtic  Europeans,  and  having  heavy  bones  in  com- 
bination, are  quite  inferior  to  the  latter  in  linguistic  attainments. 
The  Americans,  also,  are  not  as  capable  as  the  Celtic  races  in  this 
direction,  yet  have  more  capacity  for  learning  and  pronouncing 
language  than  the  English,  for  the  reason  that  their  muscles  are 
more  pliant  and  finer,  and  have,  in  addition,  a  more  sensitive  ner- 
vous system,  which  assists  the  ear  in  distinguishing  sound.  Then, 
too,  the  European  races  possess  the  procreative  faculty  in  a  greater 
degree  than  do  Americans,  and,  as  this  power  is  based  upon  the 
strength  and  integrity  of  the  muscular  system,  they  are  more  crea- 
tive mentally ;  hence,  able  to  learn  and  use  languages  with  greater 
ease  and  facility.  Singers  learn  languages  easily,  and  most  of  the 
great  musical  artists  speak  several  languages  fluently.  They  de- 
pend upon  the  fine  development  of  muscle  in  both  cases  for  their 
ability.  The  integrity  of  the  reproductive  system  leads  to  great 
solidity  of  the  family  institution. 

FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM   THE   BRAIN   SYSTEM. 

Comparison,  Causality,  Reason. — In  the  faces  of  all  persons 
who  excel  as  reasoners,  such  as  jurists,  statesmen,  orators,  natural- 
ists, scientists,  inventors,  mathematicians,  and  chess-players,  the 
nose  is  observed  to  be  uncommonly  broad  and  proportionately  long. 
According  to  the  law  of  harmony  or  of  homogeneousness,  there 
should  be  a  corresponding  proportional  breadth  of  the  body.  In- 
vestigation and  comparison  of  the  physiognomies  and  forms  of 
these  several  classes  of  persons  prove  this  universal  law  of  shap- 
ing. Not  only  is  comparative  physiognomy  justified  in  this  in- 
stance, but  also  comparative  anatomy  and  physiology  as  well ;  for 
Nature  declares  that  where  the  outlet  of  an  organ  is  large  the  re- 
lated organ  itself  is  on  a  corresponding  scale ;  hence,  where  the 
nose  and  nostrils  are  broad  a  similar  form  will  characterize  the 
lungs  and  digestive  apparatus  and  produce  breadth  of  body. 

The  reasoning  powers  are  those  that  sit  in  judgment  upon  aU 
the  other  mental  faculties,  as  well  as  decide  upon  the  qualities, 
conditions,  and  relations  of  all  things  in  existence,  and  are  used 
to  comprehend  the  vast  and  complex  chain  of  laws  governing  the 


228  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

universe.  It  is  evident,  then,  that  the  base  from  which  the  sus- 
tenance essential  to  support  so  important  a  faculty  is  drawn  should 
be  a  broad  one, — shoiild  have  its.  foundation  broad  and  deep. 
Accordingly,  we  find  in  the  persons  of  those  who  excel  in  reason  a 
proportionate  breadth  of  body,  and  this  reveals  the  fact  that  the 
visceral  organs  are  large,  round,  and  strong ;  also,  that  the  mus- 
cular and  osseous  systems  are  well  developed.  If  to  these  anatomi- 
cal conditions  we  add  high  quality^  we  have  all  the  essentials  for 
.  sound  judgment,  reason,  causality,  and  comparison.  The  mind,  to 
co-ordinate, — to  grasp  broad  generalizations, — to  comprehend  vast 
schemes,  as  in  tlie  laws  of  a  country  or  tlie  laws  of  a  universe ;  the 
ability  to  plan  a  great  campaign,  or  the  capacity  for  analyzing  and 
combining  grand  and  abstruse  mathematical  principles,  must  have 
breadth  and  strength  in  the  body  in  order  to  impart  similar  powers 
to  the  deductions.  A  survey  of  the  organisms  of  many  English 
jurists  and  commanders,  or  of  the  majority  of  eminent  scientists  of 
all  nations,  will  illustrate  this  principle.  I  would  refer  the  reader  to 
an  examination  of  tlie  portraits  of  the  following-named  persons  as 
elucidating  the  law  governing  the  reasoning  faculties :  Lord  Mans- 
field, attorney-general ;  Lord  Chatham,  jurist ;  Leonard  Eiiler, 
mathematician ;  Benjamin  Franklin,  philosopher ;  John  Locke, 
philosopher ;  Sir  John  Herschel,  astronomer  ;  Baron  Cuvier,  natu- 
ralist ;  George  Washington  and  Thomas  Jefferson,  statesmen. 

The  noses  of  uncivihzed  races  and  of  undeveloped  persons, 
as  well  as  those  of  children,  are  deficient  in  development  of  the 
"bridge,"  while  in  adult  Hfe  the  nose,  if  it  become  well  developed, 
makes  a  most  decided  and  broad  contour  at  this  part,  and  in  those 
persons  where  this  formation  is  present  we  may  expect  to  find  the 
reasoning  faculties  well  exhibited.  In  physiognomy,  as  well  as  in 
all  of  Nature's  works.  Form  is  self-revealing,  and  needs  only  to  be 
interpreted  according  to  its  shape  in  order  to  have  the  correct 
meaning  ;  hence,  breadth  of  nose,  of  shoulder,  or  of  body  signifies 
power  of  some  sort, — if  it  be  only  power  of  the  muscles,  or  capac- 
ity for  digestion,  or  for  breathing.  If  to  breadth  of  body  Nature 
has  added  quality,  then  we  find  breadth  of  mind ;  in  other  words, 
the  capacity  for  logical  ratiocination, — for  comprehending  cause 
and  effect.  In  those  in  whom  the  square  bony  system  is  in  com- 
bination with  a  broad  form  inventive  power  will  be  exhibited,  but 
where  the  head  and  body  are  round,  made  so  by  a  combination  of 
muscle  and  brain,  we  have  the  right  conformation  for  reasoning 
upon  mathematical,  astronomical,  and  philosophical  questions. 
In  the  first  instance,  we  shall  observe  the  long,  high,  broad,  and 
bony  nose,  the  nose  of  science  and  of  mechanical  invention.  In 
the  second  instance,  we  shall  observe  the  nose  to  be  long,  broad, 


FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM   THE   BRAIN   SYSTEM.  229 

and  muscular.  The  mind,  in  combination  with  such  noses,  will 
possess  the  capacity  for  analyzing  the  general  principles  of  systems, 
and  by  tracing  effects  to  causes  discover  underlying  laws.  One  in- 
dividual thus  characterized  deals  with  the  principles  that  move 
matter,  the  other  with  principles  which  exhibit  mentality,  and  he 
seeks  to  connect  cause  with  effect,  and  to  trace  the  connecting 
links  between  motive  and  action.  The  physiognomies  of  Lord 
Bacon,  Professor  Tyndall,  Professor  Helmholtz,  Michael  Faraday, 
and  Charles  Darwin  illustrate  the  former  class,  while  the  faces  of 
Socrates,  Sir  Isaac  Nej^vtpn,  Herbert  Spencer,  Sir  William  Herschel, 
and  Dr.  Gall  stand  representative  of  the  latter  class. 

The  development  of  the  reasonmg  faculties  among  the  masses 
within  the  last  fifty  years  has  advanced  in  an  astonishing  degree. 
As  the  great  leaders  of  thought — those  who  treat  of  causation — 
give  out  freely  to  the  world  their  theories  and  discoveries,  the 
people,  by  the  aid  of  cheap  printing,  read  and  accept  their  ideas, 
and  thus  become  familiar  with  the  grand  generalizations  of  causal 
science  as  well  as  with  the  facts  of  life.  This  is  doing  much 
toward  the  uprooting  of  superstition  and  the  development  of  reason, 
and  has  in  many  countries  almost  entirely  supplanted  mediaeval 
superstition  and  bigotiy.  The  environment  of  civihzed  man  and  his 
adaptation  to  it  is  not  a  more  certain  thing  than  that  he  is  capable 
of  comprehending  the  laws  which  control  it,  and  until  this  is  un- 
derstood man  falls  short  of  his  religious  duty.  To  neglect  the 
study  of  causes  is  to  remain  in  childish  ignorance  To  compare, 
classify,  arrange  facts,  forms,  substances,  and  from  them  to  deduce 
the  laws  which  govern  and  control  them,  is  the  power  which 
distinguishes  the  civilized  man  from  the  savage.  And  in  this 
connection  let  me  say  that  the  chief  facial  sign  which  distin- 
guishes developed  men  from  the  undeveloped  is  tlie  local  facial 
sign  for  Reason,  viz.,  height  and  width  of  the  "bridge"  of  the 
nose. 

The  median  line  of  the  face  from  the  chin  to  the  forehead,  by 
its  height  above  the  plane  of  the  face,  as  well  as  by  its  fullness, 
reveals  in  its  development  the  perfected  man.  The  physiognomies 
of  persons  in  all  ages  of  the  world  who  have  been  pre-eminent  in 
every  department  of  thought  and  action  disclose  this  peculiar  for- 
mation ;  and  this  determination  outward  and  forward  of  the  nose 
is  one  most  decided  evidence  of  the  presence  of  reason  and  per- 
fection of  character  in  man.  Comparison  of  the  physiognomies  of 
the  leaders  of  thought  in  all  ages  shows  the  development  in  the 
median  line  of  the  face  to  be  of  about  the  same  grade ;  from  this 
we  may  conclude  that  the  development  of  man  mentally  has 
reached  its  acme,  and  that  further  progress  of  the  race  will  be  in 


230  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the  general  and  universal  improvement  of  the  masses  uniformly 
and  universally. 

Mr.  George  Henry  Lewes  remarks  that  "  to  know  more  we 
must  be  more ;"  hence,  in  order  to  rise  to  greater  heights  man 
must  have  a  different  environment  and  another  sphere  of  action. 
The  world  as  now  constituted  is  suited  to  man  as  now  constituted, 
and  the  one  progresses  and  improves  as  the  other  advances,  but 
always  within  certain  circumscribed  limits  varymg  only  in  the  de- 
velopment of  different  sides  of  human  nature  in  different  ages. 
Thus,  the  classic  age  brought  the  artistic  faculties  of  mankind  to 
the  highest  degree  of  perfection  possible  to  man.  The  present  age 
gives  scope  to  man's  greatest  capacity  for  invention  and  for  the 
application  of  natural  laws  and  principles.  Which  side  of  human 
nature  will  be  next  presented  for  the  perfecting  process  it  is  difficult 
to  say.  We  thus  learn  that  progress  is  the  eternal  law  of  Nature, 
and  we  reason  from  this  tliat  advance  of  some  kind  will  be  con- 
tinued until  every  department  of  our  nature  has  been  so  wrought 
upon  and  tempered  by  experience  that  perfect  human  beings  must 
eventually  stand  representative  of  the  imperfect,  feeble,  and  dis- 
eased procession  of  creatures  who  are  marching  adown  the  ages  in 
solemn,  yet  hopeful  spirit,  looking  ever  forward  to  the  future, — "  to 
the  good  time  coming,"  which  all  see  just  ahead,  and  toward 
which  all  thoughts  are  turned,  and  upon  which  all  hopes  centre. 
The  idea  of  ultimate  perfection  is  ingrained  and  has  its  origin  in 
the  nature  of  man.  It  embraces  cause  and  effect.  Man  is  capable 
of  advancing  in  reason  and  morality,  and  this  tendency  to  improv- 
ability,  being  an  ordinance  of  Nature,  is  intuitional  in  man,  and 
those  who  are  not  sufficiently  developed  in  reason  to  take  a  broad 
view  of  the  world,  past  and  present,  and  to  classify  and  summarize 
the  progress  which  is  apparent  to  the  thoughtful  and  observant, 
feel  rather  than  think  that  perfection — human  perfection — is  the 
ultimate  destiny  .of  the  human  race.  The  two  prime  factors  work- 
ing to  produce  this  condition  are  the  faculties  of  reason  and  of  corh- 
scientloitsness.  The  two  latest-acquired  features  of  the  human 
physiognomy  are  a  perfected  chin  and  nose,  and  these  two  features 
represent  the  local  signs  for  two  powerful  traits,  without  which 
man  would  be  only  an  ingenious  and  amusing  animal,  quite  limited 
in  his  scope,  even  as  a  human  being,  and  doomed  to  die  out,  as  do 
all  races  and  individuals  who  are  not  based  on  truth,  conscientious- 
ness, and  morality ;  e.^.,  soundness  in  their  physiological  construc- 
tion, and  withal  a  perfected  kidney  system.  For  Conscience,  Hke 
Reason,  is  founded  in  the  physical  structure.     Says  Dr.  Cross : — 

Life  is  not  a  spirit  floating  loosely  among  the  organs,  but  is  the  per- 
petual produce  of  the  vital  manufactory  within,  while  Nature  herself  is  the 
assiduous  and  indefatigable  operator. 


FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM   THE   BRAIN    SYSTEM.  231 

The  reasoning  faculties  increase  in  man  in  the  ratio  that 
physiological  development  and  normal  construction  of  the  human 
organism  advance.  Health  statistics  and  insurance-society  reports 
show  that  the  grade  of  health  of  civilized  communities  is  higher 
than  in  former  ages.  This  being  the  case,  we  may  infer  that  the 
mental  and  moral  conditions  are  changing  for  the  better,  and  that 
reason  will  become  more  general ;  most  especially  as  we  join  to 
this  improved  physical  state  knowledge  of  the  wide-spread  truths 
of  the  numerous  sciences  which  are  now  being  disseminated 
throughout  the  world.  There  are  comparatively  few  independent 
thinkers, — those  who  think  outside  the  groove  cut  by  tradition  and 
custom.  Then,  too,  the  majority  are  like  sheep,  always  following 
a  leader,  who,  possessed  perhaps  of  no  more* knowledge  than  his 
followers,  may  have  much  more  craft  and  audacity,  and  so  gets  a 
following  who  quote  him  and  repeat  on  all  occasions  his  senseless 
and  incomprehensible  jargon,  which,  from  its  mystery,  h  by  them 
confounded  with  wisdom ;  for  it  is  the  custom  of  the  unreasoning 
to  consider  as  wisdom  that  which  is  incomprehensible.  Many  dis- 
like to  reason  on  the  merits  of  a  question  which  comes  up  in  a 
family  or  in  a  society  ;  women  especially  are  disinclined  to  reason 
on  abstract  principles,  for  the  reason  that  they  have  been  taught 
that  to  differ  with  others  in  a  logical  way  is  "unfeminine,"  but  at 
the  same  time  will  not  hesihite  to  dispute  violently  over  the  shade 
of  ribbon  or  the  pronunciation  of  a  word.  Men  are,  in  one  sense, 
blamable  for  this  state  of  mind  in  women,  for  they  discourage  all 
attempts  on  the  part  of  women  to  argue  logically,  condemning  as 
"  unwomanly,"  •'  unlovely,"  "  masculine,"  and  "  strong-minded  " 
those  who  thus  exercise  the  God-like  faculty  of  reason.  In  this 
way  an  incentive  is  held  out  to  women  to  suppress  reason  and  to 
live  more  and  more  in  the  emotional  nature,  which  has  been 
already  too  much  developed  in  them.  It  is  time  that  a  check  be 
put  to  its  further  development.  Reason  should  be  cultivated  by 
those  who  are  desirous  of  being  the  mothers  of  men  ;  for  soft, 
gushing,  sentimental  mothers  are  surely  not  fit  to  train  heroes  nor 
to  mold  the  mind  of  youth  to  noble  and  useful  purposes. 

Among  men,  too,  this  fliculty  is  greatly  needed,  for  I  find  that 
whereas  among  women  the  softer  emotions  are  allowed  to  usurp 
its  place  in  the  conduct  of  life,  so  in  man  the  stronger  emotions, 
the  passions  of  hatred,  revenge,  combativeness,  and  destructiveness 
are  exercised  in  place  of  reason  and  sound  sense.  Indeed,  men  in 
many  instances  act  more  like  children  than  do  women.  Mothers 
should  cultivate  in  their  children  the  propensity  which  nearly  all 
youth  exhibit  of  inquiring  into  the  cause  of  things.  Parents  should 
read  up  on  all  subjects  upon  which  their  children  question  them, 


232  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

SO  as  to  be  prepared  to  impart  information.  An  interesting  occur- 
rence which  took  place  in  my  own  family  may  not  be  inappropriate 
at  this  point,  and  will  serve  to  emphasize  this  advice.  My  son,  aged 
seven  years,  one  day  heard  some  gentlemen  talking  about  physio- 
logical subjects.  He  came  to  me  with  inquiries  about  the  circu- 
lation of  the  blood,  etc.  Whereupon  I  took  down  a  work  on 
physiology  and  showed  him  a  cut  describing  the  localities  and 
forms  of  all  the  internal  organs  of  the  body,  such  as  the  heart,  the 
liver,  the  lungs,  the  kidney,  the  brain,  etc.  He  asked,  "  Is  that 
all  of  US'?"  "Yes,  my  son,"  I  replied.  "Where  then  does  the 
soul  liel"  he  asked.  For  a  moment,  I  was  nonplused.  Up  to 
that  time  I  had  taken  for  granted  that  I  knew  all  about  the  soul, 
but  my  son's  question,  direct  and  to  the  point,  showed  me  instantly 
that  I  knew  nothing  ichatever  of  it ;  so  I  replied,  after  some  hesi- 
tation, "  Well,  I  suppose  God  has  it,  my  boy."  He  then  asked, 
"  What  does  God  keep  it  for,  if  it  is  ours "?" 

Questions  as  deep  and  profound  as  this  child's  will  be  asked 
of  many  mothers,  and  they  must  be  ready  with  facts^  knowledge^ 
and  positive  truths,  if  they  desire  to  be  able  to  train  their  sons  to 
manhood  aright.  There  is  no  better  preparation  for  motherhood 
than  a  thorough  knowledge  of  natural  laws  as  elucidated  by  the 
several  sciences.  To  train  the  conscience  and  reason  in  children 
is  a  grand  work.  It  is  said  that  the  Rev.  Lyman  Beecher,  the 
father  of  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  drilled  his  children  thoroughly  in 
logical  reasoning,  and  that  when  a  question  was  brought  up  in  the 
family  he  compelled  them  to  reason  it  out  to  its  conclusion  ;  and 
it  was  remarked  that  a  stranger  coming  into  the  house  at  such  a 
time  would  have  supposed  the  family  quarreling,  so  earnest  and 
interested  became  the  debate.  The  education  of  the  children  by 
the  mother  can  be  made  a  source  of  education  to  herself,  and,  while 
she  is  leading  her  son  or  daughter  to  investigate  the  why  and  the 
wherefore  of  things  observed,  her  own  mind  expands  and  reason 
develops  by  exercise.  How  much  the  present  generation  of  sci- 
entists is  indebted  to  the  theological  and  metaphysical  disputants 
of  the  middle  ages  it  would  be  difficult  to  say ;  but  of  one  thing 
we  may  be  sure,  that  under  the  laws  of  hereditary  transmission 
many  of  the  present  generation  have  received  a  logical  impulse 
from  ancestors  who  cudgeled  their  brains  reasoning  upon  "  fore- 
ordination,"  or  "election,"  or  who  practiced  mental  gymnastics  in 
wrangling  over  the  theory  of  "  phlogiston,"  or  splitting  hairs  over 
the  termination  of  a  verb.  I  certainly  feel  somewhat  indebted  fox 
my  reasoning  powers  to  my  Scotch  ancestors,  who,  in  their  ad- 
herence to  Calvinistic  doctrines,  had  abundant  opportunity  to  de- 
velop the  faculty  of  disputation.     The  application  of  logic,  reason, 


FACULTY   DERIVED   FROM   BRAIN    AXD    NERVOUS   SYSTEM.        233 

and  argument  to  things  not  important  is  a  species  of  mental  gym- 
nastics ;  and,  if  during  the  dark  ages  the  philosophers  who  used 
these  faculties  left  no  other  legacy  to  posterity  than  a  sharpened 
capacity  for  logical  reasoning,  they  are  surely  deserving  of  recog- 
nition and  gratitude  ;  lor  this  inherited  tendency  is  now  being  used 
by  scientific  minds,  the  world  over,  in  elucidating  the  laws  and 
truths  of  Nature.  Hence,  we  owe  them  thanks.  They  had  their 
pleasure  and  enjoyment  out  of  this  faculty ;  we  are  reaping  the 
harvest  of  utiUty  and  certain  knowledge  from  this  our  royal  inheri- 
tance. 

Physiognomy,  in  acting  the  part  of  a  benefactor  to  the  poor, 
overworked  brain,  has  done  it  a  great  service  in  surveying  the  field 
of  mental  labor  and  in  assigning  to  each  faculty  a  locality  and  a 
headquarters  from  which  it  derives  its  power.  When  scientific 
physiognomy  divided  up  the  faculties  and  lilted  the  labor  of  nearly 
all  of  these  off  the  brain,  where  they  had  been  placed  by  phre- 
nology, it  was  found  that  there  were  very  few  indeed  that  could 
claim  the  brain  as  tlieir  exclusive  seat  and  source.  Even  the 
reasoning  faculties,  which  one  might  think  should  be  classed  as 
purely  mental  faculties,  physiology  shows  that  even  these  purely 
mental  faculties  (if  any  can  be  so  distinguished)  are  indebted  to  a 
broad  and  normal  development  of  all  the  visceral  organs  for  the 
power  essential  to  their  highest  expression.  Yet,  they  do  not 
require  either  a  fine  development  of  bone  or  muscle  to  assist  in 
tlieir  operations,  as  do  art  and  mechanics,  but  they  do  demand 
that  there  shall  be  a  broad,  strong  and  noi-mal  development  of  the 
visceral  organs  for  their  support,  and  for  the  exhibition  of  tlieir 
highest  excellence.  This  fact  is  undeniable;  not  only  must  there 
be  strength,  breadth,  and  normal  action  of  these  organs,  but  we 
must  believe  that  a  lilgh  qualitt/  of  organization  is  also  one  of  the 
essentials  of  such  as  are  naturally  endowed  with  large  reasoning 
powers. 

In  many  gifted  reasoners — notably  in  the  case  of  Herbert 
Spencer,  who  possesses  all  the  attributes  of  reason — qnality  of  a 
very  high  order  seems  to  take  the  place  of  very  great  size  or  width 
of  body.  Indeed,  we  may  say  there  are  two  diverse  formations  in 
which  are  exhibited  great  reasoning  powers,  equally  talented  and 
equally  admirable.  These  two  classes  of  reasoners  may  be  recog- 
nized at  sight  by  the  mention  of  the  names  of  two  typical  philoso- 
phers,— David  Hume  and  Herbert  Spencer,  for  example. 

FACULTY    DERIVED   FROM   THE    BRAIN    AND    NERVOUS   SYSTEM. 

Intuition. — Very  great  differences  in  the  capacity  for  discern- 
ing differences  of  states,  conditions,  character,  and  qualities  are 


234  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

observed  in  the  human  family.  Some  possess  the  abihty  to  com- 
prehend at  a  glance  the  physical  as  well  as  moral  and  mental 
states  of  the  individual  under  observation.  Not  only  can  they 
recognize  these  conditions  instantaneously,  but  they  detect  with 
unerring  accuracy  changes  which  have  taken  place  since  last  seen. 
In  the  matter  of  foods,  fabrics,  qualities  of  material  objects  and  of 
natural  growth,  they  seem  to  be  able  instantaneously  or  spon- 
taneously to  arrive  at  just  conclusions  in  regard  to  their  qualities, 
and  their  relations  to  their  environment.  In  fact,  they  possess  a 
faculty  for  "  divining,"  as  it  were,  conditions  of  all  sorts  which 
they  observe.  This  is  the  faculty  denominated  Intuition,  and  is 
shown  in  that  development  of  the  body,  as  well  as  brain,  of  those 
who  have  inherited  an  intensified  or  highly- wrought  quality  of  the 
mental  and  emotional  nature.  When  we  reflect  upon  the  electric 
flashes  of  the  mind  under  stimulus  of  great  excitement,  it  will  not 
seem  at  all  mysterious  if  we  find  in  certain  individuals  this  same 
electric  quality  to  be  a  constant  and  unchanging  ronditlon^  an 
liabitnal  and.  7iatural  state  of  existence.  This  peculiar  development 
is  brouglit  about  in  many  ways.  The  history  of  genius  and  talent 
would,  if  sought  for  physiologically,  unfold  many  laws  pertaining 
to  this  little-understood  faculty. 

Intuition  is  the  "  seventh  "  sense,  and  should  be  ranked  among 
the  senses  as  a  true  and  distinct  one;  not  local,  but  diffused  like 
the  nervous  system,  which  is  its  source  and  seat.  This  faculty 
derives  its  power  either  from  («)  a  particular  shape  and  quality 
of  the  brain,  (6)  or  from  a  peculiar  quahty  of  the  nervous  system, 
(c)  or  from  an  inherited  high  organic  quality  of  the  visceral  organs 
and  muscles.  Where  this  faculty  is  exhibited  in  the  hrain  formor 
tion,  it  will  be  indicated  by  a  high  and  broad  forehead,  together 
with  bright  and  large  eyes,  either  large,  round  and  convex,  or  large, 
bright  and  flat.  The  larger  the  eye,  the  greater  is  the  expansion 
of  the  optic  nerve,  and  where  this  nerve  is  greatly  expanded  and 
sensitive  (as  is  shown  by  its  brilliancy).  Intuition — or,  in  other 
words,  sensitiveness  to  external  impressions — is  the  result.  Very 
fine  and  clear  skin  and  fine  hair  are  corroborative  signs. 

The  nervous  system  is  divided  into  two  parts:  1,  the  en- 
cephalon  and  the  cerebro-spinal  system,  and,  2,  the  ganglionic  or 
sympathetic  system.  The  following  description  of  the  powers  and 
action  of  these  two  departments  of  the  brain  system,  by  Dr.  Dalton, 
will  elucidate  the  subject.     He  remarks: — 

The  cerebro-spinal  system  consists  of  an  apparatus  of  nerves  and 
ganglia  destined  to  bring  the  individual  into  relation  with  the  external 
world.  By  means  of  the  special  senses  lie  is  made  cognizant  of  sights, 
sounds,  tastes,  and  odors  by  which  he  is  attracted  ^or  repelled,  and  which 


FACULTY   DERIVED   PROM   BRAIN   AND   NERVOUS   SYSTEM.        235 

guide  him  in  the  pursuit  and  choice  of  food.  By  the  general  sensations  of 
touch  and  the  voluntary  movements,  he  is  enabled  to  alter  at  will  his  position 
and  location  and  to  adapt  them  to  the  varying  conditions  under  which*  he 
may  be  placed.  The  great  passages  of  entrance  into  the  body  and  of  exit 
from  it  are  guarded  by  the  same  portion  of  the  nervous  system.  The  intro- 
duction of  food  into  the  mouth  and  its  passage  through  the  oesophagus  into 
the  stomach  are  regulated  bj'  the  same  nervous  apparatus  ;  and  even  the 
passage  of  air  through  the  larynx  and  its  penetration  into  the  lungs  are 
equally  under  the  guidance  of  sensitive  and  motor  nerves  belonging  to  the 
cerebro-spinal  system.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  above  functions  relate 
altogether  to  external  phenomena,  or  to  the  interior  of  the  frame.  If  wc 
examine,  however,  the  deeper  regions  of  the  body,  we  find  located  in  them  a 
series  of  internal  phenomena  relating  only  to  the  substances  and  materials 
which  have  already  penetrated  into  the  frame,  and  which  form  or  are  form- 
ing a  part  of  its  structure.  These  are  the  purely  vegetative  functions,  as 
they  are  called,  or  those  of  growth,  nutrition,  secretion,  excretion,  and  repro- 
duction. These  functions  and  the  organs  to  which  the}'  belong  are  not 
under  the  direct  influence  of  the  cerebro-spinal  nerves,  but  are  regulated  by 
another  portion  of  the  nervous  system,  viz.,  the  ganglionic  system,  or,  as  it 
is  more  commonly  called,  the  "  sj- stem  of  the  great  sympathetic."* 

It  is  observed  that  when  the  latter  portion  of  the  nervous 
apparatus  is  in  an  extremely  sensitive  condition  it  intensifies  the 
power  of  all  of  the  special  senses,  thus  assisting  very  greatly  the 
power  for  perceptimi  of  all  external  objects.  It  is  owing  to  this 
keen,  vivid,  and  intense  feeling  that  talented  persons  and  geniuses 
are  able  to  depict,  portray,  enact  or  create  the  great  works  of  art  and 
science  which  enrich  the  world.  Intuition  is  one  of  the  chief  at- 
tributes of  a  highly  organized  mentality.  The  capacity  for  education 
which  the  special  senses  possess  is  shared  alike  by  the  Intuition. 
This  faculty  or  sense  can  be  equally  developed  until  it  sometimes 
assumes  a  degree  of  power  which  approaches  the  supernatural,  and 
its  eifect  is  often  in  this  condition  mistaken  for  the  manifestation 
of  supernatural  powers.  Just  to  what  extent  this  faculty  may  be 
developed  it  is  impossible  to  say,  but  since  in  this  age  persons  pos- 
sessing singular  powers  are  not  persecuted  and  put  to  death  for 
exhibiting  them  (as  was  formerly  the  custom)  we  shall  probably 
be  able  to  experiment  and  observe  unhindered  these  peculiar  and 
occult  developments  of  intensified  and  rare  organizations  which 
are  observed  in  all  civilized  communities.  Sometimes  this  trait  is 
exhibited  in  a  musical  genius;  sometimes  a  great  scientist  startles 
the  world  by  the  discoveries  which  owe  their  origin  to  a  large 
endowment  of  this  sense.  The  world-renowned  Pasteur,  the  dis- 
coverer of  the  "germ  theory"  of  disease,  is  an  excellent  illustra- 
tion of  this  faculty.  The  brain  and  nerve  system  is  in  him  pre- 
eminent and  of  very  high  quality.  Indeed,  in  all  our  investigations 
of  superior  persons,  we   shall  find  that  an  exalted  quality  of  the 

*  Daltuu's  treatise  of  Human  Physiology,  p.  513. 


^36 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


nerves  of  sensation,  of  the  organs  of  emotion,  or  of  the  muscles,  is 
present,  and  is  in  them  the  main  factor  which  causes  an  uncommon 
and  high  degree  of  excellence. 

I  would  here  suggest  to  the  anatomist  who  wishes  to  immor- 
talize his  name  tliat  he  undertake  to  trace,  if  possible,  the  course 
of  connection  between  the  organs  and  functions  of  the  viscera  and 
senses  and  the  cerebral  structure,  taking  the  evolution  of  the  five 
organ  systems  for  his  basis  of  investigation.  He  would  do  what 
no  one  has  as  yet  been  able  to  demonstrate  scientifically  and  beyond 
aU  doubt. 

For  many  centuries  the  Aristotelian  theory  of  the  circle  held 
possession  of  the  mind  of  the  scientific  world.  It  was  argued  that 
as  the  circle  was  the  most  perfect  of  forms  it  must  hence  repre- 
sent the  orbit  or  path  of  the  celestial  bodies  through  space.  Kepler 
proved  this  to  be  an  error,  and  from  that  moment  astronomy  ad- 
vanced with  rapid  strides.  This  idea  held  captive  the  minds  of 
men,  and  impeded  for  ages  the  advance  of  truth.  The  theory  that 
the  brain  is  the  sole  and  exclusive  seat  of  mind,  intelligence,  and 
mental  sensations  has  kept  back  for  years  the  knowledge  of  the 
true  nature  of  man,  therefore  of  trtte  religion.  If  we  desire  to  pro- 
gress in  knowledge  of  the  truth  of  God's  laws,  of  scientific  and 
exact  law,  we  must  utterly  repudiate  and  cast  out  such  monstrous 
error,  and  henceforth  regard  the  entire  organism  of  man  as  the  seat 
of  his  mind. 


I  will  close  this  chapter  by  stating  my  belief  that  no  one  will 
rise  from  the  perusal  of  its  pages  without,  in  some  degree,  modify- 
ing preconceived  ideas  as  to  the  rationale  of  mental  operations  and 
the  origin  and  locaUty  of  the  mind. 

The  following  exhibit  shows  the  various  organs  and  functions 
from  which  the  several  mental  faculties  derive  their  powers : — 


1.  Firmness,  . 

2.  Conscientiousness, 

3.  Economy,    . 

4.  Love  of  Home, 

5.  Patriotism, 

6.  Benevolence,     . 

7.  BiBATIVENESS,      . 

8.  Alimentiveness, 

9.  Amativeness,     . 

10.  Love  of  Young, 

11.  MiRTHFULNESS,     . 

12.  Approbativeness, 

13.  Friendship, 

14.  Hospitality, 


Osseous  System. 
Kidney  System. 
Glandular  System. 
Glandular  System. 
Glandular  Sj'stem. 
Glandular  System. 
Glandular  System. 
Intestinal  System. 
Reproductive  System. 
Glandular  System. 
Glandular  System. 
Glandular  System. 
Intestinal  System. 
Glandular  System. 


ORIGIN   OF   THE   SEVERAL   MENTAL   FACULTIES. 


237 


15.  Pneumativeness, 

16.  Color, 

17.  Sanativeness,  . 

18.  Selp-Esteem,    . 

19.  Modesty,  . 

20.  Force, 

21.  Resistance, 

22.  Secretiveness, 

23.  Cautiousness,  . 

24.  Hope, 

25.  Analysis,. 

26.  Mental  Imitation, 

27.  Sublimity, 

28.  Ideality,  . 

29.  Human  Nature, 

30.  Acquisitiveness, 

31.  constructiveness, 

32.  Veneration,     . 

33.  Executiveness, 

34.  Self-Will, 

35.  Credenciveness, 

36.  Prescience, 

37.  Form, 

38.  Size, 

39.  Observation,   . 

40.  Memory  op  Events, 

41.  Locality,. 

42.  Weight,   . 

43.  Language, 

44.  Music, 

45.  Time, 

46.  Order, 

47.  Calculation,  . 

48.  Causality, 

49.  Comparison,     . 
60.  Intuition, 


Thoracic  System. 

Glandular  and  Arterial  Systems. 

Glandular  and  Muscular  Systems. 

Osseous  System. 

Skin  and  Nervous  Systems. 

Muscular  System. 

Muscular  System. 

Muscular  and  Glandular  Systems. 

Muscular  and  Glandular  Systems. 

The  Liver. 

The  Liver. 

Nervous  System. 

Perfected  Condition  of  the  Mind  and  Body. 

High  Quality  of  Brain,  Muscles,  and  Nerves. 

Fine  Quality  of  Nerves  and  Muscles. 

Muscular  and  Visceral  Organs. 

Muscular  System. 

Osseous  System, 

Osseous  and  Muscular  Systems. 

Muscular  System. 

Muscular  System. 

Muscular  and  Nervous  Systems. 

Osseous  System. 

Osseous  System. 

Muscular  and  Nervous  Systems. 

Brain  and  Muscular  Systems. 

Muscular  System. 

Muscular  System. 

Muscular  System. 

Muscular  System. 

The  Five  Systems. 

Brain  and  Osseous  Systems. 

Osseous  and  Muscular  Systems. 

The  Brain  and  Visceral  Structure. 

The  Brain  and  DevelopedVisceral  Structure. 

The  Brain  and  Nerves. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

Theories  of  the  Mode  of  Action  of  Certain  Traits. 

"No  impartial  judge  can  doubt  that  the  roots,  as  it  were,  of  those  great 
faculties  which  confer  on  Man  his  immeasurable  superiority  above  all  other 
animate  things  are  traceable  far  down  in  the  animate  world." — Huxley. 

THIS  age  is  peculiarly  one  of  invention,  of  scientific  re- 
search, investigation,  and  demonstration.  The  invention 
of  the  numerous  and  varied  instruments  used  in  the 
discovery  of  the  laws  and  application  of  the  apparently 
inexhaustible  forces  of  Nature  proves  to  us  that  there  is 
nothing  created  in  vain.  Recent  discoveries  in  light,  color,  sound, 
electricity,  and  the  atmospheres  are  opening  to  us  the  most  subtle 
powers  in  the  great  laboratory  of  Nature.  Examine  them  as  we 
will,  destructive  as  many  seem,  they  have  each  a  use  in  the  great 
scheme  of  Nature.  Electricity  is  a  creator  and  a  destroyer;  air 
tears  down  and  rebuilds ;  the  atmospheres  tend  to  both  life  and 
death.  The  forces  which  seem  beneficent  act  also  a  malevolent 
part.     Why  is  this "?     Why  does  God  permit  sin  1 

These  are  questions  which  theologians  have  grappled  with, 
unsuccessfully,  for  centuries.  It  is  only  the  scientist  who,  aided 
by  a  persistent  and  intelligent  "interrogation  of  Nature,"  can 
answer  these  questions.  The  invariable  conclusion  will  be,  that 
everything  has  its  use  and  place  in  the  world;  that  nothing  is 
made  in  vain;  that  thunder  and  lightning  are  useful;  that  birds 
and  beasts  of  prey  are  necessary.  Even  snakes,  gnats,  flies,  fleas, 
and  other  destructive  and  annoying  creatures  have  their  use  in 
the  world. 

So  in  the  human  family  all  those  passions  which,  unrestrained 
and  not  balanced  by  justice  and  reason,  cause  destruction  and 
suffering,  are,  in  the  present  undeveloped  condition  of  large  num- 
bers of  persons,  useful  and  essential  to  their  preservation.  Jealousy, 
revenge,  suspicion,  force,  secretiveness,  and  conceit,  all  assist  defect- 
ive individuals  in  maintaining  their  lives,  happiness,  and  property. 
None  of  these  traits  would  exist  in  a  hurtful  degree  were  all  per- 
sons born  balanced ;  but  as  long  as  natural  laws  are  ignored  in 
the  propagation  of  the  race,  just  so  long  shall  we  have  to  contend 
with  the  sin  and  misery  caused  by  defective,  weak,  or  over  forceful 

(239) 


240  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

individuals.  If  a  kw  generations  were  to  live  in  accordance  with 
a  knowledge  of  "revealed  religion,"  as  shown  by  the  laws  of 
physiology,  anatomy,  hygiene,  and  physiognomy,  and  other  divine 
sciences,  they  would  almost  regenerate  the  world,  and  sin — that  is 
to  say,  unbalanced,  defective  beings — would  soon  cease  to  be  propa- 
gated. We  are  in  the  transition  state,  moving  from  the  lower  to 
the  higher.  Human  nature,  like  all  growths,  has  its  order  of 
progress  marked  by  laws  which  are  unerring.  It  is  our  province 
and  duty  to  seek  these  laws  and  apply  them,  in  order  to  tacihtate 
man's  rise  to  that  high  and  holy  estate  which  is  his  destiny. 

The  first  step  toward  this  much-desired  result  must  be  to 
understand  the  meaning  of  the  forms  and  faces  about  us;  next, 
what  causes  produce  them ;  and  then  to  make  use  of  this  knowl- 
edge to  create  higher  types.  The  only  reparation  we  can  make  to 
the  world  for  our  failings  is  to  assist  in  perpetuating  a  race  which 
shall  be  as  noble  as  the  laws  of  science  can  create.  Most  persons 
love  and  propagate  the  race  instinctively,  without  any  other  guide 
than  their  feelings  in  the  matter.  Is  this  worthy  such  an  exalted 
character  as  the  highest  development  of  evolution  claims  for  him- 
self? The  major  part  of  the  world  live  in  their  instincts^  as  do  the 
animals,  but  without  the  restraint  which  holds  the  animal  to  the 
due  observance  of  the  law  of  his  being,  and  which  prevent  him 
from  making  the  stupid  and  miserable  failures  in  modes  of  living, 
propagation,  etc.,  which  man,  with  all  his  boasted  reason  and  free- 
dom of  action,  is  continually  repeating  over  and  over  again. 

How  many  persons,  observing  the  action  of  love,  jealousy, 
revenge,  suspicion,  secretiveness,  self-conceit,  and  the  like,  pause 
to  reflect  for  one  moment  on  the  laws  or  rationale  of  any  of  these 
passions  or  traits  1  None  of  these  traits  in  excess  are  to  be  found 
in  a  well-balanced  character;  that  is  to  say,  where  reason,  intelli- 
gence, morality,  and  practicality  are  about  equal.  Of  what  use  are 
secretiveness,  self-conceit,  suspicion,  or  jealousy,  to  such  persons? 

If  we  analyze  the  face  of  Washington  and  read  his  biography, 
we  shall  find  that  no  such  traits  dimmed  the  splendor  and  nobility 
of  his  life.  His  countenance  discloses  an  equilibrated  condition 
of  the  five  superior  systems  of  functions,  and  the  signs  for  quality, 
or  a  high  condition  of  all  his  powers,  are  also  observable.  In  such 
persons  the  petty  passions  have  neither  place  nor  use.  Only  those 
who  are  feeble  or  lacking  in  some  respect  exhibit  any  of  the  above- 
mentioned  vices.  As  an  illustration  of  this  principle,  I  quote  the 
following  from  Lavater.     He  observes: — 

I  once  asked  a  friend,  "  How  does  it  happen  that  artful  and  subtle 
people  always  have  one  or  both  e^-es  rather  closed?"  "Because  they  are 
feeble^"  answered  he;  "  Who  ever  saw  strength  and  subtlety  united?" 


THEORIES   OF   THE   MODE   OF    ACTION    OF   CERTAIN    TRAITS.       241 

Tt  is  often  argued  that  these  passions  are  "  human,"  and  that 
as  long-  as  humanity  exists  we  shall  exhibit  these  infirmities.  Now, 
had  we  never  observed  characters  without  such  passions  we  might 
agree  to  this  argument;  but  we  find  many  persons  (some  distin- 
guished, others  unknown  to  fame),  wlio  have  happily  inherited 
well-balanced  organizations,  destitute  alike  of  weakness  and  vices, 
and  these  are  certainly  as  "human  "  as  the  others.  I  fiiinly  believe 
that  if  rehgious  people  would,  for  one  generation,  pay  as  much 
attention  to  the  right  generation  of  their  offspring  as  stock-breeders 
give  to  improving  cattle,  we  should  succeed  in  breeding  out  many 
moral  defects,  mental  weaknesses,  and  physical  blemishes.  A 
knowledge  of  the  human  face  is  the  first  essential  to  this  end. 
A  stock-breeder  comprehends  all  the  points  of  a  fine  horse  before 
he  endeavors  to  improve  its  progeny.  He  also  understands  what 
combinations  to  make  in  order  to  produce  superior  animals ;  in 
fact,  he  studies  the  2^^'^ysiognomy  of  the  animals;  that  is  to  say,  the 
meanings  of  their  size,  form,  color,  quality,  and  proportion,  and 
how  to  combine  them  to  produce  certain  desired  results.  This  is 
done  by  the  exercise  of  his  observation  and  reason.  Is  it  not  quite 
as  important  that  the  same  faculties  should  be  used  in  the  improve- 
ment of  the  human  race'? 

According  to  my  way  of  thinking,  there  can  be  no  higher 
religious  act  than  the  endeavor  to  create  a  human  being  on  im- 
proved or  scientific  principles.  The  mass  of  humanity  are  at  the 
present  time  living  in  utter  ignorance  of  themselves.  They  do  not 
know  the  meaning  of  one  single  sign  of  character  in  the  face. 
They  do  not  comprehend  the  signification  of  the  form,  size,  color 
or  quality  of  the  nose,  the  mouth,  the  eyes,  the  chin  or  forehead. 
They  are  unable  to  judge  with  certainty  of  the  character  exhibited 
in  the  walk,  the  voice,  the  gesture  or  attitude  of  those  with  whom 
they  associate.  Most  persons  attach  no  importance  to  such 
matters,  and  if  the  subject  is  brouglit  to  their  notice  they  conclude 
that,  as  they  extract  no  meaning  from  such  phenomena,  it  is 
impossible  for  any  one  else  to  do  so.  And  yet  they  understand 
thoroughly  that  the  shape  of  the  fox,  for  example,  denotes  slyness ; 
that  of  the  lion,  boldness  and  strength ;  that  of  the  hare,  timidity ; 
and  that  of  the  greyhound,  fleetness;  but  seek  not  to  extend  and 
apply  these  physiognomical  appearances  and  principles  to  the 
human  family,  where  they  can  be  most  efficiently  used  in  upbuild- 
ing the  human  race. 

The  bases  of  the  several  passions  and  their  methods  of  action 
are  as  little  comprehended  as  are  the  signs  in  the  face.  The 
rationale  of  the  love  of  the  sexes,  of  jealousy,  suspicion,  conceit, 
etc.,    seem   to   be   very   imperfectly   understood.     The  following 

16 


242  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

analysis  and  description  of  the  action  of  amativeness,  or  sex-love, 
will  enable  the  reader  to  form  a  more  just  and  comprehensive  view 
of  this  important  faculty  and  function : — 

ANALYSIS  OF   AMATIVENESS. 

Love,  or  Amativeness,  is  the  fundamental  faculty  of  the 
human  organism.  Like  other  faculties,  it  has  its  physical  and 
mental  aspects.  Just  in  proportion  as  the  sejitiment  of  Amative- 
ness, or  sex-love,  is  found  developed  in  an  individual  shall  we  find 
that  the  functional  capacity  for  reproduction  is  present  in  the  same 
degree,  and  this  correlation  of  physical  function  with  mental  faculty 
obtains  throughout  the  entire  range  of  character,  not  only  of  the 
human  organism,  but  it  inheres  also  as  a  principle  in  the  Animal 
Kingdom. 

In  its  normal  development,  it  is  the  most  beautiful  and  con- 
servative of  all  the  traits.  It  binds  together  hearts  and  homes, 
which  serve  to  make  the  foundations  of  society  and  government 
sure.  Like  all  other  faculties,  it  is  manifested  in  different  degrees 
and  manner  by  each  individual.  The  location  in  the  face  is  in  the 
chemical  or  moral  group,  and  in  close  proximity  to  Love  of  Chil- 
dren, Mirth  fulness,  and  other  domestic  fliculties. 

When  possessed  in  a  large  degree,  in  combination  with  Con- 
structiveness,  it  is  most  potent  in  producing  the  varied  kinds  of 
creative  talent  and  art;  and  all  who  have  excelled  in  the  origi- 
nating of  ideas  in  every  department  of  literature,  in  sculpture,  in 
painting,  and  in  dramatic  representation  or  fiction, — ^in  short,  all 
those  who  have  shown  themselves  creative  to  any  great  degree, — 
have  possessed  the  procreatlve  power  in  tlieir  physical  organization 
in  a  marked  manner.  Exhibited  largely,  and  with  a  moral 
balance,  it  makes  the  man  very  much  of  a  man,  the  woman  very 
much  of  a  woman;  and  such  persons  will  be  more  influential  in 
their  community  than  those  deficient  in  this  faculty.  The  latter 
are  the  small  and  impoverished  characters  one  meets  with,  each 
hating  the  opposite  sex, — being  hated  in  return;  and  this  arises 
I'rom  the  fact  that  they  are  not  sufficiently  sexed  to  appreciate  their 
opposites. 

This  faculty,  exhibited  in  its  physical  development,  without  a 
balancing  degree  of  Conscientiousness,  leads  to  licentiousness  and 
a  violation  of  Nature's  laws,  and  these  are  sure  to  entail  suffering 
on  its  possessor  and  on  all  who  come  under  its  influence.  This 
should  warn  us  to  observe  the  law  of  Nature  in  regard  to  the 
normal  use  of  this  function,  for  every  function  has  a  law  for  its 
government  and  protection.  Each  should  seek  this  law  for  him- 
self, since  that  law  which  may  be  binding  on  one  does  not  neces- 


ANALYSIS   OF   AMATIVENESS.  243 

sarily  involve  every  organization ;  although  the  seventh  command- 
ment should  be  binding  on  all.  Each  has  a  law  peculiar  to  his 
own  organization,  which  should  be  religiously  observed.  Indeed, 
religion  should  commence  with  the  perpetuation  of  the  race.  I  refer 
now  to  that  religion  which  is  the  living  up  to  natural  law,  and 
which  if  rightly  understood  and  observed,  as  the  laws  of  physiology 
and  hygiene  teach,  would  soon  give  us  a  race  bom  under  the  law 
of  true  religion,  that  would  become  a  blessing  to  themselves  and 
to  the  world  at  large. 

There  are  as  many  kinds  of  love  as  there  are  persons  in  exist- 
ence, hence  the  variety  of  its  manifestation.  Some  undeveloped 
characters  exhibit  only  the  lowest  form  and  seek  only  the  physical 
enjoyment  of  this  trait.  Others,  better  endowed,  illustrate  by  their 
disinterested  acts  toward  the  one  beloved  the  highest  manifestation 
of  this  passion.  The  physiognomy  read  scientifically  will  reveal 
just  what  kind  of  -love  the  individual  has  to  offer.  Persons  with 
a  large  degree  of  this  function  and  faculty  are  highly  magnetic, 
and  are  enabled  to  attract  those  of  the  opposite  sex  spontaneously 
and  without  effort.  There  is  no  doubt  but  all  of  the  faculties 
which  derive  their  power  from  physical  functions  have  each  a 
magnetic  or  attractive  quality  which  calls  forth  a  response  m  hind 
from  others  similarly  endowed,  or  who  are  susceptible  to  that  par- 
ticular attraction.  Friendship  attracts  friends.  Love  begets  love, 
Love  of  Young  meets  with  a  spontaneous  recognition  and  return 
from  children,  and  Benevolence  recognizes  a  similar  spirit  and 
responds  in  unmistakable  language.  These  attractions  are  mutual 
and  instant,  without  premeditation  or  design,  and  often  not  at  all 
understood  by  those  affected  by  them.  Most  especially  is  this 
magnetic  quality  possessed  by  those  who  liave  a  fine  muscular 
system.  Such  persons  possess  capacity  for  healing,  and  are  espe- 
cially adapted  to  promote  health  in  others  by  the  system  of  rubbing 
denominated  the  "Massage."  This  faculty  is  never  present  in 
those  in  whom  muscle  is  greatly  deficient.  I  have,  myself,  in 
sickness,  experienced  the  benefit  of  this  gift  at  the  hands  of  a 
woman  who  was  not  cognizant  of  her  power.  I  was  relieved 
entirely  and  restored  to  health  by  rubbing  and  manipulation  of 
my  body,  when  medicines  and  physicians  failed  utterly  to  restore 
me.  The  most  enlightened  physicians  now  recognize  "  Magnetism  " 
as  one  of  the  remedies  of  Nature,  and  often  order  its  appHcation. 
I  have  observed  several  men  and  women  who  possessed  the 
attractive  power  which  is  evolved  from  a  large  development  of 
Amativeness,  who  seemed  to  possess  this  faculty  in  this  large 
degree  as  a  compensation  for  the  absence  of  all  moral  qualities. 
These  persons  were  able  to  fascinate  almost  any  one  of  the  opposite 


244  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

sex,  and  were  really  so  dangerous  and  unprincipled  in  the  use  they 
made  of  this  power  that  many  parents  withheld  their  youth  from 
associating  with  them.  In  almost  every  community  there  are  some 
of  both  sexes  thusi^ndowed,  and  it  is  right  that  in  the  interests 
of  morality  physiognomy  should  unveil  them ;  although  this  class 
of  persons  soon  make  themselves  understood,  yet  often  not  until 
they  have  destroyed  the  happiness  of  numbers. 

One  of  the  laws  of  human  nature  is,  that  the  stronger  the 
faculties  possessed,  the  greater  the  inclination  to  use  them.  Thus 
by  observation  of  the  face  of  an  individual  we  easily  discern  which 
powers  are  dominant,  judging  by  those  signs  which  are  the  most 
pronounced. 

The  normal  action  of  Amativeness  is  to  make  men  and  women 
more  manly  and  more  womanly.  It  gives  them  the  desire  and 
knowledge  of  liow  to  attract  and  win  tlie  esteem  of  their  opposites 
in  sex  and  makes  them  attentive,  agreeable,  and  fascinating,  tender 
and  loving  in  a  pre-eminent  degree,  and  is  altogether  the  most 
important  faculty,  by  reason  of  its  creative  power  and  its  wide- 
spread influence  upon  the  life  and  happiness  of  the  entire  human 
family,  both  civilized  and  barbarous. 

ANALYSIS  OF   JEALOUSY. 

Jealousy  is  commonly  thought  to  be  the  necessary  accompani- 
ment of  love  and  a  proof  of  its  presence.  A  scientific  analysis  of 
this  passion  shows  it  to  be  the  result  of  an  unbalanced  condition. 
Wherever  we  find  practicality  lacking,  or  where  the  reasoning 
powers  are  not  active,  we  shall  find  this  trait  running  riot.  Per- 
sons with  small  self-esteem  are  also  subject  to  this  passion.  They 
are  so  constantly  depreciating  themselves  that  they  naturally  and 
instinctively  infer  that  any  one  else  is  preferred  to  them;  that  is, 
they  feeJ  it  to  be  so.  Of  course,  they  do  not  reason  upon  it,  not 
understanding  the  philosophy  of  this  trait,  and  not  knowing, 
either,  where  to  locate  it  in  the  face. 

Unbridled  and  unbalanced  will  produces  Jealousy;  so  also 
does  deficient  reasoning  power,  as  well  as  a  lack  of  conscientious- 
ness. In  almost  all  cases  where  the  practical  faculties  are  lacking, 
we  find  a  large  share  of  this  detestable  trait.  The  individual  thus 
endowed  cannot  perceive  the  meaning  of  certain  acts  and  words, 
through  lack  of  reason  to  compreliend  the  connection  between 
them ;  hence  concludes  tliat  they  are  adverse  to  his  interests,  and 
Jealousy  is  the  result.  For,  as  Shakespeare  phrases  it,  "Jealousy 
is  the  green-eyed  monster  which  doth  mock  the  meat  it  feeds  on," 
and,  "  Trifles  light  as  air  are,  to  the  jealous,  confirmations  strong 
as  proofs  of  holy  writ." 


ANALYSIS   OF   JEALOUSY.  246 

The  jealousy  bom  of  sex-love  is  not  the  only  phase  of  the 
passion  exhibited  by  unbalanced  and  defective  organizations,  but 
it  is  also  ibund  excessive  in  the  character  of  artists,  actors,  singers, 
athletes,  rowers,  swimmers,  wrestlers,  and  ail  who  compete  for 
honors,  fame,  and  public  applause.  The  reader  will,  by  reference 
to  the  above-named  classes,  remark  that  Jealousy  is  more  active  in 
those  persons  in  whom  the  muscular  system  is  dominant.  This  is 
one  proof  that  the  grade  of  evolution,  wliich  the  dominance  of  this 
system  illustrates,  is  not  ^o  perfected  nor  so  finislied  as  wh(>re  the 
osseous  system  is  well  developed,  and  this  fact  of  comparatwe  unde- 
velopment  is  the  fundamental  reason  why  Jealousy  is  so  rife  among 
these  classes. 

Jealousy  is  both  an  animal  and  a  childish  trait,  hence  a  trait 
of  undeveloped  natures.  Children,  through  lack  of  sufficient 
reason,  judgment,  or  perception,  are  unable  to  distinguish  the 
differences  which  exist  in  conditions  and  persons,  therefore  the 
motives  which  actuate  those  with  whom  they  associate  in  their 
treatment  of  them  are  not  comprehended  by  them,  and  Jealousy  is 
often  the  result.  Now  children,  Uke  all  the  muscidar  classes  above 
enumerated,  depend  largely  upon  tlie  facidty  of  Ap^n-ohativeness, 
and  this  desire  to  meet  approval  is  one  that  is  very  useful  and 
essential  in  the  unfolding  of  the  youthful  mind.  It  is  often  taken 
advantage  of  by  parents  and  teachers  to  stimulate  to  unreasonable 
activity  all  the  powers  of  the  child,  both  mental  and  physical. 
Where  it  is  too  much  developed  or  drawn  upon,  the  consequence 
is  jealousy  of  others'  efforts,  while  selfishness,  conceit,  or  other  like 
pernicious  and  disagreeable  effects  are  engendered. 

In  actors,  actresses,  opera-singers,  and  athletes  the  action  of 
Approbativeness  is  so  excessive  as  to  occasion  much  luihappiness, 
and  often  engenders  petty  struggles  and  wordy  warfare,  as  all  know 
who  have  mingled  much  with  them.  And  as  Approbativeness  is  a 
trait  quite  active  in  childhood,  these  classes  of  persons  resemble 
children  in  this  particular. 

The  animals  in  which  Jealousy  is  most  developed  are  also  those 
in  which  the  muscular  system  is  supreme,  as,  for  example,  the  tiger, 
the  panther,  the  leopard,  the  hyena,  the  cat,  and  the  ape  tribes. 

Again,  another  evidence  of  lower  grade  in  evolution  or  de- 
velopment is  shown  in  the  fact  that  those  classes  of  persons  and 
animals  in  which  the  muscular  system  is  dominant  as  a  rule  exliibit 
also  the  dominance  of  the  biliary  system  over  the  heart  and  lungs, 
and  in  the  order  of  the  evolution  of  organs  and  functions  the  biliary 
system  is  evolved  before  the  heart  and  lungs,  hence  is  not  indicative 
of  as  high  a  grade  of  development  as  where  the  heart  and  lungs 
are  relatively  more  powerful. 


246  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  muscular  animals,  then,  it  will  be  observed,  are  not  so 
highly  organized  as  the  bony  animals,  or  those  in  which  the  osseous 
system  is  in  excess  of  the  muscular,  as,  for  example,  the  horse,  the 
camel,  the  dog,  etc. ;  and  although  these  animals  sometimes  exhibit 
Jealousy,  it  is  never  so  deep  or  lasting  as  with  the  former  class, 
and  some  among  them  seenr  to  be  entirely  free  from  its  influence. 

From  the  above  analysis,  we  find  that  Jealousy  is  a  product 
of  a  peculiar  physiological  and  anatomical  organization.  It  may 
proceed  from  one  of  three  causes:  (1)  from  a  lack  of  that  grade 
of  evolution  which  is  exhibited  in  the  osseous  system;  (2)  it  may 
proceed  from  the  relatively  greater  development  of  the  biliary 
system  than  that  of  the  lungs  and  heart ;  (3)  it  may  be  the  result 
of  disproportion  between  the  several  faculties,  as,  for  example  (a), 
defective  reasoning  power,  (b)  absence  of  practicality,  (c)  lack  of 
conscientiousness,  (d)  lack  of  self-esteem. 

Whatever  be  the  cause,  it  can  be  very  considerably  modified, 
and,  in  some  cases,  almost  eradicated,  by  an  intelligent  understand- 
ing, together  with  an  earnest  desire  to  improve  and  perfect  the 
character.  If  man  were  not  the  most  malleable  creature  in  exist- 
ence this  knowledge  would  be  of  little  use,  but,  as  the  laws  of 
adaptation  are  paramount  in  him,  he,  better  than  any  other  organ- 
ized creature,  can  bring  himself  into  harmony  with  his  environ- 
ments, and  can  modify  and  eradicate  often  the  hereditary  defects 
and  peculiarities  which  have  been  transmitted  to  him. 

Let  reason,  then,  be  cultivated,  and  love  and  compassion  also, 
and  when  one  is  inclined  to  be  jealous  of  others  let  him  subject 
himself  to  a  course  of  self-examination,  and  this  will  soon  put  to 
flight  such  wicked  and  unjust  thoughts  and  passions  as  Jealousy 
creates.  Let  him  reflect  that  it  is  a  standing  menace  and  insult  for 
one  to  be  constantly  jealous  of  another.  It  is  a  most  dangerous 
and  destructive  passion,  and  leads  to  utter  demoralization  of  all 
that  is  good  and  noble.  It  is  the  father  of  persecution,  of  misery, 
and  of  unspeakable  suflering,  and  often  ends  in  murder,  suicide, 
and  madness. 

Jealousy  is  sometimes  the  cause  of  serious  physical  disturb- 
ances, and  these  disturbances  are  proofs  of  the  physical  bases  of 
the  sentiments.  Strange  that  so  many  years  of  observation  of  the 
serious  pathological  changes  wrought  in  the  visceral  organs  by  the 
overindulgence  in  Jealousy  and  kindred  passions  should  not  have 
taught  physicians  the  locality  of  the  mind  and  the  sources  whence 
each  mental  faculty  derives  its  functional  support,  particularly  as 
we  have,  as  Cuvier  remarked,  "  all  the  various  tribes  of  animals, 
which  are  so  many  experiments  ready  prepared  for  us  by  Nature." 

Physiognomists  must  always  refer  to  the  animal  kingdom  for 


ANALYSIS   OF   REVENGE.  247 

verifications  and  explanations  when  anything  seems  obscure  in  the 
human  subject,  for  the  methods  vvhicli  Nature  has  pursued  in  the 
course  of  evolutionary  development  are  common  to  both  the  ani- 
mal and  human  kingdoms,  and  the  best  way  to  trace  phenomena 
is  to  look  for  its  meanings  in  the  primary  or  primitive  state  of 
development ;  thence,  by  tracing  it  along  up  the  line  of  physio- 
logical unfoldment,  we  arrive  at  its  final  and  full  meaning  when 
we  observe  its  action  in  the  hinnan  being  confirming  or  coinciding 
with  its  appearances  in  the  animal. 

ANALYSIS   OF   REVENGE. 

Revenge,  like  its  kindred  passion.  Jealousy,  is  more  largely 
developed  among  the  dark  races  than  among  lighter  people,  for,  as 
in  the  animal  kingdom,  the  darker  the  skin,  the  less  developed  the 
organization.  So,  also,  is  Jealousy  more  active  when  found  among 
dark-skinned  people,  with  dark  or  black  eyes.  I  have  never  seen 
this  trait  in  excess  in  a  well-balanced  organization.  AVe  shall  often 
find  it  large  in  those  whose  will  is  in  excess  of  reason  and  justice. 
Their  "  will  is  law  "  to  them,  and  when  they  cannot  enforce  it  upon 
others  they  seek  to  be  revenged,  believing  that  they  are  wronged. 
In  some  a  deficiency  of  the  practical  faculties  will  cause  this  trait. 
This  defect  prevents  the  possessor  from  seeing  the  acts  of  others  in 
their  true  light,  and  he  consequently  thinks  himself  an  injured  in- 
dividual, and  meditates  revenge  for  his  supposed  injury.  This  trait 
is  found  most  active  with  muscular  people,  especially  if  they  be 
dark,  and  is  often  accompanied  with  a  large  degree  of  secretiveness. 

Revenge,  vindictiveness,  malice,  and  spite  are  four  forms  of 
the  same  trait,  manifesting  their  several  variations  according  to  the 
grade  of  development  as  to  color,  race,  and  traits  which  are  found 
in  combination  in  the  individual.  The  darkest  races  of  the  un- 
civilized tribes,  such  as  Indians,  Malays,  Mongols,  and  the  African 
races,  manifest  the  strongest  degree  of  this  destructive  faculty. 
Among  civilized  people  the  Celtic  races  exhibit  more  of  this  trait 
than  do  the  Anglo-Saxon  races.  More  particularly  is  the  deepest 
phase  of  Revenge  prevalent  among  the  Italians,  Spanish,  and  Portu- 
guese than  it  is  among  the  French, — a  lighter  branch  of  the  Celts. 

Among  the  French  this  trait  exhibits  more  of  the  character 
of  malice  and  spite,  especially  among  the  common-minded,  while 
the  educated  indicate  its  presence  by  wit  and  sarcasm  in  writing 
and  speaking,  which  is  its  last  and  most  refined  expression.  The 
sign  for  spite,  as  well  as  for  vindictiveness,  is  commonly  observed 
among  tlie  lower  classes  of  the  French ;  often,  too,  among  the 
undeveloped  Irish  it  is  observed.  Sometimes  we  find  this  sign  in 
the  faces  of  Germans,  English,  and  Americans,  yet  it  is  infrequent 


248  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

as  compared  to  the  first-mentioned  classes.  When  we  ascend 
from  the  dark  muscular  races  to  the  liglit  osseous  races  we  find 
occurring  important  modifications  of  all  the  more  destructive  and 
immoral  traits,  for,  inasmuch  as  bone  and  light  color  are  an  ad- 
vance, physiologically  and  anatomically,  upon  muscle  and  dark 
color,  so  are  justice  and  reason,  wliich  are  more  characteristic  of 
the  former,  generally,  than  of  the  latter.  So  we  must  expect  to  find 
a  more  mild,  placable,  and  reasonable  method  of  action  obtaining 
in  the  more  developed  character.  How  many  times  must  I  repeat 
that  mind  is  only  a  question  of  physiological  and  anatomical  forma- 
tion 1  Mind  inheres  in  every  atom  of  the  world.  Certainly  it 
must  have  its  beginnings  in  the  mineral  kingdom,  for  all  later 
growths  are  sustained  by  the  nourishment  derived  mainly  from 
mineral  sonnies  and  mineral  constituents,  such  as  lime,  carbon, 
soda,  etc.,  which  are  found  in  varying  proportions  in  every  plant 
and  animal  organism  in  the  world. 

Revenge,  then,  it  will  be  remarked,  residts  from  either  general 
undevelopment,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Indians,  the  Africans,  the 
Malays,  etc.,  or  else  is  the  result  of  a  lack  of  equilibrium  or  bal- 
ance in  the  faculties  of  Reason,  Conscientiousness,  or  those  of  Prac- 
ticality. One  or  more  of  these  may  be  involved  in  the  production 
of  this  destructive  trait. 

The  question  why  God  permits  sin  finds  its  solution  in  the 
analysis  of  unbalanced  characters.  The  predisposition  to  breaches 
of  morality  is  the  result  primarily  of  deficient  organic  construction 
of  the  body,  and  fliis  comes  directly  from  ignorance  on  the  part  of 
parents  of  the  right  methods  for  improving  progeny.  When  we 
see  people  intermarry  whose  ancestors  are  known  to  be  possessed 
of  consumptive,  insane,  or  nervous  tendencies,  we  may  surely  look 
for  immoral,  weak,  imbecile,  and  defective  offspring,  with  unbal- 
anced tempers,  unbridled  wills,  or  with  wills  so  weak  as  to  consti- 
tute moral  imbecility.  God  works  hi/  Law,  and  people  create 
immoral  monsters  by  ignorantly  or  willfully  violating  natural  law. 
Man  creates  sin  by  the  help  of  the  chief  devil.  Ignorance.  Sin  is 
simply  undevelopment  primarily. 

The  selfishness  of  man  also  assists  in  creating  sin.  "When  a 
man  or  a  company  of  men  rob  the  laborer  of  the  interest  on  his 
labor  they  commit  sin,  and  one  which  will  surely  be  followed  in 
this  life  by  retribution.  The  sin  of  greed,  if  practiced  on  a  large 
scale  and  made  offensive  to  a  large  number  of  the  community,  will 
right  itself  after  it  becomes  unbearable ;  for  society  goes  forward 
by  fixed  law, — by  evolution, — and  it  is  with  society  as  with  the 
stomach.  When  abused  by  overloading  and  gormandizing  it 
throws  off  the  effete  and  destructive  matter  and  a  state  of  calm 


ANALYSIS  OF   SECREtlVENESS.  240 

healthfulness  pervades  the  body.  Just  so  it  is  with  the  body  politic. 
Witness  the  American  Revohition  of  1776,  and  the  French  Revo- 
lution of  1792.  And  we  may  look  to  the  coming  years  of 
this  century  for  a  grander  revolution  than  the  world  has  ever  wit- 
nessed, for  the  sin  of  greed  has  about  gone  its  length,  and  will, 
like  a  fever  in  the  human  body,  burn  out  its  own  vileness.  A 
condition  of  enliglitened  self-interest  is  what  must  ensue  before 
humanity  can  become  civilized,  and  in  order  to  bring  this  about  a 
scientific  analysis  of  the  individual  members  composing  society 
must  be  had,  and  improvements  attempted  on  an  individual  and 
scientific  basis — scientific  because  according  to  the  laws  of  Nature, 
wliich  are  the  laws  of  God. 

By  the  chastening  hand  of  destiny  the  wrongs  of  society  are 
avenged;  but  Revenge,  in  the  old  Mosaic  sense  of  "an  eye  for  an 
eye  and  a  tooth  for  a  tooth,"  seems  to  our  enlightened  sense  an 
animal-like  method  of  proceeding,  and  not  calculated  to  improve 
our  sense  of  justice.  "  The  whirligig  of  time  "  often  makes  all 
things  even.  It  is  better  to  leave  injuries  to  time,  to  the  chances 
and  changes  of  life  to  right,  than  to  endeavor  to  revenge  them.  As 
a  rule,  in  this  world  we  reap  what  we  sow,  and  those  who 
are  engaged  in  sowing  the  seeds  of  malice,  spite,  and  revenge,  in 
the  long  run  bring  just  punishment  on  their  own  heads. 

No  person  of  noble  or  balanced  character  seeks  to  be  revenged 
for  wrongs  done  him;  yet  many  of  the  noblest  are  often  foully 
dealt  with,  for  "Envy  loves  a  shining  mark."  It  is  only  ignoble, 
unbalanced,  animal-like  people  who  seek  revenge,  and  this  trait, 
like  jealousy,  proceeding  as  it  does  from  those  who  are  defectively 
organized,  needs  no  reality  to  spur  it  on  to  action.  Suspicion,  the 
most  unfounded,  is  often  its  only  basis.  Ungovemed  will  is  one 
of  the  incitants  to  revenge.  Look  at  it  as  we  will,  we  shall  find 
ignorance  or  undevelopment  at  the  bottom  of  all  revengeful  de- 
sires. Children  who  show  a  propensity  in  this  direction  should  be 
carefully  tmined  with  the  view  of  eradicating  it.  The  conscience 
should  be  cultivated  and  appealed  to  as  well  as  the  affections. 
Reasoning  upon  the  dreadful  effects  wrought  by  revengeful  per- 
sons should  be  presented  to  their  minds,  and  all  right  methods 
taken  to  raise,  cultivate,  and  develop  the  moral  status  of  such 
unfortunate  children  as  have  inherited  this  dreadful  trait  from  their 
ancestors. 

ANALYSIS  OF   SECRETIVENESS. 

Whenever  Secretiveness  is  observed  in  an  unusual  degree  in 
an  organization  we  naturally  infer  that  there  is  something  to  con- 
ceal, something  deficient  for  which  Secretiveness  is  the  compensa- 
tion.    Secretiveness  is  the  fine  veil  which  Nature  gives  to  hide  a 


250  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

defect  in  either  the  mental,  moral,  or  practical  part  of  the  organism. 
Some  beasts  of  prey  possess  this  faculty  in  a  large  degree.  This 
is  their  normal  condition.  Having  no  mental  or  mechanical 
powers,  as  has  man,  to  assist  in  procuring  food,  this  faculty  is 
needed  by  them  for  this  purpose.  Tigers,  wolves,  cats,  foxes, 
opossums,  and  all  animals  witli  the  muscidar  system  predominating, 
are  most  largely  endowed  with  this  propensity.  Like  its  kindred 
passions,  Jealousy,  Revenge,  and  Suspicion,  it  proceeds  from  a 
want  of  bjj,lance  in  the  faculties ;  a  lack  of  proper  development  of 
the  reasoning  faculties,  Causality  and  Comparison,  will  produce  it ;  a 
deficiency  in  Friendship  or  Human  Nature  will  cause  it;  but 
wherever  it  is  manifested  one  or  more  of  these  deficiencies  will  be 
found.  Want  of  common  honesty  and  uprightness  of  intention  is 
sometimes  the  reason  that  Natiu'e  has  provided  this  veil  to  assist 
the  unfortunate  possessor  in  making  his  way  through  the  world. 
Secretiveness  is  given  to  animals  to  enable  them  to  both  avoid 
and  prey  upon  each  other.  Many  persons  having  this  trait  are 
often  considered  very  wise,  owing  to  the  careful  and  deliberate 
manner  which  they  use  in  conversation.  It  is  well  that  Nature 
has  put  this  check  upon  their  tongues ;  for  if  reason,  justice,  per- 
ception, or  friendliness  did  not  accompany  the  utterance  of  their 
thoughts,  they  would  inevitably  be  led  into  more  trouble  than  they 
could  easily  extricate  themselves  from;  hence  this  check.  Some 
mistake  cunning  or  craft  for  wisdom.  With  persons  in  whom 
Secretiveness  predominates  the  flexor  muscles  are  more  active  than 
with  others,  and  a  constricted  state  of  the  bowels  and  glandular 
system  takes  place  in  consequence  of  the  eff'ort  made  to  hold  in, 
as  it  were.  This  unceasing  desire  creates  a  constricted  state  which 
if  too  long  continued  sets  up  a  diseased  condition,  particularly 
aftecting  the  liver,  causing  biliousness,  jaundice,  and  other  derange- 
ments of  the  liver. 

The  physicians  of  Jay  Gould,  the  great  financier,  have 
declared,  I  am  informed,  that  his  recent  illness  was  owing  to  his 
secretiveness,  and  that  his  endeavor  to  keep  his  plans  secret  made 
such  inroads  upon  his  health  as  to  threaten  his  life  unless  he 
relaxed  somewhat  his  accustomed  habits  in  this  respect.  Many 
very  secretive  persons  are  afi'ected  with  disorders  of  the  liver;  so 
also  are  revengeful  characters.  These  emotions  afi'ect  this  gland, 
as  well  as  the  secretions  of  other  organs.  I  have  known  very 
undeveloped  persons  who  were  accounted  very  wise  in  their  com- 
munity simply  by  reason  of  their  excessive  reserve  caused  by 
Secretiveness.  Not  being  able  to  fully  comprehend  the  import  of 
questions  addressed  them,  they  would  refrain  from  giving  satisfac- 
tory answers,  thus  concealing  their  intentions  and  deluding  those 


ANALYSIS  OF   SECRETIVENESS.  251 

about  them,  and  conveying  the  idea  that  they  were  uncom- 
monly wise.  Men  who  are  very  able  mentally  and  developed 
morally  are  able  to  instantly  comprehend  and  meet  with  mental 
resource  any  proposition  presented  to  them;  hence  are  able  to 
answer  in  a  maimer  suited  to  the  occasion.  By  using  discretion 
and  judgment  in  their  conversation,  they  have  no  need  of  undue 
secretiveness. 

Secretiveness  in  excess  always  stamps  itself  immistakably  upon 
the  countenance,  and  the  more  its  possessor  endeavors  to  conceal 
his  sentiments  and  character  the  more  noticeable  and  prominent 
the  signs  become.  As  soon  as  one  discovers  uncommon  secretive- 
ness in  a  character,  let  him  ask  himslf  for  what  is  it  the  compen- 
sation? In  almost  all  cases  he  will  find  that  either  the  practical 
and  observing  faculties  are  deficient,  or  the  reasoning  powers  lack- 
ing, or  conscientiousness  at  a  low  ebb.  Sometimes  one  or  more 
of  these  traits  will  be  deficient  in  an  individual.  I  have  known 
two  persons  in  whom  this  was  the  case,  yet  both  preserved 
great  integrity  and  honesty  of  character.  Another  subject  pos- 
sessed of  excessive  secretiveness,  who  came  under  my  observation, 
exhibited  extraordinary  executive  and  mechanical  abilities,  but  was 
deficient  in  the  power  for  abstract  reason  as  well  as  conscientious- 
ness, being  sly  and  untruthful ;  yet  this  man  passed  for  a  very 
wise  man,  and  his  friends  often  remarked,  "  Oh !  Jones  is  a  very 
bright  fellow  ;  you  never  hear  him  talking."  If  I  am  not  greatly 
mistaken,  it  is  the  "  bright "  men  who  disclose  their  brightness  by 
what  they  say  and  do  rather  than  by  what  they  don't  say  or  omit 
doing.  Certainly  a  dumb  man  could  not  make  his  intelligence 
evident  if  he  took  every  precaution  to  hide  it  by  never  expressing 
his  thoughts  in  any  way. 

When  very  secretive  persons  are  led  by  any  sudden  burst  of 
emotion  to  unbosom  themselves,  as  it  sometimes  happens,  their 
revelations  are  perfectly  astounding.  They  will  reveal  such  things 
as  no  man  of  average  common  sense  would  speak  of,  thus  evidenc- 
ing that  a  lack  of  judgment  or  a  lack  of  j^^'inciple  is  the  cause  of 
this  checJc  which  Nature  has  put  upon  their  tongues. 

One  peculiarity  of  secretive  people  is  that  they  will  seldom 
speak  of  even  the  most  ordinary  matters  in  the  presence  of  several 
others,  but  sometimes,  with  a  friend  or  two  at  most,  they  will  dis- 
close their  thoughts  and  plans  to  those  \Vhom  they  trust ;  and  thosi; 
possessed  of  conscientiousness  trust  those  whom  they  have  proved, 
but  the  sly,  untruthful,  secretive  individual  seldom  trusts  any  one. 
He  judges  others  by  himself  and  suspects  every  one  about  him. 
This  is  the  most  hopeless  kind  of  secretiveness.  The  reader  may 
set  it  down  as  good,  physiognomical  law  that  Secretiveness  is 


252  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

intended  to  conceal  something,  else  it  would  have  no  place  in  the 
human  organism. 

Nature  always  endeavors  to  establish  a  balance  in  the  mental 
as  in  the  physical  department  of  man.  Equilibrium  is  the  law  of 
Nature  everywhere,  and  when  an  individual  comes  into  existence 
weighted  with  an  undeveloped  organism  there  is  always  a  sort  of 
equilibrium  attempted,  otherwise  the  machinery  of  the  mind  or 
body  would  not  work,  and  when  the  equilibrium  of  mind  is 
destroyed,  insanity  or  idiotcy  is  the  result.  If  the  equilibrium  of 
the  body  is  destroyed  beyond  repair,  death  ensues. 

The  facial  signs  for  Secretiveness  will  be  found  in  the  mouth 
and  eye,  and  these  two  features  are  evolved  from,  and  are  repre- 
sentatives of,  the  glandular  and  muscular  systems.  Nature  seems 
to  be  so  anxious  to  assist  in  revealing  her  meanings  to  us,  that  the 
sign  for  every  function  is  seated  within  the  system  which  sustains 
it.  And  this  is  yet  another  method  employed  by  Nature  for 
making  her  meanings  known. 

THEORY   OF    SUSPICION. 

One  reason  why  one  suspects  the  action  and  speech  of  others 
is  because  he  does  not  possess  sufficient  reason  to  enable  him  to 
comprehend  motives,  or  lie  does  not  possess  sufficient  perception  to 
judge  of  the  intentions  of  others  by  their  acts  and  language,  and 
attributes  to  them  quite  different  motives  than  those  which  have 
really  actuated  them,  and  therefore  substitutes  his  suspicions.  As 
in  the  other  traits  previously  mentioned,  he  may  possess  so  little 
honor  or  honesty  as  not  to  be  able  to  comprehend  it  in  others, 
hence  suspects  they  are  moved  by  motives  similar  to  his  own ;  but 
whatever  produces  Suspicion,  a  defect  will  always  be  found  in  the 
organization  as  the  exciting  cause. 

Suspicion,  like  revenge  and  jealousy,  is  primarily  a  defect  in 
the  physiological  elements.  Very  often  a  lack  of  coloring  matter 
in  the  system  is  the  cause  of  that  lack  of  soundness,  of  integrity, 
so  to  speak,  of  all  the  senses  as  well  as  of  the  brain,  which  pre- 
vents one  from  observing  accurately  and  reasoning  soundly  upon 
what  transpires.  This  trait  is,  I  think,  more  general  among  very 
light-eyed  persons,  particularly  those  possessing  eyes  the  color  of  a 
peeled  onion,  for  I  cannot  describe  this  peculiar  sort  of  eye  more 
accurately.  The  cause  of  this  deficiency  is  found  in  the  absence 
of  coloring  matter  in  the  system,  and  want  of  pigmentary  substance 
prevents  the  senses,  particularly  those  of  sight,  smell,  and  hearing, 
from  being  as  perfect  as  where  integrity  and  soundness  of  all  the 
senses  are  present.  This  condition  is  created  by  a  due  admixture 
of  coloring  matter  furnished  by  the  fluid  system  to  the  glands  and 


THEORY   OF   SUSPICION.  253 

ducts,  whjose  office  it  is  to  carry  to  the  several  parts  of  the  system 
the  sort  of  nutriment  which  is  charged  with  the  pigmentary  sub- 
stance observed  in  the  ganglia  of  the  ohactory,  auditory,  and 
visual  nerves.  Not  only  are  these  several  senses  deprived  of  their 
due  proportion  of  coloring  pigment  by  this  abnormal  action,  but 
the  entire  nervous  system,  including  the  brain,  is  relatively  weak 
by  reason  of  absence  of  that  degree  of  power  that  normal  color 
affords. 

Other  parts  of  the  system  remote  from  the  senses  sympathize 
when  deprived  of  that  quality  of  soundness  which  color  alone  can 
give.  The  kidney  system  is  often  enfeebled  by  this  condition,  as 
well  as  the  reproductive  system.  The  correlation  of  color  with 
fimctional  strength  and  weakness  is  beginning  to  be  understood  by 
naturalists.  Darwin  makes  special  note  of  it  in  his  works  on 
"The  Origin  of  Species,"  and  in  "The  Descent  of  Man." 

Reference  has  been  made  in  the  section  on  Color  to  the  defect- 
ive visual,  auditoiy,  and  gustatory  senses  of  Albinos.  This  class 
of  persons  are  always  weaker  in  their  senses,  as  well  as  in  their 
intellectual  ability,  than  those  who  possess  average  color,  and  this 
is  caused  by  absence  of  color.  Not  only  are  they  deficient  in 
coloring  pigment  in  the  several  ganglia  of  the  senses,  but  they  are 
lacking  in  color  in  the  arterial  system  as  well,  as  is  evidenced  by 
their  pallid  complexion,  pink  or  light  eyes,  whitish  hair,  white 
eyebrows  and  lashes.  Such  persons  constitute  morbid  varieties. 
Can  any  one  explain  why  the  absence  of  color  in  these  people 
affects  their  mentality,  except  upon  the  ground  that  mind  inheres 
in  the  entire  organism,  and  that  mind  and  body  are  one  and 
indivisible'?  The  proofs  which  Nature  offers  on  this  point  are 
overwhelming,  and  cannot  be  explained  away. 

Suspicion  is  not  the  attribute  of  noble,  intelligent,  and  highly 
moral  people,  but  belongs  to  those  who  are  in  some  way  defective 
in  some  part  of  their  being.  A  knowledge  of  physiognomy  alone 
will  reveal  what  this  defect  is  and  where  its  evidences  are 
situated. 

This  analysis  of  color  and  suspicion  teaches  that  the  produc- 
tion of  color  is  a  religious  duty,  a  duty  which  we  owe  not  only  to 
ourselves  but  to  our  offspring ;  those  who  are  to  inherit  our  indi- 
viduality. When  I  see  women  who  live  in  homes  with  the  windows 
constantly  shrouded  for  fear  of  a  stray  fly  or  a  faded  carpet,  and 
whose  faces  resemble  in  color  a  turnip-sprout  in  a  dark  cellar, 
I  believe  them  guilty  of  immorality;  for  whatever  vitiates  and 
deforms  the  physical  powers  acts  directly  upon  the  moral  status, 
and  if  colorless  women  produce  colorless  children  (as  they  are 
quite  likely  to)  they  depreciate  the  mental  and  moral  power  of 


254  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

their  offspring  in  an  intensified  form,  for  inherited  weaknesses 
are  always  intensified  and  show  at  an  earUer  age  than  where 
they  are  acquired  in  other  ways.  In  order,  then,  to  prevent 
unbalanced,  suspicious  persons  from  being  born,  people  should 
refrain  from  intermarrying  with  those  devoid  of  color  in  the 
skin,  hair,  and  eyes.  Parents  must  live  in  accord  with  divine 
law,  and  open  their  homes  to  the  influx  of  sunlight  and  fresh 
air,  and  thus,  by  coloring  the  blood  properly,  the  integrity  and 
soundness  of  all  the  tissues  will  be  enhanced  and  suspicious 
persons  will  cease  to  be  perpetuated. 

Noted  criminals  are  usually  very  suspicious,  and  the  theory 
I  propound,  of  the  direct  relation  between  defective  moral  traits 
and  defective  physical  functions,  finds  in  the  criminal  classes  its 
exemplification  and  verification.  Elsewhere  I  have  given  the 
reader  the  evidence  of  prison  surgeons  as  weU  as  the  experience 
of  Dr.  Maudsley  (whose  knowledge  of  insanity  is  quite  extended), 
as  to  the  lack  of  physical  soundness  of  the  professional  criminal 
classes,  and  this  evidence  corroborates  my  theories-  on  the 
correlation  of  the  moral  and  mental  faculties  with  the  physical 
functions. 

The  study  of  the  insane  reveals  the  fact  that  Secretiveness 
is  a  prominent  trait  among  them  as  well  as  of  the  criminal 
classes.  Physical  defects  observed  in  the  insane  give  a  clue  as 
to  the  cause  of  their  mental  degeneracy,  and  so  long  as  people 
are  born  unbalanced  in  their  physiological  structure,  just  so  long 
shall  we  have  suspicious,  criminal,  and  insane  characters  per- 
petuated. 

We  cannot  dodge  the  issue;  if  we  desire  to  become  pure, 
noble,  and  religious,  we  must  eat,  drink,  sleep,  exercise,  and  rest 
in  accord  with  hygienic  law.  If  we  desire  noble,  unsuspicious 
offspring  we  must  build  them  upon  improved  principles,  taking 
natural  laws  for  our  guide,  and  ignoring  the  animal-like  and 
instinctive  methods  of  propagation  at  present  employed  in  all 
the  civihzed  as  well  as  uncivihzed  races ;  and  herein  is  a  most 
ludicrous  parallel  between  those  who  consider  themselves  highly 
civilized  and  the  lowest  Hottentot  in  existence.  They  both  per- 
petuate the  race  upon  the  same  low  plane  of  animal  instinct  or 
lust.  All  the  boasted  reason,  culture,  and  high  development  of 
the  most  civilized  seem  not  to  have  lifted  them  in  this  particular 
one  degree  above  the  very  lowest.  It  is  only  when  animal  propa- 
gation is  intended  that  man  uses  his  boasted  reason  and  culture. 
To  improve  animals  by  design  and  law  seems  to  him  the  right 
method  to  apply,  but  the  rearing  of  his  offspring  he  leaves  to 
chance,  to  lust  and   ignorance.     No  wonder,  then,  we  have  our 


ANALYSIS   OF   ANGER,    WILL,    TEMPER.  255 

jails,  penitentiaries,  hospitals,  and  insane  asylums  filled  to  over- 
flowing with  the  results  of  animal  lust,  ignorance,  and  vice.  Our 
stables,  dairies,  poultry-yards,  and  kennels  shine  by  comparison 
with  our  liomes.  Why]  Because  design,  cool  reason,  education, 
and  natural  law  have  contributed  in  the  latter  case  to  the  improve- 
ment of  species,  and  in  the  former  ignorance,  lust,  neglect, 
animality,  and  defiance  of  law  have  filled  every  community  with 
criminal,  vicious,  imbecile,-  defective,  deformed,  and  sickly  beings, 
who  stand  as  frightful  examples  of  man's  utter  ignorance  of  the 
meaning  of  religion. 

ANALYSIS    OF    ANGER,    WILL,    TEMPER 

Let  us  examine  these  three  phases  of  a  trait  which  is  truly 
a  hydra-headed  monster,  manifold  in  its  motives  and  action.  Most 
phases  of  anger  are  detrimental  to  mental  power  and  destructive 
to  health.  Only  what  may  be  called  "righteous  indignation" — 
that  is  to  say,  the  indignation  resulting  from  perceiving  an  infrac- 
tion of  the  laws  of  justice  or  morality — is  ennobling  to  the  indi- 
vidual and  conduces  to  strengthen  both  health  and  moral  percep- 
tion. This  is  the  legitimate  use  of  anger,  and  it  should  be  reserved 
for  such  purposes.  To  become  enraged  at  animals  is  at  once 
wicked  and  stupid,  and  serves  to  show  the  superiority  of  animals 
to  man.  Nothing  indicates  the  coward  more  tlian  cruelty  to  our 
domestic  animals,  who  give  us  faithful,  gentle,  uncomplaining 
service,  and  often  die  in  harness  while  working  for  our  benefit. 
The  law  justly  takes  cognizance  of  such  treatment.  These  crea- 
tures are  of  our  own  flcsli  and  blood,  and  we  are  not  their  equals 
in  some  things,  although  w^e  may  possess  some  qualities  which 
are  superior,  but  treating  them  cruelly  and  inhumanly  is  not  the 
way  to  prove  it. 

Those  animals  and  men  who  are  capable  of  exhibiting  the 
greatest  degree  of  anger  or  will  are  those  in  whom  the  muscular 
system  is  dominant.  The  part  of  the  system  which  is  called 
into  action  in  the  expression  of  most  phases  of  anger  is  the 
muscular,  and  in  its  ultimate  eftects  results  in  the  use  of  the  muscles 
by  inflicting  blows,  and  in  tlie  use  of  the  muscles  of  the  organs  of 
speech  in  wordy  warfare.  The  classes  of  animals  which  are  most 
given  to  the  destructive  use  of  their  angry  passions  are  the  car- 
nivorous animals,  and  in  all  these  the 'muscular  system  is  para- 
mount ;  hence  we  look  to  that  system  as  the  source  of  anger,  will, 
or  temper,  as  it  is  variously  termed.  Vegetative  animals  also  give 
way  to  blind  rage. 

Persons  in  whom  the  biliary  system  predominates  over  the 
thoracic  are  more  given  to  exhibitions  of  ungovernable  will  and 


256  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

temper  than  lighter-colored  persons.  Color  indicates  heat,  and 
heat  gives  power  and  activity  to  the  organs.  A  dark  man,  with 
the  muscular  system  in  the  ascendency,  will  show  more  destructive 
temper  than  a  light  man  of  the  same  build.  Here  too  much  color 
acts  as  injuriously  as  too  little  color,  producing  undevelopment  of 
certain  faculties  and  functions.  Self-will  is  a  faculty  derived  from 
the  muscular  system,  and  when  this  faculty  is  in  excess  of 
Conscientiousness  and  Reason  an  unbalanced  degree  of  selfish, 
unreasoning  desire  is  present.  Here  the  muscular  system,  being  in 
excess  of  the  osseous,  creates  a  disparity  between  the  will  and 
Conscientiousness,  and  unbridled  and  often  vicious  will  is  the 
result. 

Many  criminal  faces  that  I  have  examined  exhibited  a  defiant, 
scowling  expression  and  the  sign  for  Self-will  very  large.  There 
are  many  persons  who  are  not  ranked  with  criminals  who  exhibit 
terrible  will-power,  and  in  their  intercourse  with  their  family  and 
friends  create  great  suffering.  Many  motliers,  in  their  foolish 
fondness  for  their  children,  cidtivate  in  them  this  faculty  to  an 
abnormal  degree,  and  often  live  to  regret  it.  Where  this  faculty 
exists  in  childhood  in  an  excessive  form,  the  parents  should 
endeavor  to  level  ujy  the  other  traits  of  character  by  appealing  to 
the  reason,  to  the  sense  of  justice,  and  to  the  affectional  nature 
of  the  child,  in  order  to  establish  a  balance  in  the  several  depart- 
ments of  the  mind.  Laws  of  all  kinds,  both  natural,  statute,  and 
social,  should  be  drilled  into  such  a  disposition,  and  in  childhood 
a  sense  of  respansihillty  of  the  individual  to  laws,  rules,  and  regula- 
tions should  be  made  most  impressive.  In  this  way  only  can  such 
unbalanced  dispositions  be  benefited. 

Like  other  evil  passions,  the  indulgence  of  temper  leads  to 
serious  physical  disturbances,  and  I  have  known  of  a  very  willful 
girl  who  became  jaundiced  and  turned  a  greenish  color  in  one  night 
by  giving  way  to  her  temper  when  opposed  in  her  vicious  desires. 
Aside  from  the  deleterious  effects  upon  themselves,  the  possessors 
of  ungoverned  tempers  do  great  injury  to  innocent  people  and  often 
make  them  the  victims  of  this  debasing  passion.  Murder,  suicide, 
and  madness  frequently  result  from  overindulgence  in  temper,  and 
mothers  inflict  irreparable  injury  upon  unborn  offspring  by  allow- 
ing themselves  to  give  way  to  paroxysms  of  anger  while  pregnant. 
Murderers  can  be  bred  as  well  as  moralists,  by  direct  act  of  the 
mother's  mind,  as  is  well  known.  Aw  instance  of  this  immense 
power  wliich  the  mother  wields  over  her  unborn  ofispring  is  noted 
by  Mrs.  Lucinda  B.  Chandler  in  her  tract  on  "  Motherhood."  She 
observes : — • 


ANALYSIS  OF   ANGER,    WILL,    TEMPER.  257 

An  instance  recorded,  only  more  marked  than  many  that  transpire, 
illustrates  the  effect  of  strong  emotion  or  passion.  A  liusband  so  offended 
his  wife  that  she  did  not  speak  to  him  for  three  months  previous  to  the  birth 
of  her  child.  The  child  could  never  speak  to  his  fatlier.  An  attempt  to  do 
so  would  cause  violent  paroxysms,  and,  though  he  remained  at  home  and 
carried  on  business  with  his  parent,  he  was  obliged  to  turn  his  back  upon 
him  and  speak  as  if  addressing  another  person.  Now,  if  by  reason  of  irre- 
sistible desires,  powerful  impressions,  or  strong  emotion,  the  body  can  be 
stamped  iueffaceably,  or  mental  action  determined  over  which  the  person 
has  no  control,  can  it  be  a  question  that  upon  the  moral  nature  the  more 
highly  sensitive  spiritual  tablet  impressions  as  deeply  graven  and  inefface- 
able will  be  recorded  ?  * 

The  case  of  Lord  Byron,  which  I  have  noted  elsewhere,  is 
corroborative  of  this  power  of  the  mother  in  molding  for  good  or 
evil  her  child's  will  or  want  of  will,  and  proves  also  the  intimate 
relation  between  mental  states  and  physical  or  functional  conditions. 

The  excessive  indulgence  of  anger  affects  the  liver,  the  glands, 
the  nervous  system,  and  brain,  and  causes  disturbances  of  a  serious 
nature  in  these  several  parts  of  the  body.  Excessively  nervous 
persons  sometimes  give  way  to  violence  of  temper.  This  is  caused 
by  an  abnormal  sensitiveness  of  the  nervous  system  and  insufficient 
use  of  self-control.  This  remedy  is  a  most  potent  factor  in  all 
mental  and  moral  disturbances.  It  is  impossible  to  estimate  its 
power.  It  can  almost  set  death  at  defiance,  and  certainly  changes 
very  materially  the  action  of  the  glands,  of  the  heart,  the  nerves, 
and  brain,  as  all  medical  records  attest. 

Violent  paroxysms  of  anger  often  induce  paralysis  and 
apoplexy.  Self-will  is  the  basis  of  all  exhibitions  of  anger  or 
temper,  as  it  is  termed.  Yet  this  use  of  the  word  should  not  be 
confounded  with  the  term  will,  as  applied  to  express  decision  or  a 
choice  of  methods.  Until  the  jargon  of  ancient  metaphysics  is 
ehminated  from  modern  philosophy  by  scientific  analysis,  we  shall 
find  a  confusion  of  terms  which  will  muddle  and  mystify,  rather 
than  elucidate,  phenomena.  There  will  also  have  to  be  changes 
wrought  in  existing  ideas  in  regard  to  the  locality  and  nature  of 
the  mind,  for  metaphysicians  of  the  old  school  have  treated  the 
mind  as  an  entity  not  dependent  upon  the  body ;  hence  very  little 
light  has  been  derived  from  a  most  extensive  literature  on  Mental 
Philosophy.  Another  vast  contribution  to  literature  has  been  made 
by  writers  on  the  Nature  of  the  Soul,  with  about  as  much  practical 
success  as  the  mental  philosophers  aforesaid.  Wc  are  living  in  a 
material  world,  possessed  of  material  faculties  and  senses,  which 
are  in  harmony  with  our  environment,  entirely  suited  in  every  way 
to  the  present  phase  of  existence.     The  mind,  as  exhibited  by  the 

»  Motherljood,  Lucinda  B.  Chandler,  p.  4.     Published  by  the  Moral  Education  Society,  Chicago. 

17 


258  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY.       . 

various  organs  of  the  body  as  well  as  by  the  brain  and  nervous 
system,  is  entirely  an  animal  organ,  made  up  of  blood  and  tissues 
as  much  so  as  is  the  brain  of  a  tiger  or  of  a  horse.  I  believe  that 
research  and  experiment  on  the  part  of  scientists  in  time  to  come, 
added  to  what  is  known  positively  of  the  locale  and  operation  of 
the  mind,  will  give  us  all  that  is  to  he  known  of  this  hitherto 
obscure  and  occult  department  of  our  existence.  My  belief  is 
founded  on  the  practical  methods  at  present  in  use  by  investigators, 
both  in  the  laboratory  and  dissecting-room,  as  well  as  in  the 
philosopher's  study.  These  problems  of  life  and  mind  will  have 
to  be  thought  out,  as  well  as  worked  out,  by  experimental  demon- 
stration. The  sciences  of  Evolution  and  Physiognomy  combined 
throw  a  flood  of  light  upon  the  origin  of  the  human  mind. 

The  human  soul,  whatever  and  wherever  that  may  be,  I 
believe  is  not  known  to  any  man,  and,  inasmuch  as  it  is  popularly- 
believed  to  be  the  part  of  us  which  is  immortal,  the  individuality 
which  is  to  take  a  leading  part  after  death  in  the  next  world,  it 
strikes  me  that  it  would  be  the  most  practical  way  to  defer  the 
consideration  of  it  until  our  perfect  possession  of  it  is  assured  and 
our  environment  in  harmony  with  its  highest  cultivation.  We  are 
sure  of  the  body  and  mind  here,  and  it  would  seem  that  the  best 
way  to  enhance  the  welfare  of  the  soul  hereafter  would  be  to  pay 
strict  attention  to  the  conditions  of  the  mind  and  body  in  this  life. 
Surely  there  is  great  room  for  improvement  in  this  department,  and 
entirely  too  little  known  on  these  subjects.  Would  it  not  be  far 
better  if  all  would  devote  more  time  to  the  consideration  of  the 
real  and  tangible,  the  possible  and  the  probable;  and  would  it  not 
be  less  confusing  if  the  mind  was  studied  apart  from  any  idea  of 
its  connection  with  a  soul,  and  in  relation  to  its  connection  with  a 
body  %  I  believe,  if  such  a  course  were  pursued  and  the  knowledge 
thus  gained  practically  applied  for  one  generation  only,  that  there 
would  be  more  perfect  bodies  and  minds,  consequently  more  perfect 
souls,  and  infinitely  better-balanced  dispositions.  That  this  method 
will  be  pursued  to  a  considerable  extent  in  the  present  and  follow- 
ing ages  I  do  not  for  a  moment  doubt.  It  is  not  that  the  "  wish  is 
father  to  the  thought"  in  my  case,  but  that  I  see  in  the  "Signs  of 
the  Times  "  a  true  renaissance^  a  new  birth,  a  baptism  of  science, 
an  attempt  to  return  to  natural  methods.  What  has  brought  tliis 
new  departure  about  1  Several  circumstances  have  contributed, 
but  the  chief  factor  is  the  wide-spread  knowledge  of  scientific 
thought  and  demonstration.  Notwithstanding  the  opposition  of 
nearly  all  religious  sects  to  science,  the  fact  remains  that  absolute, 
provable,  scientific  truth  is  attractive  to  large  numbers  of  persons, 
and  these  truths  are  being  rapidly  adopted. 


ANALYSIS   OF   SELFISHNESS.  259 

The  enlightenment  whicn  the  printing-press  has  shed  abroad 
has  dissolved  the  darkness  and  superstition  engendered  by  mediaeval 
ecclesiasticism,  and  a  more  healthful  and  natural  or  normal  condi- 
tion of  the  mind  is  developing  under  these  influences.  We  are  in 
a  fair  way  of  knowing  in  what  true  religion  consists.  My  concep- 
tion of  religion  is  that  it  is  obedience  to  the  laws  of  God,  as 
indicated  by  the  laws  of  Nature.  All  religious  systems  should 
conform  to  and  work  in  harmony  with  the  fundamental  laws  of 
our  existence,  or  give  up  all  claim  to  being  "religious."  Certain 
it  is  that  the  attempts  at  "regeneration"  never  have  succeeded  in 
making  healthful  moral  bodies  and  minds  out  of  unhealthful  bodies 
and  weak  or  defective  minds.  In  order  that  the  numerous  ab- 
normal manifestations  of  mental  and  moral  faculties  shall  cease  to 
be  perpetuated,  there  must  be  had  a  practical  knowledge  of  the 
source  of  each  faculty,  and  the  law  of  self-control  taught  as  para- 
mount to  all  others.  When  these  are  taught  as  zealously  and 
applied  as  conscientiously  as  have  theological  conceptions  of  religion 
in  the  past,  the  result  will  be  shown  in  that  equilibrated  state  of 
mind  from  which  all  taint  of  unbridled  will,  ungoverned  temper, 
and  uncontrolled  lust  and  passion  have  disappeared. 

ANALYSIS   OF   SELFISHNESS. 

Selfishness  is  one  of  the  traits  of  human  nature  which  has 
two  entirely  distinct  and  opposite  methods  of  action  and  purpose — 
one  of  which  may  be  commended,  the  other  reprehended.  Selfish- 
ness, like  all  other  faculties,  has  its  use  and  purpose  in  the  human 
economy.  Its  primal  and  essential  use  is  the  preservation  of  the 
body  and  to  provide  for  its  perpetuation  and  maintenance.  Its 
next  legitimate  use  is  for  the  protection  and  sustenance  of  those 
who  are  dependent  upon  us.  All  manifestations  of  selfishness 
that  seek  to  please  self  and  to  acquire  by  the  suftering,  misery,  and 
unhappiness  of  others  are  wrong  and  should  be  repressed.  Speak- 
ing for  myself,  if  I  wished  to  pursue  a  course  with  the  view  of 
gaining  the  most,  I  would  act  tlie  most  unselfish  and  benevolent 
part  in  order  to  gain  my  purpose,  for  we  get  in  this  world  very 
much  what  we  give.  If  we  strew  our  pathway  through  life  with 
love,  kindness,  sympathy,  noble  deeds,  justice,  and  gentleness,  we 
shall  receive  back  the  same  with  interest;  but  if,  on  tlie  contrary, 
we  pursue  a  malevolent  career,  and  deal  out  hatred,  malice,  con- 
tempt, jealousy,  suspicion,  secretiveness,  and  anger,  we  shall  reap  a 
harvest  of  these  passions  a  thousandfold. 

An  undue  degree  of  selfislmess  is  indicative  of  an  undeveloped 
nature.  This  trait  is  both  inherited  and  acquired,  increases  by 
use,  and  in  excess  causes  unhappiness  to  its  possessor.     The  most 


260  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

selfish  people  are  never  the  happiest ;  they  cut  themselves  off  from 
the  pleasures  and  enjoyments  of  the  benevolent,  and  thus  limit 
the  range  of  their  happiness.  They  belong  to  that  class  which 
Lavater  describes  thus: — 

Which  desires  much,  but  enjoys  little,  and  whoever  enjoys  little 
gives  little. 

I  have  never  studied  a  character  which  possessed  an  excess  of 
selfishness  that  did  not  have  also  some  serious  deficiency  In  the 
mental  or  moral  construction.  Like  the  other  passions  treated  of 
in  this  chapter,  it  shows  undevelopment.  The  dark  races  are,  as  a 
rule,  more  selfish  than  the  light  ones.  They  are  less  perfect,  less 
progressive,  generally. 

All  Nature  attests  this  truth,  that  the  more  refined  the  person 
the  lighter  the  color;  it  is  the  same  with  animals.  The  most 
destructive,  revengeful,  and  jealous  are  the  darkest,  while  the 
white  or  mixed  colors  are  the  most  docile,  amiable,  and  teachable. 
This  is  a  general  principle.  Of  course,  there  are  exceptions ;  some 
undeveloped  light  persons  being  more  selfish  than  very -Ai^AZy 
organized  dark  persons,  but  this  can  be  discerned  by  reference 
to  the  quality  of  the  skin,  etc. 

The  excessive  exercise  and  indulgence  of  jealousy,  suspicion, 
secretiveness,  and  anger  produce  morbid  and  abnormal  conditions 
of  health,  and  herein  is  another  proof  of  the  relation  of  the  physical 
organs  to  mental  conditions.  Many  infants,  even,  have  been  made 
ill  with  jealousy  by  the  petting  and  attentions  bestowed  by  the 
mothers  or  nurses  upon  another  child.  Anger  indulged  in  has 
wrecked  the  health  of  many.  Suspicion  often  leads  to  insanity, 
and  secretiveness  almost  to  nonentity.  Jealousy,  the  meanest  and 
lowest  of  the  passions,  tends  to  murder  and  suicide,  and  self-conceit 
in  excess  to  insanity.  These  excesses  should  be  avoided,  not  only 
for  our  own  preservation,  but  for  the  sake  of  those  who  are  to 
inherit  our  individuality.  All  traits  that  are  cultivated  and 
indulged  in  are  transmitted  with  increasing  power,  and  we  have  in 
this  way  the  ability  to  become  the  benefactors  of  the  race  or  to 
curse  it  beyond  redemption. 

Hippocrates,  the  celebrated  Greek  physician  and  physiogno- 
mist,  says  of  envy: — 

The  effects  of  env}?^  are  visible  even  in  children  ;  they  become  thin  and 
easily  fall  into  consumption.  Envy  takes  away  the  appetite  and  sleep,  and 
causes  feverish  motions  ;  it  producesgloom,shortnessof  breath,  impatience, 
restlessness,  and  a  narrow  cliest. 

The  possessor  of  all  these  passions  is  antagonistic  not  only  to 
the  health  of  the  possessor,  but  very  much  against  his  interest. 


ANALYSIS  OF   SELFISHNESS.  261 

Their  action  produces  misery  and  unhappiness,  both  to  the  subject 
and  to  the  object.  These  conditions  can  be  partially  remedied  by 
seeking  out  the  defect  and  making  a  constant  struggle  to  correct  it. 

Selfishness  has  its  normal  scope  and  action.  Unselfishness  is 
often  so  excessive  as  to  work  injury  to  its  possessor  as  well  as  its 
objects.  Yet  there  is  very  little  danger  of  the  majority  suffering 
in  this  manner.  The  undue  action  of  selfishness  is  founded  in 
defective  organization  of  some  sort.  An  excess  of  the  vegetative 
system  exhibits  a  lack  of  sympathy  and  an  incapacity  through 
excess  of  fat  to  move  actively  in  efforts  for  the  relief  of  others. 
An  excess  of, muscles  also  is  oflen  accompanied  by  selfishness 
through  lack  of  sufficient  sensitiveness  to  feel  for  others,  or  by 
reason  of  insufficient  intelhgence  to  comprehend  the  duties  and 
rights  of  others,  or  by  reason  of  too  little  sensitiveness  of  the  nervous 
system  to  enable  its  possessor  to  feel  for  others.  The  muscles  are 
not  endowed  with  a  great  degree  of  sensitiveness,  and  where  they 
are  well  developed,  without  a  due  share  of  sensitiveness  such  as 
a  normal  development  of  the  nervous  system  and  brain  bestow,  the 
mind  is  apt  to  exhibit  a  large  degree  of  selfishness. 

Another  form  of  selfishness  is  caused  by  an  insufficient  develop- 
ment of  the  glandular  system.  This  defect  impoverishes  the  system 
to  such  a  degree  as  to  render  one  incapable  of  feeling,  hence  of 
expressing,  sympathy.  Many  of  the  celebrated  misers  exhibit  this 
defect.  If  the  glands  are  normal  and  supplied  with  plentiful  nutri- 
ment the  system  will  be,  by  reason  of  the  normal  supply  of  the 
body,  in  a  normal  condition;  hence  warmth,  sympathy,  and  the 
active  expression  of  it  will  be  the  result.  Unless  one  is  well  sus- 
tained by  nutriment  and  all  his  own  bodily  wants  supplied,  he  will 
feel  unable  to  make  any  very  active  efforts  for  others,  and  with  a 
low  grade  of  development  of  the  active  agents — the  glands — there 
is  an  absence  of  that  faculty  which  proceeds  from  their  activity,  viz., 
Sympathy ;  hence  Selfishness  results ;  and  in  the  case  of  misers  the 
sense  of  what  is  due  to  their  own  bodies  and  minds  is  quite  weak, 
and  they  continue  a  course  of  semi-starvation  of  both  body  and 
mind  until  they  are  wholly  incapable  of  judging  of  the  rights  of 
self  any  more  than  they  are  of  the  rights  of  others. 

When  Selfishness  gets  to  this  stage  it  is  seldom  perpetuated ; 
for  a  law  of  Nature  here  steps  in  and  protects  tlie  world  from  the 
propagation  of  monsters.  Misers  seldom  have  children,  at  least  not 
afler  this  idiosyncrasy  has  become  marked.  The  cause  of  this  in- 
capacity to  perpetuate  lies  in  the  fact  that  the  glands  involved  in  the 
action  of  the  reproductive  system  are  as  defective  as  are  the  glands 
which  produce  or  evolve  warmth  and  sympathy,  and  as  they  are  as 
impoverished  as  the  other  glands  of  the  system  there  is  little  desire 


262  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

to  use  them,  and  probably  there  would  be  no  practical  results  if 
it  were  attempted.  Then,  too,  misers  lacking  warmth  of  feeling 
or  emotion,  by  reason  of  the  defective  action  of  the  glands,  rarely 
manifest  that  degree  of  love  for  the  opposite  sex  which  those  do 
who  are  normally  constituted,  hence  there  arises  neither  the  emotion 
of  love  nor  its  accompanying  physical  desire,  thus  evidencing  the 
vitiated  condition  of  that  system  upon  wliich  not  only  sound  man- 
hood but  sound  morals  rest.  The  hoarding  faculty  which  is  the 
peculiar  characteristic  of  the  squirrel,  rat,  and  magpie,  and  similar 
lowly  animals,  appears  in  the  case  of  misers  to  have  drawn  off  the 
strength  from  all  other  faculties  and  concentrated  it  in  acquiring, 
but  more  particularly  in  hoarding. 

All  persons  who  exhibit  an  excess  of  selfishness  are  defective 
either  in  their  mental  or  moral  natures.  All  disproportion  and 
inharmony  of  character  denote  lack  of  equilibrium  in  tlie  physio- 
logical elements  of  the  mind.  Selfishness  is  a  trait  which  can  be 
greatly  modified  in  youth  by  judicious  training ;  yet  many  parents 
cultivate  this  trait  and  make  it  excessive  by  making  idols  of  chil- 
dren who  might  be  easily  influenced  to  become  useful  and  balanced 
members  of  society.  I  do  not  know  of  one  defect  of  character 
which  is  more  easily  modified  than  Selfishness,  if  it  be  attempted  in 
early  childhood.  There  is  so  much  then  that  is  plastic  to  appeal 
to,  and  the  selfish  propensities  have  not  crystallized  with  years  of  use. 

I  am  often  asked  where  the  sign  for  Selfishness  is  located  in 
the  face;  there  is  no  single  sign  for  tliis  faculty.  It  will  be 
observed  as  a  general  quality  dependent  upon  the  want  of  balance 
in  an  individual.  The  excessively  fat  are  usually  quite  selfish,  for 
fat  is  a  tissue  which  is  negative  in  its  nature  and  is  not  endowed 
with  feeling  or  sensitiveness ;  besides,  where  it  is  excessive  in  its 
development,  its  possessor  is  too  busy  looking  after  his  own  comfort 
to  think  of  others,  and  too  weighty  and  bulky  to  inove  actively  in 
those  acts  of  friendship  and  benevolence  which  require  personal 
effort.  Persons  in  whom  the  muscular  system  is  dominant  and 
who  have  an  inferior  development  of  the  brain  and  nervous  system 
are  selfish  to  a  degree.  This  class  of  persons  are  noted  for  round 
heads,  not  high  above  the  ears,  but  wide  over  the  ears,  with  short, 
broad,  squat  bodies.  The  cause  of  their  selfishness  is  twofold. 
One  cause  is  found  in  the  excess  of  muscle.  Now  muscle  is,  in 
itself,  unfeeling,  not  sensitive,  like  nerve;  and  muscle,  too,  is  the 
dominant  system  of  the  natural  commercialist  class,  which  is  in  its 
last  analysis  a  robber-class,  just  as  are  the  birds  of  prey,  living  off 
the  industries  of  others,  without  producing  anything  themselves, 
yet  exacting  tribute  from  both  consumer  and  producer  on  their 
own  terms. 


ANALYSIS  OP  SELF-CONCEIT.     .  263 

Another  foundation  for  selfishness  is  the  short  stature.  Short, 
squat  people  have  never  the  high  and  noble  aspirations  of  the 
taller.  I  do  not  include  in  this  list  the  short  and  finely  organized 
persons,  but  those  who  are  short,  round,  coarse,  muscular,  and 
with  round,  flat  heads,  full  of  earthy  material ;  natural  commercial- 
ists.  This  class  are  never  seen  heading  reformatory  movements, 
and  in  their  Forms  and  lives  ofler  a  marked  contrast  to  the  tall, 
high  head  and  long,  slim  face  of  the  Earl  of  Shaftesbury,  who  is  a 
celebrated  English  philanthropist. 

Each  selfish  person  presents  a  different  variety  and  a  different 
degree  of  this  trait,  and  in  each  case  it  can  be  determined  by  a 
scientific  analysis  of  character;  but,  whatever  its  origin,  it  is  one 
of  the  most  universal  and  active  agents  in  the  promotion  of  sin, 
suffering,  and  vice.  By  its  cultivation,  at  the  expense  of  Justice 
and  Conscientiousness,  entire  nations  are  kept  in  bondage  to  a  few 
selfish  ones.  Nothing  but  enlightened  self-interest  will  break  these 
bonds  and  restore  to  all  their  rights  in  the  productions  which  they 
create  by  their  life-long  toil. 

ANALYSIS   OF   SELF-CONCEIT. 

Self-conceit  is,  perhaps,  the  most  harmless  of  this  class  of 
traits,  but  at  the  same  time  is  ever  offensive.  Like  all  other  facul- 
ties, it  has  its  use  and  purpose.  Nature  has  made  nothing  in  vain, 
and  so  there  would  seem  to  be  wisdom  even  in  giving  one  an 
undue  share  of  this  petty  trait.  Where  it  is  observed  to  predomi- 
nate in  an  organization,  it  will  be  found  to  proceed  from  a  lack  of 
balance,  as  in  the  case  of  the  preceding  traits  mentioned  in  this 
chapter.  It  is  sometimes  caused  by  merely  a  want  of  good  taste, 
or  a  deficiency  in  ideality,  or  of  sound  reason,  or  want  of  a 
knowledge  of  human  nature,  or  by  a  lack  of  the  perceptive  or 
refiective  power,  or  by  dense  obtuseness  of  the  mental  faculties 
generally.  There  are  various  other  causes  which  produce  it;  but, 
whatever  the  cause,  it  is  designed  to  make  up  to  its  possessor  the 
absence  of  something  which,  if  felt  too  keenly,  would  render  him 
unhappy;  so.  Conceit,  coming  to  his  relief,  puts  him  "on  good 
terms  with  himself,"  and  therefore  has  its  use. 

I  liave  sometimes  observed  this  trait  very  large  in  persons 
possessing  real  merit  in  some  directions,  but  lacking  in  others. 
Conceit  gives  a  sense  of  self-satisfaction ^  which  is  needed  by  its 
possessor  just  as  long  as  he  has  the  deficiency  for  which  this  is 
the  compensation.  If,  on  learning  that  he  has  a  defect,  and  in 
what  it  consists,  he  should  strive  to  remedy  it  by  strengthening  the 
defective  trait  or  traits,  he  would  soon  be  able  to  develop  a  more 
harmonious  condition,  and  Conceit  would  diminish  or  disappear 


264  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

entirely.  Dwarfs  and  deformed  persons  are  invariably  conceited; 
the  compensatory  power  of  Self-conceit  in  these  cases  is  well  illus- 
trated ;  in  such  it  is  useful,  and  prevents  unhappiness. 

In  the  case  of  an  idiot,  one  might  ask  what  compensation  he 
could  possibly  receive  for  his  immense  defect.  The  only  compen- 
sation possible  under  such  circumstances  would  be  utter  ignorance 
of  his  condition^  and  this  Nature  has  given,  for,  were  he  sensible 
of  his  condition,  it  would  cause  intense  suffering;  hence,  the  only 
compensation  would  be  total  ignorance  on  the  subject. 

Egotism,  pure  and  simple,  which  arises  from  a  surplus  of 
Self-esteem,  is  not  to  be  confounded  with  that  form  of  Self-conceit 
which  results  from  other  deficiencies.  Self-conceit  is  a  petty  faculty, 
while  Egotism  carries  with  it  a  dignity  which  is  often  only  a 
"mockery  of  wisdom,"  yet  is  never  quite  tlie  small,  pert,  sharp 
little  faculty  exhibited  by  those  possessing  a  large  degree  of  Con- 
ceit. Egotism  likes  to  assume  dignity,  importance,  and  loftiness, 
while  Conceit  takes  quite  a  different  range  of  action,  using  slurs, 
sarcasm,  innuendoes,  and  petty  flings  and  stings  for  its  weapons. 
Very  small  men  and  women  are  quite  apt  to  be  conceited.  Egotism, 
on  the  contrary,  is  more  apt  to  be  the  vice  of  larger  persons.  The 
sublimity  of  egotism  was  manifested  in  Emanuel  Swedenborg,  who 
thought  nothing  of  talking  with  angels  and  visiting  both  heaven 
and  hell.  George  Francis  Train  is,  perhaps,  the  most  egotistic 
man  living,  and  he  is  a  tall  and  well-developed  man. 

Where  the  self-feeling  is  so  strongly  pronounced  it  is  likely  to 
result  in  insanity.  Many  inmates  of  insane  asylums  exhibit  Self- 
esteem  in  an  inordinate  degree.  Where  it  is  strongly  manifested  in 
childhood,  it  should  receive  attention  from  parents,  and  means  used 
to  check  it  before  the  character  becomes  so  warped  as  to  render  it 
impossible.  The  theory  of  Self-conceit  is  that  it  is  caused  by  defects 
of  some  sort,  either  physical  or  mental,  and  is  the  only  compensation 
which  this  class  of.  imperfect  beings  could  receive  in  order  to  create 
a  feeling  of  content  or  satisfaction  with  themselves.  I  think  that  the 
experience  with  and  analysis  of  all  self-conceited  persons  will  bear 
me  out  in  the  assertion  that  they  are  defective  in  a  most  noticeable 
manner.  I  have  often  observed  that  lisping  persons  are  conceited ; 
where  this  correlation  exists,  the  moral  faculty  of  exact  truth-telling 
is  likely  to  be  weak.  If  not  this,  then  the  judgment  will  be  of  an 
inferior  or  infantile  sort.  A  different  phase  of  defect  will  be  ex- 
hibited in  each  separate  case,  and  the  closest  analysis  of  the 
physiognomy  is  essential  in  order  to  verify  the  various  phenomena 
presented  by  the  several  cases  which  come  under  investigation. 
This  foolish  trait  can  be  very  greatly  modified  in  childhood  by 
judicious  training  on  the  part  of  parents  and  teachers. 


ANALYSIS  OF   SCORN    AND   CONTEMPT.  265 

All  these  deficiencies  can  be  remedied  in  a  great  degree,  and 
sometimes  eradicated,  by  a  careful  and  scientific  analysis  of  char- 
acter and  a  settled  determination  to  improve  it.  The  laws  of 
physiognomy,  thoroughly  comprehended,  will  be  the  guide  to  that 
result;  individual  determination  must  do  the  rest.  This  improve- 
ment must  be  undertaken  in  a  religious  spirit,  reflecting  that  all 
our  actions,  mentally,  morally,  and  physically,  aftect  not  only  our- 
selves, but  go  down  to  posterity,  and  curse  or  bless,  for  ages  to 
come,  all  who  inherit  our  blood  even  in  the  remotest  degree. 

The  man  whose  life  is  passed  with  reference  only  to  himself, 
without  regard  to  children  and  children's  children,  is  little  better 
than  the  brute  creature ;  in  some  respects  he  is  worse,  for  the  brute 
is  not  characterized  by  such  selfishness  as  this  course  would  imply. 
There  can  be  no  motive  more  honorable  in  man  than  the  desire  to 
transmit  to  his  offspring  great  and  noble  qualities,  and  this  result 
can  be  obtained  only  by  leading  an  honorable  and  noble  life.  We 
may  endow  offspring  with  fortune,  but  nobility  and  talent  must  be 
inherited ;  they  cannot  be  bought  in  the  market. 

ANALYSIS   OF    SCORN    AND    CONTEMPT. 

It  is  an  undeveloped  and  unbalanced  nature  indeed  which 
expresses  contempt  for  others  for  any  reason  except  for  ignoble 
action  or  sentiment.  Whenever  this  trait  is  manifested,  look  out 
for  an  inferior,  impoverished  character.  The  truly  noble  or  wise 
never  exhibit  scorn  and  contempt  for  anything  except  what  is  des- 
picable. Whenever  a  character  exhibits  these  qualities,  the  ob- 
server will  be  able  to  instantly  detect  by  the  disproportion  of  the 
facial  features  that  disproportion  or  want  of  balance  in  tlie  mental 
or  moral  traits  of  the  person  thus  exhibiting  this  repulsive  charac- 
teristic. 

Many  persons  who  possess  this  peculiarity  are  lacking  in 
Self-esteem,  and  the  action  of  the  character  in  these  cases  is  to 
cause  scorn  or  contempt  for  others  through  want  of  sufficient  self- 
esteem  to  be  able  to  judge  of  the  like  faculties  in  others;  hence 
they  are  unable  to  show  proper  respect  where  it  is  due.  It  is  not 
at  all  necessary  that  the  objects  of  scorn  sliould  deserve  it  in  the 
opinion  of  those  who  exhibit  this  trait,  for  they  vent  their  scorn 
alike  upon  the  deserving  and  upon  the  undeserving.  This  proves 
that  the  unworthiness  is  in  themselves. 

In  some  instances  the  observing  faculties  are  deficient  and  the 
individuals  so  unbalanced  in  this  direction  that  they  cannot  com- 
prehend fully  the  character,  action,  and  motives  of  others ;  hence 
the  display  of  scorn  in  these  cases.  Others  are  deficient  in  Ven- 
eration ;  or  it  may  be  Conscientiousness  is  so  undeveloped  that  the 


%^  PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

individual  cannot  estimate  the  worth  and  value  of  his  associates, 
hence  he  treats  them  to  a  liberal  dose  of  his  contempt.  The  truth 
is  that  whoever  exhibits  scorn  and  contempt  has  himself  some  con- 
temptible trait  of  character,  otherwise  he  would  not  express  it  to 
those  whose  actions  and  conduct  did  not  justify  its  exhibition. 

One  must  possess  largely  in  his  own  character  any  power  or 
faculty  which  he  exhibits  outwardly  in  his  life  and  conduct.  A 
painter  must  be  well  colored  in  order  to  be  able  to  make  an  intel- 
ligent and  artistic  use  of  colors.  A  mechanic  must  be  built  upon 
the  angular  plan  in  order  to  illustrate  similar  form  in  the  construc- 
tion of  his  work,  and  unless  these  principles  are  present  in  these 
various  classes  of  persons  they  will  be  unable  to  exemplify  them  in 
their  professions. 

It  is  just  the  same  with  all  the  traits;  a  lack  of  Self-esteem 
is  felt  by  the  one  exhibiting  it,  and,  consciously  or  unconsciously, 
he  betrays  sometimes  by  scornful  conduct  the  absence  of  true 
Self-esteem  which  exists  in  his  own  character,  or  the  lack  of 
Veneration,  or  of  Conscientiousness;  or  it  may  be  that  the  reason- 
ing faculties  are  deficient,  and  thus  his  mind  is  incapable  of 
reasoning  upon  cause  and  effect,  and  therefore  he  treats  with  scorn 
all  who  come  under  his  displeasure.  In  each  individual  case  the 
observer  must  seek  out  the  cause  and  endeavor  to  cultivate  and 
develop  the  enfeebled  faculty  which  causes  the  disgusting  exhibition 
of  weakness  or  folly,  as  exhibited  by  tliose  who  are  scornful. 
When  scorn  proceeds  from  lack  of  Self-esteem,  the  upper  lip  will 
be  found  relatively  short.  When  it  proceeds  from  lack  of  Ven- 
eration, the  7iose,  at  its  middle  portion,  will  be  depressed,  inclined 
to  flatness.  If  want  of  Conscientiousness  is  the  cause,  a  very 
narrow,  infantile  chin  will  mark  its  origin.  The  most  frequent 
cause  of  this  miserable  trait  is  want  of  Self-esteem. 

The  indulgence  of  this  trait  reacts  fearfully  upon  its  possessor, 
for,  as  it  is  exhibited  alike  to  friend  and  foe,  to  the  worthy  as  weU 
as  to  the  unworthy,  a  feeling  of  contempt  for  such  unjust  treatment 
is  most  justly  entertained  by  those  who  are  the  objects  of  its  action, 
and  either  active  measures  are  pursued  to  retaliate  or  the  subject 
loses  the  esteem  and  friendship  of  those  whose  friendship  it  would 
be  well  to  preserve.  But  whatever  may  be  the  cause  of  undue 
exhibitions  of  scorn,  undevelopment  of  some  faculty  is  surely  at 
the  bottom  of  it.  It  is  with  this  faculty  as  with  Secretiveness,  the 
more  it  is  practiced  the  stronger  its  impress  is  made  upon  the  face, 
and  the  expression  of  the  muscles  about  the  lips,  chin,  and  nose 
all  unfold  a  tale  not  at  all  flattering  to  the  subject  of  these  animal 
or  infantile  passions.  Let  one  observe  the  appearance  of  the 
muscles  of  the  chin,  those  denominated  by  anatomy  the  levatores 


ANALYSIS  OP  ENTHUSIASM.  267 

menti  and  the  triangularis  oris  (a  muscle  arising  from  the  bone 
of  the  lower  jaw  and  inserted  in  the  angle  of  the  mouth).  The 
combined  action  of  these  muscles,  where  it  is  habitual,  produces  a 
well-defined,  horizontal  wrinkle  across  the  chin  at  its  middle  range, 
which  becomes  a  permanent  feature  when  the  sentiment  of  Scorn 
is  habitually  felt. 

Habitual  scorn  is  petty  in  its  action,  so  also  is  excessive  self- 
esteem  when  exhibited  by  small  characters;  yet  it  is  different  in  its 
manifestations.  A  woman  once  said  to  another  of  a  man  who  had 
injured  her:  "Do  you  not  hate  him?"  To  which  the  former 
replied:  "  Hate  him?  No;  I  would  not  expend  so  much  sentiment 
upon  him."  This  is  fine  scorn  and  true  self-esteem,  supported  by 
reason  and  common  sense. 

Contempt  and  Scorn  are  two  excellent  qualities  when  used  in 
their  legitimate  sphere,  viz.,  in  despising  what  is  low,  vulgar, 
mean,  ignoble,  vicious,  corrupt,  depraved,  and  immoral;  but  to  use 
it  toward  the  poor,  the  weak,  the  ignorant  and  unfortunate  is  to 
prove  its  possessor  still  lower  and  more  unfortunate. 

ANALYSIS   OF   ENTHUSIASM. 

The  transition  from  the  contemplation  of  Scorn  to  the  analysis 
of  Enthusiasm  is  like  tasting  of  spice  in  order  to  dispel  the  flavor 
of  some  bitter  pill,  and  really  to  the  lover  of  noble  character  the 
exhibition  of  any  ignoble  trait  in  others  is  most  disagreeable  and 
unpalatable.  Enthusiasm  in  young  or  old  is  most  commendable, 
and  is  usually  allied  to  noble  deeds  or  noble  aspirations. 

It  is  Enthusiasm  that  moves  the  world.  It  is  Enthusiasm  that 
leads  to  great  discoveries, — to  inventions, — to  great  moral  and 
governmental  reforms,  and  to  all  the  numerous  and  varied  achieve- 
ments of  art,  science,  religion,  morals,  and  all  lofty  and  noble  aims. 
In  every  community  there  arc  always  a  few  who  by  superiority  of 
organization  are  able  to  influence  and  lead  the  rest.  This  proceeds 
as  much  from  their  superior  quality  of  enthusiasm  as  from  their 
superior  strength  of  mental  faculties. 

In  studying  the  biographies  of  all  those  who  have  led  the 
world  in  thought  and  action,  in  government,  in  war,  in  science, 
and  in  art,  we  shall  find  that  they  were  capable  of  arousing  in 
others  that  faculty  of  which  they  possessed  a  superabundance — 
Enthusiasm.  Had  Columbus  not  been  an  enthusiast,  America 
might  not  have  been  discovered.  Had  Raphael  not  been  an 
enthusiast,  the  wonderful  painting  of  the  '*  Crucifixion "  and  his 
beautiful  Madonnas  and  his  numberless  other  magnificent  works 
of  art  would  not  have  found  the  light.  Had  not  Martin  Luther 
been  an  enthusiast,  religious  freedom  would  not  have  been  given 


268  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

to  the  world.  Analyze  the  leading  and  foremost  characters  of 
History,  both  male  and  female,  and  we  shall  find  that  the  moving 
and  propelling  force  behind  all  their  other  qualities  was  the  attribute 
of  Enthusiasm. 

Let  it  be  understood  that  active  enthusiasm  is  not  to  be  con- 
founded with  that  spirit  of  torpid  devotion  which  is  exhibited  by  a 
class  of  the  religious,  so  called,  whose  mission,  it  seems,  is  to 
hang  back  and  criticise  the  active  workers.  It  is  pertinent  that  I 
should  mark  the  distinction  here  between  these  two  classes,  one 
of  which  has  wan  freedom,  knowledge,  wisdom,  beauty,  comfort, 
and  happiness  for  the  world,  while  the  other  has  contented  itself 
with  a  selfish,  torpid,  and  inactive  contemplation,  believed  by  its 
subjects  to  be  the  best  means  by  which  to  attain  happiness  for 
themselves  in  a  future  state  of  existence.  The  contrast  between 
these  two  classes  of  persons  is  most  striking  and  serves  to  show 
that  a  cool,  firm,  determined  purpose  to  do  something  for  one's 
own  selfish  use,  although  it  may  be  brought  about  by  ignoring 
practical,  worldly  methods  and  advantages,  is  not  the  highest  kind 
of  enthusiasm,  and,  although  much  admired  in  the  middle  ages, 
has  quite  gone  out  of  fashion  now,  altliough  there  is  a  feeble 
attempt  on  the  part  of  our  more  superstitious  people  to  carry  out 
the  teachings  of  esoteric  Buddhism  and  other  occult  and  undemon- 
strative tlieories;  yet  these  will  not  succeed  to  any  extent,  for  it  is 
not  possible  to  engraft  very  strongly  upon  a  bony,  practical  race 
the  theories  of  a  nation  of  dreamers  and  unpractical  theorists. 
The  practical  influences  surrounding  the  masses  will  neutralize 
appreciably  all  attempts  of  those  most  developed  in  the  faculty  of 
Credenciveness  to  foist  upon  the  public  of  this  country  such  non- 
sensical and  unprovable  fables.  The  scientific  spirit  and  knowledge 
of  this  age  is  too  well  developed  to  accept  these  Oriental  faiths, 
which  are  not  in  harmony  with  the  grade  of  evolution  which  the 
people  of  the  northern  races  have  reached.  This  is  not  in  harmony 
with  the  present  spirit  of  investigation,  nor  in  the  line  of  modern 
thought,  wliich  tends  rather  toward  the  strictly  practical.  The 
enthusiasm  of  the  present  age  seeks  more  active  outlets;  and 
if  expeditions  to  the  North  Pole  do  not  cool  the  ardor  of  those 
engaged  in  them,  the  enthusiastic  investigations  into  the  proper- 
ties of  electricity,  or  the  destructive  powers  of  explosives,  will 
keep  alive  a  natural  and  useful  degree  of  this  most  exalting 
quality  of  the  human  mind  which  is  shared  in  common  with 
the  race. 

The  muscles  assist  Art,  Enthusiasm,  and  many  great  and 
noble  eftbrts ;  they  are  also  the  source  of  many  disorders,  very 
many  of  which  can  be  remedied  by  self-control  and  by  becoming 


ANALYSES   OF   LAZINESS,    OBSTINACY,    CONTRARINESS.  269 

• 

interested  in  some  unselfish  undertaking.  Thus,  by  diverting  the 
action  of  the  muscles  into  new  channels  the  primary  trouble  is 
overcome. 

ANALYSIS  OF   LAZINESS. 

There  are  several  classes  of  those  who  are  congenitally  lazy, 
but  the  two  most  common  ones  are  those  who  are  inert  by  reason 
either  of  too  much  fatty  matter  or  by  having  too  large  and  too 
heavy  bones,  or  a  bony  system  so  much  in  excess  of  the  muscular 
that  it  is  an  effort  to  rise  or  to  move  about  actively. 

Others  who  are  congenitally  indolent  are  defectively  organized 
in  other  ways — some  lack  ambition  or  self-esteem,  or  are  very 
selfish,  or  are  so  mentally  defective  as  to  have  very  few  mental 
tastes  to  gratify ;  but,  by  whomsoever  laziness  is  manifested,  that 
character  is  certainly  defective  in  some  department  of  his  organism. 
Some  are  too  delicately  organized  to  be  actively  useful ;  such 
fragile  beings  are  to  be  pitied.  The  remedy  for  such  beings  is  to 
live  much  out  of  doors,  to  practice  light  gymnastics,  eat  food  that 
can  be  easily  assimilated,  and  endeavor  to  tone  up  the  system  by 
hygienic  treatment. 

ANALYSIS  OF   OBSTINACY. 

Obstinacy  proceeds  from  a  disproportion  between  the  bones 
and  the  muscles,  whereby  the  former  are  too  large  and  heavy  for 
the  muscles  to  move.  The  joints  in  obstinate  subjects  are  large, 
and  resemble  those  of  the  ass.  Stupidity  or  mental  obtuseness  of 
some  sort  is  always  manifested  by  the  excessively  obstinate.  It  is 
a  defective  condition,  and  shows  that  it  is  such  by  the  peculiarities 
of  the  disposition  or  by  feeble  mentality.  Many  obstinate  people 
show  in  their  face  the  absence  of  certain  traits  ;  the  observing 
faculties  in  some  are  relatively  feeble ;  in  others,  absence  of  color 
of  the  eyes ;  in  others,  want  of  good  reasoning  faculties ;  in  others 
still,  Conscientiousness  is  wanting.  Whatever  be  the  cause,  the 
face  as  well  as  the  entire  body  will  reveal  the  defect.  Parents 
should  endeavor  to  ascertain  what  the  defect  is  and  then  take 
measures  to  level  up  the  weak  part  of  the  character.  If  it  cannot 
be  eradicated  it  can  be  modified  by  judicious  training. 

ANALYSIS   OF   CONTRARINESS. 

Contrariness  is  often  confounded  with  obstinacy  by  those  not 
accustomed  to  analyze  closely.  Their  methods  of  action  are  quite 
different,  and  their  results  also.  Obstinacy  is  a  firm,  persistent, 
unyielding  force.  Contrariness  is  a  shifting,  changeable,  incon- 
sistent trait, — now  agreeing,  again  opposing.     Such  characters  are 


270  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

• 

unreliable ;  one  never  knows  what  position  they  will  maintain. 
Generally  the  last  one  who  converses  with  a  contrary  character  is 
able  to  gain  and  hold  his  approval  of  a  plan  proposed.  Contrari- 
ness is  a  peculiarity  of  the  muscular  system,  and  shows  by  un- 
common ease  of  the  joints  and  too  great  flexibility  of  the  muscles. 
The  peculiarity  of  structure  causes  the  muscles  to  shift  and  change 
rapidly,  first  in  one  direction  and  then  in  another.  Those  mani- 
festing it  often  possess  crookedness  of  some  of  the  features  of  the 
face  as  well  as  of  the  limbs. 

A  disproportion  between  the  bones  and  muscles  is  the  cause 
of  this  defect.  The  bones  being  relatively  small  and  often  round, 
and  the  muscles  very  flexible,  this  form  of  structure  creates  a 
shifting,  changeable,  and  often  brilliant  mind  in  the  direction  of  art 
or  literature.  The  moral  sense  of  this  class  is  relatively  feeble : 
Self-esteem  wanting ;  Firmness  at  zero,  and  all  of  the  substantial 
traits  absent;  yet  Generosity  and  Sympathy  present,  as  well  as 
Amativeness  and  Love  of  Young,  while  CommerciaHsm,  Specula- 
tion, and  Acquisitiveness  are  large. 

These  analyses  of  defects  serve  to  show  how  important  is  a 
balanced  condition  of  all  of  the  organs  and  systems  of  the  body. 
Man  in  all  ages  has  shown  his  instinctive  appreciation  of  symmetry 
by  his  love  and  appreciation  of  symmetrically-built  women ;  of 
these  very  few  will  be  produced  until  the  present  abnormal 
taste  in  regard  to  the  female  figure  is  modified.  Not  until  the 
small,  wine-glass-shaped  waist  is  known  to  be  a  more  awful  species 
of  deformity  than  any  produced  by  savages,  and  this  changed  to 
the  normal  form,  which  is  just  the  reverse  of  the  former,  shall  we 
have  the  highest  type  of  human  symmetry  and  real  tliorough-hred 
human  beings. 

Practical  and  scientific  physiognomy  teaches  that  all  defects 
can  be  remedied  to  a  large  extent ;  hence,  the  defectively  consti- 
tuted need  not  despair  of  improvement.  Were  it  not  that  human 
nature  is  most  malleable  there  would  be  no  hope  for  the  wicked; 
but  this  science  teaches  not  only  how  to  improve  those  who  are 
congenitally  imperfect,  but  it  also  shows  how  to  generate  improved 
or  superior  oftspring.  Progress  is  the  eternal  law  of  Nature; 
hence,  physiognomy  does  not  condemn  the  unfortunate  to  endless 
suffering ;  neither  does  it  lead  to  fatalism,  as  do  many  theologies, 
but  bids  humanity  work  for  that  perfectness  which  is  sure  to  be 
the  reward  of  those  who  apply  the  laws  of  Nature  intelligently. 
That  old  slander  upon  science,  viz.,  that  "  it  leaves  man  without 
hope  for  the  future,"  is  entirely  disproved  by  physiognomy,  for 
above  and  beyond  all  theologies  it  shows  him  that  absolute  bodily 
perfection  and  eternal  happiness  is  the  destiny  of  all  who  are 
generated  and  governed  by  natural  law. 


Part  II. 

Practical  Physiognomy, 


(271) 


CHAPTER  I. 

Practical  Physiognomy. 


THE   THREE  NATURAL  AND  PRIMITIVE  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  FACE  CREATED 
BY   THE   MOUTH,   THE    NOSE,    AND   THE   EYES. 

THE  MOUTH.— Nature  has  divided  the  face  into  three 
primary  and  principal  divisions,  each  of  these  divisions 
having  for  a  centre  a  feature  which  is  representative  of 
a  certain  organ  system  within  the  body.  The  mouth  is 
the  centre  of  the  most  primitive  system  of  functions,  viz., 
that  of  digestion,  and  this  feature  and  its  surroundings  as  we  find 
them  in  developed  man  disclose 
the  size,  power,  and  condition 
of  the  various  organs  and  func- 
tions which  assist  the  processes 
of  digestion,  viz.,  secretion,  ex- 
cretion, growth,  and  reproduc- 
tion,— the  primitive  functions. 
This  division  is  named  the 
vegetative  system,  and  is  mainly 
chemical  in  its  action. 

The  Nose. — The  nose  is 
the  centre  of  the  second  nat- 
ural division  of  the  face,  and 
represents  by  its  form,  height, 
and  size  of  the  nostrils  the 
size  and  vigor  of  the  lungs, 
heart,  liver,  and  stomach;  also 
the  activity  of  the  brain,  for 
lungs,  heart,  and  brain  stand 
in  direct  relationship  with  each 
other.  The  activity  of  the 
brain  is  dependent  upon  the  rate  of  motion  of  the  circulation  of 
the  blood  for  its  ability  to  perform  rapid,  clear,  and  strong  thinking. 
The  larger  the  nostrils,  the  broader  the  thorax,  and  generally  the 
middle  portion  of  the  face. 

The  Eyes. — The  eyes  form  the  third  natural  centre  of  a  group 
of  local  signs   of  character.     The   eyes   indicate,  primarily,   the 

(273) 


Fio.    12.— THE     THREE     NATURAL     AND 
PRIMITIVE  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  FACE. 


18 


274  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOxMY. 

ability  for  receiving  sensations  and  impressions  by  virtue  of  the 
connection  with  and  expansion  of  the  optic  nerve;  and,  secondly, 
the  capacity  for  motion  by  virtue  of  their  muscular  formation, 
which  exceeds  in  variety  of  movement,  as  well  as  excessive  mus- 
cular development,  any  other  portion  of  the  muscular  system; 
hence,  the  eye  is  properly  the  facial  representative  of  that  system. 

The  eye  represents  by  its  size  the  muscular  development  of 
the  entire  body.  The  large,  full,  convex  eye  denotes  more  power- 
ful muscles  than  the  small,  sunken  eye.  The  large  eye  is  the  eye 
of  magnitude,  the  small  eye  the  eye  of  accuracy.*  The  degree  of 
brightness  of  the  eye  reveals  the  quuUtij  of  the  brain  and  nervous 
system. 

These  three  natural  divisions  of  the  face  are  related  to  and 
exhibit  the  signs  of  the  five  superior  systems  of  the  body,  viz.,  the 
vegetative,  the  thoracic,  the  muscular,  the  osseous,  and  brain  and 
nerve  systems.  The  predominance  of  one  of  these  systems  over 
the  others  creates  a  distinct  mental  character  and  an  entirely 
different  bodily  form. 

The  first  division  (A,  Fig.  12  )  indicates  the  vegetative 
functions.  Its  development  creates  and  sustains  the  moral,  domes- 
tic, and  social  functions  and  faculties.  The  dominance  of  this 
system  is  indicated  by  soft,  fatty  tissue  all  over  the  body;  full 
cheeks;  large,  globular  face ;  wide  mouth,  fuUhps;  round,  fat  chin; 
the  nose  short  and  broad;  small,  sleepy  eyes;  low,  narrow  forehead; 
small  head,  large  abdomen;  short,  lat  arms,  legs,  hands,  and  feet; 
and  short,  round  body. 

The  second  grand  division  (B,  Fig.  12)  exhibits  the  signs  for  all 
functions  which  create  and  sustain  architectural  or  formative  efforts, 
both  in  the  body  and  externally,  in  mechanism,  art,  literature,  etc. 
It  is  very  properly  denominated  "  architectural "  because  it  discloses 
the  signs  for  all  the  constructive  powers  inherent  in  the  human 
body  and  mind.  The  functions  which  are  exhibited  by  signs  in 
this  division  of  the  face  are  mainly  mechanical,  and  are  illustrated 
in  the  mechanism  of  man's  body.  For  example,  the  several  lever 
powers  in  the  interaction  of  the  bones  and  muscles;  the  pulley  in 
one  of  the  muscles  of  the  eye;  the  hinge-joint  in  the  elbow,  ankle, 
and  knee;  the  ball-and-socket  joint  in  the  articulation  of  tlie  thigli- 
joint;  the  principle  of  the  valve  in  the  heart,  pylorus,  and  veins; 
while  the  mechanical  principles  of  acoustics,  optics,  pneumatics, 
magnetism,  capillaiy  attraction,  and  gravitation  are  all  included 
in  the  organs  and  functions  which  are  represented  in  this  division 
of  the  face.  The  mental  powers  wliich  are  exhibited  and  sustained 
by  the  action  of  these  several  mechanical  principles  enable  one  to 

*  The  mechanical  construction,  also,  must  be  perfect  in  order  to  produce  accuracy  of  vision. 


THE   THREE    NATURAL   DIVISIONS   OF   THE   FACE. 


275 


illustrate  in  his  work,  whether  in  architecture,  art,  or  fiction,  the 
same  formative^  constructive  principles. 

The  third  natural  division  of  the  face  (C,  Fig.  12)  represents 
the  developed  brain  and  nervous  system,  and  discloses  the  local 
signs  for  abstract  reason,  mathematical  ability,  and  intuition. 

These  three  grand  divisions  of  primitive  man  and  of  childhood 
have  in  the  highly-developed  mature  human  being  a  superaddition 


Blathematioal  and  Reasoning. 


Mechanical  and  Practical. 


FlO.  13.— THE  FFV^E  PRACTICAL  SUBDIVISIONS  OF  THE  FACE. 


of  faculties  which  are  the  result  of  evolutionary  progress  and 
refinement,  and  are  not  primitive  faculties  except  in  their  rudiment- 
ary state.  In  infancy,  as  well  as  in  undeveloped  races,  many  of 
the  facial  signs  of  character  are  not  recognizable  because  the  facial 
features  are  not  developed  fully — the  nose  and  chin,  for  example; 
neither  are  the  functions  of  the  several  organ  systems  of  the  body 
matured  in  youth.  The  reproductive  system  is  not  functionally 
active,  nor  are  the  bones  complete  in  number — the  teeth,  for  ex- 
ample. Many  of  the  bones  of  the  body  are  not  completely  ossified 
and  perfected  in  childhood.     A  good  physiognomist  can  readily 


276  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

recognize  the  latent  powers  by  reference  to  those  parts  of  the  same 
system  which  are  developed. 

The  dominance  of  the  thoracic  system  causes  the  formation  of 
.one  distinct  form,  while  the  preponderance  of  the  osseous  system 
produces  another  quite  different  formation  of  body  and  distinct 
mental  powers.  The  muscular  system  in  the  ascendency  creates 
another  variety  of  body  and  mind,  while  the  brain  and  nervous 
system  creates  yet  another  distinct  formation  of  body.  As  these 
are  all  described  in  Chapter  III,  a  minute  description  of  them  here 
is  unnecessary. 

The  Five  Practical  Subdivisions  of  the  Face. 

the  facial  signs  of  the  physiological  organs  and  functions. 

In  describing  the  signs  of  character  in  the  five  subdivisions 
of  the  face,  I  have  decided  to  first  give  the  signs  for  the  physical 
functions,  and  follow  with  the  signs  for  the  mental  faculties  and 
domestic  sentiments,  which  are  created  by  the  development  of  the 
physical  functions. 

•  Digestion,  or  Alimentiveness. — The  five  subdivisions  of  the 
face  not  only  unfold  all  of  man's  mental  character,  but  at  the  same 
time  disclose  all  the  peculiarities  of  his  physiological  and  anatomi- 
cal structure.  The  first  division  reveals,  by  the  size  of  the  mouth, 
the  lips,  and  fuUness  of  the  cheeks,  that  the  process  of  digestion 
or  assimilation  of  nutriment  is  perfect;  but  where  the  mouth  is 
narrow,  the  lips  thin,  and  the  cheeks  hollow,  we  find  not  only  poor 
digestive  capacity,  but  corresponding  enfeebled  mental  powers; 
for  in  the  vegetative  system,  where  assimilation  of  both  liquid 
and  solid  food  takes  place,  size  of  the  apparatus  involved  counts 
for  a  good  deal,  and  here  size  is  more  indicative  of  power  and 
capacity  than  in  any  of  the  higher  divisions;  that  is  to  say,  this 
department  is  less  dependent  upon  quality  than  are  the  signs  for 
mental  powers. 

As  we  ascend  the  scale  of  progressive  evolution,  quality, 
refinement,  and  intensity  of  the  higher  faculties  take  the  place 
of  mere  size  as  an  active  agent  in  producing  high  characteristics. 
Yet  size  of  the  mouth  is  one  indicator  of  mental  capacity,  for 
without  good  nutritive  capacity  the  mind  would  become  enfeebled 
and  decay. 

In  order  that  the  reader  may  comprehend  the  exact  position 
of  the  facial  signs  for  the  visceral  organs  and  other  bodily  systems, 
I  introduce  figure  on  opposite  page,  upon  which  are  marked  the 
positions  of  the  signs  of  all  those  great  formative  visceral  organs 


THE  FIVE   PRACTICAL   SUBDIVISIONS   OF   THE   FACE. 


277 


i 


which,  in  a  state  of  normalcy,  produce  beauty  and  strength  both 
of  feature  and  expression,  and  in  an  abnormal  condition  disclose 
both  weakness  of  function  and  ugliness  of  feature  and  expression. 
These  signs  form  one  of  my  greatest  discoveries,  and  have  been  said 
by  many  able  pliysicians  to  be  "  properly  a  part  of  medical  science." 
This  may  be  taken  for  granted,  for,  when  the  signs  of  all  the  vis- 
ceral organs  have  been  discovered  and  their  normal  and  abnormal 


Fig.  14.— location  OF  THE  SIGNS  FOR  THE  VISCERAL  ORGANS. 

The  si^s  for  the  visceral  organs  in   the  face  can  be  discerned  by  the  following 
indications  :— 

1.  The  Kidneys.    Width  of  the  bony  structure  of  the  chin. 

2.  The  Intestines.    Fullness  and  redness  of  the  cheeks. 

8.  The  Glands.    Fullness,  redness,  and  moisture  of  the  lower  lip. 

4.  The  Mammary  Glands.    Downward  curving  of  the  corners  of  the  lower  lip. 

5.  The  Reproductive  System.    Fullness,  redness,  and  moisture  of  the  centre  of  the 

upper  lip. 

6.  The  Spinal  Column.     Length  of  the  upper  lip. 

7.  The  I^iver.    Downward  projection  of  the  septum  of  the  nose  near  the  junction 

with  the  lip. 

8.  The  Lungs.    Large  nostrils  and  healthy  color  of  the  skin. 

9.  The  Heart.    Large  nostrils  ;  also  general  development  of  the  muscular  system. 

10.  The  Stomach.     Height  and  width  of  the  bridge  of  the  nose. 

11.  The  Muscular  System.      The  eyes;  large,  convex  eyes  denote  large  development 

of  the  muscular  system. 

12.  The  Osseous  System. "  Projection  of  the  superciliary  ridges,  long  and  high  nose, 

square  chin. 

13.  The  Hrain  and  Nerve  System.    Broad  and  high  forehead,  pyriform-shaped  face, 

fine  skin  and  hair,  bright  eyes,  head  high  above  the  ears  and  well  forward  of 
the  ear-openings. 

14.  The  Sense  of  Hearing.    A  well-rounded  ear,  set  out  from  the  bead. 

appearances  noted,  the  intelligent  physician  can  make  use  of  this 
knowledge,  in  the  diagnosis  and  prognosis  of  a  disease,  by  being 
able  to  estimate  by  the  development  of  each  visceral  sign  in  the 
face  how  much  resistance  or  assistance  each  of  these  functions 
would  be  capable  of  during  the  progress  of  the  disorder 


278  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

There  cannot  be  the  shghtest  doubt  that  a  well-balanced  and 
normal  development  of  the  viscera  would  be  better  able  to  withstand 
the  ravages  of  a  disorder  than  an  ill-balanced  or  feeble  condition  of 
the  internal  organs.  In  many  subjects  there  exist  very  great  differ- 
ences of  degree  in  the  power  of  each  visceral  organ.  Some,  for 
example,  have  a  weak  stomach  and  a  strong  intestinal  system,  and, 
vice  versa  ;  others,  again,  show  a  weak  kidney  system  and  a  fair  de- 
velopment of  the  lungs ;  others,  still,  exhibit  great  muscular  energy 
and  a  weak  liver.  All  of  these  variations  of  organ  and  function 
are  to  be  found  graven  upon  the  face, — the  only  suitable  locality 
for  such  registration  in  the  human  organism. 

To  facilitate  the  comprehension  of  these  discrepancies  I  have 
prepared  the  figure  on  page  277,  and  follow  it  with  a  description  of 
the  signs  of  faculties  and  functions  in  the  face.  They  are  entirely 
reliable,  making  allowance,  of  course,  for  those  transient  appear- 
ances which  do  not  indicate  a  congenital  form  of  feature,  as,  for 
example,  hollow  cheeks  may  follow  emaciation  caused  by  disease, 
which,  upon  a  return  to  normal  healtli,  become  full,  but  the  sign 
in  such  cases  for  poor  digestion,  viz.,  hollow  cheeks,  is  the  indica- 
tion only  of  the  temporary  suspension  of  that  function. 

The  Glands. — We  have  found  that  the  mouth,  the  first  facial 
feature  evolved,  discloses  by  its  size,  etc.,  the  power  and  capacity 
of  the  entire  alimentary  canal.  We  shall  discover,  if  we  observe 
closely,  that  the  lower  lip  discloses,  by  its  fullness,,  redness  and 
moisture,  the  development  of  the  glandular  system,  which  is  one 
portion  of  the  digestive  tract.  The  glands  are  a  most  powerful 
adjunct  to  digestion  and  nutrition,  as  has  been  explained  elsewhere. 
A  thin,  dry,  and  bloodless  lower  lip  discloses  the  poverty  of  the 
glandular  system  as  well  as  the  absence  of  its  associated  sentiment, 
Sympathy,  Generosity,  or  Benevolence. 

The  Reproductive  System.  —  This  system  combines  in  its 
operation  several  important  glands,  both  in  the  male  and  female, 
as  well  as  a  number  of  muscular  organs  and  apparatus  of  a  carti- 
laginous nature;  hence  its  facial  signs  are  found  both  in  muscular 
and  glandular  tissues.  The  sign  for  the  reproductive  system  is 
shown  by  fullness,  redness,  and  moisture  of  the  centre  of  the  upper 
lip.  The  more  decided  are  these  signs,  the  more  decided  is  the 
vigor  and  strength  of  this  system.  A  thin,  pale  upper  lip  dis- 
closes a  relatively  weak  or  defective  reproductive  system,  together 
with  a  feeble  development  of  its  associated  sentiment,  Ama- 
tiveness. 

Lactation. — The  sign  which  adjoins  the  reproductive  system 
on  either  side  of  the  upper  lip  is  glandular  and  denominated  "  Love 
of  Young."     This  sign  is  shown  by  a  projection  downward  of  the 


THE  FIVE  PRACTICAL  SUBDIVISIONS  OP  TfiE  PACE.  279 

upper  lip  on  either  side  of  Amativeness ;  sometimes  the  Hps  droop 
to  such  an  extent  as  to  almost  overlap  the  lower  lip  just  as  is  seen 
in  dogs  and  cows.  Redness  and  moisture  of  this  portion  of  the 
upper  lip  is  indicative  of  normal  action  and  development  of  the 
function  of  lactation  and  also  of  its  associated  sentiment,  Love  of 
Offspring-.  Congenital  defect  in  the  development  of  this  function 
and  facidty  is  shown  by  a  tliin,  pale,  dry,  and  straight-cut  appear- 
ance at  this  portion  of  the  upper  lip,  A  good  development  of  this 
portion  of  the  face  announces  the  ability  to  nourish  and  sustain 
offspring,  by  a  development  of  those  glands  which  assist  directly 
in  the  sustentation  of  infants,  viz.,  the  mammary  glands. 

The  development  of  the  glandular  portion  of  the  alimentary 
tract,  as  indicated  by  fullness  and  redness  of  the  lips  and  cheeks, 
creates  and  sustains  at  least  nine  domestic  and  social  sentiments, 
viz. :  Economy,  Hospitality,  Patriotism,  Mirthfulness,  Approba- 
tiveness.  Friendship,  Amativeness,  Love  of  Young,  and  Benevolence. 

The  Kidneys. — Within  the  first  division  of  the  face  will  be 
found  the  sign  for  the  kidney  system,  which  is,  as  we  have  learned 
in  former  chapters,  a  primitive  system,  and  was  evolved  next  after 
the  intestinal  system.  The  sign  for  this  system  is  disclosed  by, 
and  is  located  in,  the  osseous  stnicture.  The  reason  for  this  is 
explained  in  full  in  Part  I,  Chapter  V.  The  principal  facial  sign 
for  this  system  is  shown  by  relative  width  of  the  ho7iy  structure 
of  the  chin ;  not  of  the  lower  jaw  at  its  angles,  but  of  the  chin 
below  the  mouth.  A  large  development  of  fat  does  not  neutralize 
the  significance  of  this  sign,  provided  the  osseous  structure  is 
proportionally  broad.  It  is  not  essential  that  the  chin  should 
present  a  spare  and  bony  appearance  in  order  to  give  the  sign 
its  full  significance  and  weight;  yet  at  the  same  time,  a  soft, 
fat,  round,  double  or  triple  chin,  although  it  may  have  a  good 
breadth  of  bone  underneath,  will  modily  the  nature  materially  of 
the  character  in  which  this  combination  is  found.  The  associated 
faculty  of  Conscientiousness  will  not  be  so  severely  and  sternly 
exercised  when  accompanied  by  a  large  amount  of  fat.  Justice 
will  be  tempered  by  mercy  in  such  subjects,  yet  honesty  and 
integrity  will  characterize  the  individual  thus  constructed. 

In  the  first  or  primitive  portion  of  the  face,  there  has  now 
been  shown  the  signs  for  the  primitive  functions  of  digestion,  viz., 
reproduction,  secretion  (by  the  glands)  and  excretion  by  the  kidneys 
and  intestines,  growth  by  assimilation  of  nutriment,  and  respiration 
or  mouth-breathing,  which  is  the  primitive  mode  of  inhalation. 
All  of  these  functions  depend  upon  the  organs  above  mentioned 
for  their  power  to  act.  The  sentiments  derived  from  the  functional 
action  of  these  systems  and  organs  are  primitive  or  domestic,  and 


280  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

relate  to  the  preservation  of  the  individual  and  the  reproduction 
and  sustentation  of  the  race.  The  sentiments  derived  from  them 
are  related  to  the  preservation  of  offspring,  the  storing  of  food  by 
economy,  love  of  the  domicile,  whether  of  hut,  cave,  tent,  or  house, 
and  love  of  the  country  where  one's  interests  are  centred.  The 
moral  sentiment  of  conscientiousness  or  integrity  relates  not  only 
to  morality  as  an  ethical  sentiment,  but  in  its  primitive  and  physio- 
logical aspect,  where  the  kidney  or  fluid  system  of  the  body  has 
performed  its  work  perfectly,  iidegrlty  or  soundness  of  all  the  tjssues 
and  organs  is  assured.  This  primitive  group  of  associated  physical 
functions  and  mental  faculties  is  most  significant  as  well  as  beauti- 
ful and  harmonious,  and  no  observing  person  can  for  one  moment 
doubt  the  accuracy  of  the  philosophy  which  expounds  their  action, 
nor  the  propriety  of  the  localization  of  their  signs  in  the  mouth 
and  adjacent  parts. 

In  the  preceding  pages  there  has  been  given  a  practical  method 
by  which  to  ascertain  and  locate  the  signs  for  all  the  primitive  or 
vegetative  functions.  The  method  of  localizing  the  higher  develop- 
ments, viz.,  the  liver,  the  lungs,  the  heart,  the  muscles,  the  bones, 
and  brain,  will  now  be  unfolded. 

The  Lungs  and  Heart. — The  lungs  and  heart  in  all  normally 
constituted  bodies  must  always  stand  in  harmonious  relationship 
with  each  other.  If  the  lungs  be  large  and  strong,  the  heart  will 
necessarily  be  of  corresponding  size  and  vigor  in  order  to  receive 
the  large  amount  of  blood  which  the  lungs  oxygenate;  and  as  a 
rule,  where  the  circulation  of  the  blood  is  strong  and  rapid,  the 
liver  in  its  action  partakes  of  this  activity  and  assists  by  its  secreting 
powers  the  cleansing  and  purifying  of  the  blood,  which  is  its  func- 
tion. Thus,  in  the  next  upward  progressive  step  in  the  evolution 
of  the  organs,  we  come  to  consider  the  claims  of  the  liver,  heart, 
and  lungs. 

The  nostrils,  by  their  size  and  form,  bear  direct  relationship 
to  the  lungs  and  also  to  the  heart  through  their  mutual  relation- 
ship and  intimate  interaction.  The  size  of  the  nostrils  denotes 
the  size  of  the  lungs  and  related  size  and  vigor  of  the  heart.  The 
shape  of  the  nostrils  announces  the  shape  of  the  lungs.  If  the 
nostrils  are  round,  the  lungs  will  partake  of  the  same  form.  If 
the  nostrils  are  pinched  and  narrow,  forming  a  knife-blade-like  slit, 
the  lungs  will  possess  a  corresponding  formation  and  a  correspond- 
ing lack  of  vigor. 

The  Liver. — The  color  of  the  skin  is  an  infallible  indicator 
of  the  condition  of  the  liver.  If  the  skin  be  clear,  the  liver  is  in 
good  order  and  acting  normally;  but  the  local  sign  for  a  well- 
developed,  vigorous  liver  is  known  by  the  downward  projection  of 


THE  FIVE   PRACTICAL   SUBDIVISIONS   OP   THE   FACE.  281 

the  septum  or  middle  partition  of  the  nose,  and  in  the  locahzing 
of  this  sign  we  have  another  remarkable  group  of  functional  signs 
which,  in  their  action  within  the  body,  mutually  assist  and  con- 
dition each  other,  and  stand  in  close  and  intimate  relationship. 
Now,  upon  the  vigor  and  power  of  these  three  great  organs,  the 
heart,  the  liver,  and  lungs,  man  depends  for  his  ability  to  think 
clearly,  strongly,  and  prolbundly.  If  any  one  doubt  this  statement 
let  him  examine,  say,  one  hundred  persons  of  all  ages  and  sexes, 
whose  nostrils  are  narrow  and  small  and  whose  nasal  septum  is 
not  developed  downward,  and  compare  them  with  one  hundred 
whose  nostrils  are  large  and  round,  or  large  and  long,  and  whose 
nasal  septum  is  well  developed,  and  he  will  become  convinced  of 
the  active  part  which  lungs,  heart,  and  liver  play  in  the  manifesta- 
tion of  intellectual  power. 

We  have  now  located  the  signs  for  the  primitive  organs,  and 
considered  three  others  which  assist  m  shaping  and  forming  the 
outlines  of  the  body ;  for,  as  we  shall  see  later,  although  the  pre- 
ponderance of  the  primitive  functions  creates  a  sort  of  globular 
formation  of  the  face,  features,  and  body,  yet  the  vegetative  person 
is  never  so  sharphj  outlined  as  where  there  is  in  combination  a 
fine  thoracic  development ;  for  nose-breathing  is  a  high  function, 
and  those  who  can  breathe  vigorously  through  the  nose  present 
more  strongly-defined  outlines  than  do  those  whose  thorax  is  flat 
and  depressed.  Large  lungs  and  a  high,  arched  chest  belong 
together,  and  here  we  find  the  outline  which  exhibits  the  greatest 
power  in  all  of  Nature's  works.  We  may  set  it  down  as  a 
principle  in  architecture  that  when  a  building  or  a  body  has 
well-defined  arches  in  its  outlines  great  strength  is  present.  In 
this  illustration  we  find  that  the  lungs  contribute  to  fashion  the 
outline  of  both  nose  and  chest.  We  shall  find,  in  the  course  of  our 
physiognomical  studies  in  these  pages,  that  not  only  do  the  lungs 
create  the  shape  of  the  chest  and  nose,  but  also  fashion  the  out- 
lines of  the  forehead.  The  heart  by  its  size  and  action  assists  in 
forming  the  shape  of  the  forehead,  and  a  skillful  physiognomist 
can  as  easily  describe  the  shape  of  the  forehead  by  observation  of 
the  formation  of  the  chest  as  he  can  by  looking  at  the  forehead 
itself,  so  surely  do  these  great  visceral  organs  create  external  forms. 
And  for  this  reason  I  have  in  my  system  of  physiognomy  denomi- 
nated the  great  middle  division  of  the  face  the  "Architectural," 
for  here  are  situated  the  signs  for  all  those  great  formative  organs 
of  which  the  nose  and  nostrils  are  the  centre  and  exponent.  The 
placing  of  the  sign  for  the  liver  in  the  septum  of  the  nose  is  most 
significant  and  highly  appropriate,  for  inasmuch  as  the  liver,  heart, 
and  lungs  bear  direct  and  intimate  relations  with  each  other,  and 


^82  PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

as  they  are  placed  in  the  body  in  such  contiguity  as  to  facilitate 
their  interaction,  so  it  is  logical  to  infer  that  their  facial  signs 
would  be  placed  in  such  position  of  intimacy  as  would  reveal  their 
locality.  Sucli,  indeed,  is  the  case,  and  it  was  by  this  inductive 
process  of  reasoning  that  I  have  been  enabled  to  make  many  of 
my  discoveries,  aided  by  years  of  research  and  observation. 

Thus,  the  signs  for  the  lungs,  heart,  and  liver  form  a  group 
most  closely  associated,  and  point  to  the  intimate  relationship  of 
the  organs  of  which  they  stand  representative;  and  when  the 
reader  takes  up  the  consideration  of  the  grouping  of  the  mental 
signs  he  will  be  as  much  surprised  at  tliis  felicitous  method  of 
grouping  as  he  is  at  the  appropriateness  of  the  placing  of  the 
functional  signs  in  the  face. 

The  Stomach. — The  upper  portion  of  the  nose,  usually  de- 
nominated the  "bridge,"  represents  by  its  width  and  height  above 
the  plane  of  the  face  the  size  and  vigor  of  the  stomach.  The  stomach 
is  mainly  a  muscular  organ,  and  hence  belongs  to  the  architectural 
division,  for  muscles  assist  in  creating  form  and  shape.  Noses  flat 
and  depressed  at  the  centre  indicate  a  weak  stomach  as  compared 
to  those  which  are  high  and  broad.  Breadth  here  as  elsewhere  in 
man's  organization  denotes  strength.  As  the  body  rises  to  the 
dignity  of  muscles,  muscular  organs,  and  bones,  the  form  becomes 
more  defined.  We  have  observed  how  comparatively  shapeless, 
by  reason  of  its  soft  tissues,  is  the  vegetative  system,  and  through 
lack  of  solid,  firm  materials ;  but  the  lungs,  heart,  and  stomach, 
being  composed  of  dense  and  firm  fibres,  and  preserving  consider- 
able mechanical  force  and  activity  as  well  as  a  fixed  and  distinct 
formation,  contribute  greatly  to  fashion  and  determine  the  exterior 
outlines  of  tlie  body.  Not  only  do  they  contribute  by  their  own 
formation  to  define  the  outlines  of  the  thorax  where  they  are  situ- 
ated, but  their  operation  decides  the  outlines  of  the  forehead  and 
limbs  through  the  amount  of  blood  created  and  sent  to  the  distant 
parts  of  the  body  by  their  action.  Fluids,  it  is  true,  create  tissue, 
and  those  soft  tissues  as  seen  in  the  infant  do  not  assume  as  decided 
and  distinct  outlines  as  do  the  developed  bone  and  muscle  of  later 
years;  hence,  we  cannot  rank  the  stomach  with  the  vegetative 
organs,  although  it  is  one  of  the  principal  portions  of  the  digest- 
ive apparatus.  The  intestines,  it  will  be  recalled,  were  the  origi- 
nal primitive  organs  of  digestion,  and  the  stomach  has  evolved 
since  and  takes  rank  with  the  higher  muscular  organs.  Its  very 
motion  in  the  process  of  digestion  is  mechanical,  and  is  caused  by 
contraction  of  the  fibres  and  muscles  of  the  coats.  This  motion, 
termed  the  "  peristaltic  motion,"  is  the  main  part  of  its  office  in 
the  process  of  digestion,  the  chemical  or  vegetative  part  of  the  act 


THE  FIVE  PRACTICAL   StTBDIVlSlONS  OP  THE  FACE.  583 

being  inferior,  and,  although  the  gastric  juices  act  upon  the  nutri- 
ment in  the  stomach,  yet  the  vegetative  or  chemical  part  of  diges- 
tion is  performed  mainly  in  the  intestines ;  hence,  their  character 
and  office  in  the  human  economy  is  quite  distinct,  and  the  action 
of  these  two  organs  produces  distinct  formatiwis  and  character- 
istics. 

The  Muscular  or  Motive  System. — One  of  the  principal 
facial  signs  of  the  muscular  system  is  lieight  and  width  of  the 
nose  at  its  junction  with  the  forehead.  Where  the  muscular  sys- 
tem is  well  developed  all  over  the  body,  the  muscles  at  this  point 
will,  of  course,  be  correspondingly  developed. 

The  eye  is  also  one  of  the  principal  facial  signs  of  the  mus- 
cular system.  A  full,  convex  eye  announces  a  fine  development 
of  the  muscles,  while  a  small,  sunken  eye  indicates  an  inferior  de- 
velopment of  the  muscles.  The  height  observed  between  the  eyes 
(sign  for  Self-will)  where  the  nose  joins  the  forehead  is  caused  by 
the  intermingling  of  the  occipito-frontalis  and  the  corrugator  super- 
cilii  muscles.  Thus,  it  will  be  remarked  that  the  facial  signs  for 
the  muscular  system  are  situated  in  muscular  development.  These 
two  signs,  as  well  as  the  external  ear,  which  is  composed  of  muscle 
or  cartilage,  will  give  the  reader  all  the  signs  needed  for  ascer- 
taining the  amount  of  muscular  development  in  an  individual; 
although,  where  this  system  is  the  dominant  one,  many  other  cor- 
roborative signs  may  be  found  not  only  in  the  face  but  in  every 
outline  of  every  part  of  the  head  and  body ;  but  I  am  now  con- 
sidering facial  signs  alone. 

Motion. — In  using  the  eye  as  the  facial  representative  of  the 
muscular  system  I  do  so  for  the  reason  that  it  is  composed  mainly 
of  muscle ;  that  is  to  say,  it  derives  its  form  and  size  from  the  form 
and  size  of  the  muscles  involved,  and  as  Nature  is  harmonious  the 
form  and  size  of  the  muscles  of  one  part  of  the  body  will  agree  in 
development  with  the  muscular  development  of  all  tlie  other  parts 
of  the  same  body.  Hence,  it  will  be  observed  that  as  the  size  of 
the  eye  denotes  the  amount  of  muscular  development,  it  stands 
representative  of  the  function  of  motion,  for  those  who  possess  a 
well-developed  muscular  system  love  motion  and  move  with  more 
ease  and  rapidity  and  are  more  continuous  in  their  movements 
than  those  with  small,  sunken  eyes  and  less  muscular  develop- 
ment. Motion  is  also  related  to  Language  by  the  movements  of 
the  vocal  cord,  larynx,  tongue,  lips,  and  ear. 

Vision. — If  the  eye  were  composed  of  muscles  only  it  would 
not  be  an  organ  of  vision  ;  for  this  purpose  it  is  supplied  with  an 
appropriate  nervous  mechanism  which  is  connected  with  the  brain. 
It  is  also  suppHed  with  a  coloring  pigment  and  certain  glands 


284  PRACTICAL    AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

which  assist  its  operatons  ;  but  it  is  the  optic  nerve  which  by  its 
expansion  gives  the  sense  of  sight,  and  in  this  organ  we  have 
the  sign  for  the  development  of  the  nervous  system.  The  bright- 
ness of  the  eye  is  one  sign  of  the  quality  of  the  nervous  system. 
The  capacity  of  the  eye  to  receive  instant  and  accurate  impressions 
depends  upon  the  high  quahty  of  the  nervous  system  combined 
with  a  perfect  mechanical  construction,  and  brightness  of  the  eye 
is  one  of  the  facial  signs  for  high  quality. 

Hearing. — The  external  ear,  being  mainly  of  a  muscular  or 
cartilaginous  nature,  is  an  exponent  of  the  muscular  system,  and 
as  the  facial  signs  alone  are  now  being  described  it  is  quite  appro- 
priate to  make  mention  of  a  feature  so  nearly  related  to  those 
facial  features  which  stand  in  direct  relationship  to  the  ear.  The 
mouth,  larynx,  and  nose  are  all  concerned  in  the  production  of 
tone  or  sound ;  hence,  they  stand  in  close  and  intimate  relation- 
ship with  the  ear — the  organ  which  receives  and  judges  of  sound. 
The  most  muscular  ears  are  round,  short,  and  thick.  The  ears  of 
those  in  whom  the  osseous  system  is  supreme  are  relatively  thin- 
ner and  longer,  not  so  circular,  but  more  angular  or  elliptical  in 
their  outlines.  The  ear  of  the  vegetative  person  is  also  round, 
but  is  thicker  than  the  purely  muscular  ear,  and  shows  a  greater 
development  of  soft,  fatty  tissue  in  harmony  with  the  dominant 
development  of  the  rest  of  the  body. 

A  neck  thick  and  straight  at  the  back  is  another  sign  of  the 
predominance  of  the  muscular  system.  There  are  many  other  dis- 
tinguishing signs  of  this  tissue  in  various  parts  of  the  body,  which 
will  be  treated  of  in  their  proper  place. 

The  Osseous  System. — An  extended  description  of  the  bony 
system  is  not  given  here  for  the  reason  that  it  has  been  amplified 
in  the  third  chapter.  Suffice  it  to  say  that  the  principal  facial  sign 
for  this  system  is  shown  by  the  development  of  the  bones  of  the 
lower  part  of  the  forehead,  denominated  "  the  superciliary  ridges," 
or,  as  one  might  say  in  simple  language,  the  bones  of  the  eyebrows. 
Where  these  bones  project  greatly,  the  bony  system  of  the 
entire  body  is  correspondingly  developed.  It  is  true  that  other 
parts  of  the  face  disclose  the  predominance  of  this  system,  but  this 
is  the  most  reliable  and  also  the  most  prominent  bone  of  the  face. 
Where  this  system  has  supremacy,  the  bones  of  the  nose  will  be 
high  and  long  as  compared  to  a  purely  muscular  nose,  for  bone 
tends  to  lengthen  and  muscle  to  shorten  features  as  well  as 
the  trunk  and  limbs.  The  chin  is  relatively  long  and  wide,  also 
the  upper  lip  relatively  long,  the  forehead  square,  and  the  malar 
or  cheek-bones  prominent.  The  general  effect  produced  by  the 
predominance  of  the  osseous  system  is  squareness  and  length,  in 


t 


THE   FIVE   PRACTICAL   SUBDIVISIONS   OF  THE   FACE.  285 

contradistinction  to  the  muscular  system,  for  where  this  system  is 
in  the  ascendency  curves  and  arches  appear  in  every  part  of  the 
face  and  body.  Where  the  eyebrows  are  greatly  arched,  the 
osseous  system  is  not  so  well  developed  as  where  they  assume  a 
horizontal  shape.  The  reason  for  this  is  obvious ;  bones  produce 
straight  lines  and  angles,  while  muscle  creates  curves.  Character 
can  just  as  well  be  comprehended  by  understanding  and  applying 
these  basic  principles  of  Form  as  by  a  more  elaborate  examination, 
for  Form  comes  by  design  and  is  based  on  unchangeable  principles, 
hence  can  be  delineated  and  translated  into  charajcteA'. 

The  Brain  and  Nerve  System. — A  short  description  of  the 
external  form  of  this  system,  which  is  divided  into  four  principal 
divisions  (but  really  forming  one  system),  will  now  be  given.  Anato- 
mists divide  the  nervous  system  into  four  principal  parts,  viz,  the 
brain,  the  spinal  cord,  the  nerves,  and  the  ganglia.  The  student 
of  physiognomy  will  do  well  to  study  the  anatomical  and  physio- 
logical formation  of  this  most  important  system,  for,  taken  in 
connection  with  physiognomy,  it  will  be  most  valuable  and 
instructive. 

The  prominent  facial  signs  for  the  predominance  of  this  system 
are  width  and  height  of  the  forehead,  height  of  the  brain  above 
the  ears,  a  pyriform  or  pear-shaped  face,  the  nose  and  chin  rela- 
tively small ;  bright,  clear  eyes ;  fine,  thin,  sensitive  skin ;  small 
nostrils,  fine  hair,  and  thin  eyebrows.  These  signs  indicate  the 
supremacy  of  this  system  over  all  others.  Where  the  brain  system 
is  observed  in  combination  with  the  osseous  or  muscular  systems 
well  developed,  the  features  partake  of  some  of  tlie  distinguishing 
characteristics  of  all  of  these  systems.  Happily  there  are  very  few 
persons  in  the  community  who  exhibit  the  brain  system  in  the 
ascendency,  for  it  almost  always  denotes  delicacy  and  shortness  of 
life.  Unsupported  by  a  good  thoracic  development  and  strong 
digestive  powers,  a  large  brain,  even  of  the  highest  quality,  is  a 
serious  disadvantage,  for  the  unceasing  mental  activity  which  is 
characteristic  of  subjects  thus  formed  will  soon  wear  them  out. 
Smallness  of  the  bones  and  muscles  accompany  this  system  and 
show  its  extreme  delicacy  of  structure.  The  hands  and  feet  are 
relatively  small  and  thin,  the  chest  flat,  and  the  joints  small. 

If  we  were  to  depend  solely  upon  dissections  of  tlie  bmin 
to  guide  us  as  to  its  office  and  purpose  in  the  human  economy, 
we  should  be  quite  in  tlie  dark  in  regard  to  its  powers.  UnHke 
the  visceral  organs  of  the  body,  whose  operations  can  be  under- 
stood by  examining  them  in  the  dissecting-room,  the  brain  does 
not  disclose  its  capacity  for  thought  through  the  experiments  of 
anatomists.     We  are  obliged,  therefore,  to  pursue  other  methods 


286  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of  investigation  in  order  to  discover  its  mode  of  action  and  the 
meanings  of  its  external  formation.  The  study  by  physicians  of 
those  with  disordered  or  defective  minds,  together  with  the  investi- 
gation of  those  whose  brains  have  been  accidentally  injured,  has 
given  the  world  the  most  definite  knowledge  in  regard  to  the 
method  of  action  of  this  portion  of  man's  structure,  while  the 
observations  and  comparisons  of  physiognomists  have  advanced  our 
understanding  of  the  meaning  of  the  forms  of  the  brains  observed 
in  the  various  races  of  man. 

Great  attention  is  now  paid  to  the  training  of  the  feeble- 
minded and  imbecile,  as  well  as  to  the  treatment  of  the  insane, 
and  it  is  here  that  the  most  marked  advance  in  mental  knowledge 
has  been  made.  While  the  brain  and  nervous  system  is  in  a  nor- 
mal condition  and  acting  healthfully,  it  does  not  present  (strange  as 
it  may  seem)  so  fruitful  a  field  for  investigation  as  the  mind  in  dis- 
order ;  on  the  principle  that  a  man  would  never  think  of  inquiring 
into  the  construction  of  a  complete  piece  of  machinery  so  long  as 
all  went  well  with  it,  but  directly  it  becomes  disordered  and  per- 
forms its  work  poorly,  he  then  investigates  and  endeavors  to  remedy 
it  by  a  study  of  the  principles  involved  in  its  construction. 

As  physiognomists,  we  are  much  concerned  in  the  external 
shape  and  other  physical  indications  of  the  brain,  as  well  as  in  the 
laws  affecting  its  internal  action.  In  delineations  of  character  we 
can  derive  assistance  from  the  observations  and  research  of  phy- 
sicians to  the  insane,  and  of  anatomists  who  make  a  special  study  of 
this  portion  of  the  human  anatomy,  while  physiognomical  obser- 
vation can  also  be  of  assistance  to  these  classes  of  investigators. 

The  theoretical  division  of  this  work  has,  I  opine,  given  the 
reader  the  idea  that  other  organs  of  the  body  are  of  equal  impor- 
tance with  the  brain.  The  ancients  instinctively  comprehended 
this,  for  Taine  tells  us  that 

The  Greeks,  having  assigned  to  the  bodj'^  a  dignity  of  its  own,  were 
not  tempted  like  the  moderns  to  subordinate  it  to  the  head.  A  chest 
breathing  healthily,  a  trunk  resting  solidly  on  the  thighs,  and  a  nervous, 
supple  leg,  impelling  the  body  forward  with  ease,  they  did  not  occupy  them- 
selves solely  with  the  breadth  of  a  thoughtful  forehead,  with  the  frown  of 
an  irritated  brow,  or  a  turn  of  a  sarcastic  lip.* 

A  large  brain  of  liigh  quality^  together  with  large  lungs,  good 
digestive  and  fair  muscular  and  osseous  development,  will  exhibit 
uncommonly  great  mental  power ;  but  a  large  brain,  particularly  a 
large  front  brain,  without  most  of  these  accessories^  will  exhibit 
either  feebleness  and  dullness  of  mind  or  such  feebleness  of  body  as 
to  make  the  brain  of  little  practical  benefit.     A  moderate-sized 

*  Philosophy  of  Art,  H.  Taine,  p.  135. 


I 


THE  FIVE   PRACTICAL   SUBDIVISIONS   OF   THE.  FACE.  287 

brain  with  large  lungs  will  disclose  more  mental  vigor  than  a 
merely  large  front  brain,  for  the  largest  brains  on  record  have  been 
those  of  idiots. 

Touch. — The  entire  outer  skin-covering  is  the  organ  of  touch 
through  which  our  impression  of  temperature  and  the  divers 
qualities  of  objects  come  to  us.  The  finer  the  skin,  the  more  vivid, 
accurate,  and  powerful  will  be  the  capacity  for  receiving  impres- 
sions of  surrounding  objects  and  atmospheres,  etc.  The  tips  of  the 
fingers  and  the  tip  of  the  tongue  are  the  most  sensitive  to  tactile 
impressions. 

MENTAL    SIGNS   OF   CHARACTER   IN   THE   FACE. 

First  Subdivision  (I). — By  dividing  the  face  into  five  parts  we 
are  enabled  to  make  a  ready  estimate  of  the  relative  development 
of  these  several  subdivisions.  Where  there  is  great  length  or  great 
relative  lengtli  and  breadth  from  the  nostrils  downward,  including 
the  chin,  the  domestic,  social,  and  moral  faculties  are  most  de- 
cidedly exhibited.  (See  Fig.  15.)  These  mental  faculties  are  named 
as  follows:  Conscientiousness,  Firmness,  Benevolence,  Economy, 
Alimentiveness  or  Digestion,  Amativeness,  Love  of  Young,  Patriot- 
ism or  Love  of  Country,  Love  of  Home,  Hospitality,  Mirthfulness, 
Friendship,  Approbativeness,  Self-esteem,  and  Modesty. 

Second  Subdivision  (2). — The  division  of  the  face  lying  be- 
tween the  nostrils  and  the  line  drawn  across  the  middle  of  the 
nose  discloses  the  locality  where  the  facial  signs  for  Imagination, 
Sublimity,  Constructiveness,  Mental  Imitation,  and  Analysis  are 
situated,  as  well  as  the  signs  for  Hope  and  Acquisitiveness. 

The  noses  most  developed  in  width  and  height  at  the  lower 
part  are  seen  in  the  countenances  of  the  most  talented  artists  and 
writers.  Here  the  term  "  artist"  is  used  in  its  most  comprehensive 
sense,  and  includes  all  kinds  of  artists,  such  as  actors,  poets,  paint- 
ers, sculptors,  elocutionists,  orators,  writers,  and  athletes.  Rem- 
brandt's nose  is  an  excellent  illustration  of  one  type  of  artist.  So 
also  is  the  nose  of  Dickens.  Wilkie  Collins'  nose  exhibits  another 
form  of  the  dramatic  writer's  nose.  Many  persons  term  these 
large  noses  "  homely,"  perhaps  because  they  are  not  in  accord  with 
the  ideas  of  Greek  art.  Now,  art-ideas  of  the  human  face  are 
formed  without  any  reference  as  to  the  real  meaning  of  the  outlines 
delineated,  hence  it  is  that  Art  utterly  fails  as  a  revelator  of  char- 
acter and  physiognomy.     Lavater  tells  us  that 

Characters  pregnant  with  strong  contending  powers  generally  contain 
in  the  prominent  features  of  the  face  somewhat  of  the  severe,  violent,  and 
perplexed ;  consequently  are  very  different  from  what  the  Grecian  artists 
and  men  of  taste  name  "  beauty."* 

*  liftTatQr's  Essays,  p.  29, 


288 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


We  are  not  to  be  disappointed  because  Art  fails  to  expound 
the  meanings  of  forms  in  a  scientific  manner.  Art  is  intended 
more  for  sensuous  enjoyment  and  amusement  than  for  instruction, 
and  all  classes  of  artists  are  not  noted  for  the  high  grade  of  prac- 


Mathematical  and  Reasoning. 
(6)  « 


Mecluiiiical  and  Practical. 
(4) 


Artistic  and 
Literarjr.       25 

(2)  20- 


Domestic.  Moral,     15 
and  Social. 


Fig.  15.— local  SIGNS  FOR  THE  MENTAL  FACULTIES. 

This  table  of  nuinbered  names  refers  to  the  numbers  Jipon  the  above  outline. 
There  are  several  which  are  omitted  from  this  list,  for  the  reason  tliat  they  have 
several  facial  and  bodily  signs  or  are  general, — Color,  for  example.  Those  which  are 
omitted  are  described  "in  their  own  proper  order:  these  are  Color,  Sanativeness, 
Force,  Time,  Order. 


1.  Conscientiousness. 

2.  Firmness. 

3.  Economy. 

4.  Love  of  Home  (centre). 

5.  Patriotism  (side). 

6.  Benevolence. 

7.  Bibativeness. 

8.  Alimentiveness. 

9.  Amativeness. 

10.  Love  of  Voung. 

11.  Mirthfnlness. 

12.  Approbativeness. 

13.  Friendship. 

14.  Hospitality. 

15.  Pneumativeness. 


16.  Self-esteem. 

17.  Modesty. 

18.  -Resistance. 

19.  Secretiveness. 

20.  Cautiousness. 

21.  Hope. 

22.  Analysis. 

23.  Mental  Imitatiop. 

24.  Sublimity. 

25.  Ideality. 

26.  Human  Nature. 

27.  Acquisitiveness. 

28.  Constructiveness. 

29.  Veneration. 

30.  Executiveness. 


31.  Self-will. 

32.  Credenciveness. 

33.  Prescience. 

34.  Form. 

35.  Size. 

36.  Observation. 

37.  Memory  of  Events. 

38.  Locality. 

39.  Weight.. 

40.  lianguage. 

41.  Music. 

42.  Calculation. 

43.  Causality. 

44.  Comparison. 

45.  Intuition. 


ticality  and  reason  which  characterizes  scientists,  whose  province  is 
to  investigate  natural  laws  and  expound  them,  while  Art  is  merely 
imitative,  and  aims  at  exciting  the  emotions  mainly ;  yet  both  are 
useful  to  humanity. 


THE  FIVE  PRACTICAL   SUBDIVISIONS  OP  THE   FACE.  289 

The  nose  is  the  most  salient  feature  of  the  face,  and  where  the 
nose  is  relatively  large,  and  particularly  where  it  is  developed  about 
the  point  and  projecting  downward  below  the  tip,  and  where  there 
is  breadth  across  the  tip, — where  the  septum  or  middle  partition 
projects  well  downward  below  the  aire  or  sides  of  the  nostrils, — 
we  may  expect  a  bold,  original,  ingenious,  constructive  mind  of 
some  sort ;  the  form  or  outline  of  the  nose  will  decide  what  direo 
tion  the  mental  powers  will  take.  The  reader  is  referred  for  illus- 
tration of  this  appearance  to  the  noses  of  talented  artists  and 
literates,  musical  composers,  philosophers,  and  inventors.  I  dare 
affirm  he  will  never  find  one  good  artist  with  a  sharp,  gimlet-like, 
pointed  nose.  The  observer  is  not  to  confound  the  thick,  bulbous 
nose  of  the  habitual  drunkard  and  glutton  with  the  thick,  round, 
and  broad  constructive  nose  of  the  artist  or  musician,  for  these  are 
quite  different,  and,  once  examined,  can  never  be  confounded  with 
each  other.  The  names  of  the  signs  of  faculties  situated  in  this 
division  are  as  follow:  Hope,  Analysis,  Mental  Imitation,  Sub- 
limity, Ideality,  Human  Nature,  Acquisitiveness,  Constructiveness, 
and  Cautiousness.  These  faculties,  it  will  be  observed,  include 
nearly  all  the  powers  of  mind  essential  to  Art,  also  one  branch  of 
mechanism,  viz.,  Constructiveness,  and  most  of  the  literary  and 
inventive  faculties. 

This  part  of  the  face,  by  its  development,  discloses  the  grade 
of  intelligence  to  which  a  race  or  individual  has  reached.  The 
entire  nose  discloses  more  of  the  mind — that  is  to  say,  the  ability 
for  thought  and  action — than  any  other  single  feature ;  hence,  it  is 
at  once  an  animal  and  a  mental  organ. 

Third  Subdivision  of  the  Face  (3). — The  third  subdivision 
of  the  countenance  includes  the  signs  for  Veneration,  Executive- 
ness.  Self-will,  Credenciveness,  Prescience,  Form,  and  Size.  This 
portion  of  the  nose  is  most  important  as  an  exponent  of  active 
qualities  of  mind  as  well  as  of  those  which  induce  reflection  in 
many  directions.     Of  this  part  of  the  face  Herder  remarks . — 

That  region  of  the  face  which  includes  the  eyes,  eyebrows,  and  nose 
also  includes  all  the  chi^f  signs  of  will  or  mind  in  action.* 

To  know  how  completely  this  remark  expresses  the  truth,  one 
has  only  to  observe  the  faces  of  those  who  are  deficient  in  pure 
will-power  and  compare  them  with  those  of  strong  and  active  will,  as 
exhibited  by  commanders,  leaders  in  reforms,  and  superintendents, 
etc.  In  the  former  he  will  observe  a  sinking  in  of  the  nose  where 
it  joins  the  forehead.  This  appearance  is  indicative  of  weak-willed 
persons  with  a  lack  of  Executiveness.     This  deficiency  does  not 

*  lAYater's  Essays,  p.  29. 
19 


290  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

apply  to  Firmness,  for,  although  Firmness  and  WiU-power  repre- 
sent two  kinds  of  forces  of  mind,  they  are  not  the  same  in  action, 
nor  are  they  derived  from  the  same  source,  for  Will-power  purely  is 
derived  from  the  muscular  system  and  Firmness  from  the  osseous 
structure.  A  defective  will  does  not  indicate  a  weak  intellect  or 
deficient  intelligence  unless  all  purposive  will  is  lacking,  as  in  im- 
beciles. The  facial  evidence  of  large  Self-wdl  is  height  of  the 
nose  where  it  joins  the  forehead.  Among  those  who  are  weak  in 
intellect  there  will  often  be  found  a  small,  concave  nose,  together 
with  a  lack  of  development  of  the  bones  beneath  the  eyebrows, 
and  the  eyebrows  will  sometimes  describe  quite  a  high  arch.  This 
high  arching  of  the  eyebrows  indicates  the  absence  of  an  observing 
mind. 

The  most  striking  proof  of  intelligence  and  perspicuity  are 
found  in  the  high,  broad,  and  well-developed  nose, — one  uniformly 
developed  the  entire  length  and  corresponding  breadth. 

The  Fourth  Subdivision  (4). — The  fourth  subdivision  of  the 
physiognomy  exliibits  the  most  practical  portion  of  the  character. 
It  is  only  necessary  for  a  good  physiognomist  to  observe  this  region 
of  the  face  to  instantly  decide  as  to  the  grade  of  practical  and 
mechanical  mentality  present. 

It  must  be  apparent  to  the  thoughtful  that,  as  the  eyes  bring 
into  the  mind  the  great  bulk  of  our  knowledge  of  the  world, 
the  parts  adjacent  will  become  developed  according  to  the  degree 
of  use  to  which  they  are  subjected.  This  logic  is  correct,  for  we 
find  in  the  faces  of  the  most  practical  and  observant  persons,  such 
as  mechanics,  physicians,  scientists,  naturalists,  navigators,  etc.,  a 
great  projection  of  the  bones  covered  by  the  eyebrows,  while  the 
eyes  are  deep-set  and  the  muscles  covering  the  lower  part  of  the 
forehead  are  greatly  developed,  where  are  situated  the  local  signs 
for  Observation,  Locality,  Weight,  Form,  Size,  and  Order,  all  of 
which  assist  both  mechanical  and  practical  efforts.  The  late  Charles 
Darwin's  physiognomy  discloses  these  peculiarities  in  a  marked 
degree,  and  he  was  perhaps  the  most  close,  accurate,  and  persistent 
naturalist  of  this  century. 

Of  this  peculiar  formation  of  the  eyebrows  Lavater  remarks 
as  follows : — 

I  have  seen  no  man  hitherto  with  sharp,  projecting  eyebrows  who  had 
not  great  propensity  to  an  acute  exercise  of  the  understanding  and  to  wise 
plans.* 

The  local  signs  situated  in  this  division  are  denominated 
Observation,  Memory  of  Events,  Locality,  Weight,  Color,  Lan- 
guage, Music,  Order,  Calculation. 

»  Lavater's  Essays,  p  381, 


I 


THE  FIVE   PRACTICAL   SUBDIVISIONS  OF   THE   FACE.  291 

The  Fifth  Subdivision  (5)  of  the  face  brings  to  our  knowledge 
the  signs  for  reason  and  mathematical  demonstration  as  well  as 
intuition.  The  wide  and  high  forehead  (where  the  inherited  quality 
is  fine)  indicates  large  intuitional  powers.  A  forehead  high  and 
broad  merely  does  not  denote  good  logical  ability ;  size  must  be 
accompanied  by  quality.  The  shape  of  the  nose  is  more  decisive  as 
to  one's  ability  to  reason  logically,  yet  reason  is  determined  more 
by  the  shape  of  the  forehead  than  by  its  size.  There  are  so  many 
diverse  forms  of  the  forehead  that  indicate  reason  that  it  is  im- 
possible to  describe  them  all  here.  Many  different  forms  of  the 
forehead  will  be  found  described  in  Part  II,  Chapter  III,  hence 
unnecessary  here. 

A  very  erroneous  idea  is  prevalent  in  regard  to  the  meaning 
of  the  forehead.  Many  persons  believe  that  a  very  high,  bulging, 
or  rounding  forehead  is  an  indication  of  uncommon  intellectual 
powers.  To  know  how  fallacious  this  idea  is,  we  have  only  to  look 
about  us  and  note  the  great  number  of  commonplace  and  even 
stupid  dullards  who  exhibit  just  such  foreheads.  Great  size  aloiie 
is  not  an  indication  of  anything  except  it  be  great  stupidity  or 
commonplace  intellect.  Many  low,  broad  foreheads  belong  to  those 
who  .evince  fine  intellectual  aptitudes.  The  portrait  of  Charles 
James  Fox  exhibits  such  a  forehead,  and  he  was  a  man  of  tran- 
scendent abilities,  an  eloquent  orator  and  eminent  statesman. 

Many  persons  with  receding  foreheads  evince  fine  reasoning 
powers,  yet  the  idea  is  prevalent  that  foreheads  of  this  shape  are 
indicative  of  inferior  talents.  John  Locke's  recedes  considerably, 
so  also  do  those  of  the  most  capable  actors,  orators,  and  mecha- 
nicians. The  late  President  Garfield's  forehead  exhibited  this  out- 
line, and  his  intellect  was  far  above  the  average,  and  noted  for  its 
eminent  practicality. 

Where  the  forehead  is  wide  and  high,  and  the  other  parts  of 
the  brain  equally  developed,  and  the  inherited  quality  of  a  high 
order,  and  the  health  good,  we  may  expect  in  such  a  combination 
first-class  intellect  of  some  sort.  The  shape  of  the  nose  will  decide 
that  question.  So  much  can  be  ascertained  by  the  form  and  size 
of  the  nose  in  regard  to  the  intellectual  powers  of  the  individual, 
as  well  as  of  the  physiological  capacities,  that  I  prefer  to  make  use 
of  this  feature  in  reading  character  rather  than  to  scan  the  fore- 
head and  shape  of  the  head.  There  are  many  occasions  wliere  the 
form  of  the  forehead  and  head  cannot  be  seen,  and  the  nose,  being 
always  accessible  to  one's  scrutiny,  is  instantly  available,  and  will 
give  an  accurate  understanding  of  the  internal  structure  of  the 
lungs,  heart,  and  stomach,  as  well  as  a  faithful  exposition  of  the 
kind  and  power  of  intellect  present. 


292  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


SUMMARY   TO   THE   FIVE   PRACTICAL    SUBDIVISIONS   OF   THE    FACE. 

The  five  subdivisions  of  the  human  physiognomy  illustrate  the 
progression  or  development  of  the  human  body  and  mind  as  they 
rise  from  the  vegetative  up  to  the  thoracic,  through  the  muscular 
to  the  bone  and  brain  systems.  They  also  illustrate  the  geological 
progression  of  the  world,  also  the  evolution  of  the  animal  organism 
from  the  first  animal  organ  and  feature  up  to  the  perfected  human 
face  and  the  perfected  human  being.  There  is  a  wonderful  beauty 
and  harmony  attending  Nature's  progress,  and  the  careful  student 
of  natural  laws  can  readily  trace  this  coeval  evolution  of  the  sev- 
eral departments  of  Nature's  domain  by  reference  to  the  sciences  of 
physiognomy,  geology,  and  the  evolution  of  man. 

I  think  that  the  most  wonderful  fact  in  existence  is  that  the 
human  face,  read  scientifically,  not  only  reveals  tlie  progressive 
development  of  man  from  a  mere  primitive  animal  to  his  present 
degree  of  development,  but  it  also  corroborates  the  science  of 
geology,  or  the  progressive  development  of  the  world.  In  this 
correspondence  of  sciences,  we  observe  that  harmony  and  co-ordi- 
nation of  Nature's  laws  without  which  order  in  the  universe  could 
not  exist.  The  remarkable  parallelism  wliicli  exists  between  the 
evolution  of  the  human  species  and  the  evolution  of  the  earth  is 
well  set  forth  in  the  first  chapter,  vol.  ii,  of  Haeckel's  "Evolu- 
tion of  Man,"  which  I  recommend  the  reader  to  peruse,  and  if  he 
will  follow  the  course  of  human  evolution  he  will  make  a  most 
useful  and  instructive  comparison  between  the  various  departments 
of  Nature.  Indeed,  it  seems  almost  impossible  to  write  a  work  on 
physiognomy  without  including  all  that  is  known  of  the  kindred 
science  of  evolution,  for  the  face  rightly  and  completely  understood 
reveals  and  sums  up  all  known  sciences;  hence  it  is  that  in  justice 
to  my  conclusions  I  am  frequently  obliged  to  make  reference  to 
and  copious  extracts  from  various  scientific  works. 

A  thorough  study  of  the  five  practical  divisions  of  the  face 
will  enable  the  student  to  simplify  very  materially  the  analysis  of 
character.  Many  of  the  local  signs,  it  will  be  perceived,  are  caused 
by  development  of  tlie  muscles,  as,  for  example,  Constructiveness, 
Ideality,  Self-will,  etc.  It  will  be  found  by  tracing  these  signs  to 
tlieir  origin  that  they  inhere  in  the  muscular  system,  and  derive 
tlie  power  to  exhibit  their  action  from  the  system  in  which  their 
facial  signs  are  found,  viz.,  the  muscular  system.  Other  facial 
signs  of  character  are  caused  by  the  predominance  of  bone,  as, 
for  example.  Firmness,  Conscientiousness,  Self-esteem,  and  Vener- 
ation. This  class  of  signs  are  inherent  in  the  hony  system^  and 
derive  their  support  from  the  development  of  that  system,  while 


SUMMARY   TO   THE   FIVE   PRACTICAL   SUBDIVISIONS.  293 

the  social  and  domestic  signs  of  character  are  found  located  in  the 
glands  of  the  face  or  in  the  fatty  tissues  of  the  cheeks.  Benevo- 
lence, Love  of  Young,  Mirthfulness,  Hospitality,  Love  of  Home, 
and  Economy,  with  several  others,  are  all  inherent  in  the  glandular 
system,  and  are  sustained  by  its  action.  The  principal  sign  for 
Alimentiveness,  or  digestion,  is  the  size  of  the  mouth  and  fullness 
of  the  cheeks,  and  in  this  sign  we  find  the  best  evidence  of  the 
action  of  the  intestinal  system. 

A  good,  practical  physiology  is  needed  by  those  who  wish  to 
make  a  serious  and  thorough  study  of  physiognomy,  in  order  tliat 
they  may  verify  the  relation  between  the  several  organ  systems  and 
the  various  mental  faculties  and  social  sentiments,  and  the  connec- 
tion of  these  functions  with  the  signs  in  the  face.  Physiology  and 
anatomy  should  be  well  understood  by  one  who  wishes  to  become 
a  teacher  of  this  science.  A  mere  mechanical  knowledge  of  the 
location  of  the  signs  in  the  face  will  not  be  sufficient.  It  re- 
quires a  good  thinker  to  teach  physiognomy.  The  fact  that 
the  facial  signs  of  intellect  are  exhibited  by  development  of 
bone,  muscle,  glands,  etc.,  should  of  itself  be  proof  of  the 
diverse  physical  sources  of  the  mental  faculties,  and  a  teacher  must 
understand  the  action  of  the  organ  or  function  which  originates 
each  faculty. 

Let  the  reader  bear  in  mind  that  the  dominant  faculties — 
those  the  signs  of  which  are  best  developed — will  always  influence 
the  action  of  the  weaker  ones;  thus,  very  large  Self-will  will  in- 
fluence the  action  of  all  the  other  traits  in  combination;  so,  also, 
where  Conscientiousness  is  one  of  the  dominating  faculties,  it  will 
cause  one  to  be  thorough  and  prompt  in  all  liis  dealings,  as  well 
as  upright  and  honorable  in  money  matters,  and  will  exercise  a 
controlling  influence  over  all  the  mental  facuUies.  The  interaction 
of  the  faculties  will  be  treated  of  in  the  chapter  on  "Localities  and 
Descriptions  of  Signs  in  the  Face." 

The  three  grand  divisions  are  indicative  of  the  three  primitive 
functions,  viz.,  those  of  digestion,  respiration,  and  motion,  and  these 
are  represented  by  the  eyes,  nose,  and  mouth.  As  evolution  ad- 
vanced the  lower  animal  organism  to  greater  development  and 
perfection,  other  facial  features  and  mental  faculties  were  evolved, 
and  accordingly  we  find  in  the  most  developed  races  of  man  a 
perfected  chin,  forehead,  and  nose.  With  the  perfection  of  these 
features  we  observe  the  accompanying  higher  faculties  of  Conscience, 
of  Reason,  and  ability  for  Art,  Science,  and  Mechanics;  Conscience 
is  exhibited  most  decidedly  by  the  development  of  the  width  of 
the  bones  of  the  chin ;  application  or  capacity  for  persistent  effort, 
by  its  length  downward  and  forward,  without  which  man  would  be 


294  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

as  unstable  as  an  ape,  moving  hither  and  thither  without  being 
able  to  dwell  long  enough  at  one  thing  to  perfect  it. 

The  fine  development  of  the  nose  shows  the  signs  for  Art, 
Literature,  Science,  Invention,  and  Will.  Some  of  these  inhere 
in  and  are  shown  by  bone  development,  while  others  are  found  in 
the  muscles.  The  developed  forehead  is  a  human  feature  entirely, 
for  the  most  intelligent  and  mental  animals,  such  as  the  elephant, 
the  horse  and  dog,  exhibit  a  forehead  which  has  nothing  in  com- 
mon with  the  form  of  the  human  forehead.  Some  species  of  the 
elephant  display  great  sagacity  and  good  reasoning  ability,  and 
their  foreheads  are  very  high  and  expansive,  which  gives  them  a 
majestic  appearance ;  yet  their  forehead  is  distinctively  animal-like 
in  form,  while  their  long,  cautious,  sagacious  nose  or  proboscis 
reaches  to  the  ground.  No  animal  has  a  chin  or  a  nose  rising 
high  and  clear  above  the  plane  of  the  face,  except  the  nose-ape 
{Semnopithlcus  7iasclus),  and  this  feature  in  this  animal  lacks 
entirely  the  human  form,  and  hence  betrays  no  evidence  of  its  being 
the  indicator  of  superior  intelligence  in  this  animal.  In  the  read- 
ing of  character  the  nose  must  always  be  considered  the  most  im- 
portant as  a  mental  feature ;  the  eyes  next  most  important,  as  de- 
noting emotion;  and  the  chin,  as  indicating  the  moral  sense. 
The  forehead,  although  a  later  and  distinctively  human  feature,  is 
not  so  well  adapted  to  the  exposition  of  mental  traits  as  the  nose. 
It  is  true  the  lower  part  of  the  forehead,  that  part  surrounding  the 
eyes,  is  a  revelator  of  the  practical  capacities  of  man ;  but  the  nose 
will  reveal  that  to  a  large  extent,  besides  disclosing  many  other 
mental  traits ;  for  in  this  feature  we  find  the  signs  for  Art,  Mechan- 
ism, Science  (in  the  height  and  length  of  the  bones),  Music,  Inventive 
and  Analytical  capacity,  and  are  also  able  to  discover  the  grade  of 
activity  of  the  brain  hy  the  size  of  the  nostril.  The  nose  is,  hence, 
the  most  important  feature  and  stands  in  a  central  position,  and  by 
its  relation  to  the  lungs,  heart,  and  brain,  exercises  a  controlling 
and  dominating  influence  upon  every  part  of  the  mental  life. 
Without  viewing  the  upper  part  of  the  forehead  at  all,  the  good 
physiognomist  is  able  to  describe  the  amount  and  kipd  of  reason 
with  which  one  is  endowed,  for  the  nose  in  its  perfection  sums  up 
the  higher  mental  traits  of  the  man.  The  functions  of  digestion 
and  the  faculties  of  social  and  domestic  life  are  found  best  indi- 
cated by  the  mouth  and  its  surroundings,  but  where  we  wish  to 
comprehend  the  mental  power  of  a  man  we  can  safely  rely  upon 
the  shape  and  size  of  his  nose  for  the  proof,  without  regard  to 
his  eyes,  mouth,  or  forehead. 

It  is  true  that  a  finely-developed  mouth,  such  for  example  as 
Goethe's,  is  never  seen  in  the  physiognomy  of  a  commonplace  per- 


SUMMARY  TO  THE  FIVE  PRACTICAL   SUBDIVISIONS.  295 

son,  for  such  a  refined  mouth  shows  general  development  and  re- 
finement of  mind,  which  will  be  naturally  accompanied  by  high 
mental  powers.  Such  mouths  are  never  seen  where  the  vegetative 
system  predominates,  for,  although  this  system  is  par  excellence 
the  purely  domestic  one,  yet  where  this  system  is  the  dominant  one 
in  a  person  the  signs  as  well  as  accompanying  traits  are  in  a  com- 
paratively undeveloped  state,  hence  cannot  reveal  the  most  devel- 
oped character  even  in  the  domestic  faculties,  for  here  the  traits 
are  more  purely  animal-like  or  primitive;  but  with  greater  perfec- 
tion of  the  other  parts  the  sentimental  and  mental  phase  of  the 
domestic  faculties  will  be  exhibited,  hence  greater  purity  and  re- 
finement of  all  the  faculties  as  well  as  of  the  faculties  of  Amative- 
ness.  Love  of  Young,  etc.,  will  be  present. 

One  of  the  indications  of  the  laculty  of  Intuition  is  a  broad 
and  high  forehead,  but  this  may  be  also  known  by  a  large,  bright 
eye,  quite  as  well  as  by  the  size  of  the  brain,  for  the  size  of  the 
eye  shows  the  expansion  of  the  optic  nerve,  and  this  expansion 
denotes  the  ability  to  receive  vivid  impressions. 

Reference  to  the  numbers  on  the  cuts  in  this  chapter  will  give 
the  reader  clear  and  distinct  ideas  of  the  precise  locality  of  each 
sign.  Later  chapters  will  describe  their  appearance,  so  that  the 
reader  will  by  observation  be  able  to  trace  as  on  a  map  all  of  the 
signs  for  mental  as  well  as  physiological  traits. 

I  think  it  will  be  apparent  to  all  who  will  give  attention  to 
the  subject  that  the  face  was  intended  to  be  the  register  of  all 
existing  bodily  and  mental  conditions,  and  that  the  outlines  of  the 
entire  body,  as  well  as  the  shape  of  the  limbs,  hands,  fingers,  etc., 
are  all  assistants  to  character-reading,  and  that  each  part  is 
corroborative  of  all  other  parts. 

No  physiognomist  has,  as  far  as  I  am  aware,  ever  given  the 
five  principal  organ  systems  of  the  body  and  the  fifty  mental  signs 
a  facial  localization  as  I  have  here,  and,  as  I  have  discovered  nearly 
all  of  the  functional  signs,  I  have  left  but  little  for  those  who  come 
after  me  to  do  in  this  direction. 


CHAPTER  n. 

Location  and  Description  of  Signs  of  Character  in  the  Face. 

"There  are  mystically  in  our  faces  certain  characters  which  carry  in  them  the 
motto  of  our  souls,  wherein  he  that  can  read  A,  B,  C  can  read  our  natures.  The 
finger  of  God  hath  left  an  inscription  upon  all  his  works,  not  graphical  or  composed 
of  letters,  but  of  their  several  forms,  constitutions,  parts,  and  operations,  which, 
aptly  joined  together,  do  make  one  word  that  doth  express  their  natures."* — SiB 
Thomas  Browne,  M.D. 

IN  numbering  and  naming  the  facial  signs,  I  would  not  have 
it  understood  that  I  have  given  a  complete  Hst  of  the  human 
faculties.     The  human  mind  has  probably  mm-e  \hini  fifty 
separate  and  distinct  faculties;  these  will  be,  from  time  to 
time,  added  to  and  located  in  the  face.     All  the  faculties 
can  be  educated  by  cultivation  and  strengthened  considerably; 
they  can  also  be  weakened  by  disuse.     Of  the  educabihty  of  the 
faculties,  Lavater  remarks  that 

The  stronger  the  change  of  mind  and  the  oftener  it  is  repeated,  the 
stronger  and  deeper  and  the  more  indelible  is  the  facial  sign.  Morally  de- 
formed states  of  mind  have  deformed  expressions.  If  incessantly  repeated, 
they  stamp  durable  features  of  deformity. 

This  remark  is  eminently  just,  yet  it  requires  a  knowledge  of 
scientific  physiognomy  to  understand  many  of  the  expressions  of 
the  human  face. 

The  adaptability  of  the  human  mind  is  one  of  the  chief  fac- 
tors in  the  evolution  and  upward  progress  of  the  race,  making 
possible  a  very  high  grade  of  mental  and  physical  development ;  in 
short,  conducing  to  human  perfection,  a  condition  which  I  believe 
to  be  the  ultimate  destiny  of  humanity  on  this  planet.  An  edu- 
cated conscience  is  better  able  to  apprehend  and  imitate  the 
highest  ideal  of  justice  and  honor  than  is  the  same  faculty  left  to  its 
natural  mode  of  action.  It  is  a  conscientious  sense  of  duty  which 
leads  religious  fanatics  to  throw  themselves  under  the  wheels  of  the 
car  of  Juggernaut ;  yet  the  same  conscience,  educated  and  trained, 
would  abhor  the  sacrifice  of  life.  Conscience  must  be  balanced  by 
reason  to  make  it  of  the  highest  efficiency. 

It  is  just  the  same  with  other  faculties.  Benevolence  must  be 
balanced  by  reason  and  practicality,  else  wrong  ensues  and  a  really 
good  faculty  becomes  an  instrument  of  evil. 

*  Religio  MedicL  Sir  Thomas  Browne,  M.D.,  p.  197. 

(297) 


298  Practical  and  Scientific  physiognomy. 

Many  of  the  prevalent  Art-ideas  in  regard  to  what  constitutes 
true  beauty  are  so  false  and  far  removed  from  Nature  and  normality 
that  it  is  difficult  for  people  to  regard  as  immoral  any  appearance 
which  Art  stamps  as  beautiful.  Art  does  not  profess  to  be  a  reve- 
lator  of  Nature  and  of  character,  only  an  imitation  of  it ;  hence,  we 
are  necessarily  obliged  to  resort  to  science  for  our  interpretation  of 
Nature's  phenomena.  Art  lias  never  given  us  the  key  to  character, 
for  it  does  not  deal  with  vital  interior  principles. 

In  the  description  of  signs  in  the  face,  I  will  state  at  the  out- 
set that  the  facial  signs  of  character  are  the  same  in  man  as  in 
woman,  and  that  man  does  not  possess  a  greater  number  of  mental 
faculties  than  woman.  Woman  is  a  more  perfected  creation  than 
man  and  is  liigher,  by  reason — first,  of  quality,  or  fineness  of  organ- 
ization, and,  secondly,  because  she  possesses  two  more  functions  than 
man,  viz.,  gestation  and  lactation. 

The  popular  idea  ascribes  to  man  the  possession  of  a  distinct- 
ive mental  construction,  for  the  reason  that  he  makes  greater  use 
of  a  certain  set  of  faculties,  viz.,  the  logical,  to  the  exclusion  of 
another  set, — the  emotional. 

Woman  has  lived  so  long  and  so  exclusively  in  her  emotional 
nature,  in  her  feelings,  sentiments,  and  affections,  and  has  so  long 
and  persistently  ignored  reason  and  logic,  that  it  has  come  to  be 
generally  understood  that  the  female  mind  does  not  possess  the 
same  number  or  kind  of  traits  wliich  distinguish  man's  intellect. 
Because  man's  head  is  larger  it  is  argued  that  he  is  superior.  Now, 
the  idea  that  his  head  is  larger  than  woman's  is  a  fallacy.  Man's 
head,  in  proportion  to  his  larger  body,  is  not  larger  than  woman's, 
in  proportion  to  her  smaller  body ;  so  liere  a  balance  is  at  once 
struck  in  regard  to  size. 

Now,  in  regard  to  the  possession  of  the  same  number  of 
mental  traits.  I  have  never  observed  a  man  who  possessed  a 
single  faculty  which  was  not  common  alike  to  woman. 

The  fact  that  man  has  developed  his  muscles  until  they  are 
enormous  in  size,  and  that  woman  has  used  hers  so  Httle  as  to  be 
in  some  instances  very  small  indeed,  does  not  prove  that  woman 
has  no  muscles,  but  only  that  she  has  neglected  to  develop  them  as 
man  has. 

It  is  just  the  same  with  the  intellect  of  the  two  sexes.  Man 
has  developed  his  reason,  boldness,  wiU,  and  courage,  and  woman 
has  cultivated  her  emotions,  weakness,  timidity,  and  modesty,  and 
has  neglected  her  logical  faculties,  will,  and  courage;  thus  the 
sexes  have  become  unbalanced, — out  of  harmony,  in  a  great 
measure, — and  until  woman  cultivates  her  reason,  will,  physical 
strength,  and  courage,  and   man   develops  more  pure  affection, 


LOCATION   AND   DESCRIPTION   OF   SIGNS  OF   CHARACTER.         299 

purity,  and  modesty,  this  inliarmony  will  be  perpetuated  in  off- 
spring, who  will  hand  down  the  same  unbalanced,  inharmonious 
conditions  to  their  posterity,  and  thus  thwart  Nature  instead  of 
working  in  harmony  with  her  laws.  Equilibrium  is  the  law  of  the 
universe. 

A  woman  with  a  logical  mind  is  as  womanly  in  her  nature  as 
a  man  is  manly  who  has  an  affectional  nature  and  who  exhibits 
love  for  his  wife  and  children ;  hence  we  may  conclude  that  we 
shall  find  the  signs  in  the  face  the  same  in  both  sexes,  both  as  re- 
gards location  and  number.  There  are  certain  general  Jaws  of 
form  to  be  applied  to  the  reading  of  the  physiognomy  (and  here  I 
use  the  term  in  its  general  sense,  as  pertaining  to  the  entire  body), 
a  knowledge  of  which  will  greatly  facilitate  a  true  and  accurate 
delineation  of  character. 

In  the  first  place,  the  examiner  must  have  knowledge  as  to 
whether  certain  appearances  of  the  features  and  body  are  congeni- 
tal or  are  the  result  of  accident  or  disease.  Many  faces  present  a 
crookedness  of  the  nose,  mouth,  eyes,  or  other  leatures  which 
were  not  thus  shaped  at  birth.  In  this  case  the  subject  must  be 
credited  with  the  characteristics  which  would  accompany  straight- 
ness  of  the  features.  Then,  too,  the  voice  is  often  greatly  changed 
in  tone  by  disease ;  this  must  be  ascertained  before  passing  judg- 
ment upon  vocal  indications.  The  subject  should  speak  a  few 
sentences  in  a  natural  voice  in  order  that  the  examiner  may  use 
his  knowledge  of  sound,  in  order  to  distinguish  those  character- 
istics which  the  voice  very,  greatly  assists  in  revealing. 

To  an  experienced  ear  much  of  the  mental  calibre  will  be  dis- 
closed by  hearing  a  single  intonation  or  sentence.  Very  much  of 
the  disposition  of  physical  as  well  as  of  sexual  states  can  be  also 
understood  by  the  tones  produced  in  speech.  All  desirous  of  be- 
coming expert  in  this  direction  should  listen  attentively  and  com- 
pare voices  and  intonations  with  the  forms  of  the  face,  features, 
and  body,  and  thus  cultivate  and  develop  this  most  important  part 
of  physiognomy.  Sounds  cannot  be  accurately  described  by 
writing,  that  is  to  say,  only  generally.  Individual  peculiarities 
and  the  innumerable  fine  shades  and  grades  of  vocal  expression 
must  be  studied  in  each  individual  case.  They  cannot  be  described 
by  the  pen. 

Gestures  are  most  significant  in  disclosing  character,  for  where 
they  are  natural  they  reveal  habitual  states  of  mind  and  feeling. 
The  poise  of  the  head  and  the  way  in  which  one  puts  down  his  feet 
in  walking  are  indices  of  one's  individuality,  while  the  play  of  the 
muscles  about  the  mouth  and  eyes  are  among  the  most  conclusive 
evidences  of  mental,  moral,  immoral  or  affectional  characteristics. 


300  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  form  of  the  human  body  and  face  is  only  one  of  the  many 
indications  of  human  character.  The  attitude,  the  movement,  the 
walk,  the  gestures,  the  handwriting  and  handshaking,  are  all  in- 
dices and  exponents  of  mental  traits  and  physical  conditions.  A 
skillful  and  observant  person  can  tell  much  by  the  hand  and  foot 
alone ;  by  the  eye  very  many  things  are  indicated ;  the  nose  re- 
veals much  of  the  mind  and  interior  of  the  body ;  in  short,  each 
feature  has  in  it  many  meanings.  In  the  pages  which  immediately 
follow  this  the  way  to  discern  and  locate  the  signs  of  the  various 
faculties  will  be  explained. 

The  use,  primarily,  of  all  the  functions  and  faculties  is  for  the 
preservation,  protection,  and  perpetuation  of  the  species.  Other 
faculties  and  powers  have  aggregated  by  use  and  attempts  in  higher 
directions.  Practice  increases  capacity.  There  is  no  doubt  that 
the  human  mind  is  gradually  acquiring  more  faculties  by  striving 
after  higher  knowledge.  These,  undoubtedly,  will  be  evolved  in 
the  regular  order  of  progress  from  tlie  lower  to  the  higher.  The 
present  age  is  expanding  and  strengthening  the  higher  powers  of 
the  mind;  reason  is  more  general  among  the  civilized  races  than 
in  any  previous  era.  As  a  consequence,  superstition  is  giving  way 
to  positive  scientific  truth  and  demonstration,  and  theories  unsus- 
tained  by  reason  and  fact  are  impeached  and  rejected. 

As  the  powers  of  the  mind  expand,  we  become  cognizant  of 
facts  in  Nature  which  lower  developments  failed  to  perceive  and 
could  not  penetrate.  We  are  gradually,  but  slowly,  becoming 
acquainted  with  the  world  we  live  in,  and  things  which  have 
seemed  to  be  the  work  of  supernatural  powers  are  now  so  well 
understood  as  to  come  within  the  comprehension  of  school-children, 
and  can  no  longer  be  used  to  pander  to  the  ambitions,  vices,  or 
designs  of  wicked  kings,  crafty  priests,  or  unscrupulous  politicians. 
Among  the  most  important  discoveries,  I  may  mention  the  science 
of  physiognomy,  which  is  destined  to  play  an  important  part  in 
the  civilization  of  the  world  by  unveiling  what  has  been  so  long  a 
mystery  to  man,  viz.,  Man  himself 

"  Physiognomical  sensation,"  as  Lavater  designated  the  innate 
and  intuitive  conception  of  character,  is  common  to  both  men  and 
animals.  A  dog  will  show  by  his  actions  that  he  understands 
character,  and  will  be  instinctively  attracted  to  those  who  love  his 
kind.  Babes,  who  are  yet  in  the  stage  of  animal  instinct,  will 
attach  themselves  at  sight  to  those  who  are  fond  of  children.  Men, 
in  looking  at  the  faces  of  others,  will  be  drawn  in  confidence,  or 
repelled  by  something  in  the  countenance  which  they  cannot  define 
or  locate  exactly.  They  say  of  one,  "He  is  a  good,  square  man;" 
or,  "He  is  a  sneak  and  a  coward — I  can  tell  it  by  his  face;"  and 


LOCATION   AND   DESCRIPTION   OF   SIGNS   OF   CHARACTER.         301 

yet,  if  you  ask  them  to  point  out  the  precise  places  where  they 
discover  these  traits,  they  cannot  tell  you  where  they  are  to  be 
found. 

The  possession  of  this  physi^ognomical  instinct  is  general,  and 
shows  not  only  that  the  face  is  understood  to  be  for  some  other 
purpose  than  to  place  the  eyes,  nose,  and  mouth  conveniently,  but 
instinct  and  intuition  as  well  point  to  it  as  the  natural  record  of 
the  body  and  mind — of  the  real  Man  himself  The  nerves  of  sen- 
sation ramify  upon  the  face  and  front  of  the  organism,  while  the 
motory  nerves  are  at  tlie  back  of  the  brain.  This  disposition  of 
the  nerve  forces  would  cause  the  face  not  only  to  exhibit  more  of 
the  character  than  any  other  portion  of  the  body,  but  would  prove 
the  fact  that  the  greater  the  development  of  the  features  of  the 
face,  the  greater  its  power  for  receiving  sensation ;  thus  exhibiting 
more  gifted  characteristics  tlian  where  the  features  are  small  and 
undeveloped.  All  human  nature  attests  this  fact,  and  sliows  that 
the  more  varied  are  the  features, — the  more  depressions  and  eleva- 
tions there  are  in  the  face, — the  greater  the  variety  of  character 
is  exhibited.  A  smooth,  shining,  small-featured,  unwrinkled  iace 
always  discloses  a  small,  unemotional,  unthinking,  and  selfish 
character,  of  very  small  capacities.  A  mtaCs  real  character  is 
spread  all  over  Mm.  His  voice  and  walk  agree  with  the  shape  of 
his  body,  and  reveal  his  mentality  to  a  degree;  but  the  face  sums 
lip  the  whole  Man. 

As  I  have  before  shown  that  certain  powers  are  derived  from 
the  predominance  of  certain  conformations  of  the  organism,  and 
are  always  found  accompanying  them,  it  is  logical  to  infer  that 
determinate  portions  of  the  body  siistain  and  are  related  to  certain 
faculties  of  the  mind.  Upon  investigation,  it  will  be  proved  that 
the  face  is  the  exact  register  of  all  mental  faculties  and  bodily 
functions  and  conditions.  A  keen  analysis  and  comparison  of  the 
development  of  the  organs  of  the  body  with  the  action  of  the 
faculties,  emotions,  and  sentiments  will  show  that  the  organs  of 
the  viscera, — the  kidneys,  the  reproductive  system,  the  liver,  the 
intestines,  the  heart  and  lungs, — as  well  as  the  bones  and  muscles, 
sustain  and  are  directly  related  to  certain  mental  faculties.  All 
mental  faculties  have  their  physical  bases  from  wliich  the  mind  is 
able  to  produce  thought,  emotion,  or  will.  This  interaction  of  the 
mental  and  ])!i\8ical  powers  will  be  explaified  as  we  proceed.  The 
locality  of  signs  in  the  face  will  be  here  given.  The  rationale  of 
the  order  of  their  arrangement  will  be  made  apparent  as  the  reader 
progresses. 

As  preliminary  to  the  investigation  of  the  signs  in  the  face,  a 
recapitulation  of  the  more  fundamental  principles  of  form  will  now 


302  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC.  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

be  given,  in  order  that  the  student  may  make  a  practical  and 
inteUigent  apphcation  of  them  to  the  forms  and  features  under 
observation.  As  some  of  my  readers  may  not  be  able  to  read  the 
theoretical  or  first  part  of  this  work,  or  may  desire  to  proceed  at 
once  to  the  second  or  practical  part,  this  recapitulation  of  basic 
principles  will  be  of  service  and  opportune  in  this  connection. 

Scientifically  considered,  the  straight  outline  in  bone  or  muscle 
indicates  straightforwardness  of  action.  The  curved  outline  in 
bone  or  muscle  denotes  less  ability  for  straight  action,  but  more 
capacity  for  curvilinear  motions  and  methods.  The  crooked  out- 
line of  bone  or  muscle  denotes  inherent  tendencies  to  crooked, 
tricky,  or  dishonest  dealings.  Squareness  combined  with  straight- 
ness  of  the  bones  indicates  the  highest  degree  of  moral  character, 
heroism,  and  gratitude.  See  the  faces  of  George  Washington 
and  Thomas  Jefferson,  either  of  which  can  be  made  to  fit  into  a 
rectangular  frame. 

Straightness  of  the  muscles  denotes  truthful  propensities,  and 
is  indicated  by  straiglitness  of  the  mouth  and  eyes,  and  by  the 
roundness  of  the  openings  or  commissures. 

Crookedness  of  the  muscles  denotes  untruthfulness  and  tricky 
methods  of  dealing  in  busmess,  also  licentious  desires  and  lax 
notions  of  virtue  and  of  the  conjugal  relation,  with  small  under- 
standing of,  or  belief  in,  sexual  ethics. 

The  four  classes  of  bone,  the  round  and  the  square,  the 
straight  and  the  crooked,  reveal  four  distinct  types  of  character; 
so,  also,  do  the  four  classes  of  muscle,  the  round  and  the  thin,  the 
straight  and  the  curved;  but  as  all  these  principles  have  been 
elaborated  elsewhere,  they  need  only  a  passing  notice  here. 

The  faculty  of  Conscientiousness  will  now  be  examined,  for 
all  Nature,  human  nature  included,  is  based  on  integrity — equi- 
librium ;  hence,  a  knowledge  of  underlying  or  foundation  principles 
must  first  be  comprehended  before  advance  can  be  made. 

THE   FACULTY   OF    CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 

Definition. — Honor,  honesty,  integrity,  morality,  thorough- 
ness, the  perception  of  truth,  love  of  justice,  sense  of  duty;  grati- 
tude, or  sense  of  favors  and  benefits  conferred ;  moral  courage  and 
heroism ;  love  of  right .  and  hatred  of  wrong ;  the  sense  which 
causes  repentance  and  consciousness  of  guilt;  truthfulness;  capacity 
for  comprehending  the  truths  of  Nature ;  the  basis  of  science  and 
religion. 

An  excess  of  this  faculty  causes  one  to  be  severe  and  exacting 
toward  others,  holding  them  up  to  a  higher  and  more  rigorous 
standard  of  morality  than  they  are  capable  of  attaining.     It  gives 


i 


THE   FACULTY   OF   CONSCIENTIOUSNESS.  303 

harshness  to  the  character,  and,  unless  tempered  by  benevolence 
or  love  of  young,  makes  the  individual  unloveable,  and,  although 
his  word  can  be  always  dependt^d  upon,  he  is  better  liked  in  busi- 
ness than  in  the  family  or  social  circle. 

A  deficiency/  of  Conscientiousness  is  shown  by  a  lack  of 
honesty,  truthfulness,  vhtue,  moral  courage,  heroism,  and  integrity, 
causing  the  diameter  to  be  mean,  low,  sly,  sneakish,  thievisjfi, 
untruthful,  and  lacking  gratitude. 

Facial  and  Bodilij  Signs. — One  of  the  most  conspicuous  signs 
of  rectitude  is  shown  by  that  widtlt  of  the  cliin  which  is  produced 
by  the  development  of  the  inferior  maxillary  or  lower  jaw-bone, 
below  the  mouth ;  also,  by  general  straightness  and  squareness 
of  all  the  bones  of  the  face  and  body,  together  with  the  manner  in 
which  the  eyes  are  placed  in  the  head,  and  their  shape  and  the 
shape  of  the  mouth.  Eyes  which  turn  too  far  dmcriicard  at  the 
outer  angle  are  not  strictly  truthful ;  yet  many  veiy  truthful  persons 
exhibit  eyes  which  are  curved  downward  at  the  outer  terminus  to 
a  certain  degree.  This,  in  their  case,  denotes  agreeability,  plausi- 
bility, and  persuasiveness,  and  can  be  seen  in  the  physiognomies 
of  the  most  celebrated  divines,  scientists,  and  mechanicians;  but 
where  it  exceeds  a  certain  degree,  accompanied  with  a  low  quality^ 
it  denotes  an  agreeable  manner  of  telling  falsehoods,  as  in  flattery, 
cajoling,  persuading  in  commercial  transactions,  as  observed  often 
in  horse-jockeys,  lawyers,  and  salesmen.  Eyes  which  are  almond- 
shaped,  oblique,  or  cat-like,  and  turned  upward  at  the  outer  angle, 
are  crafty  and  deceitfid,  as  seen  often  in  the  characters  of  the 
Mongolian  race.  In  those  animals  which  present  a  similar  foiin 
of  eye  the  same  characteristics  are  observed.  They  are  noted  for 
slyness,  trickery,  deceit,  treachery,  ciTielty,  ingratitude,  and  general 
falsity.  The  tiger,  the  panther,  the  fox,  the  cat,  the  rat,  and  the 
entire  family  of  rodents  disclose  tliis  crooked,  dishonest  formation 
of  the  eye.  A  long  and  narrow  shape  of  the  commissure  or  open- 
ing of  the  eyelids  is  held  by  some  physiognomists  to  indicate  a 
lack  of  sexual  morality,  an  unbridled  licentiousness,  which  is  incon- 
sistent with  sexual  ethics  or  a  moml  use  of  the  reproductive 
system.  This  form  is  observed  in  many  Oriental  races  who  practice 
polygamy, — the  Turks,  for  example;  also,  in  many  undeveloped 
peoples,  as,  for  example,  among  the  African,  Tahitian,  and  other 
island  races.  Among  all  civilized  races,  also,  are  many  whose  eyes 
disclose  this  peculiar  formation,  together  with  the  accompanying 
polygamic  traits.  The  centre  of  the  upper  lip,  if  too  greatly 
developed,  is  one  sign  of  excessive  amativeness,  and,  unless  accom- 
panied with  large  conscientiousness  and  other  balancing  traits,  is 
apt  to  lead  its  possessor  into  a  disregard  of  sexual  morality. 


304 


PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


The  capacity  for  truthfulness  is  revealed  by  the  shape  of  the 
mouthy  as  well  as  by  the  form  of  the  eye,  for  the  straightness  of  the 
muscular  system  is  the  basis  of  one  essential  department  of  integ- 
rity. Straightness  of  the  mouth  is  a  better  indication  of  the  truth- 
telling  capacity  than  if  it  be  oblique,  distorted,  or  crooked;  that  is 
to  say,  if  tlie  crookedness  be  congenital.  Many  mouths  have 
become  changed  in  form  by  disease  or  accident.  This  should  be 
known  before  passing  judgment.  Some  crooked  mouths  pervert 
or  distort  the  truth;  others  are  open  liars,  either  silly  or  malicious, 

according  to  the  other  traits 
in  combination  and  influ- 
enced by  color. 

The  color  of  the  eyes^ 
hair^  and  complexion  is 
an  indication  of  the  general 
integrity  or  souiidness  of 
the  tissues,  hence  of  the 
capacity  of  the  individual 
to  recognize  truths,  to  act 
vigorously  in  the  defense 
of  truth,  —  morality,  —  re- 
form, and  to  perform  heroic 
acts.  Very  hght-colored 
eyes,  even  with  square 
bones,  would  not  be  so 
capable  of  exhibiting  moral 
heroism  as  one  with  darker 
eyes,  yet  might  be  noted 
for  simple  honesty  and 
honorable  conduct.  Color 
gives  vigor,  and  deep  color, 
along  with  a  good,  square, 
bony  form,  often  leads  to 
very  great  daring  m  moral 
movements  and  in  acts  of  personal  heroism  and  courage.  The 
influence  of  color  upon  traits  is  fully  explained  elsewhere. 

The  bodily  signs  of  Conscientiousness  are  straightness  of  all 
the  bones  and  muscles,  square  shoulders,  squareness  and  straight- 
ness of  all  the  bones  of  the  legs,  arms  and  fingers,  large  joints, 
hard  bones.  Secondary  or  subordinate  signs  are  seen  in  good 
color  of  tlie  eyes,  hair,  and  complexion.  Albinos  are  character- 
ized by  very  defective  sense  of  sight,  sound,  and  scent;  hence, 
perfect  integrity  of  these  functions  and  their  related  faculties  is 
lacking. 


Pig.  16.— GEORGE  WASHINGTON. 

Principal  facial  sign  of  Conscientiousness,  width  of 
the  bony  stnictnre  of  the  chin.  Born  in  Virginia,  1732. 
The  law  of  tlie  square,  straight  line,  and  angle  governs 
this  face  and  body.  The  mathematical  outlay  of  the 
countenance  is  rectangular.  George  Washington  stood 
erect,  over  six  feet  in  height,  and  exhibited  a  perfectly 
balanced  character.  The  size  of  the  nose  discloses  great 
mental  ability,  being  long,  wide,  and  bony  its  entire 
length.  The  signs  of  Conscientiousness,  Firmness, 
Reason,  Veneration,  Executiveness.  Self-will,  Form 
and  Size,  Patriotism,  Love  of  Home,  Self-esteem, 
Friendship,  Benevolence,  Economy,  Amativeness,  and 
Love  of  Young  are  all  large  in  this  sublime  counte- 
nance. He  was  successful  as  farmer,  surveyor,  states- 
man, general,  and  president.  No  public  character  has 
ever  exhibited  greater  rectitude  than  he. 


THE   FACULTY   OF   CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 


305 


Description  of  Conscientiousness. — The  several  sources  from 
which  the  general  integrittj  is  derived  are  fully  explained  in  Part  I, 
Chapter  V,  and  it  is  only  necessary  here  to  say  that  the  sign  for  Con- 
scientiousn,ess  in  the  chin  denotes  the  kind  of  integrity  which  is  ex- 
hibited by  honesty,  honor,  gratitude,  and  moral  courage,  while  tlie 
truth-telhng  department  of  integrity  is  exhibited  in  tlie  mouth  and 
eyes, — in  the  muscular  system.  Indeed,  any  eye  off  the  straight 
line  varies  in  truthful  significance,  according  to  the  amount  of  its 
deflection  from  a  straight  line,  running  all  the  way  from  amiahlUty 
through  the  various  degrees  oi  ijlaimhility,  dupUcify,  deception, 
secretiveness,  crafl,  cunning, 
lying,  and  .cruelty,  all  of 
which  are  shown  by  the  shape 
of  the  eye  which  deviates 
from  a  straight  line,  either 
above  or  below  the  line. 
Where  the  outer  corners  of 
the  eye  turn  upward^  the  in- 
dications are  like  those  of  the 
same  shape  in  the  lion,  tiger, 
and  fox,  and  like  traits  will 
be  exhibited, — cruelty  and 
craft,  deceit  and  cunning ; 
but  where  the  outer  corner 
curves  downicard  slightly, 
agreeability  of  speecli  is  al- 
ways found.  Still  farther 
turned  downward,  they  are 
plausible  and  persuasive,  and 
make  good  salesmen  and  poli- 
ticians. Still  farther  down- 
ward, they  indicate  untruth- 
ful propensities  in  a  great 
degree.  Benjamin  F.  Butler's 
eyes  are  more  marked  in  this  respect  than  the  eyes  of  any  cele- 
bmted  man  that  has  come  under  my  observation.  With  a  coarse 
quality  of  structure  this  form  denotes  untruthfulness. 

As  Conscientiousness  gives  moral  courage,  it  is  the  base  of 
many  heroic  acts,  and  will  often  lead  even  delicate  women  to 
deeds  of  daring  for  principle's  sake,  and  to  protect  the  helpless. 
Joan  of  Arc  and  Charlotte  Corday  are  examples  of  this  sort  of 
courage. 

Conscientiousness  in  excess  leads  to  severity  and  exaction  in 
moral  conduct  and  life;    it  also  tends  to  moral  courage.     The 


Fig.  17.— charlotte  CUSHMAN. 

The  law  of  the  snnare  and  straight  line  Is  the 
governinp  principle  or  this  face  and  character.  This 
celebrated  American  actress  wa.s  noted  for  her 
honorable  and  npright  character  a.s  well  as  for  the 
fidelity  of  her  inii)ersonations.  Ivirge  ( "onsclentious- 
ness  pave  thoroughness  to  all  she  undertook.  She 
excelled  in  tragedy.  In  her  face  the  dramatic  jaw 
is  well  developed!  Ideality.  Human  Nature.  Hub- 
liniitv,  Constructiveness,  .Vnalysis.  \'eneration,  Self- 
will.  'Slemory  of  Event-s.  Form  and  Size,  Language. 
Ai)probativene88,  Mirthfulness,  Friendship,  and 
P'lrmness  are  all  large  and  her  Quality  of  a  high 
grade. 


306  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

pioneers  in  all  departments  of  advanced  thought,  in  governmental 
and  moral  reforms,  have  possessed  this  faculty  largely.  The  faces 
of  Franklin,  Jefferson,  Jackson,  Washington,  Paine,  John  Bright, 
Cobden,  William  Cobbett,  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  Abby  Kelly 
Foster,  Frances  Wright,  Lucretia  Mott,  and  all  who  have  dared  to 
demand  the  abolition  of  imjust  laws,  and  who  have  contended  for 
the  establishment  of  new  forms  of  goverment  based  on  human 
rights,  evidence  by  their  physiognomies  that  Conscientiousness  filled 
a  large  part  of  their  natures. 

Conscientiousness  is  found  most  largely  developed  where  the 
bony  system  predominates,  and,  as  liquids  do  not  affinitize  so  well 
with  this  system  as  with  the  vegetative  and  the  muscular,  there  is 
consequently  less  drunkenness  among  persons  with  the  bony  struc- 
ture predominant.  Many  leaders  of  the  temperance  movement 
will  be  found  to  possess  the  bony  system  in  excess.  Those  who 
have  been  great  drunkards  and  have  reformed,  like  Gough,  and 
Murphy,  the  leader  of  the  "  Murphy  movement,"  are  men  of  mus- 
cular build,  and  are  lield  to  their  pledges  through  their  religious 
associations,  and  do  not  depend  upon  pure  Conscientiousness,  which 
is  found  most  active  with  persons  of  the  bony  system. 

Conscientiousness  is  in  the  domestic  group,  and  does  not  be- 
long to  the  religious  group  of  faculties.  It  antedates  them  in  the 
evolution  of  organs^  ftinctioits,  and  faculties,  and  is  of  far  more 
importance  in  the  human  organism,  being  primarily  for  the  pro- 
tection of  the  purity  of  the  entire  body.  Conscientiousness  is 
related  to  the  kidney  system,  which  both  secretes  and  excretes  the 
fluid  waste  and  impurities  of  the  entire  body.  As  75  per  cent,  of 
the  organism  is  water,  the  physiological  importance  of  the  organ 
must  be  apparent  at  first  glance ;  its  moral  importance  follows  as  a 
matter  of  logical  sequence.  The  relation  of  the  various  organs  of 
the  body  to  the  moral  and  social  faculties  is  explained  fully  in  the 
chapter  on  "  The  Rationale  of  Physical  Functions  and  their  Signs 
in  the  Face." 

An  excessive  development  of  Conscientiousness  makes  the 
character  harsh,  hard,  and  exacting  in  moral  conduct  toward  others. 
Those  who  possess  a  large  share  of  this  trait  do  not  seem  to  con- 
sider how  difiicult  it  is  for  those  who  are  deficient  in  this  respect  to 
keep  their  obligations,  live  up  to  their  promises,  and  meet  their 
appointments.  As  well  ask  a  man  destitute  of  the  musical  sense 
to  sing  a  tune  as  to  expect  a  boneless,  gelatinous  individual  to  be- 
come a  moral  hero.  Conscientiousness  can  be  cultivated — in  youth, 
particularly — by  constant  inculcation  of  the  moral  sentiments. 
Example  speaks  louder  than  words.  Let  children  see  that  their 
parents  are  always  strict  and  exact  in  settling  bills,  meeting  obliga- 


THE  FACULTY   OF   CONSCIENTIOUSNESS.  307 

tions,  and  keeping  their  promises,  and  they  will  be  inclined  to 
follow  their  example.  Children  should  be  taught  that  they  can 
make  no  compromise  with  their  conscience  ;  that  taking  a  few  nuts 
or  an  apple  from  a  store  or  orchard  is  stealing,  just  the  same  as 
if  they  had  taken  dollars  instead  of  fruit.  Never  use  the  term 
•"'  nipping "  for  stealing.  Such  expressions  which  children  and 
parents  use  to  express  crime  only  serve  to  soften  the  moral  sense 
and  disguise  the  enormity  of  the  act.  Had  all  parents  been  exact 
in  their  teachings  and  example  in  regard  to  honesty  the  peni- 
tentiaries would  not  now  be  so  crowded.  Criminals  are  often  born 
criminal  as  well  as  trained  to  evil-doing.  God  never  made  any 
man  dishonest,  but  laws  not  comprehended  have  been  broken,  and 
children  have  been  propagated  by  parents  who  were  unsuited, 
morally  and  mentally,  to  mate,  and  have  thus  ignorantly  pro- 
duced unbalanced,  dishonest  offspring.  Ignorance  of  physiological 
laws  is  the  cause  of  many  wretchedly-constructed  children.  Had 
rigid  generation  been  preached  as  long  as  has  regerieration,  I 
believe  we  should  have  no  need  of  the  latter  doctrine. 

Many  mock-modest  persons  think  that  these  subjects  are  not 
suitable  for  general  discussion,  and  consider  them  "  vulgar "  and 
"  filthy."  As  God  has  originally  constructed  our  bodies  according 
to  law,  and  evidently  expects  us  to  seek  and  apply  these  laws,  this 
class  of  persons  must  hence  accuse  the  Almighty  of  vulgarity  in 
having  created  a  subject  which  is  governed  by  laws  too  indecent  to 
be  spoken  of 

To  inculcate  honesty  for  its  oimi  sake,  and  for  pure  love  of  it, 
is  a  high  motive,  yet  all  are  not  capable  of  comprehending  con- 
duct based  on  so  altruistic  a  sentiment,  and  thus  it  is  that  fear  of 
punishment  and  hope  of  reward  are  held  out  in  order  to  induce 
people,  both  old  and  young,  to  conform  to  one  general  standard  of 
morality. 

Enlightened  self-interest  goes  far  toward  making  people  honest, 
for,  when  reason  has  begun  to  work,  men  find  that  to  be  true  and 
just  in  their  dealings  with  each  other  conduces  to  the  safety  and 
happiness  of  all.  As  civilized  society  is  now  constructed,  our  lives 
and  comfort  consist  in  being  sure  of  the  possession  of  our  own 
goods  and  property,  and,  unless  the  sentiment  of  honesty  is  general 
and  strongly  impressed  upon  all  the  members  of  the  community, 
man  has  no  guarantee  that  his  earnings  and  savings  will  be  pro- 
tected from  plunderers  and  robbers. 

I  have  shown  formerly  that  differences  of  structure  and  differ- 
ences in  the  proportions  of  the  several  tissues  in  man  conduce  to 
the  several  kinds  of  honor,  honesty,  truthfulness,  and  virtue,  and 
that  speech  is  produced  by  the  use  of  the  muscular  system.     We 


308  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

must  look  to  the  integrity  of  that  system  for  its  illustration.  As 
the  reproductive  system  is  mainly  within  the  muscular  system, 
we  must  look  to  the  integrity  of  that  portion  of  the  anatomy 
for  the  signs  for  physical  purity,  virtue,  and  fidelity  to  virtuous 
sentiments. 

A  fine,  square,  and  straight  construction  of  the  bones  shows  that 
honesty,  integrity,  sense  of  justice,  and  moral  courage  are  present, 
but  if  with  this  same  structure  of  bones  the  muscles  are  lacking 
in  integrity,  that  is,  in  strength,  and  particularly  in  straightness  of 
the  mouth  and  eye,  the  character  for  truth-telling  will  not  be  as 
strong  as  where  the  muscles  are  also  straight.  Yet  the  individual 
thus  endowed  may  be  strictly  honest  in  liis  dealings  and  pay  his 
just  dues  promptly,  that  department  of  his  honor  being  well  de- 
veloped; but  the  other,: — the  muscular  or  truth-telling  depart- 
ment,— being  crooked  or  perverted  from  the  normal  standard,  the 
character  suffers  accordingly,  hence  does  not  exhibit  that  entire 
and  complete  integrity  which  would  result  if  the  muscular  system 
were  inherently  as  sound  as  the  bony  system.  Each  trait  must  be 
closely  scrutinized  and  analyzed,  and  every  fine  shade  and  grade 
observed  and  understood  before  passing  judgment.  Great  care 
must  always  be  taken  to  ascertain  if  the  crooked  appearances  of 
the  mouth  and  eye  are  congenital,  or  whether  they  have  been  pro- 
duced by  accident  or  illness,  as  is  often  the  case;  otherwise,  great 
injustice  and  erroneous  reading  of  character  will  result. 

Where  the  muscles  about  the  mouth  have  caused  that  feature 
to  assume  a  crooked  or  one-sided  appearance,  the  truth-telling  pro- 
pensity is  feeble  as  compared  to  those  in  whom  these  features  are 
perfectly  straight,  and  where  the  eyes  are  set  true  in  their  orbits, 
and  where  the  commissures  are  perfectly  round. 

One  mode  of  discerning  the  grade  of  sexual  morality  in  an 
individual  is  to  observe  whether  the  muscles  of  the  legs  are  straight 
or  crooked.  Where  the  legs  are  crooked  from  the  Jcnee  dowmvard 
and  bent  outioard,  the  character  is  licentious,  with  but  feeble  ideas 
of  virtue  or  very  little  principle  in  sexual  matters.  (The  sign  for 
Amativeness  will  in  these  subjects  be  correspondingly  large.)  In 
fact,  the  meaning  of  sexual  ethics  is  not  understood  by  such  people, 
who  will  seek  to  gratify  the  sexual  instinct  whenever  and  wherever 
possible,  without  scruple. 

The  bow-legged  individual  must  not  be  confounded  with  the 
former,  for  in  the  case  of  bow-legs  the  curvation  is  from  the  tMgh 
doivnward  and  outward  the  entire  length  of  the  leg,  and  has  been 
caused  by  want  of  lime  in  the  bones,  or  from  having  stood  before 
the  bones  were  sufficiently  matured. 

Square  bones  and  straight  features  of  the  face,  together  with 


THE   FACULTY   OF   CONSCIENTIOUSNESS.  309 

straightness  of  all  the  limbs,  denote  all  kinds  of  integrity,  that  is 
to  say,  truthfulness,  honesty,  honor,  principle,  and  monogamic  love, 
or  inclination  to  love  one  at  a  time,  and  to  be  true  to  the  marital 
obligations. 

In  expounding  Conscientiousness,  the  consideration  of  many 
systems  and  principles  must  come  before  us.  The  circumstance 
of  color  has  its  weight  in  deciding  upon  the  power  or  weakness  of 
the  moral  sentiments.  Given  an  individual  in  whom  the  sign  for 
Conscientiousness  in  the  chin  is  most  decided  and  the  e)  es  very 
light,  the  character  will  not  possess  the  high  grade  of  honesty  and 
honor  that  it  would  were  the  eyes  blue  or  black  and  the  com- 
plexion well  colored,  for  color  gives  power  and  soundness  to  every 
tissue,  as  I  have  repeatedly  remarked.  The  lack  of  color  denotes 
relative  feebleness  of  the  tissues,  hence  of  their  poiver  to  exhibit 
the  highest  degree  of  principle  and  conduct.  All  these  principles 
must  be  weighed  and  their  due  effect  upon  character  comprehended, 
else  a  very  one-sided  or  partial  delineation  will  be  given  and  thus 
prove  very  unsatisfactory  and  erroneous. 

These  several  and  diverse  bases  of  moral  conduct  have  never 
been  put  forward  in  any  work  on  metaphysics,  theology,  or  phre- 
nology. The  capacity  for  truthfulness,  honor,  and  honesty  have 
all  been  ascribed  to  one  inental  factiltt/,  located  in  the  brain.  If 
this  faculty  had  but  one  base,  then  those  who  were  honest  and 
paid  their  debts  would  be  also  equally  scrupvdous  in  speaking  the 
truth  and  would  be  also  virtuous  and  pure  in  sexual  matters,  but 
that  this  is  not  the  case  every  man's  experience  assures  him. 
Many  persons  who  lead  immoral,  licentious  lives  are  strictly  honest 
in  paying  their  debts,  and  often  from  i)rinciple  in  that  direction. 
Many  merchants  like  to  have  the  patronage  of  lewd  women  be- 
cause they  say  they  can  depend  upon  them  lor  payment  of  obliga- 
tions. This  principle  is  acted  upon  by  many  without  going  into 
the  philosophy  of  it,  for  in  a  court  of  justice  the  word  of  the 
most  licentious  men  will  be  taken  and  receive  as  much  credence 
as  the  word  of  the  most  virtuous  matron  or  maid. 

The  more  we  investigate  Nature's  laws  the  more  we  shall  be- 
come convinced  that  all  her  indications  are  self-revealing,  and  need 
only  to  be  observed  to  be  understood.  Straight  outlines  reveal 
straight  character ;  crooked  outlines,  crooked  characters ;  square 
outlines  reveal  squareness  of  conduct,  and  this  labelling  of  all 
creatures  in  the  world  saves  us  a  deal  of  trouble  when  once  we 
become  conversant  with  Nature's  laws  and  methods. 

Many  persons  who  have  not  thought  nor  observed  much  on 
the  subject  of  physiognomy  hold  the  opinion  that  a  knave  and 
trickster  can  easily  conceal  his   real  character   by  arranging  his 


310  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

features  in  such  manner  as  to  imitate  and  appear  like  an  honest, 
trirthful  person.  How  impossible  this  is  when  viewed  by  the 
Hght  of  science  the  following  extract  from  Lavater  will  show.  He 
observes : — 

One  of  the  most  usual  and  strong  objections  against  physiognomy  is 
the  universality  and  excess  of  dissimulation  among  mankind.  These,  it  is 
said,  make  all  possible  efforts  to  appear  wiser,  better,  and  honester  than  in 
reality  they  are.  They  affect  the  behavior,  the  voice,  the  appearance  of  the 
most  rigorous  virtue.  This  is  a  part  of  their  art,  and  I  declare  that  as  it  is 
art  and  not  Nature  they  could  not  sustain  the  role  consecutively,  for  there 
would  be  times  when  they  would  be  off  their  guard  and  expose  their  real 
character,  even  if  the  natural  contours  and  outlines  did  not  expose  them. 

Also : — 

They  study  to  deceive  till  they  are  able  to  remove  every  doubt,  de- 
stroy every  suspicion,  that  is  entertained  of  their  worth.  Men  of  the  most 
acute  penetration,  the  greatest  understanding,  and  even  those  who  have  ap- 
plied themselves  to  the  study  of  physiognomy,  daily  are  and  still  continue 
to  be  deceived  by  their  arts.  How,  therefore,  may  physiognomy'  be  reduced 
to  a  true  and  certain  science  ?  I  am  ready  to  grant  it  is  possible  to  carry 
the  art  of  dissimulation  to  an  astonishing  degree  of  excess,  and  by  this  art 
the  most  discerning  man  may  be  amazingly  deceived.  But,  although  I  most 
freely  grant  all  this,  I  still  hold  this  objection  against  the  certainty  of 
physiognomy  to  be  infinitely  less  important  than  some  believe,  and  this, 
principally,  for  the  two  following  reasons  : — 

1.  There  are  many  features  or  parts  of  the  body  which  are  not  sus- 
ceptible of  dissimulation. 

2.  Because  dissimulation  has  itself  certain  and  sensible  tokens,  though 
they  may  not  be  definable  by  lines  or  words.  What  man,  for  example,  how- 
ever subtle,  would  be  able  to  alter  the  conformation  of  his  bones  according 
to  his  pleasure  ?  Can  any  man  give  himself,  instead  of  a  flat,  a  bold  and 
arched  forehead,  or  a  sharp,  indented  forehead,  when  Nature  has  given  him 
one  arched  and  round  ?  Who  can  change  the  color  and  position  of  his  eye- 
brows ?  Can  any  man  bestow  on  himself  thick,  bushy  eyebrows  when  they 
are  either  thin  or  wholly  deficient  of  hair  ?  Can  any  fashion  the  flat  and 
short  into  the  well-proportioned  and  beautiful  nose  ?  Who  can  make  his  lips 
thin  or  his  lips  thick  ?  Who  can  change  a  round  into  a  pointed  or  a  pornted 
into  a  round  chin  ?  Who  can  alter  the  color  of  his  eyes,  or  give  them  at 
his  pleasure  more  or  less  lustre  ?  Where  is  the  art,  where  the  dissimulation, 
that  can  make  the  blue  eye  brown,  the  gray  one  black,  or,  if  it  be  flat,  give 
it  rotundity  ? 

An  irascible  man,  however  mild,  however  calm  or  placid  a  mien  he 
may  assume,  cannot  alter  the  color  and  lowering  of  his  eye,  the  nature  and 
curling  of  his  hair,  or  the  situation  of  his  teeth. 

It  will  still  be  objected  that  enough  remains  of  the  exterior  parts  of 
man  which  are  capable  of  dissimulation  in  a  very  high  degree.  Granted ; 
but  we  cannot  grant  that  it  is  impossible  to  detect  such  dissimulation,  for 
I  believe  that  there  is  770  kind  of  dissimulation  but  has  its  certain  and  sensible 
tokens,  though  they  may  not  be  definable  by  lines  and  words. 

The  fault  is  not  in  the  object  but  in  the  observer.* 

*  Lavater' s  Essays,  pp.  83, 84, 85. 


THE   FACULTY   OF   CONSCIENTIOUSNESS.  311 

The  last  sentence  of  Lavater  explains  a  great  deal.  If-  as 
much  observation  were  put  into  the  study  of  the  human  face 
as  is  given  to  a  score  of  useless,  fashionable  accomplishments,  it 
would  be  no  longer  the  profound  mystery  that  it  is,  and  rogues 
and  villains  would  stand  unmasked  before  the  gaze  of  all,  and  in 
order  to  associate  with  honest  citizens  would  be  obliged  to  amend 
their  lives  or  be  shunned  as  are  vicious  beasts  and  venomous  ser- 
pents, whose  physiognomy  is  understood  and  consequently  serves 
as  a  warning  to  people  to  "stand  off"  or  be  bitten.  Children  even 
are  governed  by  the  appearance  of  the  physiognomy  in  their  deal- 
ings with  animals.  As  proof  I  offer  the  following :  A  little  girl 
living  in  the  Santa  Cruz  Mountains  once  told  me  that  when  she 
saw  a  snake  with  a  head  pointed  hke  an  earth-worm  she  was  not 
afraid  of  it,  but  when  she  met  one  with  a  broad,  flat  head  she  took 
a  stick  and  killed  it,  for  that  sort  were  poisonous.  If  people  were 
as  much  on  their  guard  against  the  low,  broad,  flat-headed  human 
serpents  whom  they  meet,  they  would  not  be  so  often  stung  by 
them,  for  form  here,  as  elsewhere  in  Nature,  carries  the  same 
meaning  that  it  does  in  the  snake,  viz.,  secretiveness,  destructive- 
ness,  revenge,  low  instincts,  bad  temper,  and  very  little,  if  any, 
Conscientiousness. 

Where  Conscientiousness  is  large  it  will  influence  all  the  other 
faculties,  and  will  assist  in  producing  thoroiiyJinesa  in  all  that  one 
undertakes.  It  gives  a  great  deal  of  force  and  courage  in  moral 
movements,  and  to  the  unskilled  reader  of  character  seems  often  to 
be  combativeness  or  egotism,  so  earnest  and  forcible  are  its  mani- 
festations. Many  dehcate  women,  without  a  particle  of  true  com- 
bative force,  will  push  forward  a  great  moral  movement,  such,  for 
example,  as  the  temperance  cause  or  labor  reform,  with  a  vigor 
and  boldness  which  resembles  combativeness,  but  which  is  the 
effect  of  large  Conscientiousness.  When  associated  with  Credenc- 
iveness  and  Veneration  it  will  lead  the  infirm  even  to  deeds  which 
endanger  life. 

Each  faculty,  when  largely  developed,  exhibits  great  power, 
and  Self-will,  when  very  large,  throws  out  a  force  which  is  as 
palpable  and  tangible  to  the  sensitive  as  is  the  presence  of  any 
material  object.  Large  Conscientiousness  makes  itself  felt  in 
every  company  and  community,  and  villains  stand  rebuked  in  the 
presence  of  those  who  are  endowed  with  a  large  share  of  moral 
force  and  courage. 

Integrity,  rectitude,  and  moral  sense  are  exhibited  in  varying 
degrees  in  many  of  the  higher  animals.  The  horse  and  dog  are 
notable  examples  of  its  action.  Indeed,  some  of  these  creatures 
have  exhibited  a  higher  grade  of  morality  than  many  savage  tribes, 


312  PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and  would  put  to  blush  many  human  bemgs  who  have  had  the  ad- 
vantage of  church  and  school  education.  Monuments  have  been 
erected  in  various  cities  in  memory  of  the  fidelity  to  a  trust  or 
faithful  attachment  of  dogs  to  their  masters.  The  most  honor  and 
honesty  among  animals  is  exhibited  by  those  whose  hony  sys- 
tems predominate^  and  among  these  classes  the  square-boned 
ones  are  the  most  honorable.  Compare,  for  example,  a  square- 
boned  mastiff  with  the  round-boned  fox,  and  you  will  have  a  fair 
understanding  of  the  relative  degree  of  honesty  revealed  by  these 
two  diverse  forms  and  structures. 

THE  FACULTY   OF   FIRMNESS. 

"Come  one,  come  all,  this  rock  shall  fly 
From  its  firm  base  as  soon  as  I." 

Definitimi. — Stability,  perseverance,  resolution,  pertinacity, 
fixed  methods;  steady,  persistent  action;  decision,  endurance, 
courage,  fortitude. 

Excess  of  Firmness  results  in  stubbornness  and  unreasoning 
dogmatism,  and  produces  a  hard,  obdurate,  unlovely  character. 

Deficiency  of  Firmness  creates  a  vacillathig,  shifting,  change- 
able disposition,  without  perseverance  or  capacity  to  carry  plans 
and  works  to  a  finality.  It  makes  one  seem  cowardly,  and  the 
lack  of  a  developed  chin  has  always  something  in  it  suggestive  of 
inferiority,  for  no  animal  has  a  chin,  and  when  the  human  being 
is  greatly  lacking  in  this  respect  he  possesses  the  unstable  character 
of  an  inferior  animal. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  most  decisive  facial  sign  of 
Firmness  is  the  length  downward  and  forward  of  the  chin.  Other 
facial  signs  are  projecting  cheek-bones  and  a  square,  bony  forehead. 
A  predominance  of  the  bony  system  aft"ords  the  best  illustration 
of  this  faculty,  and  the  bodily  signs  are  shown  by  large  bones  and 
joints,  long  and  square-boned  hands  and  fingers,  prominent 
knuckles,  and  flat,  bony  feet. 

The  sign  in  the  chin  is  the  most  reliable  facial  evidence  of 
perseverance  and  steadfastness.  A  receding  chin  shows  a  decided 
lack  of  this  faculty. 

Description  of  Firmness. — As  this  faculty  is  caused  by  a  fine 
development  of  the  bony  system,  we  shall  find  its  principal  sign  in 
the  length  downward  and  forward  of  the  lower  jaw-bone.  Where 
the  bones  of  the  lower  jaw  are  long  and  broad,  we  may  be  sure 
that  the  osseous  system  is  one  of  the  chief  systems  of  the  body; 
hence,  the  capacity  for  firm,  unyielding,  persistent  action  will  be 
present.     The  force  evolved  from  the  action  of  this  trait  represents 


THE   FACULTY    OF   FIRMNESS.  3l^ 

a  certain  kind  of  will-power  or  determination,  yet  is  not  pure 
Self-will.  This  faculty  is  derived  from  the  muscular  system,  and 
will  be  described  hereafter.  Firmness  must  not  be  confounded 
with  the  former,  for  its  methods  ol'  action,  as  well  as  its  origin,  are 
quite  different,  and  after  analyzing  the  two  one  would  never  con- 
found them. 

Firmness  is  a  quiet,  persistent  force  which  canies,  measures, 
and  pursues  plans  in  a  calm,  patient,  and  continuous  manner,  with- 
out noisy  demonstration.  It  gives  to  the  character  the  power  to 
follow  a  purpose  or  plan  with  fidelity  until  it  is  accomplished,  and 
those  possessing  it  largely  will  keep  the  mind  fixed  upon  a  plan 
for  years,  and  carry  it  out  successfully  to  the  end ;  even  if  great 
and  innumerable  obstacles  intervene  in  the  meantime,  they  will 
again  and  again  return  to  the  plan  or  purpose,  and  are  never 
satisfied  until  the  object  is  achieved.  The  faces  of  all  persons  who 
have  made  their  mark  in  the  world  in  any  great  enterprise  disclose 
this  sign   in  the  face. 

The  bull-dog  among  animals  is  an  excellent  illustration  of 
this  trait,  and  exhibits  in  his  physiognomy  and  bony  build  the 
unfailing  signs  for  persistency.  The  ass  and  mule  are  examples 
of  the  perversion  of  this  faculty.  In  these  creatures  we  find  an 
excessive  development  of  hone,  hence  an  excess  or  perversion  of 
firmness,  which  results  in  obstinacy,  contrariness,  mulishness,  per- 
versity, dogged  obstinacy,  and  unreasonableness.  In  contrast  to 
these  animals,  both  in  character  and  formation,  we  find  the  several 
deer  tribes,  as,  for  example,  the  red  deer,  the  fallow  deer,  the 
wapiti,  and  the  roebuck.  These  animals  have  relatively  less 
muscle  than  bone,  and  present  in  the  contour  of  their  jaws  a  most 
decided  difference  from  that  of  the  ass  and  bull-dog,  the  fox,  and 
sheep.  These  animals  are  possessed  of  little  firmness  or  persistency, 
and  present  entirely  different  characteristics  and  bodily  formation 
from  the  first-mentioned  animals. 

Those  persons  whose  lower  jaws  exhibit  an  excess  of  bone 
are  like  the  mule  and  bull-dog  in  character,  and,  like  these  creatures, 
always  show  a  desire  to  hold  back  and  dissent  from  views  and 
plans  which  would  benefit  them,  if  adopted,  but  which  are  opposed 
spontaneously  and  without  cause  by  those  who  possess  this  excess 
of  bone  and  obstinacy.  When  questioned  as  to  the  reason  for 
this  opposition,  they  reply,  "  Oh,  I  just  felt  that  way."  They  have 
no  reason  to  offer,  and  this  answer  reveals  the  natural  and  instinctive 
action  of  the  perversion  of  this  most  useful  and  moral  faculty. 

Firmness  assists  all  other  traits,  whether  of  the  intellect  or 
moral  nature;  so,  also,  does  it  assist  the  rogue  in  his  wickedness, 
but,  as  the  osseous  system  is  not  conducive  to  immorality,  we  shall 


814 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


rarely  find  any  very  hardened  villains  with  this  system  dominant. 
Many  rogues  become  such  through  lack  of  bone  and  chin,  for, 
not  possessing  sufficient  stable  and  firm  material  in  their  physiques 
to  enable  them  to  persevere  in  any  steady  course,  they  drift  into 
crime;  and  herein  is  another  proof  of  the  moral  nature  of  bone, 
for  many  professional  pickpockets  and  shoplifters  are  destitute  of  a 
good,  square,  hcyny  organization^  and  are  long  and  slim,  sleek  and 
sinuous,  like  the  dishonest  classes  of  prowling  animals,  such  as  the 
coon,  the  fox,  the  opossum,  the  rat,  and  cat.  These  sneakish  rogues 
are  destitute  in  most  cases  of  a  real  chin,  or,  at  most,  have  a  very 
narrow  or  receding  one.     The  reader  is  not  to  understand  that  a 

receding  chin  is  the  sign  of 
a  roguish  nature;  it  indi- 
cates the  lack  of  firmness, 
and  firmness  is  the  founda- 
tion  of  reliable,  stable 
character.  Many  amiable, 
generous,  and  truthful 
people  lack  chin  develop- 
ment, but  where  it  is  both 
receding  and  narrow  the 
character  has  no  foundation 
in  integrity  and  persever- 
ance, without  which  no  one 
can  be  said  to  be  truly 
honest  or  honorable.  A 
rogue,  such  as  is  spoken 
of  above,  exhibits  the  signs 
of  his  knavish  character 
all  over  him,  and  lack  of 
firmness  or  chin  is  only 
one  of  the  many  signals 
of  warning  which  he  holds 
out  in  order  that  we  may  avoid  his  neighborhood.  The  location 
of  the  local  sign  of  Firmness  in  the  face  is  highly  significant,  and 
announces  its  importance  to  the  entire  mental  and  bodily  organi- 
zation. Its  nearest  neighbor  is  Conscientiousness  (shown  by 
width  of  the  bony  structure  of  the  chin).  It  is  also  adjoining 
Economy,  Benevolence,  Love  of  Home  and  Country,  and  forms 
the  foundation  of  the  face,  and  assists  in  creating  outlines  of 
strength  and  beauty.  No  one  can  be  considered  beautiful  who 
lacks  chin  development,  no  matter  how  perfect  in  form  and 
rich  in  color  the  countenance  may  be ;  a  defect  here  neutralizes  all 
other  appearances. 


Fig.  18.— anna  DICKINSON. 


Principal  facial  sign,  Firmnes.s.  This  ladv,  by  her 
indomitable  perseverance,  rose  from  a  humble  position 
to  that  of  tlie  first  female  orator  of  the  world.    Her  face 


expresses  Firmness,  CJonseientiousness,  Force,  Courage, 
Self-esteem,  Approbativeness,  Language,  Memory  of 
Events,  Friendship,  Hope,  Analysis.  Her  quality  is  fine, 
and  the  color  of  her  eyes  and  hair  shows  intensity  of 
feelings  and  dramatic  fervor.  Her  literary  style  is 
clear,  decided,  and  energetic.  She  is  a  radical  reformer, 
fearless  and  honorable. 


THE   FACULTY   OF   FlRMrfESS. 


315 


All  undeveloped,  immature  persons,  such  as  infants  and  imbe- 
ciles, are  lacking  in  firmness,  hence,  of  chin.  All  undeveloped 
races,  such  as  the  Negro,  Mongolian,  etc.,  disclose  a  lack  of  chin 
development,  as  vt^eU  as  of  stability  and  perseverance.  Many 
animals — the  ape  tribes,  for  example — possess  no  sign  for  firmness, 
neither  in  their  physiognomies  nor  in  their  general  formation ;  for 
they  are  similar  to  the  natural  sneak  and  pickpocket,  slim  and 
sinuous,  without  any  bones  that  are  perceptible,  and  they  are  thus 
enabled  by  virtue  of  their  build  to  be  mischievous  and  tricky; 
unlike  the  horse  and  dog, 
whose  bones  project  from 
every  portion  of  their 
bodies,  and  who  are  rela- 
tively honest,  reliable,  and 
steady. 

Firmness  is  an  attri- 
bute only  of  developed 
races  and  individuals.  Man 
is  the  only  being  endowed 
with  a  chin.  The  length 
of  the  chin  is  one  of  the 
facial  indications  of  the 
bony  structure,  and  in  com- 
bination with  Conscien- 
tiousness (width  of  chin)  is 
the  base  of  the  heroic. 
Indeed,  Conscientiousness 
is  the  primal  cause  of  moral 
action ;  true  heroism  could 
spring  from  no  other  mo- 
tive. Firmness  gives  the 
power  for  fidelity  to  prin- 
ciple^ truth,  and  justice. 
Conscientiousness  needs  the 
aid  of  this  trait  to  give  it 

jyersistent  and  consistent  action.  The  chin  is  the  seat  of  heroic 
character,  which  depends  upon  the  firm  and  substantial  nature  of 
bone  for  its  support. 

A  certain  writer  on  physiognomy — Redfield — has  given  the 
chin  as  the  locality  for  the  signs  of  Amativeness.  He  certainly 
could  not  have  considered  the  nature  of  bone  in  this  connection. 
We  do  not  love  imth  our  hones.  Love  signs  are  found  predomi- 
nating in  those  who  are  the  most  emotional  and  impressible,  and 
bony  persons  are  just  the  opposite  of  this.     Muscle  and  fat  are 


Fig.  19. 

Principal  facial  sign,  Firmness,  shown  by  length 
and  forward  projection  of  the  chin.  This  fine  profile  of 
(jeorge  Washington  illustrates  well  the  faculty  of  Firm- 
ness. It  was  owing  to  his  undaunted  perseverance,  firm 
and  honorable  conduct  that  the  United  States  became 
an  independent  government.  With  less  chin  he  could 
not  have  succeeded  as  he  did.  The  profile  exhibits  his 
Firmness.  Executivenes.s,  Veneration.  Self-will,  and 
practical  slope  of  the  forehead  to  good  advantage. 
He  was  noted  more  for  honorable,  firm  conduct  and 
general  practicality  than  for  brilliancy  of  intellect. 
Although  he  possessed  an  excellent  mental  endowment, 
it  was  more  m  the  direction  of  practical  affairs  than 
literature,  yet  his  style  of  writmg  was  terse,  clear, 
strong,  and  "direct.  The  splendor  of  his  character  was 
not  tarnished  by  any  weakness. 


316  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

more  easily  acted  upon  than  bone,  and  the  physiognomical  sign 
of  love  will  be  found  in  the  muscles  of  the  face,  just  as  love  is  found 
more  largely  developed  in  emotional,  muscular  people.  Muscular^ 
dimpled  cJiins,  it  is  true,  disclose  love  signs.  They  also  show  rela- 
tively less  firmness.  A  dimpled  chin  tells  us  that  the  muscular 
system  is  in  the  ascendency,  or  that  it  is  one  of  the  principal  sys- 
tems in  the  persons  exhibiting  it;  while  prominent  and  broad, 
bony  chins  announce  the  dominance  of  the  osseous  system,  together 
witli  the  accompanying  traits  of  Firmness  and  Conscientiousness. 
Bone  shows  more  of  integrity  and  endurance  ;  muscle,  more  of  the 
will,  of  art  capacities,  and  aft'ectional  nature.  Length  of  chin  indi- 
cates perseverance  and  calm,  firm,  persistent  action,  rather  than 
what  is  termed  "  wUl-power."  This  exhibits  itself  in  sudden  out- 
bursts of  violent  temper,  and  as  suddenly  subsides.  The  long, 
broad  and  fleshy,  vegetative  clnn  must  not  be  confounded  with  the 
former.  Its  indications  are  quite  dift'erent,  for  the  latter  usually 
denotes  commonplace  or  stupid  minds.  This  distinction  must  be 
thoroughly  understood.  The  nature  of  bone,  like  that  of  rock, 
offers  a  steady  resistance  and  pressure,  and  large  firmness  is  the 
result  of  a  large  development  of  the  bony  system.  Muscle  has  a 
reactive  property,  and  Will-power  is  based  on  and  exhibited  by 
muscular  movements  purely,  just  the  same  as  are  most  of  the  other 
emotions. 

Firmness  is  one  of  the  most  sustaining  powers  of  the  mental 
as  well  as  physical  organization.  In  long-continued  illness,  as  well 
as  in  the  severe  crises  of  disease,  no  faciUty,  not  even  Hope,  so 
sustains  and  upholds  the  patient.  Anomalous  as  it  may  seem,  it 
conquers  by  submitting  and  endiuing.  It  gives  the  power  for  self- 
control  and  self-denial,  which  are  so  essential  in  every  enterprise 
where  success  is  desired ;  and  Self-control  is  almost  an  omniscient 
faculty.  Use  it  as  we  will,  whether  to  stem  the  course  of  a  disease 
and  oppose  steaddy  by  firm  and  reliant  will,  or  whether  in  a  battle 
for  human  rights  in  the  great  reforms  which  shake  the  world  to  its 
centre,  or  whether  used  in  pushing  forward  great,  material  enter- 
prises, this  faculty  is  the  one  of  all  others  most  needed. 

The  world  is  plentifully  supplied  with  geniuses  without 
Firmness,  who,  through  lack  of  this  faculty,  will  never  be  heard 
of  as  such.  Examine  the  faces  of  all  men  and  women  who  have 
led  the  world  in  great  moral  or  material  movements,  and  we  shall 
find  in  every  instance  a  full  development  of  Firmness.  A  person 
must  be  possessed  of  the  most  transcendent  genius  to  achieve 
a  name  and  success  without  a  fair  share  of  this  characteristic. 
There  may  be  such,  but  I  have  never  observed  a  physiognomy 
of  any  one  who  has  by  personal  merit  achieved  great  success 


THE   FACULTY   OF   FIRMNESS.  317 

in  life  who  was  greatly  deficient  in  this  strong  and  enduring  trait. 
Great  and  powerful  as  this  trait  is,  it  must  be  balanced  by  reason 
and  co?iscie7ice  to  make  it  most  effective,  else  it  degenerates  into 
obstinacy,  which  is  allied  to  stupidity,  as  in  the  ass  and  mule;  or 
savage  ferocity,  as  in  the  bull-dog.  All  facidties  need  balance  to 
make  them  of  the  highest  efficiency,  and  all  well-balanced  char- 
acters require  sufficient  stability  and  continuity  of  purpose  to  make 
them  harmonious  and  beautiful. 

The  signs  for  Firmness  may  be  seen  all  over  the  individual  in 
whom  the  osseous  system  is  supreme.  Yet  one  of  the  most  reliable 
facial  signs  is  the  one  given  in  the  length  of  the  chin  or  lower  jaw- 
bone. A  good  physiognomist  may  tell,  by  the  enlarged  joints  of 
the  fingers  and  by  the  projection  of  the  wrist-joints,  or  by  the  bony 
ankle,  projecting  heel,  or  long,  narrow,  and  flat  foot,  that  Firmness 
is  present,  for  these  are  aU  signs  of  the  supremacy  of  the  bony 
system,  and  this  trait  is  one  of  its  chief  attributes. 

The  faculty  of  Firmness  is  exhibited  in  all  of  Nature's  works ; 
in  the  unyielding  positions  of  the  rocks  and  trees ;  in  the  steady, 
persistent  action  and  movement  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  as  well  as 
in  the  fixedness  of  the  laws  rgulating  the  seasons  and  the  tides ; 
and  all  the  constantly  recurring  natural  phenomena  tell  us  that 
Firmness  is  in  harmony  with  those  natural  and  eternal  principles 
which  have  their  foundations  in  the  very  nature  of  the  universe. 

There  are  varying  degrees  of  Firmness  observable  in  different 
characters.  Some  faces  exhibit  very  little  of  the  power  to  stick  to 
anything,  while  others  disclose  a  force  in  this  direction  most  extra- 
ordinary. Where  this  trait  is  well  developed,  in  combination  with 
"  Self-will,"  the  character  wiU  be  most  unyielding,  obdurate,  and 
impossible  to  change,  and  unless  accompanied  with  other  controll- 
ing and  modifying  traits,  such  as  Benevolence,  Conscientiousness, 
or  a  strong  affectional  nature,  the  character  will  be  irremediably 
hard  and  tyrannical.     Fortunately,  we  rarely  find  this  combination. 

Those  undertaking  a  serious  study  of  physiognomy  must  learn 
to  calculate  the  degree  of  control  which  each  development  of  this 
trait  will  have  upon  other  faculties  in  combination  in  every  case 
observed.  A  good,  broad,  and  long,  bony  chin  may  be  covered  by 
and  surrounded  with  fat,  and,  in  this  case,  Firmness  will  be  tem- 
pered by  the  softer  feelings,  and,  if  the  individual  is  very  fat,  the 
quality  of  Firmness  will  be  modified;  the  activity  of  this  faculty 
will  not  be  so  great  as  where  there  is  much  less  fatty  tissue,  for  a 
great  mass  of  fat  impedes  and  puts  obstacles  in  the  way  of  persist- 
ent, plodding  methods.  All  these  various  differences  in  com- 
bination must  be  observed  and  summed  up  in  the  reading  of  a 
character  before  a  true  and  just  verdict  can  be  rendered. 


318 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


THE   FACULTY   OF   ECONOMY. 

Definition. — Frugality;  saving,  prudent,  and  common-sense 
use  of  materials,  strength,  and  time ;  judicious  expenditure  of 
money;  wise  plans  for  managing  the  household  or  business  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  live  within  one's  means  ;  opposed  in  its  nature 
and  action  to  both  parsimony  and  extravagance. 

The  physiological  action  of  Economy  is  shown  by  a  well- 
nourished  body,  which  contains  a  sufficient  store  of  vital  materials 

to  meet  any  uncommon 
demands  upon  it,  as  in 
protracted  labor,  long-con- 
tinued sickness,  or  old  age. 
An  excessive  develop- 
ment  of  Economy  creates 
a  spirit  of  littleness,  mean- 
ness, parsimony,  niggard- 
liness, and  miserliness.  The 
pinched  face,  thin  lips,  and 
shriveled  aspect  of  noted 
misers  reveal  the  utter 
poverty  of  their  bodies,  as 
well  as  the  lack  of  a  bal- 
anced and  sound  judg- 
ment. 

A  deficiency  of  Econ- 
omy tends  to  prodigality, 
dissipation,  injudicious  use 
of  money,  time,  and  oppor- 
tunities, and  a  want  of 
appreciation  of  all  the 
conservative  forces  of  life, 
such  as  friends,  home,  and 
health;  for  he  who  has 
not  sufficient  wisdom  to 
conserve  his  means  usually  lacks  abihty  to  protect  his  health,  or 
to  value  friends  and  worldly  opportunities. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  physiological  base  of  Econ- 
omy is  found  in  the  action  of  the  glandular  system,  which  stores 
up  adipose  tissue  for  any  unusual  demand  which  may  be  made 
upon  it;  hence,  the  most  decisive  signs  are  shown  by  the  develop- 
ment of  that  tissue  in  close  contiguity  to  the  mouth  and  chin. 
One  very  noticeable  sign  is  the  "  dew-lap,"  a  peculiar  fold  of  fat 
and  muscle  under  the  chin,  so  called  from  its  resemblance  to  the 


FiQ.  20.— LUCRETIA  B.  MOTT. 
Principal  facial  sign  of  Economy,  derelopmeBt  of 
adipose  tissue  under  the  chin  and  lower  cheeks.  The 
law  of  the  straight  line  and  square  governs  this  face. 
This  modest  and  intellectual  face  discloses  the  faculty 
of  Economy.  All  womanly  traits  are  exhibited  in  this 
countenance.  Mrs.  Mott  was  noted  for  her  humanity, 
intellect,  sympathy,  oratory,  and  modesty.  As  a  valiant 
reformer,  her  balanced  judgment  made  her  a  true  con- 
servator of  all  her  resources:  her  Conscientiousness  led 
her  to  value  time,  opportunity,  talent,  friends,  and 
money,  and  by  carefulness  In  the  use  of  all  these  she 
had  plenty  to  share  with  others.  The  signs  of  Conscien- 
tiousness, Firmness,  Mirthfulness,  Friendship,  Lan- 
guage, Veneration,  Executiveness,  Reason,  and  Benev- 
olence are  all  large.  Her  style  of  argument  in  speaking 
was  clear,  logical,  and  persuasive.  She  was  a  noted 
anti-slavery  orator,  and  a  pioneer  advocate  of  woman's 
equality,  and  was  a  cousin  of  Benjamin  Franklin. 


THE  FACULTY  OF  ECONOMY. 


319 


neck  of  the  cow  and  ox,  whose  well-stored  bodies  show  the  sm-ing, 
stonng  principle  of  physical  economy.  Other  facial  signs  of  tlie 
saving  disposition  are  known  by  fulhiess  of  the  cheeks  below  the 
signs  for  Alimentiveness.  These  signs  point  to  the  physical  phase 
merely  of  this  faculty.  One  very  conspicuous  mental  sign  is  seen 
in  a  slight  projection  forward  of  the  chin,  also  in  width  of  its  bony 
structure.  A  well-nourished  and  well-balanced  body  is  a  secondary 
sign,  wliile  a  thin,  impoverished  body,  with  a  shriveled,  pinched, 
wrinkled  and  juiceless-looking  face,  denote  a  lack  of  this  most 
useful  trait.  The  physiognomies  of  many  great  misers  present  this 
appearance.  The  lack  of  sustaining  power  in  the  bodily  functions 
deprives  them  of  good, 
sound  judgment  in  regard 
to  the  care  and  use  of  their 
bodies;  hence,  they  starve 
themselves  under  the  mis- 
taken notion  that  they  are 
saving  something. 

Another  facial  evi- 
dence of  the  presence  of 
the  saving  faculty  is  shpwn 
by  a  small,  narrow  mouth, 
with  the  upper  canine 
teeth  overlapping,  as  seen 
in  the  rat,  the  squirrel,  and 
other  rodents.  This  form 
of  feature  denotes  both  the 
acquisitive  and  saving  pro- 
pensities. It  discloses  the 
desire  to  gain  by  littles, 
sometimes  dishonestly  or 
by  begging  or  hinting,  etc., 
as  well  as  by  the  love  of 
hoarding  up  all  sorts  of 
things,  each  individual  showing  a  special  liking  for  one  class  of 
objects,  yet  all  evincing  a  desire  to  hoard,  apparently  for  the  mere 
love  of  possession.  Hoarding  up  materials  without  having  any 
design  of  using  them  is  the  perversion  of  Economy.  Using  them 
with  sense  and  judgment  is  the  normal  action  of  this  faculty  and 
function. 

Description  of  Economy. — We  often  hear  the  expression, "  the 
wonderful  economy  of  Nature,"  as  if  Nature  were  obliged  to  be 
niggardly  of  her  forces  and  materials  in  order  that  every  require- 
ment of  the  world   and  of  the  human    family  should   be    met. 


FiQ.  21.— BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN. 

Principal  facial  sign,  Economy.  The  law  of  the 
square,  straight  line,  and  true  curve  poverns  this  face. 
Benjamin  Franklin  was  noted  for  his  large  Conscien- 
tiousness, Reason,  and  Patriotism.  His  balanced  intel- 
lect led  him  to  be  a  great  economist  both  in  small  and 
great  matters.  His  signs  for  Kconomy,  I.ove  of  Home 
and  of  Young  are  well  defined.  Friendship,  Self-es- 
teem, Language,  Mirthfulness,  Kxecutiveness,  Self-will, 
Analysis,  Reason,  and  tJonstructiveness  are  very  large. 
He  was  an  inventor,  a  good  mechanic,  a  discoverer,  a 
fine  statesman  and  writer,  a  patriot,  and  philanthropist. 


320  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Although  Nature  is  most  bountifully  generous  in  her  gifts  to  all, 
she  is  so  by  reason  of  not  allowing  anything  to  go  to  waste ;  all 
her  productions  are  of  use.  A  wise,  prudent,  and  well-balanced 
man  imitates  Nature  by  saving  that  he  may  be  generous,  for  it  is 
only  by  thus  doing  that  he  is  enabled  to  have  anything  to  use  in 
time  of  great  need,  or  to  give  to  those  less  able  to  save.  Now,  this 
principle  of  Nature  is  wonderfully  manifested  in  man's  organism, 
as  are  indeed  all  of  the  fundamental  principles  of  the  universe,  and 
all  fundamental  laws  of  man's  mind  have  a  physical  base,  that  is, 
are  related  directly  to  some  bodily  function  from  which  their 
ability  is  derived.  The  primitive  principles  of  man's  organism 
manifest  themselves  in  primitive  tissues;  accordingly,  we  should 
expect  to  find  a  storing-ii^  function  and  faculty  most  developed  or 
primarily  receiving  its  impulse  and  power  from  that  source  which 
originates  and  manufiictures,  so  to  speak,  the  blood  and  tissues  of 
the  entire  human  organism,  viz.,  from  the  glandular  system. 

This  system  is  usually  most  active  in  childhood,  and  all  healthy 
infants  exhibit  many  of  the  pht/sical,  facial  signs  of  economy  in  a 
very  marked  manner,  not  only  about  the  mouth,  cheeks  and  neck, 
but  all  over  the  entire  body,  thus  showing  by  this  development  of 
the  softer  tissues  that  Nature  has  stored  aioay  sufficient  vital 
material  to  meet  the  exacting  demands  of  teething,  and  all  the 
numerous  ailments  to  which  children  hi  civilized  life  are  subject. 
Old  age  also  furnishes  another  striking  example  of  the  conserving 
power  of  Nature,  for,  as  men  and  women  approach  the  grand 
climacteric  of  fifty  years  of  age.  Nature  again  commences  the 
storing  up  process,  and  both  men  and  women,  almost  universally, 
have  stored  up  sufficient  extra  tissue  to  enable  them  to  keep  up 
the  normal  standard  of  temperature,  and  also  to  aid  them  in 
meeting  any  demands  which  may  be  made  upon  their  organism 
by  disease  or  by  the  increased  feebleness  and  infirmities  of  old 
age.  It  is  thus  that  Nature  provides  mankind  with  the  necessary 
materials  with  which  to  meet  all  the  usual  crises  and  emergencies 
of  life  from  the  cradle  to  the  grave.  A  wonderful  manifestation 
of  her  marvellous  powers  of  economy,  conservation,  bounty,  and 
generosity ! 

Now,  having  elaborated  the  idea  of  the  physical  base  of  what 
might  seem  a  purely  mental  trait  (as  the  mind  is  usually  conceived 
of  by  the  masses),  I  shall  now  proceed  to  show  how  the  best-noiu'- 
islied  and  best-balanced  bodies  produce  the  wisest  and  most  prudent 
plans  for  the  economical  use,  disbursement,  and  distribution  of 
materials. 

It  is  a  fact,  patent  to  all  observers,  that  all  ill-proportioned 
persons,  whether  they  be  distinguished  by  grossness  or  an  over- 


THE  FACULTY  OF  ECONOMY.  321 

development  of  adipose  tissue,  on  the  one  hand,  or  whether  they 
lack  a  normal  supply  of  this  element,  or  if  they  be  characterized 
by  great  angularity  (caused  by  over-development  of  bone  and  a 
disproportion  of  the  softer  elements,  such  as  fat  and  muscle),  on 
the  other  liand,  do  not  occupy  positions  where  the  wise  and 
judicious  use  of  means  on  a  large  scale  is  demanded,  for  the 
reason  that  their  minds,  like  their  bodies,  are  out  of  proportion  ; 
hence,  the  highest  talent  in  the  direction  of  laying  out  money  or 
using  material  resources  is  lacking  in  these  classes.  Men  of  broad 
and  sound  judgment  are  never  characterized  by  disproportioned 
bodies,  but,  like  Benjamin  Franklin  and  George  Pcabody,  and  other 
noted  conservators,  are  noted  for  a  certain  degree  of  symmetry  or 
harmony  in  their  physical  and  mental^  structures.  Now,  unless 
Nature  has  in  the  first  place  endowed  one  with  the  possibilities  of 
a  well-proportioned  body,  it  is  not  to  be  expected  that  he  will 
develop  such  symmetry  of  body  and  mind  as  will  enable  him  to  be 
eminent  in  the  management  of  material  or  mental  resources.  The 
bodies  and  faces  of  misers  reveal  the  inharmony,  disproportion,  and 
angularity  or  one-sidednessof  their  make-up,  and  this  one-sidedness 
is  shown  by  the  smallness  of  their  ideas,  the  narrowness  of  their 
lives,  their  utter  lack  of  influence  upon  their  friends  and  in  their 
commuiuty,  and  by  their  illiberality  in  every  thought  and  deed. 
Most  of  them  are  narrow-minded,  and  all  lack  the  social  feelings 
which  are  so  pronounced  in  men  of  breadth ;  the  domestic  nature 
is  deficient,  and  although  some  of  them  have,  at  certain  periods 
of  their  lives,  exhibited  considerable  mental  ability,  yet  the  manner 
of  their  living,  by  denying  themselves  the  most  ordinary  comforts, 
and  living  without  the  practice  of  the  social  and  domestic  virtues 
and  obligations,  proves  the  poverty  and  inharmony  of  their 
minds. 

As  a  normal  or  balanced  degree  of  Economy  discloses  a  normal 
or  balanced  condition  of  mind,  so  an  excessive  amount  of  this  trait 
announces  a  deficiency  of  other  traits  for  which  this  is  in  some  sort  a 
compensation.  The  sign  shown  by  a  slight  elongation  of  the  bone  of 
the  chin  I  have  observed  in  many  worthy  characters.  Where  this  is 
conspicuous,  it  is  caused  by  a  combination  of  Conscientiousness 
and  Firmness,  and  arises  from  a  conscientious  desire  on  the  part 
of  the  subject  to  preserve  from  destruction  any  thing  of  any  a  alue 
whatsoever,  while  Firmness  gives  continuity.  Now,  most  persons 
who  present  this  sign  have  generally  some  difliculty  in  acquiring, 
for  which  this  trait  is  the  compensation.  One  may  be  slow  in  his 
movements,  hence  not  able  to  compete  successfully  with  the  more 
capable.  Another  may  have  fewer  tastes  to  gratify,  hence  has 
less  mental  energy  to  put  forth  in  acquiring,  and  Nature  gives  as 

21 


322  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

a  substitute  the  faculty  of  holding  on  to  and  storing  up  little  by 
little  small  gains,  thus  preserving  this  class  from  want  and  destitu- 
tion. I  have  observed  characters,  in  whom  the  saving  principle 
was  most  decided,  who  were  able  to  earn  little  as  compared  with 
many  others,  and  yet,  by  reason  of  their  more  simple  tastes  and 
habits,  had  more  means  laid  up  at  the  year's  end  than  those  who 
earned  many  times  as  much. 

True  Economy  is  not  meanness  nor  parsimony.  It  is  only  by 
practicing  it  that  we  are  able  to  be  generous  or  benevolent.  Spend- 
thrifts are  never  able  to  give  for  the  reason  that  they  have  nothing 
laid  up  for  emergencies.  Prodigals  of  health  have  never  any 
strength  to  impart  to  others.  It  is  only  the  prudent  conservator 
of  both  means  and  health  Avho  is  able  to  benefit  and  bless  mankind 
by  his  strength  and  resources. 

Acquisitiveness  is  not  Economy.  It  is  a  distinct  faculty  pro- 
ceeding from  a  distinct  base,  viz.,  from  the  muscular  system. 
One  may  have  great  power  to  acquire  and  very  little  ability  to  save 
his  acquisitions.  This  is  so  well  luiderstood  that  we  often  hear 
business  men  say,  "  Oh,  it's  all  very  easy  to  get  money,  but  it's 
not  so  easy  to  keep  it."  Economy,  in  its  mental  aspect,  is  an  or- 
dinance of  Nature,  impelling  us  to  store  up  for  the  future,  for  old 
age,  for  sickness,  and  all  the  emergencies  of  life.  Acquisitiveness 
is  never  satisfied,  while  Economy  derives  constant  gratification 
from  every  act  which  tends  to  save,  by  self-denial  of  luxuries,  etc. 

The  primitive  facial  and  bodily  signs  of  Economy  are  most 
conspicuous  in  childhood,  and  are  observed  in  the  soft  tissues. 
The  mental  signs,  particularly  the  sign  in  the  chin,  are  not  so  promi- 
nent in  youth,  for  tlie  reason  that  the  mind,  the  intelligence,  has 
not  been  put  into  operation,  hence  has  made  no  impression  upon  the 
features ;  neither  has  the  osseous  structure  of  the  chin  reached  its 
ultimate  form  and  development.  After  a  long  course  of  years  spent 
in  petty  cares  and  small  savings  an  impression  is  made  upon  the 
face,  and  shows  by  very  fine  wrinkles  lying  in  every  direction.  A 
well-balanced  mind  is  able  to  use  all  its  resources  with  prudence 
and  judgment ;  this  is  a  high  phase  of  Economy,  for  true  Econ- 
omy wisely  conserves  health,  and  is  thus  enabled  to  bend  all  the 
energies  of  the  mind  to  useful  and  benevolent  endeavor. 

Common  sense  in  the  management  of  one's  means  and  oppor- 
tunities is  a  part  of  true  Economy,  and  proceeds  from  a  develop- 
ment of  this  part  of  the  mental  equipment.  Misers,  and  those 
who  possess  an  excess  of  Economy,  starve  the  body  and  thus 
weaken  the  mental  powers,  under  the  mistaken  notion  that  they  are 
saving  something.  A  true  economist  provides  good,  nourishing 
food,   knowing   that   by  this   course  he  will  create  mental  and 


[ 


THE   FACULTY   OF   ECONOMY.  323 

bodily  vigor, — the  source  of  all  wealth.  Good  living  is  the  best 
economy. 

Real  economists  have  always  something  to  give,  and  love  to 
give  to  those  who  will  make  a  sensible  use  of  their  gifts. 

Economy,  large  in  combination  with  literary  tastes,  leads  to 
collecting  and  saving  books  and  other  literary  matters ;  with 
Ideality  and  Color  large.  Art  objects  will  be  the  aim  of  the  indi- 
vidual ;  with  Hospitality  large,  foods  and  drinks  will  be  gathered 
and  stored ;  and,  with  large  Caution,  an  almost  morbid  fear  will 
lead  to  extra  exertions  in  laying  up  supplies  for  future  needs.  The 
saving  traits  of  some  animals,  insects,  and  birds  are  remarkable. 
Ants  store  away  under  ground,  in  most  ingeniously  constructed 
dwellings,  large  supplies  of  food  for  winter  use.  The  dog  buries 
his  surplus  bones,  but  does  not  make  such  elaborate  preparations 
for  preserving  his  food  as  many  animals,  for  the  reason  that  he  has 
greater  abilities  and  better  o[)portunities  to  procure  food  as  he 
needs  it.  The  entire  family  of  rodents,  viz.,  the  rat,  the  mouse, 
the  beaver,  the  hare,  the  gerboa,  the  chinchilla,  the  springhass, 
the  dormouse,  the  several  species  of  squirrels,  the  mole,  the  prairie- 
dog,  the  marmot,  the  lemming,  and  hamster  are  noted  economists ; 
the  latter  is,  perhaps,  the  greatest  "  economist "  of  all,  for  his  hoard- 
ing propensities  are  so  great  that  as  many  as  sixty  pounds  of  corn 
have  been  found  in  the  home  of  one  of  these  creatures  and  one 
hundred  pounds  of  beans  in  that  of  another  (J.  G.  Wood).  All 
of  these  creatures  exhibit  the  sign  by  the  narrow  form  of  the 
mouth  and  the  overlapping  of  the  teeth. 

The  same  providence  is  manifested  by  various  birds,  notably  by 
the  magpie  and  owl,  which  in  their  predatory  excursions  seize  upon 
and  bring  to  their  nest  anything  of  an  edible  nature  which  they 
can  carry  in  their  beaks,  while  in  the  nest  of  the  magpie  stores  of 
many  curious  articles  have  been  found  which  were  quite  beyond 
the  requirements  of  the  bird. 

The  black  bear  furnishes  an  example  of  the  economy  of  Na- 
ture, who,  by  a  singular  provision  of  stored-up  tissues,  enables  the 
beast  to  liibernate  five  months  of  the  year  without  a  particle  of 
food,  and  yet  it  will  come  forth  from  its  long  lethargy  fat  and  in 
good  condition.  The  stored-up  vitality  of  this  hardy  creature  is, 
of  course,  the  source  from  whence  it  derives  its  sustenance.  The 
broad  form  of  the  bear  well  illustrates  the  principle  upon  which 
Economy  is  based,  for  the  same  form  is  characteristic  of  those  wise 
and  prudent  men  who  administer  economically  the  affairs  of  large 
enterprises,  that  is  to  say,  with  wisdom  and  prudence. 

A  well-proportioned  face  and  body,  one  neither  too  broad  nor 
too  narrow,  neither  too  tall  nor  too  short,  if  of  fine  quality,  is  the 


324  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

structure  which  will  manifest  the  most  economy.  A  fair  develop- 
ment of  the  muscles,  with  a  good  degree  of  the  vegetative  system 
in  combination,  is  essential,  and  these  by  their  action  and  develop- 
ment produce  a  form  and  faculty  suited  to  the  exercise  of  the  fine 
virtue  of  saving  and  using  wisely.  As  the  highest  degree  of 
reason  depends  upon  a  well-nourished  body  for  the  strength  and 
vigor  essential  to  protracted  and  profound  cogitation,  so  Economy 
in  its  highest  aspect  depends  also  upon  the  power  which  is  derived 
from  a  well-proportioned  and  vigorous  physique. 

When  we  arrive  at  the  analysis  of  the  mental  aspect  of  "  men- 
tal "  traits,  we  have  to  investigate  the  body,  and  we  shall  find  that 
the  highest  mental  traits,  viz.,  the  Will,  the  Reason,  the  Memory, 
the  Conscience,  and  the  Imagination,  are  all  created  and  sustained 
by  the  action  and  development  of  the  various  organs  and  systems 
within  the  body. 

LOVE  OF   HOME. 

Definition. — Attachment  to  one's  .domicile  or  residence ;  love 
of  the  place  wliere  one  was  born  or  reared ;  desire  to  live  always 
in  the  same  locality. 

An  excessive  development  of  this  trait  is  shown  by  those  who 
are  of  mediocre  talents  and  abilities,  rather  than  by  the  enter- 
prising, for  ambition  leads  one  far  from  home  and  over  many  lands; 
although  many  great-minded  people  retiiin  an  ardent  affection  for 
their  birthplace  and  home  of  their  childhood.  Nostalgia,  or  home- 
sickness, a  species  of  melancholy,  results  from  an  excessive  love 
of  one's  home,  while  forced  to  be  absent  from  it. 

The  French  are  particularly  distinguished  by  the  development 
of  the  love  of  home  and  country,  and  if  forced  to  reside  away  from 
it  many  of  them  suffer  with  longing  to  return.  The  English  are 
noted  for  their  love  of  home,  yet  are  quite  cosmopolitan  in  their 
ramblings  and  in  the  desire  to  acquire  by  conquest  the  homes  of 
others  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  The  Americans  are  also  cosmo- 
politan, yet  content  themselves  with  travelHng  to  other  lands  when 
they  tire  of  their  own. 

A  deficiency  of  this  faculty  leads  one  to  travel  and  roam  from 
place  to  place.  Such  characters  find  a  home  in  every  hotel  and 
can  be  happy  under  any  roof  and  sometimes  without  one.  Dis- 
coverers and  adventurers  are  lacking  in  Love  of  Home  and  regard 
the  world  at  large  as  their  home. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — Fullness  at  the  sides  of  the  under 
lip,  just  below  the  sign  for  Benevolence,  and  adjoining  the  facial 
sign  for  Patriotism. 

Description  of  Love  of  Home. — ^Love  of  Home  is  a  purely 


LOVE   OF    HOME.  325 

domestic  trait  and  is  found  in  varying  grades  of  development  in 
every  individual  and  in  all  races.  Islanders,  as  a  rule,  are  more 
locative  in  their  attachments  than  those  who  inhabit  continents 
and  can  roam  at  will  over  vast  expanses.  The  Englisli  afford  a 
good  illustration  of  insular  attachment  to  home,  many  thousands 
of  them  never  having  left  their  native  country,  while  many  more, 
though  possessed  of  ample  means,  have  never  seen  their  metropo- 
lis,— London, — while  Americans,  in  the  same  financial  condition, 
would  have  visited  every  part  of  Europe  and  thought  it  no  more 
than  a  holiday  trip. 

Many  races  of  men  seem  to  be  entirely  destitute  of  all  loca- 
tive affection.  The  Bedouin  finds  his  home  wherever  he  erects  his 
tent,  and  there  are  many  persons  among  civilized  races  where  Love 
of  Home  is  on  a  level  with  the  Bedouin.  The  love  of  home  is 
founded  in  a  desire  for  "creature  comforts," — love  of  eating,  a 
comfortable  place  to  sleep,  and  a  domicile  which  affords  ease, — 
hence  its  primary  need  points  to  the  digestive  function  as  its 
source  and  origin.  Long-continued  observation  on  my  part  led 
me  to  observe  its  sign  to  be  a  fullness  of  the  lower  lip,  just  under 
the  sign  for  the  glandular  system  (fullness  of  the  under  lip), 
and,  considering  the  domestic  nature  of  this  trait,  I  found  that  it 
was  indebted  to  the  functional  action  of  the  glands  for  the  base  of 
supply. 

The  logic  which  proceeds  from  a  consideration  of  the  location 
of  the  visceral  organs  and  their  mutual  interdependence  upon  each 
other  leads  irresistibly  to  the  belief  that  the  signs  in  the  face  of 
each  group  of  faculties,  as,  for  example,  the  domestic,  the  artistic, 
the  literary,  the  practical,  etc.,  are  all  so  placed  in  the  face  in  such 
manner  as  to  mutually  assist  in  pointing  out  their  physiologi- 
cal origin  and  mental  meanings.  Time  and  observation  on  my 
part  decided  definitely  the  locating  of  all  the  domestic  traits  in  and 
about  the  mouth,  for  the  primary  requirement  of  Love  oi'  Home  is 
that  a  full  share  of  food  shall  be  easily  obtained,  without  roaming 
abroad  for  it.  One  would  soon  weary  of  a  home  in  which  there  was 
lacking  that  first  essential  of  life.  The  wild  beast  forsakes  his 
lair  when  his  food-su])ply  is  exhausted,  and  only  returns  to  it  when 
he  has  acquired  a  sufficiency  of  prey  to  bring  back  to  sliare  with 
his  young,  and  thus  provide  the  first  requisite  for  a  home,  viz., 
Food. 

Love  of  Home  in  its  higher  and  more  refined  aspects — as 
seen  in  the  civilized  races — is  one  of  the  most  solid  and  enduring 
traits,  and  serves  to  ennoble  and  purify  any  race  or  nation  in  which 
it  is  paramount.  The  Hebrew  race,  although  without  a  country 
of  their  own,  and  withal  having  been  exposed  to  the  most  bitter 


326 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


persecutions  for  ages,  still  preserve  a  more  ardent  and  intense  love 
of  home  and  family  ties  of  any  race  in  existence,  and  this  one  trait, 
I  am  convinced,  is  the  very  base  and  firm  foundation  of  their 
material  prosperity.  Their  constitutional  vigor,  the  result  of  their 
strong  digestive  capacity,  points  to  the  glandular  system  as  the 
origin  of  this  vigorous  home  attachment. 

It  is  a  fine  piece  of  worldly  foresight  and  economy  on  the  part 
of  any  man  to  make  the  foundation  of  his  hojue  sure.  The  father  of 
a  family  should  never,  under  any  pretext  or  pressure  whatever, 
sell  the  roof  from  over  the  head  of  his  wife  and  children.     He 

should  stop  at  the  threshold 
and  never  invade  those 
sacred  precincts  for  any 
purpose,  except  to  build  up 
and  beautify  them.  The 
birds  and  beasts  teach  man 
a  lesson  in  this  direction, 
and  tiny  father-birds  help 
to  build  a  home  for  the 
family  before  they  pj'esiime 
to  rear  (me ;  and  then, 
having  built  it,  they  keep 
it  inviolate  until  the  birdlets 
are  reared  and  have  flown 
from  it.  Some  birds,  like 
some  people,  change  their 
abode  twice  a  year.  Some 
people  change  oftener,  yet 
seem  to  ha^e  a  love  for  the 
comforts  of  a  home  when 


Fig.  22.-MAD.  OCTAVIA  WALTON  LE  VERT. 

An  American  writer  and  traveller,  born  in  Georgia, 
1820.  Principal  facial  sign,  Love  of  Home,  shown  bv 
fullness  of  the  centre  of  the  lower  lip.  The  law  of  the 
curve  governs  this  face.  This  distinguished  lady  was 
as  widely  known  for  her  unbounded  hospitality  as  for 
her  writings.  All  of  the  social  virtues  shone  forth  \n 
this  friendly  face.  Aniativeness.  Love  of  Young.  Mirth- 
fulness,  Approbativeness,  Hospitality,  and  Friendship 
form  a  beautiful  basis  upon  which'  rest  her  literary 
faculties.  Among  them  are  Constructiveuess,  Human 
Nature,  Language,  B'orm,  Size,  Color,  Jjocality,  Memory 
of  Events.  These  traits  were  her  most  decided  charac- 
teristics and  ennobled  her  life  and  adorned  her  writings. 


in  one. 

The  love  for  and  at- 
tachment to  one's  place 
of  residence  depend  upon 
the  degree  of  continuity  and  stability  one  possesses  in  combina- 
tion with  Love  of  Home.  Muscular  people,  although  fond  of 
motion,  are  yet  capable  of  strong  local  attachments.  Those 
possessed  of  a  great  share  of  firmness  like  to  remain  in  one  place, 
by  reason  of  their  persevering  nature.  Vegetative  persons  will, 
like  the  vegetative  animals,  go  where  food  is  plenty,  yet  are  in- 
clined by  reason  of  their  size  and  indolence  to  remain  stationary, 
and  are  often  credited  with  the  possession  of  true  domesticity, 
whereas  it  may  be  only  disinclination  to  move  or  make  much 
physical  eff'ort.     I  have  known  many  women  who  were  falsely 


LOVE   OF   HOME. 


327 


judged  to  be  of  a  domestic  nature,  simply  because,  cat-like,  they 
remained  at  home  where  they  could  enjoy  ease  and  comforts  with- 
out exertion.  In  such  cases  it  is  not  local  attachment  which  holds 
them  stationary,  but  a  love  of  self  and  selfish  ease  and  enjoyment. 
Where  the  sign  lor  Sell-will  is  large  (known  by  fullness  of' 
the  muscle  between  the  eyes),  together  with  the  sign  for  Love  of 
Home,  the  character  will  possess  most  ardent  attachment  for  and 
desire  to  have  a  permanent  dwelling-place.  A  person  with  this 
combination  will  experience  great  unhappiness  at  being  obliged  to 
leave  home,  even  for  a 
night  or  a  short  journey, 
and  in  youth  will  suffer 
seriously  from  homesick- 
ness if  obliged  to  leave 
home.  I  have  known 
many  adults,  also,  both 
male  and  female,  to  be- 
come ill  through  being 
obliged  to  leave  the  home 
of  their  childhood  or  other 
long  -  occupied  residence. 
In  these  days  of  facilities 
for  travel,  we  see  little  of 
this  disease,  except  among 
young  children  wlio  are 
sent  away  from  home  and 
parents.  The  Bedouin  of 
the  desert  regards  his  shift- 
ing home  among  the  sands 
with  much   pure  affection 

anO.  inniKS  it  a  most  Qellgnt-       ness,  Conscientrousnew*,  Finnness,  and  Frieiidsliip — are 

ful  abode,  and,  although  he 

has   no    exact    spot    upon 

which  to-  pitch  his  tent,  he 

is  happy  anywhere  within 

its  boundaries ;  but  when  obliged  to  live  temporarily  in  a  town  he 

becomes  dissatisfied  and  longs  most  earnestly  for  his  nomadic  life. 

Emerson  tells  us  of  the  English,  that  "  they  are  a  people  scattered 

by  their  ways  and  affairs  over  the  face  of  the  whole  earth,  yet 

homesick  to  a  man."* 

The  love  of  home  is  so  vmiversal  and  ingrained,  both  in  man, 
beast,  bird,  and  insect  (in  varying  degrees  and  shown  by  many 
diverse  manifestations),  as  to  warrant  us  in  considering  it  one  of 

»  English  Traits,  R.  W.  Emerson,  p.  56.    1876. 


Fig.  28.-JAMES  FENIMORE  COOPER. 

An  American  novelist,  born  1789.  Principal  facial 
sign,  I^ove  of  Home,  shown  by  fullness  of  the  centre  of 
the  lower  lip.  The  law  of  the  straight  line,  square,  and 
curve  governs  this  physiognomy.  This  distinguished 
writer  was  original,  vivid,  and  humorous,  and  displayed 
great  knowle<ige  of  human  nature  in  his  writings,  wliich 
were  "instinct  with  the  spirit  of  nationality."  His 
face  discloses  Love  of  Home  and  Patriotism  in  a  marked 
manner,  while  the  signs  of  all  of  the  domestic  and  social 
faculties —  Benevolence,  Amativeness,  Mirthfulness, 
Ijove  of  Young,  Hospitality,  Kconomv.  Approbative- 
ness,  (,'onscientiousness.  Firmness,  and  r  riends 
all  very  pronounced.  The  signs  for  Ideality,  Construct- 
iveness.  Sublimity,  Mental  Imitation,  Human  Nature, 
Analysis,  Veneration,  Executiveness,  Self-will,  Lan- 
guage. Foi'm,  Size,  Order,  Color,  Locality,  and  Memory 
of  Events  are  most  decided.  His  nose  is  broad  on  the 
back  the  entire  length. 


828  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the  primitive  faculties,  and  hence  its  local  sign  in  the  face  is  found 
in  the  lower  or  vegetative  domain,  and  in  the  domestic  group;  it 
is  near  to  the  local  sign  for  Conscientiousness  and  Firmness,  both 
of  which  assist  it  in  preserving  the  integrity  and  permanency  of 
the  family  institution.  Conscientiousness,  it  will  thus  be  seen,  is 
the  grand  faculty  which  enables  character  to  weld  together  not 
only  the  domestic  faculties  (where  it  is  greatly  needed),  but  it 
binds  the  individual  to  love  of  country,  to  offspring,  and  to  conjugal 
companions. 

Children  who  are  reared  in  a  permanent  home  have  usually 
more  stable  attachment  for  home  than  those  who  make  frequent 
clianges.  The  love  for  the  land,  the  trees,  and  flowers  about  one's 
early  home  is  never  lost,  and  in  old  age  is  fondly  and  regretfully 
remembered. 

In  order  to  cultivate  this  most  important  trait  of  character, 
parents  should  strive  to  make  home  tlie  most  attractive  place  on 
earth  to  their  children.  Good.,  bright  lights  at  night  is  one  feature 
which  should  never  be  neglected.  I  ha\e  observed  in  many  farm 
homes,  particularly,  a  single,  dim  light,  wliich  served  only  to  make 
the  darkness  visible  through  the  long  winter  evenings.  No  wonder 
that  the  sons  and  daughters  in  such  a  home  found  it  irksome,  and 
desired  to  go  aiitjichere  rather  than  stay  in  such  a  dim,  forbidding- 
place.  A  good,  l3right  light  induces  cheerfulness  and  contentment. 
Next  to  this,  (i  bright  fire  in  cold  or  chilly  weather  is  a  prime 
essential  to  making  the  home  what  it  should  be.  Cliildren  love 
light  and  warmth,  and  these  two  comforts  will  compensate  them 
for  the  absence  of  many  luxuries. 

The  study  of  home  accomplishments.,  as  well  as  the  practice  of 
home  duties,  assist  materially  in  developing  Love  of  Home.  Boys 
as  well  as  girls  should,  if  they  have  taste  or  talent  for  music,  be 
encouraged  to  practice  it,  for  it  will  lead  them  more  into  home 
associations,  and  into  the  society  of  their  sisters  and  other  girls, 
and  such  associations  are  far  safer  for  a  boy  than  the  corner 
grocery,  the  stable,  and  saloon, — places  which  boys  and  young 
men  often  visit  by  reason  of  their  ignorance  of  any  accomplish- 
ment which  would  draw  them  into  domestic  associations,  either  in 
their  own  home  or  in  the  homes  of  others.  Music,  drawing,  paint- 
ing, designing  patterns,  wood-carving,  modelling,  and  floriculture 
are  equally  desirable  for  boys  as  for  girls,  and  all  promote  refine- 
ment and  habits  of  industry,  as  well  as  Love  of  Home.  Books,  both 
solid  and  amusing,  should  be  purchased.  It  always  makes  me  sad 
to  enter  a  home  where  books  are  scarce,  for  I  know  that  one  grand 
element  of  character-building  is  absent. 

No  child  can  be  truly  happy  in  its  home,  no  matter  whether 


PATRIOTISM.  329 

it  be  a  hut  or  a  palace,  unless  it  be  reared  in  habits  of  induisUy 
and  order.  Chaos  is  as  distressing  to  most  children  as  it  is  to  most 
adults.  Spoiled  and  indulged  children  are  never  happy,  and  con- 
sequently cannot  be  transformed  into  good  and  useful  men  and 
women.  Order,  industry,  exercise,  and  amusement  should  be  the 
ruhng  and  guiding  principles  in  all  well-regulated  homes.  Chil- 
dren trained  up  in  these  principles  are  never  unhappy,  and  always 
love  their  home.  Even  in  play  children  love  system  and  order. 
Witness  the  eagerness  with  which  the  little  kindergartners  assist 
in  .their  plays  and  games,  which  are  carried  on  by  rule  and  method. 
True  domestic  character  is  as  much  the  result  of  cultivation 
as  is  art,  music,  or  science,  and  the  home  is  its  school.  All  domestic 
ties  should  be  cultivated  and  strengthened  by  keeping  anniversaries 
of  births,  marriages,  deaths,  and  other  important  family  affairs. 
Little  feasts  and  excursions  for  the  benefit  of  the  "wee  ones" 
should  be  made,  and  each  child  should  be  made  to  feel  its  impor- 
tance as  a  member  of  the  family ;  not  only  this,  but  it  should  be 
trained  to  certain  duties,  no  matter  how  slight,  and  these  should 
commence  almost  in  infancy.  Certainly  at  three  years  of  age  duties 
of  some  sort  should  be  placed  upon  every  child,  even  if  no  more 
than  placing  its  father's  slippers  and  newspaper  regularly.  The 
up-building  of  character — of  domestic  character  particularly — 
must  be  strengthened  in  the  early  years  of  childhood,  for  then,  the 
child  being  malleable,  its  character  can  be  formed  and  fashioned  in 
such  manner  as  to  outlast  all  subsequent  influences  and  impres- 
sions. Mothers  who  desire  to  make  their  children  true  home- 
lovers  and  true  domestic  companions  must  build  early  and  wisely 
to  make  the  love  of  home  paramount,  for  this  trait  is  the  very 
corner-stone  and  foundation  of  all  that  is  good  and  great  in  man- 
kind. 

PATRIOTISM. 

"My  country,  'tis  of  thee, 
Sweet  land  of  liberty, 

Of  thee  I  sing." 

Definition. — Love  of  one's  country,  its  people,  scenery,  laws, 
and  institutions ;  regard  for  its  glory  and  prosperity. 

An  excess  of  Patriotism  is  not  a  very  common  complaint  in 
these  days  of  rapid  transit ;  yet  many  races,  notably  the  English 
and  French,  are  quite  enthusiastic  in  their  praises  of  their  own 
land.  The  Irish,  also,  refer  to  the  land  of  their  birth  and  miseries 
with  great  fervor,  but  with  a  strange  inconsistency  leave  it  in  large 
numbers.  Their  excessive  love  of  country  makes  them  clannish 
and  prevents  them  from  assimilating  with  other  races  equally  good. 
Intense  love  of  country  creates  boastfulness.  offensive  egotism,  and 


330 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


assumption  of  superior  qualities  on  account  of  being  born  in  a 
certain  latitude.  To  remedy  the  latter  defect  one  should  endeavor 
to  cultivate  a  more  cosmopolitan  spirit,  a  wider  comprehension  of 
the  "fatherhood  of  God  and  the  brotherhood  of  man."  il6fiection 
will  teach  us  that  no  nation  or  race  has  a  monopoly  of  virtues,  but 
that  the  best  traits  of  human  nature  are  about  equally  divided,  and 
that  if  one  nation  does  not  advance  as  fast  as  another  it  is  through 
want  of  liberty, — the  only  hindrance  to  elevation  and  advancement. 
A  deficiency  of  Patriotism  makes  one  unmindful  of  one's 

country,  and  may  arise  from 
one  of  two  causes, — from 
narrowness  and  .petty  self- 
ishness, or  from  a  broad 
and  philanthropic  humani- 
tarianism,  which  leads  one 
to  look  upon  all  the  world 
as  one's  country  and  its 
inhabitants  as  one's  own 
people.  The  latter  class 
recognize  no  racial  divis- 
ions, but  regard  as  brothers 
all  mankind. 


Pro.  24.— MAD.  MARIE  JEANNE  PHILLIPON 
ROLAND. 
Celebrated  French  writer  and  patriot,  born  in  Paris, 
1754.  Principal  facial  sign,  Patriotism,  shown  by  full- 
ness of  the  centre  of  the  lower  lip.  The  law  governing 
this  countenance  is  that  of  the  straight  line  and  curve. 
This  beautiful  face  represents  a  character  at  once  lofty 
and  self-sacriticing;  her  writings  now  extant  breathe  a 
spirit  of  patriotic  heroism  rarely  excelled  ;  she  was  guil- 
lotined for  her  devotion  to  her  country,  and  expired  ex- 
claiming, "  O  Liberty,  what  crimes  are  committed  in  thy 
name  !"'  The  signs  for  Firmness,  Love  of  Young,  Mirtli- 
fulness.  Patriotism,  Benevolence,  Hospitality,  Friend- 
ship, and  Approbativeness  are  most  marked  in  this 
countenance.  The  mental  signs  in  the  nose — Analysis, 
Mental  Imitation,  Sublimity,  Ideality,  Constructiveness, 
Veneration,  and  Hope — are  very  large.  The  neck  is 
straight  and  statuesque,  and  denotes  strong  Self-will ; 
the  wavy  hair  indicates  agreeabUity.  Altogether  a  noble 
countenance. 


Minds  which  have  any 
claim  to  greatness  are  capable 
of  divesting  themselves  of  self- 
ish considerations ;  they  feel 
that  they  belong  to  the  whole 
human  race,  and  their  views 
are  directed  to  posterity  alone. 
— Mad.  Roland. 


Facial  and  Bodily 
Signs.  —  Patriotism  is 
shown  by  fullness  of  that 
portion  of  the  chin  below 
and  adjoining  Benevolence, 
while  Love  of  Home  lies  just  forward  of  it,  toward  the  inner  part 
of  the  chin.     It  is  exhibited  by  glandular  development. 

Description  of  Patriotism. — The  love  of  one's  own  country 
is  a  sentiment  which  finds  a  response  in  the  hearts  of  all  races  and 
conditions  of  men,  yet  it  is  distinct  from  Love  of  Home  in  its 
action.  A  man  may  be  a  zealous  patriot, — loving  ardently  the 
land  of  his  birth, — yet  not  having  a  strong  local  attachment  to 
any  particular  spot  or  place  within  its  boundaries.  Many  wander- 
ing tribes  among  uncivilized  races  illustrate  this  peculiarity,  yet  in 


PATRIOTISM. 


331 


civilized  communities  the  two  domestic  sentiments  of  Love  of 
Home  and  Love  of  Country  are  usually  found  united  in  varying 
degrees ;  some  exhibiting  more  of  one  than  of  the  other  trait. 

Love  of  Home  is  a  faculty  which  is  strengthened  and  de- 
veloped by  every-day  life,  while  Patriotism  is  a  trait  which  de- 
velops best  under  the  excitement  and  stimulus  of  great  crises  in  a 
nation's  existence  rather  than  by  its  daily,  habitual  exercise.  To 
become  a  patriot  of  a  high 
order,  such  as  Washington, 
Jackson,  Jefferson,  and 
Paine  were,  there  must 
necessarily  be  a  combina- 
tion of  high  and  lofty 
faculties,  together  with 
great  intellectual  power ; 
but  the  Love  of  Country, 
pure  and  simple,  may  glow 
as  brightly  in  the  breast  of 
the  humblest  citizen  or 
common  soldier  as  it  does 
under  the  uniform  of  a 
general. 

The  scope  of  this  fac- 
ulty is  very  wide,  and  de- 
mands exercise  in  different 
ways  in  different  peoples. 
It  looks  to  governments 
as  a  means  of  protecting 
the  citizen  within  and  to 
repel  invasion  from  with- 
out. Men  institute  govern- 
ments which  in  their  quality 
are  the  exact  expression  of 
their  grade  of  development 
as  human  beings.  The 
savage  seeks  and  erects  an 

absolute  despotism;  some  of  the  European  nations  are  under 
constitutional  governments, — England^  for  example ;  and  in  this 
country  the  people  are  more  generally  intelligent,  hence  more 
capable  of  self-government.  In  our  country,  America,  every 
man  is  a  sovereign,  and  equally  responsible  with  every  other 
man  for  the  stability,  integrity,  and  perpetuity  of  the  government ; 
and,  according  as  the  laws  are  administered  and  justice  meted 
out,  just  so  far  does  the   existing  condition  of  affairs  represent 


Fig.  25.— THOMAS  8TARR  KING.     (Okatob. 
Divine,  Writer,  Poet.) 

Bom  in  New  York,  1824.  Principal  facial  sign.  Pa- 
triotism, shown  by  f  ullnei<s  of  tlie  centre  of  tlit-  lower  lip. 
The  law  of  the  straicht  line,  square,  and  curve  governs 
this  countenance.  This  wonderfully  illuminated  face 
and  speaking  eyes  reveal  the  fire  of  patriotism  which 
burned  withni.  Thomas  Starr  King  stood  in  the  first 
rank  as  an  orator,  preacher,  poet,  and  writer.  His 
patriotism  kept  alive  the  Union  sentiment  of  Cali- 
fornia during  the  late  Civil  "War  :  Ins  stvle  of  oratory 
was  logical,  rhetorical,  and  magnetic.  (Jnder  the  ex- 
citement of  his  emotions  when  si)cakiiig  of  the  Union 
and  the  old  flag  his  eyes  fairly  lilazed  with  patriotic 
excitement.  The  facial  signs  for  Love  of  Iiome,  of 
Country,  Ijove  of  Yonng.  Kriendshij),  Benevolence, 
Amativene.ss,  Conscientiousnes.s,  A jjprobativene.ss, Ven- 
eration, Sublimity,  Analysis,  Mental  Imitation,  (^on- 
structiveness.  Ideality,  F'orni,  Size,  Language,  Order, 
Memory  of  Events,  aiid  Reason  are  most  decided.  The 
dense  color  which  shone  in  his  eyes,  hair,  and  com- 
plexion gave  force,  intensity,  and  dramatic  fervor  to 
his  utterances. 


332  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the   grade  of  development  to  which  we   have   attained,  morally 
and  mentally. 

In  respect  to  our  grade  of  the  moral  sense  or  sense  of  justice 
we  have  need  to  take  a  great  step  forward  and  rise  to  the  height 
of  perfect  justice,  and  give  to  our  women  citizens  the  right  of 
suffrage,  in  order  that  their  moral  and  purifying  influence  may 
assist  in  elevating  to  grander  heights  of  justice  and  nobility  our 
otherwise  unsurpassed  government  and  country.  England  has  set 
us  a  worthy  example  in  this  respect,  and  now  all  her  women  citi- 
zens are  clothed  with  the  franchise, — provided  they  have  the  neces- 
sary property  qualification. 

Love  of  Country  combined  with  Friendship  leads  men  to 
unite  for  the  common  good  ;  with  large  Veneration,  obedience  to 
law  and  order  results ;  with  Force  and  Resistance  large,  will  de- 
fend the  honor  and  interests  of  country;  and  with  Order  in  com- 
bination, will  seek  to  frame  laws  for  the  maintenance  of  its  institu- 
tions. 

Patriotism,  like  all  other  faculties,  can  be  cultivated  under 
the  proper  stimulus,  and  one  of  the  best  methods  is  to  teach  chil- 
dren to  memorize  tlie  speeches  and  poems  of  our  greatest  patriots, 
as  well  as  to  familiarize  them  with  the  grand  actions  and  utterances 
of  the  patriots  of  all  nations.  No  better  or  more  patriotic  address 
than  Webster's  reply  to  Hayne,  delivered  in  the  Senate  of  the 
United  States  in  1830,  was  ever  heard.  Perhaps  liis  oration  at  the 
dedication  of  Bunker-Hill  Monument  comes  nearest  to  it  in  grandeur 
and  patriotic  feeling,  and  these  two  monuments  of  his  greatness 
and  power  have  come  down  to  us  Americans  and  should  be  con- 
sidered a  precious  legacy,  which  ought  to  be  engraved  upon  the 
heart  and  mind  of  every  American  citizen,  without  regard  to  sex. 

This  faculty  is  a  primal  and  universal  one,  and  is  adapted  to 
the  requirements  of  all  lands  and  races ;  hence,  the  situation  of 
its  local  sign  is  in  the  primitive  group  of  faculties,  and  its  physical 
support  is  derived  from  the  action  of  that  primitive  function, — the 
intestinal  system, — and  from  its  glandular  division. 

No  mental  faculty  presents  a  more  lofty  aspect  than  Patriot- 
ism when  allied  to  Sublimity,  Language,  Reason,  Friendship,  and 
large  Love  of  Home  and  of  Children.  This  combination  gave  the 
power  which  inspired  the  speeches  of  Webster,  Clay,  Adams, 
Calhoun,  Wirt,  Pitt,  Madame  Roland,  Fox,  Sheridan,  Emmet, 
and  Gambetta,  in  our  times,  and  the  eloquent  and  impassioned 
arguments  of  Cicero  and  Demosthenes  in  former  ages. 

One  patriot  like  Thomas  Paine  can  change  for  the  better  the 
destinies  of  millions,  for  it  was  his  patriotic  and  fearless  senti- 
ments in  the  cause  of  liberty  which  more  than  any  other  shaped 


PATRIOTISM.  333 

and  molded  public  opinion  in  such  manner  as  to  bring  about  the 
Declaration  of  Independence  and  the  freedom  we  now  enjoy. 

Love  of  Country  is  one  of  the  most  unselfish  traits  of  human 
nature.  It  ranks  with  gratitude  and  moral  courage  in  the  gran- 
deur of  its  purposes,  which  are  entirely  altruistic.  The  patriot 
seeks  not  only  the  good  of  his  fellow-countrymen  by  whom  he  is 
surrounded,  but  endeavors  to  perpetuate  sucli  laws  and  institutions 
as  shall  shield  and  protect  the  interests  of  multitudes  yet  unborn, — 
those  who  are  to  come  after  him.  Every  patriot  cannot  be  an  orator 
nor  a  general,  yet  every  man  and  woman  possessed  of  ordinary 
intelligence  and  patriotism  can  comprehend  the  p?'mc*jj/es  of  gov- 
ernment, and  assist  in  carrying  them  out.  All  true  citizens  should 
investigate  pHncipIes  and  leave  j^oUtics  to  the  tricksters  and  po- 
litical shysters  who  disgrace  our  national  governmental  affairs. 
Priiiciples^  not  politics^  should  be  the  study  of  all  true  lovers  of 
their  country.  I  know  of  no  term  which  expresses  so  much  that 
is  low,  vile,  and  degraded  as  the  word  "politics."  It  has  become 
degraded  by  its  uses  and  associations,  and  the  sooner  we  expunge 
it  and  its  operation  from  governmental  matters,  the  better  for  all 
true  patriots.  There  is  nothing  elevating  in  the  study  of  politics. 
Men,  knowing  this,  are  doubtless  right  in  their  opposition  to 
women  "  dabbling  in  the  filthy  pool  of  politics ;"  and  until  this 
filthy  pool  is  cleaned  by  substituting  the  discussion  of  principles  of 
justice,  truth,  and  purity,  it  is  no  place  for  woman.  The  various 
organizations,  in  this  and  other  countries,  which  are  conducted  by 
women  in  the  interests  of  humanity,  such,  for  example,  as  the 
"  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union,"  the  "Moral  Education" 
societies,  and  the  various  "  Labor  "  associations,  which  discuss  and 
promulgate  personal  rights,  moral  integrity,  and  the  higher  laws 
of  justice,  are  fast  educating  the  masses  of  both  men  and  women 
to  a  comprehension  of  such  principles  as  will  lead  to  a  govern- 
ment in  which  woman's  influence  will  be  needed,  for  to  divorce  the 
higher  moral  sense  of  woman  from  participation  in  the  govern- 
ment is  like  excluding  the  sunlight  from  the  earth ;  and  just  so 
long  as  this  course  is  persisted  in,  just  so  long  will  the  vile  weeds 
of  intemperance,  immorality,  and  injustice  thrive  and  flourish,  and 
our  homes  continue  insecure  and  unsafe  abodes  for  women  and 
children.  In  order  to  make  the  home  inviolable,  that  larger 
home — the  nation — must  be  correspondingly  pure,  just,  and  safe  ; 
but  how  can  this  be  so  while  a  man-made  government  licenses  one 
portion  of  its  citizens  to  prey  upon,  destroy,  and  make  mad  all 
other  portions  of  its  citizens'?  How  can  the  home  be  a  secure  and 
safe  place  for  pure  women  and  tender  babes,  while  the  demon  of 
intemperance  is  given  full  liberty  by  legal  enactment  to  make 


334  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

widows  and  orphans ;  to  rob,  murder,  and  destroy  all  people  with- 
out regard  to  age,  sex,  or  condition  1  Since  one  portion  of  our 
citizens,  after  over  one  hundred  years  of  experiment,  have  not  suc- 
ceeded in  protecting  the  home  and  in  making  the  country  a  safe 
place  for  our  children,  would  it  not  be  good  policy  to  let  the  most 
moral  and  home-loving  of  our  citizens  assist  in  the  work  of  recon- 
struction '?  It  surely  could  not  be  worse ;  hence  the  experiment 
would  not  work  more  harm  than  the  present  method.  I  will  here 
make  the  prophecy  that  not  only  will  woman  participate  in  gov- 
ernmental affairs  equally  with  other  classes  of  citizens  in  the  year 
1900,  but  that  we  shall  have  then  a  true  republic  in  which  the 
government  in  all  its  departments  shall  be  operated  at  the  "  price 
of  cost  in  the  interest  of  the  whole  people"  and  not,  as  now,  in  the 
interest  of  the  bankers  and  monopolists.  Then,  indeed,  will  the 
heart  of  the  patriot  glow  with  pride  and  gratitude  as  he  enjoys  the 
fruits  of  his  labors  and  the  home  of  his  childhood,  and  the  home  of 
his  wife  and  mother  be  truly  and  surely  protected  by  having  made 
that  larger  home,  the  nation,  a  place  of  purity  and  justice.  Then 
can  he  exclaim  with  the  poet : — - 

"Our  country  !  'tis  a  glorious  land, 

With  broad  arms  stretched  from  shore  to  shore. 
The  proud  Pacific  chafes  her  strand  ; 

He  hears  the  darlt  Atlantic  roar ; 
And  nurtured  on  her  ample  breast. 

How  many  a  jjoodly  prospect  lies. 
In  Nature's  wildest  grandeur  drest, 

Enameled  with  her  loveliest  dyes. 

"  Great  God  !  we  thank  Thee  for  this  home. 

This  bounteous  birth-land  of  the  free, 
Where  wanderers  from  afar  may  come 

And  breathe  the  air  of  liberty^ 
Still  may  her  flowers  untrampled  spring, 

Her  harvests  wave,  her  cities  rise. 
And  yet  till  Time  shall  fold  his  wing 

Remain  Earth's  loveliest  paradise." — W.  J.  PAiiODiE. 

Patriotism  is  a  virtue  which  often  demands  the  greatest  tests 
of  sincerity  and  exacts  the  highest  sacrifice  which  men  can  make, 
for  many  of  its  grandest  representatives  have  given  up  life,  fortune, 
and  family  for  the  benefit  of  their  race  and  country.  Yet,  in  these 
sacrifices  there  is  to  patriots  a  joy  and  satisfaction  uncomprehended 
by  ordinary  mortals.  It  is  a  law  of  human  nature  that  the  exer- 
cise of  the  dominant  faculties  is  productive  of  the  highest  enjoy- 
ment, and  doubtless  many  of  the  patriotic  victims  who  have  died 
upon  the  field  of  battle,  or  who  have  suffered  upon  the  scaff'old, 
could  have  said  with  Madame  Roland: — 

Truth !  Friendship !  My  country  I  Sacred  objects !  Sentiments 
dear  to  my  heart,  accept  my  last  sacrifice.  My  life  was  devoted  to  you, 
and  will  render  my  death  easy  and  glorious. 


BENEVOLENCE.  335 


BENEVOLENCE. 


Definition. — Sympathy,  generosity,  philanthropy;  the  love 
of  doing  for  and  giving  to  others ;  the  desire  to  relieve  and 
ameliorate  the  wrongs  and  sufferings  of  one's  fellows ;  good-will, 
kindness,  cliaritableness,  love  of  mankind. 

An  excess  of  Sympathy  makes  one  liable  to  imposition  by 
unworthy  objects,  or  leads  to  the  neglect  of  one's  own  nearer 
duties  in  the  endeavor  to  assist  others.  Excessive  generosity  tends 
to  impoverishment  and  to  the  injury  of  those  who  have  claims 
upon  us. 

Deficient  Sympathy  and  charitableness  creates  hardness  of 
heart,  a  churlish,  indifferent  or  inhuman  nature.  It  makes  one 
selfish  and  regardless  of  the  sufferings  of  others. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — A  full,  rolling,  red  and  moist 
under-lip  is  an  unfailing  indication  of  a  sympathetic,  generous,  or 
benevolent  disposition.  In  combination  with  large  reasoning 
faculties  and  constructiveness  we  fiiid  the  iiliiJanthrojnc  phase  of 
this  many-sided  trait.  This  endowment  is  very  marked  in  the 
physiognomies  of  Wilberforce,  Thomas  Paine,  George  Washington, 
Peter  Cooper,  and  other  eminent  philanthropists.  As  a  rule,  the 
grossly  fat  individual  is  less  sympathetic  than  those  who  have 
a  more  aciii:ie  body ;  too  much  fatty  material  makes  one  think 
mainly  of  one's  own  comfort,  while  excessive  weight  of  flesh 
incapacitates  one  for  those  activities  of  mind  or  body  which  are 
essential  to  the  duties  appertaining  to  true  benevolence. 

The  best  organism  for  the  exercise  of  benevolence  is  one  in 
which  there  is  a  good  development  of  the  nutritive  system,  without 
too  great  a  deposition  of  fat.  The  horse  is,  perhaps,  the  best  type 
of  a  benevolent  animal,  and  he  exhibits  a  long,  thin  face,  with  a 
well-nourished  and  a  strong,  capacious  body,  neither  too  fat  nor 
too  lean. 

Description  of  Benevolence. — Benevolence  is  a  faculty  of 
large  powers,  and  manifests  many  diverse  modes  of  action ;  hence 
it  is  that  one  single  word  fails  to  convey  a  clear  and  precise  statement 
of  its  scope  and  meaning.  The  fullest  expression  of  physiognomy 
demands  a  new  coinage  of  language.  Lavater  felt  this  want  and 
often  referred  to  it.  All  other  sciences  have  coined  words  to  meet 
new  knowledge :  Chemistry,  for  example,  and  other  sciences,  have 
found  ordinary  words  wholly  inadequate  to  express  newly-found 
laws,  substances,  qualities,  and  conditions,  and  the  physiognomist 
finds  such  innumerable  and  diverse  manifestations  of  Benevolence, 
as  well  as  of  all  the  other  faculties,  that  he  is  often  at  a  loss  to 
properly  designate  each  one  of  its  several  phases. 


336 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


,-^ 


Some  individuals  exhibit  the  sympathetic  phase  of  Benevolence 
by  spontaneous  and  practical  assistance.  Others  disclose  their 
form  of  sympathy  by  listening  to  recitals  of  woe,  and  exhibit  in- 
tense feehngs  of  sorrow,  and  by  weeping  in  concert  with  the  suf- 
fering assuage  their  grief  by  exhibiting  more  grief  Others  display 
the  generous  aspect  of  Benevolence  and  instantly  put  the  liand 
into  the  pocket  and  say  to  the  bystander,  as  did  the  Quaker,  "  I 
am  sorry  five  dollars,  friend;  how  soiTy  art  thouf  Yet  this  class 
of  persons  would  never  tliink  of  offering  2)er807ial  service,  such  as 
nursing  the  sick  or  assisting  in  any  labor  requiring  personal  effort. 

Others,  again,  evince  their 
benevolent  feeling  by  al- 
ways stepping  in  to  fill  the 
want  of  laborers  in  times 
of  sickness  or  great  public 
disasters  and  calamities. 

Those  with  large  rea- 
soning powers,  construct- 
iveness  and  practical  traits 
— like  John  Howard,  Wil- 
berforce,  Peabody,  and 
Godin — lay  broad  and  wise 
plans  for  the  amelioration 
of  large  numbers  of  suffer- 
ing human  beings.  This 
is  the  pliUanthropic  phase 
of  Benevolence,  and  in  its 
scope  and  intent  is  directly 
opposite  to  the  act  of  the 
sympathetic  women  who 
are  always  at  the  back  door 
to  deal  out  cold  victuals 
and  old  clothes  to  every 
comer,  without  regard  to 
the  worthiness  of  the  applicant.  The  latter  expresses  Benevo- 
lence without  reason,  while  the  former  shows  the  very  height 
of  this  noble  and  unselfish  trait.  Each  form  of  sympathy  is 
required  for  the  world's  necessities ;  hence,  the  one  who  feeds 
the  wandering  beggar  and  he  who  plans  wisely  for  the  uplifting 
of  masses  of  the  downtrodden  and  helpless  expresses  each  in  his 
own  way  the  action  of  Benevolence.  Wherever  we  find  all  forms 
of  this  trait  lacking,  there  we  sliall  find  one  whose  physical,  moral, 
or  mental  nature  is  sadly  deficient.  Certainly  an  impoverished 
condition  lies  at  the  root,  for  he  is  poor,  indeed,  who  lias  nothing 


Fig.  26.— lady  ANGELA  GEORGINA  BURDETT- 
COUTTS  BARTLETT-COUTTS. 

Born  in  England,  1814 ;  noted  philanthropist.  Prin- 
cipal facial  and  bodily  sign.  Benevolence,  f^hown  by 
fullness,  redness,  and  moisture  of  the  lower  liji;  long, 
slim  face  and  body.  The  law  of  the  straight  line  and 
angle  governs  this  countenance.  This  truly  sympathetic 
face  reveals  a  benevolent  and  noble  character.  The 
munificent  charities  of  this  generous  woman  in  every 

Eart  of  the  globe  rank  her  with  the  world's  greatest 
enefaotors.  The  signs  for  Modesty,  Love  of  Young, 
Love  of  Home,  Patriotism,  Consciention-sness,  Venera- 
tion, Ideality,  t"autionsnes.s,  Executiveness,  and  Reason 
are  all  well  (leflned.  The  world  is  greatly  indebted  to 
this  elevated,  pure-minded,  and  generous  lady. 


BENEVOLENCE. 


337 


to  give,  and  whose  nature  never  prompts  him  to  an  act  of  kindness 
or  a  word  of  sympathy  and  encouragement.  It  is  not  essential 
that  one  should  be  constantly  giving  money  or  material  to  demon- 
strate the  presence  of  Benevolence.  This  may  be  shown  in  a  hun- 
dred ways, — by  kindness  in  speech,  especially  to  the  poor  and 
unfortunate,  to  one's  servants,  and  to  the  aged,  as  well  as  to  chil- 
dren and  Animals. 

One  of  the  most  unselfish  characters  I  have  ever  met  seldom 
gave  money  or  property,  but  was  constantly  assisting  others  to  help 
themselves  by  procuring 
employment  for  them,  by 
working  in  charitable  so- 
cieties, and  by  influencing 
others  to  deeds  of  charity 
and  benevolence. 

Among  the  most^ewer- 
0U8  men  I  have  met  was 
one  who  had  a  thorough 
dislike  to  visiting  the  sick, 
going  so  far  as  to  refrain 
from  caring  personally  for 
his  family  and  friends  in 
sickness,  yet  would  give 
lavishly  of  his  money  and 
goods,  and  at  the  same  time 
would  avoid  performing 
any  labor  among  those  suf- 
fering from  illness.  This 
gentleman  was  lacking  in 
Friendship,  hence  Nature 
compensated  him  with  an 
increased  capacity  for  gen- 
erosity, freehandedness,  and 
lavishness. 

Thus,  it-  will  be  ob- 
served that  the  faculties  in 
combination  modify  and  color  this  trait.  Benevolence  and  Reason 
in  combination  make  the  philanthropist,  while  Practicality  added 
assists  him  in  framing  wise  plans  for  the  elevation  of  humanity ; 
with  Friendship  large,  he  will  be  enabled  to  co-operate  with  others 
in  schemes  for  the  relief  of  the  suffering.  One  who  possesses  the 
sympathetic  phase  of  Benevolence,  but  small  reasoning  faculties, 
will  work  indiscriminately  for  all  who  seek  sympathy  and  aid  ;  with 
large  Credenciveness,  will  be  inclined  to  assist  those  who  approach 

2St 


Fig.  27.— henry  BERGH.   (Philanthropist.) 


Principal  facial  and  bodily  signs :  full,  red  under-lip ; 
law  o"    " 
s  organisr 
St  pref 
the  Prevention  or  Crneltv  to  Animals.    This  sympathy 


lone,  thin  face  and  body.    The 

anoangle  governs  this  organism.    Henry  Bergh  was  the 

founder  and  first  president  of  the  New  \  ork  Society  for 


of  the  straight  line 
"  irgh  was  ( ■ 
;  Society 


was  exerci.sed  in  a  most  self-sacrificing  manner  for  the 
protection  of  the  most  helpless  class  among  us — our 
animal  relatives.  The  long,  slim  face  and  body  a.ssures 
us  that  he  has  not  expended  his  means  and  time  in  social 
convivial  enjoyments,  liejice  he  has  not  packed  upon  his 
frame  a  large  quantity  of  soft,  fat  tiss\ie.  This  gentleman 
endeavored  to  humanize  humanity  by  teaching  them 
how  to  treat  the  beasts  of  the  field  according  to  their 
nature  and  deserts.— a  truly  religious  mission.  The  sign 
for  Benevolence  in  the  lip  is  somewhat  changed  by  age 
and  the  moustache,  but  the  facial  and  bodily  build  tells 
us  it  is  or  was  as  described,  viz..  full,  red,  and  moist. 
The  signs  for  Con.scientiousness,  Firmness,  Self-will, 
Self  esteem,  Order,  Acquisitiveness,  Veneration,  Ex- 
ecutiveness,  and  lleason  are  large. 


338  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    i'HYSIOGNOMY. 

with  a  wonderful  or  romantic  tale  rather  than  those  who  have  only 
a  commonplace  basis  for  their  demands ;  with  large  Conscientious- 
ness, will  inquire  into  the  motives  of  those  seeking  aid,  and,  with 
Practicality  added,  will  like  to  give  only  to  those  wlio  will  make  a 
right  and  worthy  use  of  assistance  rendered ;  with  large  Love  of 
Young,  will  seek  out  and  aid  unfortunate  children  and  injured  or 
outcast  animals. 

It  is  thus  shown  that  this  faculty  must  be  read  in  conjunction 
until  others  found  in  combination  in  order  to  comprehend  the  direc- 
tion which  it  will  take  in  each  individual  case.  After  once  master- 
ing the  basilar  principles  of  physiognomy  this  can  be  readily  done. 
Great  care  must  bo  taken  to  distinguish  the  acts  of  pure  Benevo- 
lence from  those  of  Friendship,  and  a  close  analysis  is  here  necessary 
to  make  this  discrimination ;  for,  although  Friendship  prompts  to  acts 
of  kindness  and  gives  and  does  for  friends,  yet  Benevolence  gives 
and  does  for  those  who  are  toholly  unknown,  as,  for  example,  in 
sending  means  and  relief  to  sufferers  by  fire  and  flood ;  in  erecting 
comfortable  homes  for  the  poor,  as  George  Peabody  and  Lady 
Burdett-Coutts  Bartlett-Coutts  have  done,  and  in  manifesting  lively 
and  practical  sympatliy  for  those  distressed  strangers  which  chance 
throws  in  the  way  of  the  benevolent. 

Benevolence  is  the  most  unselfish  trait  of  the  human  character,  ^ 
and  finds  in  the  animal  kingdom  its  best  illustration  in  the  Jiorse, 
which  works  patiently  and  uncomplainingly  his  whole  life  long  for 
friend  or  stranger  and  dies  at  last  in  harness,  toiling  for  others  who 
often  cruelly  hurt  and  misuse  him, — an  act  which  our  legislators 
have  justly  made  a  criminal  offense.  The  shape  of  the  horse  co- 
incides exactly  with  the  form  of  the  most  sympathetic  persons, 
disclosing  the  long,  thin  face  and  well-nourished,  large  body,  thus 
evidencing  the  superior  action  of  the  glandular  system,  which  scien- 
tific physiognomy  declares  to  be  the  base  of  supply  of  this  noble 
faculty.  The  proof  of  this  glandular  origin  may  be  verified  by 
examination  of  the  lower  lip  of  noted  misers  and  of  those  who  are 
notoriously  close-fisted  and  stingy.  They  will  be  found  dry,  pale, 
and  often  thin,  and  will  exhibit  one  or  more  of  these  characteristics. 
A  full,  moist,  red  lower-lip  is  a  sure  indication  of  either  sympathy, 
generosity,  or  benevolence  of  some  sort.  I  think  I  may  safely  state 
this  to  be  one  of  the  infallible  -signs  of  character. 

T  am  often  confronted  with  the  question,  "  Are  there  not  a 
great  many  exceptions  to  these  signs, — exceptions  which  disprove 
their  infallibility  ]  "  To  this  I  answer  that  scientific  physiognomy 
gives  ample  information  in  regard  to  the  just  interpretation  of 
facial  signs.  There  are  many  circumstances  which  modify  and 
injiaence  the  meaning  put  forth  by  mere  size  of  a  facial  sign. 


BIBATIVENESS.  339 

Color,  for  example,  greatly  modifies  power.  A  very  pale  color  of 
the  skin,  hair,  and  eyes  would  be  proof  positive  of  less  vigor  of  all 
the  signs  of  character  than  where  a  good  red  complexion  and  deep- 
blue  or  brown  color  of  eyes  and  hair  were  indicated,  for  color  gives 
power  ;  lack  of  color  ^feebleness.  Then,  too,  as  above  stated,  other 
faculties  in  combination  modify  and  influence  traits  as  explained 
previously. 

A  good  lesson  in  the  difference  existing  between  the  facial 
expressions  exhibited  by  Benevolence  and  Friendship  may  be  had 
by  contrasting  the  physiognomies  of  a  number  of  well-known  phi- 
lanthropists and  sympathetic  persons  with  those  more  remarkable 
for  their  friendly  and  social  qualities,  for  friendship  and  sociality 
are  synonymous  terms.  Sociality  is  the  food  upon  which  friendship 
feeds,  and  this  is  hence  a  more  selfisli  trait  than  Benevolence.  It 
demands  samething  iii  return  for  what  it  gives,  viz.,  companionship, 
a  tribute  which  Benevolence  does  not  exact,  and  herein  is  the  most 
striking  proof  of  their  dissimilar  method  of  action.  It  is  true,  one 
may  be  both  friendly  and  benevolent,  and  many  combine  a  large 
degree  of  both  traits.  In  tliis  case  we  find  a  truly  noble  character 
in  the  direction  of  humane  and  sympathetic  conduct.  Yet  a  close 
analysis  of  these  two  traits  points  to  diA  erse  physiological  origin 
and  to  a  separate  facial  sign  for  each,  and  the  signification  of  the 
position  of  each  of  these  signs  is  as  remarkable  as  it  is  beautiful. 
The  sign  for  Benevolence  is  opposite  the  local  sign  for  Love  of  the 
Opposite  Sex  and  Love  of  Young,  and,  when  we  kiss,  we  kiss  with 
Benevolence.,  Amativeness,  and  Love  of  Young  combined ;  that  is 
to  say,  these  signs  being  localized  in  the  lips,  they  meet  and  respond 
in  the  salute  of  Amativeness,  or  conjugal  love,  or  of  pure,  dis- 
interested Benevolence,  or  pure  affection,  and  also  in  the  paternal 
and  maternal  seal  of  love  upon  the  rosy  mouth  of  infancy  and 
childhood.  How  wonderfully  harmonious  is  this  natural  mani- 
festation of  the  entire  range  of  love  and  affection  !  No  convention 
has  founded  the  universal  institution  of  kissing.  A  power  greater 
than  civihzed  conventions  has  made  the  meeting  of  the  lips  a  spon- 
taneous expression  of  maternal  love,  of  sex  love,  and  of  the  love 
of  purest  friendship ;  for  here  are  the  proofs  of  the  facial  locality 
of  all  of  the  various  sorts  of  love  comprised  within  the  human 
character,  and  scientific  physiognomy  points  to  this  natural,  im- 
pulsive, and  spontaneous  act  performed  by  the  lips  as  corroborative 
evidence  of  the  appropriate  localizing  of  these  several  love-signs 
about  the  mouth. 

BIBATIVENESS. 

Definition. — Love  of  liquids ;  capacity  for  the  assimilation  of 
water,  soups,  gravies,  sauces,  lemonade,  fruit-juices,  etc. ;  natural 


340 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


adaptation  to  swimming,  bathing,  sailing,  washing,  and  scrubbing. 
Mentally,  it  creates  a  taste  for  marine  scenery,  both  natural  and 
pictured ;  it  imparts  love  of  ease,  and  assists  in  building  up  the 
domestic  and  social  traits. 

An  excess  causes  obesity,  softness  of  the  tissues,  indolence  of 
both  body  and  mind,  and  leads  to  perversion  of  the  fluid  system 
of  the  body,  which  causes  dropsy  and  other  disorders. 

Perverted,  this  function  creates  an  overweening  fondness  for 
liquid  stimulants,  and  ends  in  drunkenness  and  disorders  of  the 

kidney  system  and  other 
organs.  Excessive  use  of 
liquids  produces  "  fat, 
sleek-headed  men  and  such 
as  sleep  o'  nights," — useless 
members  of  society,  such 
as  loafers  and  criminals. 

A  deficiency  of  the 
love  of  drinking  is  scarcely 
ever  met  with,  for  this 
function  is  primitive,  and 
the  use  of  liquid  solvents, 
in  Nature,  precedes  the 
formation  of  even  the  dry 
land.  Man  Hves  in  and 
upon  liquids  during  his 
prenatal  life  and  almost 
entirely  upon  them  for  one 
year  after  birth;  hence, 
the  desire  for  liquids  is 
normal,  and  nearly  all  per- 
sons demand  and  use  the 
amount  of  water  or  liquid 
food  which  their  organism 
requires.  .  If  the  avoidance 
of  water  and  liquids  is 
carried  to  an  abnormal  extent,  very  great  dryness  of  the  tissues 
will  result,  and  the  physical  functions,  as  well  as  social  qualities 
soon  become  impoverished. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — Fullness  of  the  cheeks  about  one 
inch  outward  from  the  corners  of  the  mouth  is  the  primitive  and 
most  pronounced  facial  sign  for  Bibativeness.  Other  signs  are: 
general  fullness  and  softness  of  all  the  tissues  of  the  body,  with  a 
good  degree  of  soft  fat,  causing  dimples  in  the  hands,  cheeks,  back, 
and  other  parts  of  the  body,  as  seen  in  fat  infants.     The  hands 


FlQ.  28.— ALEXANDRE  DUMAR.     (Novelist  and 
Dramatist.) 

Born  in  France,  180.S.  Principal  facial  sign,  Bibative- 
ness, shown  by  fullness  of  the  cheeks  about  one  inch 
outward  from  the  corners  of  the  mouth,  and  by  soft 
tissue  all  over  the  face  and  body.  The  law  of  the  square, 
curve,  and  sphere  governs  this  face  and  body.  This 
gentleman  was  almost  as  celebrated  for  his  eating  and 
drinking  qualities  as  for  his  writings,  which  were  nu- 
merous. A  great  store  of  vitality  enabled  him  to  per- 
iform  herculean  mental  labors.  His  square  forehead 
shows  that  (Irder  and  Thoroughness  were  his  strongest 
characteristics.  The  signs  for  Alimentiveness  are  most 
pronounced.  Mental  Imitation,  Human  Nature.  Con- 
structiveness,  Ideality.  Friendship,  Benevolence,  .\ppro- 
bativeness.  Self-esteem,  Self-will,  Form,  Size,  Locality, 
Order,  Language,  and  Memory  of  Events  are  among  his 
strongest  traits. 


BIBATIVENESS. 


341 


will  be  full,  fat,  soft,  and  puffy;  the  knuckles  dimpled,  and  the 
fingers  thick,  soft,  and  weak.  The  abdomen  is  large,  soft,  and 
globular.  Where  a  healthful,  rosy  color  accompanies  these  signs 
a  normal  condition  of  health  is  present,  but  when  the  skin  presents 
a  "waxy,"  ashen,  or  pallid  color,  some  form  of  disease  of  the 
circulatory  system  is  to  be  inferred,  such  as  dropsy  or  other 
disorders. 

Description  of  Bibativeness. — If  we  wish  to  become  intelli- 
gent as  to  Nature's  methods  of  procedure,  and  to  understand  h6t 
orderly  progress  in  regard 
to  the  life  and  mind  of  man, 
we  must  take  cognizance 
of  tlie  successive  steps  in 
man's  unfoldment  from  the 
time  of  his  conception  to  his 
birth,  and  thence  onward 
until  he  arrives  at  maturity. 

From  the  time  the 
human  being  is  conceived, 
until  the  embryo  is  per- 
fected, it  exists  in  a  fluid 
habitation;  it  lies  floating 
in  a  sea  of  liquid.  The 
human  embryo,  physiology 
teaches  us,  is  composed  of 
90  per  cent,  of  water  and 
only  10  per  cent,  of  mineral 
matters.  Every  organ, 
member,  and  tissue  of  the 


Fig.  29.— monsieur  D'AUBRAY. 
Gentleman.) 


(French 


material   human   being 


IS 


composed  largely  of  the 
same  material.  Says  Mr. 
Lewes : — 


Principal  facial  sign,  Bibativeness.  The  law  of  the 
curve  and  sphere  governs  this  face.  This  gentleman's 
history  is  unknown  to  me,  but  his  face  gives  a  i)rettv 
good  account  of  him,  and  I  take  him  on  his  facial  record. 
liun  vivant  is  written  all  over  this  countenance.  To  his 
intimates  "he  is  a  jolly  good  fellow;"  can  tell  and  enact 
a  story;  loves  "wine,  women,  and  song."  This  face 
shows  original  refinement,  but  a  life  devoted  to  social 
and  sensual  enjoyments  has  altered  the  features  for  the 
worse.  The  signs  for  Benevolence,  Amativeness,  Mirth- 
fulness,  Alimentivenes.s.  Approbativeness,  Music, 
Friendship,  Constructiveness,  Human  Nature,  Anal- 
vsis,  Self-will,  Form  and  Size,  and  Memory  of  Events  are 
large.  The  modifying  effect  of  Modesty  was  needed  by 
sucli  a  combination  to  restrain  its  degrading  tendency, 
hence  the  sign  for  Modesty  is  very  decided.  This  char- 
acter has  all  the  requisites  for  a  flrst-class  comic  actor, 
and  may  be  one. 


Not  only  is  water  an  es- 
sential part  of  the  body,  it 
might  be  called  the  most  essen- 
tial, if  pre-eminence  could  be  given  where  all  are  pre-eminent.  In  quan- 
tity, water  has  an  enormous  preponderance  over  all  other  constituents. 
It  forms  70  per  cent,  of  its  whole  weight. '  There  is  not  a  single  tissue 
in  the  body, — not  even  that  of  the  bone, — not  even  the  enamel  of  the 
teeth, — into  the  composition  of  which  water  does  not  enter  as  a  necessary 
ingredient.  In  some  of  the  tissues,  and  those  the  most  active,  it  forms  the 
chTef  ingredient.  In  the  nervous  tissues  800  parts  out  of  every  1000  are 
of  water;  in  the  lungs,  830;  in  the  pancreas,  871 ;  in  the  retina,  no  less 
than  927.  Commensurate  with  this  anatomical  preponderance  is  the  physi- 
ological importance  of  water.     It  is  the  carrier  of  the  food,  the  vehicle  of 


342  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

waste.  It  holds  gases  in  solution,  dissolves  solids,  helps  to  give  every 
tissue  its  physical  character,  and  is  the  indispensable  condition  of  that 
ceaseless  change  of  composition  and  decomposition  on  which  the  continu- 
ance of  life  depends.* 

The  important  part  which  water  plays  in  the  human  economy 
is  thus  shown;  add  to  this  the  fact  that  tlie  human  infant  exists 
upon  fluid  food  entirely  for  the  flrst  year  of  its  life  and  mainly  for 
its  first  three  years,  and  we  shall  comprehend  the  importance  of 
the  function  and  faculty  of  Bibativeness. 

The  first  functional  act  of  man's  life  is  to  inhale  air;  the 
second  is  to  receive  and  assimilate  liquid  food:  hence  the  first 
most  important  function  is  that  of  breathing;  the  second  next 
important  function,  the  digestion  of  fluid  food.  We  have  seen 
formerly  that  the  human  embryo  is  composed  mainly  of  water; 
also  that  his  first  habitat  is  of  a  fluid  nature ;  his  first  food,  a  liquid 
containing  a  large  percentage  of  water.  Now,  this  preponderating 
influence  of  a  single  element  in  the  human  system  would  naturally 
make  its  presence  known  in  the  face,  which  is,  as  I  have  demon- 
strated, the  registering  dial  of  the  entire  body.  Not  only  would 
the  sign  for  fluid  digestion  be  well  defined  in  the  face,  but  it  would 
be  (by  reason  of  its  preponderance  in  youth)  one  of  the  most  con- 
spicuoiis  facial  signs  in  infancy.  Accordingly,  we  observe  in  all 
healthy  infants  an  uncommonly  full  and  puffy  appearance  about 
the  corners  of  the  mouth,  adjoining  the  signs  for  Mirthfulness  and 
Digestion. 

This  sign  of  Bibativeness  decreases  as  age  advances,  and  the 
facial  sign  for  solid  digestion,  or  Alimentiveness,  becomes  more  pro- 
nounced and  apparent.  Where  the  love  of  liquids  is  a  peculiarly 
strong  trait,  this  facial  record  remains  throughout  life  and  develops 
even  greater  fullness  than  that  observed  in  infancy.  Many  persons 
retain  through  life  the  peculiar  puffy  fullness  and  dimpled  appear- 
ance of  infancy.  Such  persons  have  an  uncommon  fondness  for 
liquid  foods,  and,  like  the  infant,  show  great  mirthfulness  and  taste 
for  fun,  games,  and  amusements.  The  entire  body  in  this  case  also 
retains  its  infantile  rotunditi/,  and  the  abdomen  enlarges,  the  limbs 
increase  in  size  and  softness,  the  cheeks  are  greatly  puffed,  and  the 
chin  becomes  double  and  sometimes  triple  in  appearance;  or,  on 
the  other  hand,  if  this  trait  is  inherited  in  combination  with  a  well- 
developed  osseous  and  muscular  system,  the  body  will  present  all 
these  signs  in  a  modified  form,  and  the  cheeks  and  abdomen  will 
be  the  best  indicators  of  this  faculty  and  function.  Of  course  there 
are  many  grades  of  strength  of  the  bibative  function ;  but  the  facial 
and  bodily  signs  will  indicate  these  differences  of  development, 

*  Physiology  of  Common  Life,  Q.  H.  Lewes,  p.  25w 


BIBATIVENESS.  343 

and  this  function  will  be  influenced  and  modified  by  the  other 
systems  in  combination. 

The  situation  of  the  principal  facial  sign  of  the  love  of  liquids 
is  most  suggestive,  as  it  adjoins  the  moutli, — the  principal  sign  for 
Alimentiveness, — and  is  also  in  tlie  neigh borliood  of  all  the  signs 
which  denote  glandular  or  fluid  action,  viz.,  the  signs  for 
Benevolence,  Mirth  fulness.  Hospitality,  Love  of  Young,  Amative- 
ness.  Friendship,  etc.  O.  S.  Fowler  has  observed  this  sign  in  the 
cheek,  and  dubs  it  the  facial  "  pole  "  lor  the  function  of  Bibative- 
ness,  and  states  that  "its  sign  is  often  found  in  the  faces  of  the 
descendants  of  inebriates."  All  the  soft  tissues  of  the  face,  as  well 
as  of  the  body,  exhibit  the  action  of  the  fluid  system  in  a  very 
marked  manner.  All  of  the  signs  for  glandular  action  are  situated 
mainly  about  the  region  of  the  mouth,  and  this  arrangement  is  in 
accordance  with  the  laws  of  physiological  harmony,  for,  as  we  have 
formerly  seen  that  all  of  the  visceral  organs  of  the  body  that 
mutually  assist  each  other  are  grouped  in  such  proximity  as  to  aid 
each  other,  so  in  the  face  the  signs  for  all  the  organs  which  are  in 
close  proximity  in  the  body  are  also  grouped  together,  and  thus 
the  physiognomist  finds  a  most  wonderful  register  and  record  of 
corroborative  signs  of  function  and  faculty,  and  this  record  is  self- 
revealing  by  virtue  of  its  situation ;  and  thus  form  and  locality 
taken  together  are  evidences  of  internal  physiological  operations 
and  of  their  resultant  mental  tastes  and  proclivities. 

The  fluid  system  is,  as  I  have  shown  elsewhere,  the  most 
important  system  of  the  body ;  not  only  of  the  embryonic  and 
infantile  organisms,  but  of  the  matured  being  as  well.  The 
system  of  lacteals  and  absorbents  within  the  body  and  the  system 
of  sweat-glands  and  tubes  upon  the  surface,  together  with  the 
kidneys  and  bladder,  excrete  the  fluid  waste  of  the  body  and  thus 
preserve  the  functional  'purity  of  the  entire  organism.  The  impor- 
tance of  the  fluid  system  of  the  body  cannot  be  overestimated,  for, 
as  we  have  seen,  the  body  depends  upon  fluid  for  its  primitive 
construction,  and  later  it  depends  upon  fluid  for  the  processes  of 
growth  and  repair.  Water  is  the  origin  of  all  vegetable  and 
animal  life.  The  first  animal  bodies  were  aquatic.  Man  is  in  his 
prenatal  life  an  aquatic  animal.,  semi-aquatic  in  infancy,  and 
always  dependent  upon  fluids  for  life  and  health.  In  order  that 
his  system  shall  be  the  most  perfect;  pure  water,  like  pure  air,  is 
most  essential.  ]\Ian  can  exist  and  thrive  upon  a  small  quantity 
of  very  poor  food  if  he  have  a  plentiful  supply  of  pure  water  and 
pure  air;  hence  the  fluid  and  gaseous  elements  of  the  body  are 
most  essential  to  life,  growth,  and  normal  being. 

The  peculiarities  of  those  in  whom  Bibativeness  is  large  are 


344  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

similar  to  the  traits  which  are  exhibited  by  the  vegetative  individual. 
When  fluid  forms  a  large  part  of  the  human  organism  the  emotions 
predominate,  and  when  the  combination  includes  a  fair  share  of 
bone  and  muscle  all  of  the  traits  arising  from  these  constituents 
are  greatly  modified  by  the  presence  of  the  soft  tissues.  Where 
the  fluid  elements  of  the  body  are  greatly  lacking,  the  tissues  are 
dry  and  inactive  and  the  mind  unsocial  and  contracted.  The 
physiognomies  of  many  npted  misers  and  recluses  show  them  to  be 
deficient  in  the  fluids  of  the  system  ;  hence  their  faces  are  dry, 
shriveled,  and  wrinkled,  and  their  habits  correspondingly  unsocial. 
A  normal  supply  of  fluids  in  the  system  gives  softness  and  round- 
ness to  the  cheeks,  the  lips,  throat,  limbs,  and  body,  and  freshness, 
moisture,  and  elasticity  to  the  skin.  Deficiency  in  the  fluids  pro- 
duces opposite  appearances  and  distinct  mental  eflects.  Very  great 
lack  of  the  fluids  produces  serious  defects  of  the  mental  and  social 
traits  and  other  unbalanced  conditions ;  while,  on  the  other  hand, 
an  excess  of  fluids  in  the  organism  induces  other  abnormal  states 
of  body  and  mind.  What  should  be  aimed  at  is  a  halancecl  or 
normal  condition.  This  can  be  measurably  attained  by  an  intelli- 
gent use  of  liquid  foods  and  by  exercise  or  rest  as  the  case  requires, 
bathing,  the  use  or  non-use  of  carbonaceous  foods,  and  other 
hygienic  precautions. 

The  laws  of  evolution  teach  us  that  the  fluid  system  or  primi- 
tive kidney-duct  was  the  first  system  evolved  after  the  intestinal  in 
the  primitive  animal.  It  must,  hence,  be  deemed  as  of  great 
importance ;  for  all  primitive  functions,  such  as  fluid  digestion^ 
excretion  of  the  fluid  waste,  breathing,  etc.,  are  the  most  essential 
to  animal  life;  and  the  tastes  and  habits  derived  from  these 
functions  in  the  perfected  human  being  are  the  strongest  and  most 
lasting. 

A  love  for  liquids  exerts  a  dominating  influence  upon  us,  for, 
whereas  almost  every  one  can  deny  himself  any  favorite  article  of 
food,  not  one  in  thousands  can  as  easily  forego  a  favorite  tipple, 
such  as  tea,  coiFee,  chocolate,  lemonade,  soups,  sauces,  etc. ;  while 
all  know  of  the  uncontrollable  appetite  which  strong  drink  pro- 
duces. We  are  taught  that  eating  was  the  original  sin;  judging 
from  the  present  dietetic  habits  and  tastes,  one  could  readily  believe 
that  drinking  was  the  basis  of  "total  depravity." 

Every  species  of  food  taken  into  the  stomach  contains  water 
in  varying  degrees.  The  air,  too,  has  its  hydrogen  or  moist  ele- 
ment, which  is  present  in  a  vaporous  form,  and  which  assists  in 
giving  freshness,  moisture,  and  elasticity  to  the  skin  and  tissues, 
and  strength  to  the  lungs. 

The   sense  of  thirsty  which  is  our  second   most  important 


BIBATIVENESS.  345 

sensation,  is  never  of  a  pleasurable  nature;  while  the  sense  of 
hunger  or  appetite  is  essential  to  our  enjoyment  of  food.  Different 
degrees  of  temperature  of  liquids  produce  various  grades  of  thirst. 
Tepid  or  hot  drinks  allay  thirst  much  better  than  very  cold  water. 
It  is  said  that  "  the  bodies  of  those  who  have  perished  from  thirst 
show  a  general  dryness  of  all  the  tissues,  a  thickening  of  the 
humors,  a  certain  degree  of  coagidation  of  the  blood,  numberless 
indications  of  inflammation,  and  sometimes  gangrene  of  the 
viscera."* 

If  the  bibative  function  is  normal  it  will  regulate  the  quantity 
of  fluids  which  tlie  system  requires,  but  if  there  is  a  predisposition 
to  imbibe  more  fluid  natruneat  than  is  necessary  for  the  healthful 
action  of  the  body  the  disproportion  of  fluids  in  the  system  is  soon 
apparent;  tlie  individual  becomes  corpulent,  indolent,  disinclined 
to  either  mental  or  manual  labor,  and  if  this  condition  becomes 
still  further  perverted  disorders  of  the  circulatory  system  are 
engendered  and  life  becomes  a  burden  and  all  usefulness  is  at  an 
end.  When  we  reflect  that  nearly  three-fourths  of  the  weight  of 
the  human  body  consists  of  water,  we  can  readily  comprehend  why 
an  abnormal  disproportion  in  the  direction  of  the  fluid  elements 
would  produce  serious  disorders  of  the  kidneys  and  other  organs. 

As  we  have  seen  to  what  extent  water  enters  into  the  human 
system  as  a  principal  constituent,  we  must  hence  infer  that  our 
water-supply  should  be  ample  and  as  pure  as  possible;  indeed, 
aft;er  air,  water  is  the  next  most  important  factor  of  being. 

The  reason  why  tea,  coflee,  beer,  and  soup  quench  the  thirst 
is  due  to  the  quantity  of  water  wliich  they  contain.  Mountain 
spring-water  is  undoubtedly  the  purest  water  that  can  be  obtained, 
yet  even  this  should  be  filtered,  and  the  icater-filter  should  be 
considered  the  most  important  article  of  household  furniture.  No 
family  should  be  without  one.  In  the  water  supplied  to  most 
large  towns  and  cities  there  are  always  more  or  less  impurities 
which  are  very  detrimental  to  life  and  health.  And  yet,  while  the 
majority  of  housekeepers  make  the  most  strenuous  efforts  to  pro- 
cure good,  well-cooked  food,  the  water  wliich  Ibrms  the  larger 
part  of  the  human  body  is  too  often  of  the  most  impure  quality. 

The  best  solvent  for  our  food  is  water  and  fruit  and  vegetable 
juices.  A  host  of  artificial  drinks  have  been  compounded  by  man, 
but  are  all  more  or  less  injurious  in  their  effects  upon  the  system. 
Alcoholic  drinks  take  first  rank  as  the  most  deadly  and  destructive; 
following  these,  tea  and  coffee,  which  induce  different  forms  of 
nervous,  liver,  and  kidney  complaints,  and  at  the  same  time  they 
have  a  most  decided  and  disastrous  effect  upon  the  mental  powers 

»The  Physiology  of  Common  Life,  G.  H.  Lewes,  p.  34. 


346  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and  disposition.  I  have  known  cases  where  the  happiness  of 
entire  famiUes  has  been  wrecked  by  the  tea  and  coffee  tipphng  of 
the  parents.  This  form  of  tipphng  produces  nervous  irritation, 
irritabihty  of  the  disposition,  sleeplessness,  and  consequent  ex- 
haustion, and,  carried  to  excess,  other  diseases  supervene  and  lead 
to  insanity  and  death. 

What  is  an  excessive  use  of  tea"?  Whenever  the  exhilaration 
produced  by  tea  is  quite  perceptible  to  the  drinker,  the  use  is 
excessive;  for  the  nervous  system  will  react  and  become  lowered 
and  enfeebled  in  proportion  to  the  exhilaration  produced.  Stolid, 
vegetative  persons  can  drink  several  cups  of  tea  at  a  meal  without 
being  so  stimulated  as  a  nervous  or  mental  person  would  by  drink- 
ing one  cup.  Coffee  acts  as  a  poison,  and  is  such  to  tliose  whose 
liver  or  nerves  are  affected  by  its  action.  When  coffee  induces 
tremulousness  or  wakefulness,  it  is  highly  deleterious  and  should 
be  avoided.  Tea  and  coffee  are  less  injurious  to  those  who  perform 
hard,  manual  labor,  especially  if  they  work  out  of  doors.  Sedentary 
persons  wlio  live  mainly  indoors  do  not  have  the  neutralizing 
benefit  of  perspiration  and  fresh  air,  hence  retain  all  the  deleterious 
principles  of  tea  and  coffee  in  the  system,  and  are  accordingly 
more  injured  by  tlieir  use. 

The  best  drinks  are  those  which  are  the  most  simple  and 
natural;  lemonade,  and  fruit-juices  pressed  from  berries,  such  as 
currants,  raspberries,  etc.,  sweetened  and  cooled  by  setting  them 
upon  ice  in  warm  weather,  are  most  wholesome  and  refreshing.  In 
the  matter  of  quantity  each  one  should  be  guided  by  his  own 
individual  needs.  In  hot  climates,  where  perspiration  is  engen- 
dered freely,  or  by  working  in  foundries  and  in  the  kitchen,  a 
larger  supply  is  required  than  in  cooler  places.  Excessive  indul- 
gence in  water  or  other  liquids  induces  obesity. 

Salt  in  the  system,  combining  with  the  water,  creates  chemical 
activity,  which  eliminates  the  uttermost  amount  of  carbonaceous 
matter  from  the  food,  and  thus  fat  is  stored  away  about  the  large 
visceral  organs  and  under  the  skin  all  over  the  body,  as  is  seen  in 
infants,  who  exist  entirely  upon  fluid  foods.  When  this  taste  is 
indulged  in  to  excess,  it  is  transmitted  to  offspring  in  an  intensified 
form  and  leaves  its  sign  in  the  face  in  a  most  decided  manner. 
Hereditary  love  of  liquids  does  not  always  induce  a  love  for  alco- 
holic stimulants,  but  is  liable  to  do  so  if  opportunity  offers,  and 
social  customs  influence  the  character.  The  offspring  of  inebriates 
often  carry  this  facial  record  of  their  parents'  vice,  and  thus  physi- 
ognomy not  only  discloses  one's  propensities,  but  also  discloses  what 
vices  have  cursed  the  parents. 

All  signs  about  the  region  of  the  mouth  denote  in  some 


BIBATIVENESS.  347 

degree  the  condition  of  the  fluid  circulation.  The  sign  for  the 
kidneys  is  situated  in  the  chin,  and  the  descendants  of  inebriates 
disclose  by  the  smallness  and  narrowness  of  the  chin  the  moral 
degradation  which  has  resulted  as  a  consequence  of  vitiated  physical 
organs. 

A  great  deal  of  the  condition  of  the  fluid  circulation  may  be 
known  by  the  color  of  tlie  complexion  and  eyes.  Very  pale  or 
ashen-colored  skin  indicates  an  impoverished,  anaemic  state  of  the 
blood ;  waxy-looking  skin,  a  dropsical  condition  of  the  fluid  system ; 
while  a  delicate  or  fresh  and  rosy  hue  of  the  skin  discloses  a 
healthful,  normal  state  of  the  fluids  of  the  body.  Very  light  eyes 
announce  a  weakness  of  the  kidney  system,  or  defective  action  of 
the  reproductive  system,  one  or  both.  Physiology  teaches  us  that 
nine  hundred  and  twenty-seven  parts  of  the  retina  of  the  eye  is 
composed  of  water.  Now,  if  the  fluids  of  the  body  are  greatly  in 
excess  of  the  normal  requirements,  the  eye  would  also  partake  of 
this  excess,  and  by  the  weakness  of  its  color  would  reveal  this 
deficiency  of  coloring  pigment  and  strength  of  the  humors  of  the 
eye.  The  eyes  of  Albinos  are  proof  of  this  theory,  and  very 
light-eyed  people  do  not  possess  the  same  degree  of  visual  power 
as  do  those  who  exhibit  a  normal  supply  of  coloring  pigment  in 
the  eyes. 

The  primitive  animals  were  aquatic;  later,  they  evolved  an 
amphibious  nature,  and  still  later  took  up  their  abode  entirely 
upon  land.  Among  men  we  find  representatives  of  these  several 
classes  of  animals.  The  natives  of  the  islands  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean  almost  live  in  the  water,  and  from  their  infancy  are  accus- 
tomed to  pass  a  great  share  of  their  lixes  in  and  upon  the  water. 
Among  civilized  races,  we  observe  every  variety  of  the  bibative 
individual.  We  see  those  who  are  built  like  the  hippopotamus, 
and  who  possess  many  of  its  characteristics.  Tliis  class  of  people 
are  semi-aquatic  in  nature,  and  live  mainly  upon  liquid  foods  and 
love  bathing  and  swimming.  Like  the  hippopotamus,  they  are 
always  looking  for  food,  and  are  indolent  and  mild  except  when 
enraged,  and  then  are  terrible  in  their  exliibitions  of  wrath. 

All  persons  with  the  sign  for  Bibativencss  large  are  very  fond 
of  bathing,  swimming,  and  all  aquatic  exercises.  Women  with 
this  sign  large  like  scrubbing  and  washing  and  any  pursuits 
which  require  the  use  of  water.  Natural  bathers  are  known  by 
fullness  of  the  lower  cheek,  together  with  a  healthy  color  of  the 
complexion.  Thin  or  hollow-cheeked  persons  do  not  exhibit  a 
taste  for  bathing,  and  if  they  are  pale  as  well  as  hollow-clieeked 
should  never  indulge  in  full  baths,  but  make  use  of  the  sponge- 
bath  quickly  applied,  as  their  circulatory  power  is  comparatively 


348  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

feeble  and  a  full  bath  would  take  so  much  of  the  natural  heat  of 
the  body  as  to  prevent  m  many  subjects  a  healthy  reaction. 

Water  is  thus  shown  to  be  indispensable  to  every  stage  of 
life.  It  also  enters  more  largely  into  primitive  life  and  infantile 
conditions;  hence  it  is  that  those  human  organisms  which  possess 
a  disproportionate  quantity  of  water  or  fluid  are  relatively  more 
immature  or  childlike  in  their  mentality  than  those  who  possess  a 
normal  quantity.  The  dift'erences  observed  between  a  vegetative 
adult  aiid  a  bony  or  muscular  one  will  afford  a  good  illustration 
of  the  influence  which  water  has  upon  the  human  body  and  mind. 

ALIMENTIVENESS,    DIGESTION. 

Dejinitionr — Hunger,  love  of  eating,  large  digestive  capacity, 
healthy  and  normal  assimilation  of  solid  and  liquid  foods.  Epi- 
cureanism is  a  refined  phase  of  this  faculty  and  function.  Gluttony 
and  gormandizing  are  perverted  states  of  this  faculty. 

An  excess  of  the  love  of  eating  and  drinking  leads  to  gluttony, 
gross  size,  dullness  of  intellect,  and  numerous  diseases,  among 
which  are  apoplexy,  indigestion,  dropsical  conditions,  inflamma- 
tions, and  rheumatism. 

A  defective  digestive  capacity  causes  lack  of  bodily  and  mental 
vigor,  nervousness,  consumption,  dyspepsia,  and  numerous  other 
ills.  Defective  digestion  is  indicated  by  a  narrow  mouth,  thin 
cheeks ;  thin,  pale,  and  dry  lips ;  a  shrunken  appearance  of  the 
parotid  gland;  colorless  or  pallid  complexion  ;  long,  high,  and  thin 
nose,  or  a  nose  flat  at  the  middle  portion  ;  long,  slim  neck ;  narrow 
shoulders,  flat  abdomen ;  long,  thin,  or  transparent  hands,  fingers, 
and  ears ;  feeble,  hesitating  gait. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — A  wide  mouth  ;  full,  red,  and  moist 
lips ;  full,  red  cheeks,  with  a  plentiful  supply  of  the  soil  tissues  about 
the  chin,  are  the  primary  facial  signs  of  good  digestive  capacity ; 
also,  fullness  of  the  parotid  gland  just  in  front  of  the  ear-opening. 
The  bodily  signs  are  shown  by  a  well-nourished  body,  full  abdo- 
men, full  breast ;  short,  thick,  wrinkled  neck,  and  plenty  of  soft 
tissue  over  all  parts  of  the  body ;  hands  and  fingers  well  supplied 
with  flesh.  Gluttony  in  some  pushes  the  eyeball  up  and  forward, 
leaving  a  good  portion  of  the  "  wliite "  of  tlie  eye  exposed  below 
the  retina ;  where  this  appearance  is  noted,  it  is  accompanied  in- 
variably by  intense  periodical  headaches,  owing  to  an  inordinate  or 
uncontrolled  appetite. 

Description  of  Alimenthtiness. — The  majority  of  people 
understand  that  the  fullness  of  the  lower  part  of  the  cheeks  denotes 
good  digestive  powers,  but,  with  a  singular  lack  of  logic,  fail  to 
reason  that  if  Nature  has  placed  the  sign  of  one  function  or  faculty 


ALIMENTIVENESS.  349 

in  the  face  there  may  be  others  there  also,  and  hence  look  no  far- 
ther for  signs  for  the  liver,  the  lungs,  the  kidneys,  the  heart,  the 
muscles,  etc. 

In  infancy  the  diet  is  entirely  of  a  liquid  nature,  hence  we 
should  naturally  infer  that  the  signs  for  infantile  digestion  would 
be  different  from  those  exhibited  by  adults.  This  reasoning  is 
correct,  for  infants  while  in  the  liquid  stage  exhibit  tlie  sign  lor 
digestion  by  a  peculiar  fullness  of  the  cheek  about  half  an  inch 
backward  from  the  corners  of  the  mouth,  externally  to  and  on  a 
line  with  the  mouth.  Observation  of  any  well-nourished  infant 
will  locate  this  cushion-like  protuberance.  After  the  infant  ex- 
changes its  fluid  diet  for  a  more  solid  one  this  cushion  of  eoft, 
dimpled  fat  disappears  and  the  fullness  moves  farther  back  to  the 
outer  sides  of  the  lower  part  of  the  checks,  unless  there  is  an  un- 
common love  of  liquids,  such  as  soups,  milk,  lemonade,  soda, 
gravies,  sauces,  etc. ;  in  this  case  the  fullness  of  infancy  is  retained 
to  adult  life,  and  is  one  of  Nature's  unfailing  facial  liierogly])hs 
which  denotes  love  of  liquid  foods.  This  fullness  is  not  due  to  mus- 
cular development,  for  in  infancy  the  muscles  have  not  been  used 
for  mastication,  but  is  due  solely  to  cjlandnlar  development,  aa  hich 
is  a  vegetative  process  purely  and  operated  with  but  trifling  mus- 
cular action.  The  juices  created  by  the  imbibition  of  liquid  foods 
assist  in  building  up  the  cheeks  to  sometimes  an  enormous  fullness, 
which  present  a  globular  appearance,  and  in  this  stage  of  nutrition 
the  infant  or  adult  looks  like  a  puff-ball  and  exhibits  ghhuJar 
forms  all  over  the  soft  parts  of  the  body.  Veteran  beer-drinkers 
often  present  this  formation  of  face  and  body,  which  ]noves  that 
this  function  derives  its  support  from  a  liquid  or  vegetati^  e  base. 

The  width  of  the  nostrils,  as  well  as  the  height  and  width  of 
the  nose  at  this  junction  with  the  forehead,  is  one  excellent  indica- 
tion of  one  part  of  the  process  of  digestion,  for  this  formation  shows 
that  the  sense  of  sceiit  is  powerfully  dcAcloped,  and  the  capacity 
for  scenting  flavors,  odors,  etc.,  bears  direct  relationship  to  the 
function  of  digestion.  The  olfactory  ganglia  are  located  here,  and 
if  the  external  nose  were  removed  the  sense  of  scent,  of  smell, 
would  still  remain  in  a  great  degree.  A  long,  slim  nose  is  not  as 
active  in  distinguishing  odors  as  a  broad  nose ;  neither  are  persons 
possessing  this  formation  characterized  by  as  great  a  love  for  food 
as  those  with  a  very  broad  nose,  for  the  sign  for  the  stomach  is 
situated  at  the  bridge  of  the  nose  and  its  strength  is  indicated  by 
width  at  this  place.  A  remarkable  illustration  and  verification  of 
this  principle  may  be  observed  in  the  animal  kingdom.  Compare, 
for  example,  the  facial  peculiarities  and  structure  of  the  lion  and 
greyhound.     The  lion  has  a  wide  mouth,  broad  nostrils,  and  a 


350 


PRACTICAL    AND   SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 


nose  broad  its  entire  length  ;  it  is  also  wide  between  the  eyes  where 
the  olfactory  ganglia  are  situated ;  while  the  greyhound  is  just  the 
reverse  in  structure,  in  digestive  power,  and  capacity  for  scenting. 
Of  this  peculiar  deficiency  of  this  species  of  dog,  we  are  told  by 
natural  history  that  "the  narrow  head  and  sharp  nose  of  the  grey- 
hound, useful  as  they  are  for  aiding  the  progress  of  the  animal  by 
removing  every  impediment  to  its  passage  through  the  atmosphere, 
yet  deprive  it  of  a  most  valuable  faculty, — that  of  chasing  by  scent. 
The  muzzle  is  so  narrow  in  proportion  to  its  length  that  the  nasal 

nerves  have  no  room  for 
proper  development,  and 
hence  the  animal  is  very 
deficient  in  its  power  of 
scent."*  In  striking  con- 
trast to  the  greyhound  are 
the  bull-dog  and  the  blood- 
hound, the  pointer,  re- 
triever, and  reindeer,  which 
are  as  conspicuous  for  their 
keenness  of  scent  as  they 
are  for  the  width  of  the 
nose  and  nostrils. 

The  function  of  diges- 
tion amply  illustrates  the 
theory  of  the  association  of 
physical  function  with  men- 
tal faculty.  Alimentive- 
ness  is  the  mental  aspect 
of  the  love,  taste,  and  desire 
for  food,  wliile  digestion  is 
the  physical  aspect  of  this 
bodily  function.  Large  di- 
gestive capacity  is  always 


attended  with  great  love  of 


Fig.  30.-SIEJOHN  FRANKLIN.  (Naval  Officer, 
Navigatok,  and  Arctic  Discoverer.) 

Born  in  England,  1796.  Principal  facial  sign.  Ali- 
ineiitiveness.  shown  by  wide  mouth,  full  cheeks,  full  and 
moist  lips.  The  law  governing  this  face  is  the  straight 
line,  curve,  and  sphere.  The  immense  vital  powers  of 
Sir  John  Franklin  enabled  him  to  perforin  herculean 
mental  labors  and  endure  all  the  rigors  of  the  Arctic 
climate.  In  his  face  are  the  signs  of  Firmness,  Conscien- 
tiousness, Patriotism,  Amativeness,  Love  of  Home 
and  of  the  Young;  Benevolence.  .Nlodesty,  Mirthful- 
ness.  Economy,  Friendship,  Approbativeness,  and  Sana- 
tiveness  very  large.  The  mental  signs  for  Caution, 
Analysis,  Sublimity,  Human  Nature,  f'onstructivene.ss, 
Acquisitiveness,  Veneration,  Executiveness,  Self-will, 
Locality,  Order,  Language,  and  Reason  are  of  the  first 
order,  and  the  student  of  physiognomy  will  have  a  fine 
field  for  the  study  of  grand  character'  in  this  resolute, 
capable  countenance. 

eating. .  It  depends  upon 
the  inherited  quality  of  the  individual,  whether  the  taste  for  food 
shall  be  a  coarse  or  a  fine  one.  A  fine-grained  person,  exhibiting 
large  digestive  powers,  would  naturally  incline  to  epicureanism, 
while  one  of  coarse  quality  would  care  more  for  quantity — more 
for  a  gross  plenty — than  for  fine  quality  of  food  and  drink ;  he 
would  be  apt  to  express  himself  as  did  a  veteran  toper,  wlio, 
when  chided  for  going  into  low  groggeries  for  his  liquor,  replied, 
"  I  know  there's  a  difference  in  whisky,  but  its  all  good."     Those 

»  Wood's  New  Illustrated  Natural  History,  Rev.  J.  G.  Wood,  p.  5L 


ALIMENTIVENESS. 


351 


with  small  digestive  capacity  care  too  little  for  food,  and  are 
usually  poor  judges  of  flavors,  odors,  etc. ;  they  make  poor 
caterers,  and  1  have  knpwn  some  mothers  so  deficient  in  Ali- 
mentiveness  as  to  be  unable  to  provide  properly  for  the  wants  of 
their  children  in  this  direction.  This  class  of  persons  should 
never  keep  a  boarding-house  or  hotel,  for  they  would  be  most 
unsatisfactory  hosts. 

Tlie  mouth  being  the  entrance  to  that  chemical  laboratory, 
the  stomach,  large  size  of  this  feature  with  full  lips  would  natu- 
rally disclose  great  appetite  and  power  for  digestion.  As  the 
large  size  of  the  nostrils 
indicates  the  size  of  the 
lungs,  so  large  size  of  the 
mouth  tells  us  that  the  en- 
tire digestive  apparatus  is 
on  a  corresponding  scale. 
Fullness  of  the  lower  part 
of  the  cheek,  particularly, 
is  an  unfailing  sign  of  di- 
gestive power,  for  if  the  food 
assimilate  with  the  juices 
of  tlie  stomach,  pancreas, 
and  liver,  the  lower  part  of 
the  cheek  will  indicate  this 
condition.  Large  develop- 
ment of  the  parotid  gland 
just  in  front  of  the  ears  is 
another  proof  of  assimila- 
tive power.  When  this 
gland  is  well  developed,  a 
soft  cushion-like  protuber- 
ance will  be  observed 
directly  in  front  of  and 
below  the  opening  of  the 
ear.  It  is  usually  large  in  outdoor  laborers,  seamen,  farmers,  and 
all  who  eat  heartily  and  digest  well.  It  is  small  and  weak  in 
those  who  are  deficient  in  digestive  power  and  are  poor  feeders. 
Eating  and  absorbing  solids  and  liquids  was  the  first  or  primitive 
function ;  from  this  starting-point  all  the  functions  and  faculties 
have  developed  by  differentiation  and  evolution.  The  mouth  is 
not  only  the  register  of  the  function  of  digestion,  but  it  is  also  the 
principal  organ  of  speech,  and  is  therefore  by  its  size  and  shape 
indicative  both  of  the  quantity,  volume,  and  quality  of  language. 
Its  size  and  form,  color  and  texture  combined,  indicate  the  grade 


Fig.  31.— a.  a.  low.    (Distinguished 
Merchant.) 

Bom  in  Massachusetts,  ISU.    Conspicuous  facial  sign, 
Alimentiveness.    Tlie  law  of  the  straight  line,  curve. 

This  subject 
of 

^ of 

a  high  order.  In  his  countenance  one  sees  the  signs 
for  Alimentiveness,  Plospitality,  Friendship,  Appro- 
bativeness.  Self-esteem,  Conscientiousness,  Love  of 
Home,  of  Country,  and  of  Young  all  very  pronounced. 
His  mental  powers  are  shown  by  the  signs  for  Ven- 
eration, Executiveness,  Self-will,  Order,  Form,  Size, 
Memory  of  Events,  and  Reason. 


./iiinieniiveiiess.      jiie  law   \jx    iiiu  siimguL  iine,   uuiv 

and  sphere  governs  this  physiognomy.  This  subje 
w;is  formerly  president  of  the  New  York  Chamber  i 
Commerce  ana  has  exhibited  atlministrative  abilitv  < 


352  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of  development  or  refinement  of  character,  not  only  of  the  social 
and  domestic  traits  of  which  it  is  primarily  representative,  but  it 
is  decisive  of  the  general  grade  of  the  refinement  of  the  individual 
in  his  entirety.     This  fact  is  patent  to  all  good  observers. 

The  mouth  does  not  denote  the  mental  faculties  in  so  precise 
a  manner  as  the  nose,  yet  it  does  by  its  size,  form,  color,  etc.,  give 
the  general  tone  or  grade  of  the  individual ;  most  especially  wliile  in 
motion  the  play  of  the  muscles  will  serve  to  reveal  more  of  the  char- 
acter than  when  in  repose ;  yet  both  must  be  taken  together.  The 
good  examiner  will  cause  the  subject  to  converse,  smile,  and  laugh, 
in  order  to  get  as  many  expressions  of  the  mouth  and  its  adjacent 
parts  as  possible,  for  all  movements  are  significant ;  nothing  is  too 
small  to  be  valueless.  I  have  made  quite  a  dift'erent  estimate  of 
character  after  observing  the  play  of  the  muscles  of  the  mouth 
than  I  had  previously  formed. 

The  mouth  is  furnished  with  an  exceedingly  muscular  tongue 
and  numerous  glands  wliich  secrete  and  excrete  a  variety  of  juices, 
which,  mingling  with  the  food,  assist  the  process  of  digestion. 

The  use  of  the  mouth  as  an  active  agent  in  digestion  will  not 
be  fully  understood  unless  the  reader  makes  liimself  thoroughly 
acquainted  with  the  mechanism  and  anatomy  of  the  moutli ;  then 
the  eating  and  speaking  capacities  of  this  feature  will  be  understood 
and  its  full  importance  as  a  revelator  of  character  comprehended. 
In  writing  upon  physiognomy  it  seems  necessary  that  the  pliysi- 
ology  and  anatomy  of  every  feature  should  be  described,  along 
with  the  exterior  and  mental  descriptions,  but  the  limits  of  my 
work  render  this  impossible,  and  I  can  only  recommend  the  student 
to  make  use  of  a  good  work  on  these  subjects,  in  connection  with 
this  one,  otherwise  he  will  have  only  a  surface  knowledge  of 
cliaracter,  for  mentality  is  a  question  of  physiology,  and  impossible 
to  be  comprehended  without  a  fair  understanding  of  its  laws. 

Appetite  is  the  normal  expression  of  this  function,  yet,  as  the 
stomach  is  often  perverted  by  excesses  or  improper  food,  it  cannot 
be  always  relied  upon  as  a  guide.  Reason  and  observation  must 
come  in  to  assist  the  appetite  in  its  demands,  and  only  such  foods 
as  experience  has  demonstrated  as  nutritious  should  be  partaken 
of  No  function  is  more  abused  than  the  function  of  digestion. 
Most  people  eat  entirely  too  much,  and  this  leads  to  many  and 
serious  disorders. 

Each  individual  stomach  is  so  entirely  different  from  every 
other,  that  no  one  in  particular  is  a  guide  for  any  other;  for  the 
articles  of  food  which  nourish  some  act  as  poisons  upon  other 
systems.  In  this  regard,  each  must  be  a  "law  unto  himself" 
Many  persons  have  a  decided  liking  for  certain   articles  of  diet 


ALIMENTIVENESS.  353 

which  seriously  disagree  with  them,  and  this  furnishes  the  best 
proof  of  the  statement  that  observation,  reason,  and  self-control 
should  be  the  guide  of  appetite.  Motlicrs  should  always  supervise 
the  diet  of  their  children  and  compel  them  to  refrain  from  eating 
things  unsuited  to  them,  or  at  improper  hours,  and  in  immoderate 
quantities. 

Nature  has  brought  forth  many  youthful  geniuses  in  music, 
art,  and  mathematics, — children,  who,  like  Mozart,  could  compose 
music  at  four  years  of  age ;  orators  at  ten,  like  Harry  Shannon ; 
mathematicians  at  three,  like  George  Bidder;  but  Nature  has  never 
yet  produced  a  child  with  a  genius  for  selecting  proper  food  for 
itself,  nor  a  genius  for  bringing  itsell'  up  properly.  Think  of  this, 
mothers,  when  you  are  inclined  to  allow  your  children  to  select 
dainties  and  leave  the  substantial  untouched,  because  they  say 
they  "can't  relish  them,"  and  "soft-headed"  mothers  believe  this, 
and  keep  up  the  supply  of  cake,  pie,  sweetmeats,  etc.,  until  Nature 
puts  a  stop  to  it  by  disease  or  death. 

I  have  seen  many  children  who  have  hoodwinked  their 
parents  in  this  manner  for  years,  yet  when  taken  to  where  there 
were  no  dainties  to  be  had  ate  as  heartily  as  other  children.  Such 
children  should  be  compelled  to  eat  wholesome  food  by  withhold- 
ing sweets,  etc.,  from  the  table,  and  very  soon  a  normal  appetite 
would  be  discovered.  Yet  mothers  should  study  children's  peculi- 
arities with  a  view  of  providing  suitable  foods;  for  black-eyed 
children  cannot  always  relish  the  same  foods  which  blue-eyed 
children  desire.  Dark-eyed,  bilious  persons  often  find  milk  wholly 
indigestible.  Sweets,  also,  are  not  so  suitable  for  them  as  for  the 
lighter  colored.  The  reason  for  this  lies  in  the  fact  that  the  liver 
is  not  usually  so  active  in  dark  peo|)le  as  in  the  light  skinned. 
The  heart  is  relatively  stronger  tlian  the  liver  in  the  former,  and 
this  accovmts  for  many  seeming  inconsistencies  and  idiosyncrasies 
in  diet.  Certain  diseases  affect  different-colored  persons  in  differ- 
ent manner.  So  well  is  this  understood  by  one  school  ol'  medicine, 
at  least,  the  "Homoeopathic,"  that  it  gives  different  medicines  for 
the  same  disease  to  those  of  diverse  color  of  complexion  and  eyes; 
and  this  accords  with  the  teachings  of  scientific  physiognomy,  for 
pliysiology  is  at  the  base  of  the  science,  and  nothing,  howeter 
minute,  is  regarded  as  unimportant  in  this  study.  The  most 
minute  differences  are  not  unimportant  but  highly  significant,  and 
explain  all  sorts  of  dissimilar  characteristics.  This  diversity 
extends  not  only  to  the  question  of  food,  sleep,  etc.,  but  must  be 
observed  in  the  manner  of  instructing  children  of  dissimilar  colors ; 
for  children  who  are  hght,  with  bright  red-Colored  complexion, 
made  so  by  large  lung  development,  leam  everything  "on  the 

23 


354  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

wing,"  as  it  were,  and  can  never  be  made  to  plod  like  the  darker- 
skinned  children,  who  are  more  capable  of  enduring-  continuous, 
monotonous  habits;  for  wliere  the  lungs  predominate  over  the 
heart  unceasing  activity  is  the  law  of  being.  Physiognomy  comes 
with  all  these  new  ideas  to  mothers  and  teachers  to  bless  their 
labors  by  giving  them  an  intelligent  method  of  instructing  and 
interesting  youth,  based  upon  law  and  science.  It  is  as  palpably 
absurd  to  compel  children  of  the  most  diverse  conditions  of  body 
to  feed  alike,  as  it  would  be  a  jialpable  violation  of  good  taste  to 
compel  all  children  of  both  dark  and  liglit  complexions  to  wear 
precisely  the  same  colors,  for  every  one  possessed  of  taste  knows 
that  briglit,  vivid,  rich  colors  harmonize  best  witli  tlie  brunette 
complexion  and  dark  eyes,  and  that  light  blue  and  wliite  look 
best  upon  blonde  or  fair  persons.  There  are  laws  regulating  the 
fitness  of  food  as  there  are  laws  regulating  the  appropriateness  of 
colors.  It  should  be  the  duty  of  every  one  to  seek  out  for  himself 
tlie  law  of  his  stomach  and  digestive  apparatus,  and  then  make  a 
serious  and  rellgioiis  effort  to  abide  by  it.  If  religious  principle  is 
required  more  in  one  direction  than  in  another,  it  is  in  reference 
to  habits  of  eating  and  in  the  propagation  of  the  race.  We  are 
taught  in  the  Bible  that  eating  was  the  first  or  primal  sin.  It  is 
plain  to  be  seen  that  all  of  Eve's  descendants  have  received 
through  the  laws  of  heredity  this  propensity  in  an  aggravated  and 
intensified  form.  The  sin  of  overeating  is  universal  and  as  preva- 
lent among  the  most  religious  and  civilized  races  as  it  is  among 
the  uncivilized  heathen.  Hygienic  law  in  eating  should  be 
observed, — not  individual  preference,  nor  will;  nor  perverted, 
vitiated  appetites  and  passions ;  but  law  sanctified  by  reason,  self- 
control.,  self -denial.,  and  moral  jv'indjde.  For  this  reason  God  has 
placed  Conscientiousness  among  the  domestic  faculties,  where  it  is 
most  needed  to  check  and  rule  them.  He  did  not  wait  until  He 
had  built  the  whole  edifice  of  man  and  then  put  conscience  on  top 
like  a  steeple  on  a  church.  Evolution  teaches  us  that  Conscien- 
tiousness— that  is  to  say,  speaking  physiologically,  the  fluid  or  kidney 
system — was  created  soon  after  the  primitive  function  of  Digestion 
appeared.  Its  appearance  at  this  time  in  the  creation  of  functions 
shows  its  importance  to  the  system,  for  it  was  evolved  long  before 
tlie  heart,  the  liver,  the  lungs,  the  blood-vessel  system,  or  even 
before  the  sexual  system  appeared;  hence  its  high  significance  and 
value  to  all  the  rest  of  the  bodily  functions  and  mental  faculties. 
Religion  and  Conscientiousness  are  not  subjects  for  church  worship 
alone,  but  should  be  incorporated  into  our  daily  life,  into  our 
habits  of  eating,  drinking,  sleeping,  rest,  exercise,  labor,  and,  above 
all,  their  highest  principles  should  be  applied  to  the  generating 


AMATIVENESS.  355 

of  better   bodies   and  minds.      Until  these    principles   are  thus 
appHed,  no  one  can  be  said  to  be  truly  religious  or  moral. 

AMATIVENESS. 

Definition. — Love  of  the  opposite  sex,  procreative  energy, 
physical  passion,  conjugality,  manliness  and  womanliness,  sexual 
perfection,  energetic  individuality,  fecundity,  base  of  mentality. 

An  excess  of  Amativeness  tends  to  immodesty,  unchastity, 
and  to  unbridled  licentiousness,  lust,  prostitution,  obscene  language, 
and  slight  regard  for  sexual  ethics. 

Deficient  Amativeness  makes  the  character  narrow,  unsocial, 
and  unlovable,  with  no  power  to  attract  the  opposite  sex.  It  also 
shows  lack  of  creative  ability  in  art,  etc.  Those  deficient  in  love 
of  the  opposite  sex  are  wanting  in  magnetism,  and  often  exhibit 
a.  morbid,  shrewish,  suspicious  manner,  and  angularity  of  body. 
Hermits  and  misers  are  usually  very  much  lacking  in  this  faculty 
and  function. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — Fullness,  redness,  and  moisture 
of  the  centre  of  the  upper  lip ;  large,  convex  eyes ;  rounding,  mus- 
cular body;  round  limbs,  and  muscvdar  hands  and  fingers.  The 
full  lip  by  its  size,  color,  and  moisture  indicates  vigor  and  develop- 
ment of  the  reproductive  system,  and  is  a  primary  sign.  The  eyes 
by  their  size  disclose  the  degree  of  the  sentiment  of  love  of  the 
opposite  sex,  while  their  shape  and  position  show  the  Idnd  of  love 
present.  Small  mouths  and  a  thin  upper  lip  denote  very  little 
Amativeness;  very  small,  sunken  eyes  also  show  a  relative  deficiency 
of  this  faculty  and  associated  function.  Muscular  persons  and 
races  are  more  prolific  than  those  who  are  bony  or  angular,  and 
exhibit  a  more  demonstrative  sentimental  and  affectionate  disposi- 
tion. A  face  which  exhibits  a  small,  narrow  mouth,  with  thin 
lips  and  narrowness  between  the  eyes,  is  indicative  of  narrowness 
of  the  pelvis,  with  weakness  of  the  uterine  glands ;  and  this  forma- 
tion of  the  body  is  unsuited  to  successful  parturition. 

Rounding  out  of  the  Joicer  j^art  of  the  back  of  the  head  dis- 
closes  Amativeness  by  virtue  of  its  being  one  of  the  signs  of  the 
dominance  of  the  muscidar  system,  which  rounds  and  curves 
every  part  of  the  body.  All  muscular  persons  and  animals  exhibit 
this  formation.  This  is,  however,  a  secondary  sign.  Phrenology 
gives  it  a  cerebral  and  primary  one,  although  rounding  of  the  body 
and  limbs  are  also  bodily  signs  of  Amativeness  and  procreative 
energy. 

Description  of  Amathtiness. — Love  and  hunger  are  the  two 
most  important  of  human  functions  and  faculties.  Nutrition  and 
reproduction  stand  in  direct  relationship  to  each  other.     The  strife 


356 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIPiu    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


for  a  living — the  means  of  subsistence — and  the  desire  for  love  are 
the  two  most  powerful  motives  which  prompt  man  to  action,  it  is 
fair  to  conclude  that  the  signs  for  these  most  important  functions 
and  sentiments  would  be  correspondingly  apparent  in  the  face,  and 
easily  described. 

The  principal  signs  in  the  face  of  these  two  primitive  func- 
tions and  sentiments  are  situated  in  and  about  the  mouth.     Larjre  { 

mouths,  with  well-developed 
lips,  together  with  good  width 
between  the  eyes,  disclose  in 
the  female  the  best  construc- 
tion for  child-bearing,  for 
width  of  the  bony  structure 
between  the  eyes  not  only 
reveals  the  width  of  the  brain 
structure  through  its  median 
portion,  but  also  shows  width 
of  the  median  portion  of  the 
pelvis^  and  this  is  the  best 
formation  for  easy  parturition. 
Women  with  very  small 
mouths  and  thin  lips,  and 
those  whose  eyes  are  set  close 
to  the  nose  with  little  space 
between,  are  not  so  well 
formed  for  child-bearing  as 
those  exhibiting  the  reverse 
of  this  formation.  This  is  a 
most  useful  lesson  in  com- 
parative anatomy  for  phy- 
sicians; yet  no  medical  work 
extant  gives  this  knowledge 
of  the  facial  signs  of  repro- 
ductive power.  A  good  phy- 
sician as  well  as  a  skillful 
physiognomist  should  be  able 
to  describe  by  observation  of 
the  face  alone  the  shape  and  power  of  all  the  internal  organs ;  and 
this  is  one  of  the  most  important  uses  of  this  system  of  scientific 
and  practical  physiognomy. 

Amativeness  is  manifested  in  different  individuals  in  different 
ways,  but  the  form,  size,  and  color  of  the  parts  of  the  face  involved 
in  the  production  of  these  signs  will  reveal  hoio,  each  individual 
loves.     If  the  centre  of  the  upper  lip  be  very  full,  very  red,  and 


Fig.  32.— the  PUNDITA  RAMABAI.  (A  High- 
CASTE  Hindoo  Lady  ;  a  Traveler,  Writer, 
Orator,  and  Philanthropist.) 

Principal  facial  sign,  Amativeness,  shown  by  full- 
ness, redness,  and  moisture  of  the  centre  o"f  the 
upper  lip.  The  law  of  the  straight  line  and  curve 
governs  this  face.  This  gifted  lady  owes  much  of 
ner  personal  magnetism,  executive'  force,  and  ora- 
torical and  literary  originality  to  the  fine  and  high 
development  of  the  faculty  and  function  of  Ama- 
tiveness. She  is  a  most  womanly  woman ;  full  of 
mirth,  wit,  fine  sarcasm,  and  quaint  originality. 
Her  brain  is  too  active  for  her  slender  body.  Her 
face  exhibits  the  signs  for  Conscientiousness,  Love 
of  Young,  of  Home,  and  of  Country,  Benevolence, 
Friendship,  Approbativeness,  Modesty,  Mirthful- 
ness ;  also  the  signs  of  Analysis,  Human  Nature, 
Mental  Imitation,  Constructiveness,  Veneration  and 
Sublimity,  strong  Self-will,  large  Form,  Size,  Mental 
Order,  Color,  Memory  of  Events,  Calculation,- and 
Reason.  She  has  gone  on  a  mission  to  India  to  edu- 
cate and  save  from  degradation  the  child-widows, 
■who  are  considered  by  tlieir  race  as  outcasts  because 
they  have  been  so  unfortunate  as  to  lose  their  hus- 
bands,—an  instance  of  religious  bigotry  rarely  ex- 
celled. 


AMATIVENESS. 


357 


with  a  moist  or  fresh  appearance,  a  great  deal  of  the  physical 
phase  of  love  will  be  present,  and,  unless  accompanied  with  a  good 
degree  of  Conscientiousness,  an  improper  use  is  liable  to  be  made 
of  this  function,  and  the  individual  will  have  very  lax  notions  of 
sexual  morality  and  personal  purity.  He  will  need  all  tlie  restrain- 
ing influences  of  moral  and  religious  instruction  to  prevent  him 
from  becoming  wanton  and  libertine  in  character. 

The  same  degree  of  development,  with  Conscience  and  Friend- 
ship combined,  gives  to  the 
character  true  conjugal 
feeling  and  principle,  and, 
with  Love  of  Young  added, 
it  gives  large  parental  love, 
and  those  with  this  combi- 
nation make  good  marital 
companions  and  parents. 
An  upper  lip,  thin,  white, 
and  dry  at  its  centre, 
shows  an  almost  utter  lack 
of  Amativeness,  and  conse- 
quent deficiency  in  conjugal 
and  parental  sentiments, 
and  their  associated  physi- 
cal development.  Such 
persons  should  never  marry, 
for  they  would  make  un- 
satisfactory companions  un- 
less they  mated  with  one 
similar  in  character.  This 
would  be  injudicious,  for 
the  offspring  resulting  from 
such  union  (should  there 
chance  to  be  any)  would 
probably  show  still  greater 
deficiency  in  this  direction, 
and  would  really  constitute 

a  morbid  variety  of  the  human  species  which  would  not  be 
worth  perpetuating. 

The  eyes  disclose  more  of  the  sentimental  or  emotional  phase 
of  Amativeness,  while  the  mouth  reveals  the  condition  of  the 
physical  phase  of  the  reproductive  system,  which  is  the  base  and 
origin  of  the  sentiment  of  love  of  the  opposite  sex,  and  in  these 
signs  in  the  face  we  have  still  more  convincing  evidence  of  the 
truth  of  my  theory  of  the  relation  of  physical  function  with  mental 


Fig.  33.— ANTHONY  R;\PHAEL  MENGS.    (Cele- 
brated German  Painter  and  Writer.) 

Born  in  Bohemia,  1728.  Principal  facial  sign,  Ama^ 
tivcness,  shown  bv  fullni'ss,  redness,  and  moisture  of 
the  centre  of  the  "upper  lip.  The  law  of  the  straight 
line  and  curve  governs  this  face.  The  <|uality  is  fine. 
This  great  creative  artist  douhtless  derived  much  of 
his  originality  from  the  amative  faculty  and  function. 
The  dimpled  chin  is  yet  another  proof  of  the  love  <if 
the  beautiful  in  the  opposite  sex  and  of  artistic  taste  as 
well.  The  nose  is  broad  in  the  back  the  entire  length. 
The  curved  jaw  shows  dramatic  instincts.  The  signs 
for  Amativeness,  Love  of  Young,  Benevolence,  Love 
of  Home  and  of  Country  form  a  flue  substratum  of 
domestic  character.  Modesty  is  quite  defined  and 
tones  down  the  manifestation  of  Self-esteem  and  Ama^ 
tiveness.  Mental  Imitation,  Analysis,  Ideality,  Sub- 
limitv  Human  Nature,  Hope,  Constructiveness,  Ven- 
eration, and  Self-will  are  very  large  in  this  nose. 
Form,  Size,  Color,  Calculation,  Language,  and  Locality 
are  also  well  defined.  In  this  iihysiognomy  are  seen 
all  the  elements  of  a  great  artist  and  critic. 


358  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

faculty.  Prof.  A.  E.  Willis,*  in  his  treatise  on  physiognomy, 
shows  that  the  "  monogamic "  principle,  or  love  for  one  only^  is 
disclosed  by  the  round  eye,  shaped  like  that  of  the  dove,  which  is 
noted  for  strong  conjugal  attacliment;  while  the  "wanton  eye  "  is 
indicated  by  an  almond  shaped  commissure  or  opening  between 
the  eyelids.  My  own  observations  confirm  his  discoveries  in  this 
respect.  The  round  eye  indicates  a  strong  desire  for  a  permanent 
attachment,  and  if  this  is  dissolved  by  death  or  otherwise  great 
and  lasting  sorrow  will  be  manifested,  so  much  so.  as  to  often  lead 
to  a  celibate  life  thereafter.  The  "  wanton  "  or  "  polygamic  "  eye 
indicates  the  presence  of  a  love  for  promiscuous  attachments  in 
some,  while  in  others  (where  the  inherited  quality  is  fine)  Ama- 
tiveness  will  exhibit  itself  by  one  faithful  attachment  for  the  time; 
but  if  death  or  other  causes  lead  to  a  separation  the  individual 
will  be  quite  able  to  console  himself  with  another  marital  com- 
panion, and  exhibit  faithful  connubial  attachmcuit ;  yet,  if  separated 
permanently,  can  become  equally  attached  to  another  companion. 
The  almond  form  of  eye  is  almost  universally  observed  in  the 
Mongolian  races,  and  as  they  exhibit  a  low,  inlicrited  quality, 
promiscuity  in  their  attaclimeuts  and  polygamy  in  their  marriage 
relations  is  quite  general  among  them. 

The  terms  "wanton  eye"  and  "monogamic  eye"  do  not  ade- 
quately express  the  entire  significance  of  the  scqpe  and  range  of 
the  motives  and  principles  of  sex-love  accompanying  each  of  these 
forms.  I  prefer  to  name  the  latter  "conjugal"  and  the  former 
"  promiscuous  "  for  want  of  more  precise  language.  The  Turks 
and  Arabs  and  other  Oriental  races  present  the  pecidiar  almond 
form  of  eye,  and  are  polygamic  in  their  marriages  and  promiscuous 
in  their  attachments.  The  several  races  of  animals  which  exliibit 
these  two  different  formations  of  the  eye  are  also  characterized  by 
the  same  peculiarities  of  Amativeness.  It  will  be  noted  that  most 
of  the  bird  tribes  have  very  round  eye-openings,  and  in  these  the 
monogamic  or  mating  principle  is  dominant.  Many  animals  who 
live  in  the  monogamic  relation  with  their  mates  possess  similarly- 
shaped  eyes,  as,  for  example,  the  roebuck  among  the  deer  tribes 
and  the  lion  among  the  carnivora.  Those  animals  that  exhibit  an 
almond-shaped  opening  of  the  eye,  or  those  whose  commissures 
are  greater  in  width  than  they  are  vertically,  are  polygamic  in 
their  unions  and  do  not  mate  with  one  of  the  opposite  sex  for  life, 
as  do  the  lion  and  roebuck.  The  hog,  the  wild  boar,  the  dog,  the 
cat,  every  species  of  serpent,  all  of  the  ape  tribes,  and  all  those 
whose  eyes  exhibit  the  almond-shaped  opening  are  promiscuous  in 
their  attachments.     The  same  general  principles  of  form  prevail 

•A  Treatise  on  Human  Nature  and  Physiognomy,  Prof.  A.  E.  Willis,  p.  44.    e'bicago,  1882. 


AMATIVENESS.  359 

in  the  animal  kingdom,  as  well  as  in  the  human,  and  reveal  pre- 
cisely similar  characteristics. 

The  sentiment  of  Amativeness,  or  love  of  the  opposite  sex, 
does  not  make  itself  apparent  until  the  age  of  puberty,  when  its 
physical  base,  the  reproductive  system,  becomes  functionally  active. 
This  produces  startling  and  important  changes  in  all  of  the  mental 
faculties  and  stimulates  the  character  to  greater  achievement  in 
every  direction  in  both  sexes.  It  is  equivalent  to  the  introductimi 
of  a  new  f  miction  and  mental  faculty  into  the  system.  It  is  more 
than  this,  even,  for  its  development  has,  as  stated,  a  most  remark- 
able influence  upon  the  entire  mental  and  moral  life.  Knowledge 
of  the  laws  of  sexual  purity  should  be  imparted  by  parents  to 
their  children  at  this  great  crisis  of  their  lives,  liack  of  such  in- 
struction has  been  the  ruin  of  thousands  of  promising  girls  and  boys, 
and  lack  of  knowledge  of  sexual  ethics  in  marriage  lias  led  thousands 
of  husbands  and  wives  to  misery,  suffering,  and  anguish  unspeak- 
able, and  has  peopled  the  world  with  numbers  of  defectively  or- 
ganized children,  inharmonious  in  tlunr  nature  because  generated 
in  defiance  of  all  physiological  law, — true  children  of  lust  and 
ignorance,  what  can  be  expected  of  them  l)ut  crime  and  misfor- 
tune] I  believe  that  the  present  existing  prurient  and  shame- 
faced ideas  in  regard  to  the  relations  of  the  sexes  springs  from  the 
long-continued  abuse  and  misuse  of  tlie  generative  function,  hoth 
in  marriage  and  out  of  it,  for  abuse  brings  shame,  consciously  or 
unconsciously.  The  wide-spread  ignorance  on  these  subjects  is 
deplorable,  and  all  persons  intending  marriage  should  procure 
works  on  physiology  and  hygiene,  and  study  and  prepare  for  that 
holy  relation.  A  man  would  not  think  of  entering  a  counting- 
house  or  bank  to  keep  books  without  making  a  study  of  mathe- 
matics, yet  will  enter  matrimony  as  unconcenK^lly  as  a  child  enters 
a  game,  without  any  special  instruction  or  preparation  for  the 
most  important  step  which  a  human  being  is  capable  of  taking. 

Training  in  sexual  morality  should  not  be  put  oft"  until  about 
entering  the  marriage  relation,  but  girls  and  boys  should  at  the  age 
of  puberty  be  instructed  in  the  most  solemn  and  thorough  manner 
as  to  the  nature  and  meaning  of  their  newly-acquired  fiuiction, 
— the  most  important  one  after  digestion.  They  should  be  trained 
in  the  knowledge  of  sexual  pliysiology  and  sexual  purity.  Place 
in  the  hands  of  girls  Mrs.  Sheperd's  work  entitled  "For  Girls;"* 
also  Dr.  Alice  B.  Stockham's  work  on  "Tokology,"  or  "birth 
science  ;"t  and  give  to  boys  Dr.  Naphey's  work,  and  to  both  sexes 
Dr.  Guernsey's  "Plain  Talks  on  Avoided  Subjects"  and  the  entire 

*  For  Girls,  A  Special  Physiology.    For  sale  by  the  Moral  Education  Society  of  Washington. 
t  For  sale  at  same  place. 


36d  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

series  of  "White  Cross  Tracts,"  issued  under  tlie  sanction  of  the 
Bishop  of  Durham,  and  distributed  by  the  Moral  Education 
Society  of  Washington,  D.  C.  The  followhig  declaration  of  princi- 
ples put  forth  by  the  White  Cross  Society  is  wortliy  the  attention 
of  parents,  and  where  young  men  take  this  pledge  and  live  up  to 
it  they  can  influence  hundreds  of  their  associates  in  the  paths  of 
virtue  and  morality.  The  following  is  the  obligation  which  is 
offered  to  youth,  and  parents  reading  this  should  esteem  it  a 
privilege  to  have  so  explicit  an  exposition  of  moral  purity  with 
which  to  protect  their  sons : — 

I  pledge  myself,  Ist.  To  treat  All  women  with  respect  and  endeavor  to 
protect  them  from  wrong  and  degradation.  2d.  To  endeavor  to  put  down 
all  indecent  language  and  coarse  jests.  3d.  To  maintain  the  law  of  purity 
as  equally  binding  upon  men  and  women.  4tli.  To  endeavor  to  spread 
tliese  principles  among  my  companions  and  lielp  my  younger  brothers. 
5th.  To  use  every  possible  means  to  fulfill  the  command  "  Keep  thyself 
pure.''^ 

This  obligation  shows  the  tenor  of  the  series  of  tracts  which 
every  mother  should  place  in  the  hands  of  her  sons,  and  esteem  it 
a  privilege  to  be  able  to  give  such  instruction  on  subjects  which 
the  pulpit,  the  school,  and  the  newspapers  have  persistently 
ignored.  Unless  instruction  in  sexual  ethics  is  imparted  to  our 
youth  we  may  surely  look  for  their  degradation  and  early  decay 
resulting  from  ignorance  of  the  true  nature  of  the  wonderful  and 
all-pervading  faculty  and  function  of  Amativeness. 

We  must  not  ignore  the  fact  that  the  sexual  feeling  has  most 
intimate  relations  with  our  moral  sense  and  nature ;  so,  also,  is  it 
directly  related  to  the  evolution  of  mental  power,  as  stated  else- 
where. All  great  artists,  poets,  painters,  musicians,  inventors,  and 
people  of  talent  and  power  manifest  a  strong  and  decided  manhood 
and  womanhood.  The  sign  of  Amativeness  is  most  prominent  in 
the  lip  and  eyes  of  all  these  classes  of  persons,  and  the  artistic 
class  particularly  show  in  the  roimding  contour  of  the  limbs,  the 
head,  the  face,  and  body  that  the  creative  power  is  based  upon  the 
procreative  f unction. 

I  do  not  wish  to  be  understood  as  stating  that  the  sign  for 
Amativeness  alone,  without  other  mental  signs  in  combination,  in- 
dicates creative  ability ;  what  I  wish  to  convey  is  the  fact  that  the 
presence  of  a  well-developed  sexuality  assists  and  stimulates  all  I 
mental  efforts  whatsoever ;  and  certainly  in  making  a  man  more 
vigorous  it  must  impart  power  for  moral  restraint,  and  for  the  en- 
joyment of  all  the  poetry,  romance,  and  sentiment  inseparably 
associated  with  the  loves  of  the  sexes.  So  instrumental  is  Ama- 
tiveness in  the  production  of  the  moral  feeling  that  physicians 


AMATIVENESS.  361 

(who  have  made  the  investigation  of  human  character  a  study  in 
connection  with  health  and  disease)  observe  these  facts.  Dr. 
Maudsley  observes  that  "  when  an  individual  is  sexually  mutilated 
at  an  early  age  he  is  emasculated  morally  as  well  as  physically," 
and  all  evidence  goes  to  prove  the  low,  immoral,  lying,  thievish 
propensities  of  eunuchs.  A  man  strong  in  his  manhood  would, 
if  rightly  instructed  in  sound  ethics,  use  his  great  powers  of  will 
and  intellect  to  combat  immorality  instead  of  using  them  for  im- 
moral purposes. 

Parents  should  not  leave  these  subjects  to  the  uncertain,  de- 
grading, and  ignorant  instruction  of  the  stable,  the  saloon,  and 
street-corners  ;  nor  leave  their  girls  to  pick  up  vulgar  and  low 
ideas  on  the  sexual  questions  from  ignorant  servants.  They  should 
procure  some  of  Mrs.  Lucinda  R.  Chandler's  tracts  for  mothers, 
and  thus  inform  themselves  how  to  approach  their  children  in  a 
pure,  delicate,  and  scientific  manner,  with  knowledge  which  will 
grow  up  ivith  them  and  thus  fcyrestall  with  truth  and  purity  any 
low  or  degrading  ideas  which  may  come  to  them  from  ignorant, 
doubtful,  or  impure  sources.  "Knowledge  is  power"  should  be 
written  over  the  hearthstone  of  e\  ery  home.  Ignorance  is  weak- 
ness, death,  and  degradation.  Conjugal  love,  the  most  beautiful 
and  inspiring  of  all  human  feelings,  depends  upon  the  understand- 
ing of  the  nature  of  individual  rights  and  duties,  and  in  according 
personal  rights  in  marriage. 

Parentage,  right  generation,  and  sexual  ethics  are  all  divine 
studies,  and  should  be  so  understood  and  their  principles  applied 
by  all  husbands  and  wives  desiring  to  live  in  harmony  and  to 
propagate  superior  offspring.  No  other  systems  of  instruction  will 
teach  these  important  truths.  Science  alone,  combined  with 
morality,  will  give  the  key  to  these  divine  laws. 

The  conjugal  feeling,  or  love  for  (me  oidy,  and  constancy  and 
fidelity  in  love  and  marriage  are  part  and  parcel  of  the  faculty  of 
Amativeness,  for  Amativeness  leads  out  in  many  directions,  as  else- 
where shown ;  it  assists  creative  art,  and  in  its  own  nature  and 
essence  demands  and  gives  fidelity  while  it  lasts.  Yet  other  facul- 
ties contribute  to  make  one  faithful  or  unfaithful  in  love.  Where 
Conscientiousness  is  large,  in  combination  with  full  degree  of  Ama- 
tiveness, constancy  and  devotion  to  the  one  beloved  or  to  husband 
or  wife  will  be  most  marked.  Where  Conscientiousness  and  Firm- 
ness are  small,  constancy  in  love,  or  indeed  in  any  matter,  will  be 
almost  entirely  wanting.  Moderate  Amativeness,  with  large 
Friendship,  together  with  a  fair  degree  of  Conscientiousness  and 
Firmness,  make  a  zealous  and  devoted  conjugal  companion.  Such 
a  character  would  defend  the  interests  and  honor  of  his  or  her 


f%^  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

companion  with    great   ardor,    and   remain   faithful  through   all 
vicissitudes  of  health  and  fortune. 

Some  men  and  women  have  a  talent  for  marriage,  and  are 
thus  enabled  to  make  home  a  place  of  great  happiness,  while 
others  marry  who  are  possessed  of  so  little  Amativeness  and  true 
conjugal  feeling  as  to  cause  great  unhappiness  in  their  companion. 
This  class  should  refrain  from  entering  the  marriage  relation,  for 
they  are  wholly  unable  to  understand  and  offer  the  tender  atten- 
tions and  courtesies  which  nourish  and  sustain  the  conjugal  rela- 
tion. Conjugality  can  be  cultivated  by  suitable  treatment,  just  as 
all  traits  are  developed.  Both  husband  and  wife  should  seek  to 
make  their  union  the  most  perfect  one  in  respect  to  unity  and  har- 
mony, for  this  not  only  makes  a  heaven  for  them,  but  conduces 
directly  to  the  propagation  of  harmonious  children.  I  am  often 
able  to  tell  by  the  expression  of  the  face  whether  one  was  con- 
ceived and  gestated  in  harmony,  discord,  or  indifference,  and  cer- 
tainly what  becomes  a  permanent  expression  of  the  physiognomy 
must  have  an  abiding  influence  upon  one's  entire  character  and 
life. 

The  phrenological  idea  that  the  signs  for  Amativeness  are  dis- 
covered in  the  chin,  by  its  length  forward,  is  most  erroneous.  The 
signs  for  love,  as  for  all  the  softer  domestic  traits,  are  not  found  in 
hone  development^  but  in  the  glands  and  muscles,  their  bases  of 
supply.  Love  is  manifested,  both  physically  and  mentally,  by  these 
two  systems,  and  love-signs  are  found  in  the  face  and  body  in  the  de- 
velopment of  muscle  and  soft  tissue.  We  do  not  love  loith  our  hones. 
It  is  true  tliat  Firmness,  which  is  denoted  by  length  of  the  bony 
structure  of  the  chin,  creates  fidelitij  and  continuity  of  the  senti- 
ment of  love,  but  I  deny  most  emphatically  that  the  signs  for  Am- 
ativeness or  of  any  of  the  affections  can  be  disclosed  by  bone  de- 
velopment. Bone  is  for  the  manifestation  of  the  sterner  and  more 
enduring  traits.  Emotions  of  all  sorts  are  manifested  by  nervous 
ganglia,  muscles,  and  glands ;  and  all  of  the  emotions,  like  love, 
hope,  joy,  grief,  laughter,  force,  revenge,  and  secretiveness,  call 
upon  these  sources  for  the  ability  to  express  their  power  and 
action.  This  cannot  be  controverted.  The  glands,  ganglia,  and 
muscles  are  the  agencies  most  concerned  in  the  expression  of  the 
emotion  of  love,  as  well  as  in  the  perpetuation  of  the  race;  hence 
it  is  obvious  that  we  must  look  for  love-signs  in  those  parts  of  the 
face  and  body  which  best  exhibit  the  development  of  these  tissues. 
We  must  examine  their  condition  as  to  size,  form,  color,  and  moist- 
ure, and  discover  by  the  degree  of  softness,  moisture,  flexibility, 
and  quality  their  present  condition  of  activity  or  inactivity. 

In  all  muscular  races  of  men  and  animals,  the  form  produced 


AMATIVENESS.  363 

by  the  curving  nature  of  muscle  announces  capacity  for  the  emo- 
tions of  love,  also  capacity  for  reproduction.  Where  the  glands 
are  active  in  combination  with  a  fine  development  of  the  muscular 
system,  there  is  present  tlie  best  combination  for  both  Amativeness 
and  fecundity.  The  action  of  the  glands  gives  brightness  and 
moisture,  softness,  redness,  and  fiexibihty  to  the  lips  and  eyes,  and 
herein  are  additional  proofs  of  the  presence  of  sex-love,  or 
Amativeness. 

Where  love-signs  are  found  in  the  chin,  it  is  when  the  muscles 
there  have  created  a  dimple  or  cleft,  A  dimpled  chin  is  the  sign 
for  the  appreciation  of  the  beautiful  in  the  opposite  sex,  and  hence 
it  is  found  in  the  chins  of  hundreds  of  poets,  painters,  actors, 
dramatists,  writers  of  fiction,  and  all  classes  of  persons  whose  art 
leads  them  to  be  influenced  by  and  who  depict  the  beauties  of 
mind  and  person  in  their  creative  efforts.  Love  of  the  beautiful 
of  the  opposite  sex  seems  to  assist  creative  effort,  in  conjunction 
with  Amativeness.  Where  the  chin  is  dimpled  the  muscular 
system  is  usually  either  the  dominant  system,  or  one  of  the  domi- 
nant systems ;  where  the  muscular  and  the  brain  syst(^ms  are  reg- 
nant and  of  fine  quality  ability  lor  creative  efforts  of  some  sort 
will  be  manifested ;  and  where  the  chin  is  dimpled  the  muscular 
system  is  so  decided  as  to  warrant  us  in  saying  that  Amativeness, 
Constructiveness,  and  Imagination  are  also  present.  So  unerring 
and  infallible  are  Physiognomy  and  Comparative  Anatomy,  that 
from  the  presence  of  a  dimple  in  the  chin  one  can  safely  predicate 
the  presence  of  many  other  faculties  and  functions  in  other  parts 
of  the  organism.  A  dimpled  chin,  according  to  Lavater,  reveals 
a  benevolent,  generous  disposition.  This  is  also  one  of  the  indi- 
cations of  this  feature. 

We  must  always  look  for  signs  of  love  in  muscular  and 
glandular  formations,  for  the  most  mnscular  are  the  most  amative 
and  the  most  prolific.  It  is  the  same  in  the  animal  kingdom.  The 
most  bony  races,  both  of  men  and  animals,  are  the  least  amative 
and  prolific.  The  idea  of  looking  to  any  portion  of  the  bony  struc- 
ture for  tokens  of  Amativeness  is  to  me  supremely  absurd.  Many 
famous  and  infamous  libertines,  Aaron  Burr,  for  example,  disclose 
a  long,  projecting  chin ;  but  close  scrutiny  will  show  that  this 
feature  in  his  face  is  rounded  out,  which  proves  precisely  my 
position  in  regard  to  the  muscles  being  expressive  of  love-signs, 
for  his  chin  was  rounded  by  the  development  of  round  muscles, 
not  by  square  bones.  Now,  round  miiscles  belong  to  the  most 
amative  people.  Bone  never  causes  any  feature  to  round  out,  ex- 
cept the  joints  of  round-boned  persons,  and  these  are  hard^  and 
show  their  solid  character. 


364  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

When  muscular  persons  have  a  good  bony  structure,  along 
with  a  rounded,  muscular  development,  they  have  more  constitu- 
tional vigor  to  resist  the  inroads  which  excesses  in  sensuality  make, 
but  the  fact  of  the  presence  of  a  fair  bony  development  does  not 
neutralize  the  amative  power  produced  by  the  muscular  system. 

The  following  remarks  on  the  influence  of  beauty  in  sex  are 
deserving  notice,  and  I  quote  them  for  their  scientific  value.  They 
are  by  Prof.  J.  S.  Grimes.     He  observes: — 

The  adaptation  of  Amativeness  to  the  admiration  of  personal  .beauty 
seems  wisely  designed  to  prevent  tlie  transmission  of  deformed  and  imper- 
fect bodily  organizations  to  posterity.  It  is  not  the  effect  of  mei*e  youthful 
fancy,  but  was  implanted  in  the  mind  for  a  highly'  useful  purpose,  and  there- 
fore should  be  by  no  means  discouragi'd.  On  the  contrary,  it  seems  to  be 
of  the  very  highest  importance  that  it  should  be  properly  directed,  and  just 
ideas  of  what  constitutes  beauty  of  constilvtion  should  l)e  earl}'  inculcated. 
This  subject  teaches  us  that  tlie  knowledge  of  principles  u[)on  which  phj's- 
ical  and  mental  energy  and  harmony  depend  cannot  be  too  strongl}'^  appre- 
ciated as  a  branch  of  education.  I  seldom  find  a  person  of  much  energy 
of  character  who  is  deficient  in  Amativeness,  It  seems  to  give  activity  to 
Combativeness,  and  is  generally  accompanied  with  a  large  development  of 
that  organ.  Males,  among  all  animals,  manifest  it  in  a  greater  degree  than 
females,  and  I  have  seltlom  found  it  very  large  in  females,  without  observing 
at  the  same  time,  an  uncommon  manifestation  of  tlie  masculine  traits.* 

This  observation  of  Professor  Grimes  is  in  the  main  correct. 
It  is  true  that  strong,  amative  propensities  are  more  peculiarly 
masculine,  yet  a  woman  well  endowed  in  this  respect  will  exhibit  a 
more  marked  and  energetic  character  than  one  who  is  deficient  in 
this  faculty  and  function.  Still,  animal  passion  in  a  woman  (un- 
less excessive)  is  just  as  natural  and  normal  as  in  man,  and  highly 
conducive  (as  I  have  shown)  to  creative  efforts,  mentally,  as  well 
as  to  generative  capacity.  "  Combativeness,"  as  Professor  Grimes 
remarks,  "  is  always  active  with  large  Amativeness."  Why  X  Be- 
cause Combativeness  is  the  outgrowth  of  the  muscular  system,  and 
is  always  present  with  a  good  development  of  roand  muscles  par- 
ticularly. It  may  not  always  manifest  ;tself  in  belligerant  acts, 
but  may  show  in  other  ways,  by  giving  /o?'ce  and  energy  to  art  and 
oratory,  and  to  judicial  .and  administrative  efforts. 

The  whole  end  and  aim  of  Amativeness  is  marriage  and  re- 
production, and  the  monogamic  relation  is  the  only  true  union  in 
marriage.  Polygamous  marriage  and  prostitution  are  abnormal 
manifestations  and  perversions  of  this  function  and  faculty.  The 
fact  that  Amativeness  leads  to  Jealousy,  and  that  tliese  two  are  the 
strongest  emotions  of  the  human  mind,  exceeding  all  others  in  in- 
tensity, should  teach  us  that  the  monogamic  relation  is  founded  in 

*  Mysteries  of  the  Head  and  Heart,  J.  S.  Grimes,  pp  84,  85.    1878. 


AMATIVENESS.  365 

the  highest  nature  of  man.  Every  social  and  domestic  considera- 
tion (to  say  nothing  of  the  interests  of  morahty  and  progeny)  de- 
mand that  man  as  well  as  woman  sliould  be  true  to  the  marriage 
contract ;  for,  although  Nature  has  endowed  man  with  powers 
which  enable  him  to  respond  at  all  times  to  the  demands  of  repro- 
duction, yet  she  lias  also  given  him  superior  will  as  well  as  con- 
science and  reason  to  enable  him  to  use  this  power  with  justice 
and  wisdom.  Animals  never  fight  so  vigorously  for  food  as  they 
do  for  the  possession  of  the  female,  and  no  motive  so  moves  man 
as  jealousy  and  love  for  woman.  Although  jealousy  is  a  destruc- 
tive trait,  yet  it,  in  a  modified  form,  has  its  use  in  the  human 
economy,  else  it  would  not  have  been  there.  It  is,  in  a  normal 
degree^  the  guardian  of  one's  interests  in  the  beloved  of  the  oppo- 
site sex,  and  a  little  judicious  jealousy^  anxiety,  and  care  on  the 
part  of  the  husband  and  wife  has  often  preserved  the  unity  and 
harmony  of  a  family. 

The  scope  and  direction  of  the  marriage  relation  has  been  well 
indicated  by  the  Ilev.  Antoinette  Brown  Blackwcll,  in  her  admira- 
ble work  on  "Sexes  Throughout  Nature."  On  this  point  she 
observes : — 

If  Evolution  as  applied  to  sex  teaches  any  one  lesson  plainer  than  an- 
other, it  is  the  lesson  that  the  mono<2,amic  marriage  is  the  basis  of  all  prog- 
ress. Nature,  wlio  everywhere  holds  her  balances  with  even  justice,  asks 
that  every  husband  and  wile  shall  co-operate  to  develop  her  most  diligentl}^ 
selected  characters.* 

This  observation  leads  us  to  the  thought  that  marriage  must 
be  continuous  in  order  to  propagate  and  educate  offspring  in  the 
manner  most  conducive  to  moral  and  mental  excellence.  A  plu- 
rality of  wives  would  result  in  a  union  whose  leading  features 
would  be  licentiousness  and  the  development  of  sensual  traits. 
Mormonism  is  a  proof  of  this,  and  the  fact  remains  that  with  all 
their  boasted  superiority  of  polygamous  marriage  the  Mormons  have 
not  produced  ant/  siqwrior  children  who  have  become  known  as 
either  mentally,  physically,  or  morally  equal  to  those  born  in  the 
monogamic  relation.  This  is  certainly  a  most  convincing  argument 
against  their  form  of  marriage. 

The  interests  of  the  family  demand  that  the.  minds  of  hotli 
parents  should  be  centred  on  their  children,  and  this  can  exist 
only  where  there  is  one  husband  to  one  wife.  It  is  often  observed, 
in  cases  where  a  step-parent  enters  a  family,  that  the  harmony  of 
the  family  is  destroyed  through  a  conflict  of  interests  resulting. 
What  must  be  the  condition  of  those  families  where  there  are 
several  wives  and  many  sorts  of  children  %  .  Surely  jealousy  and  all 

»  Sexes  Throughout  Nature,  Antoinette  Brown  Blackwell,  p.  186,    1876. 


366  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

base  passions  must  be  rife,  for  human  nature  cannot  be  changed 
to  suit  any  human  institution,  and  the  nature  of  nearly  all  women 
and  most  men  is  in  harmony  with  monogamic  love  and  marriage ; 
and,  although  religious  superstition  may  for  awhile  pervert  this 
sense,  as  it  does  among  the  Mormon  women,  and  they  may  bear 
what  they  freely  concede  is  a  "  great  cross"  in  polygamic  marriage, 
yet  the  purity  of  Nature  will  assert  itself,  and  this  terrible  insti- 
tution will  be  swept  away,  and  none  will  be  more  rejoiced  at  its 
downfall  than  its  poor,  deluded  female  victims.  The  delusions  of 
these  people  should  teach  tlie  great  danger  to  morality  that  there 
is  in  allowing  superstitions  called  "  religions"  to  dominate  the 
mind.  Sound  morality,  as  inculcated  by  the  ten  commandments, 
is  a  pretty  good  code  to  live  by,  and  one  needs  but  little  added  to 
it  to  be  truly  religious.  Morality  is  always  morality,  but  religion 
can  be  so  perverted  that  men  will  worship  snakes  and  other  de- 
graded animals,  under  the  name  of  religion.  It  is  well  to  examine 
all  religious  systems  by  the  light  of  science  before  venturing  too 
far  into  their  doctrines,  for  science  is  (me  to  GocVs  Za^cs,  hence  all 
morality  and  true  religion  are  founded  in  the  nature  of  man  him- 
self, and  this  must  be  understood  scientijicallij  before  correct  sys- 
tems of  ethics  and  religion  can  prevail.  Moses,  who  formulated 
the  great  moral  code  of  civilized  races,  was  undoubtedly  a  great 
physiognomist  as  well  as  hygienist,  and  comprehended  human 
nature  better  than  any  other  man  of  his  day.  He  was  as  talented 
in  this  direction  as  Shakespeare,  but  Moses  seemed  to  have  had  a 
better  understanding  of  man  phi/sicaUij  and  quite  as  well  mentally 
as  Shakespeare.     (Read  Leviticus,  chap,  xxi,  verses  17  to  22.) 

The  founders  of  the  Grecian  religion,  or  Mythology,  took  a 
most  just  and  comprehensive  view  of  the  faculty  of  sex-love,  or 
Amativeness,  embodying  it  as  a  universal  creative  principle  in 
Nature.  They  typified  their  understanding  of  this  all-pervading 
law  in  the  statues  of  Aphrodite,  the  Greek  Venus,  a  beautiful 
woman,  who  represented  to  them,  as  Mrs.  Jamison  has  observ^ed, "  the 
principal  element  of  beauty,  of  love,  and  of  fecundity, — or  the  law 
of  continuation  of  being,  through  beauty  and  through  love."  The 
love  of  the  beautiful  of  the  opposite  sex  is  a  trait  derived  from  the 
action  of  Amativeness,  and  tends  toward  race  improvement,  by 
creating  a  love  for,  and  a  desire  to  select  in  marriage,  the  most 
beautiful  in  form  and  feature  from  the  opposite  sex,  and  this  taste, 
being  a  universal  one  and  exhibited  according  to  the  idea  of  what 
constitutes  heauty^  leads  to  progressive  development  of  the  human 
family  by  the  slow  process  of  instinctive  sexual  selection.  Could 
this  method  of  selection  be  superseded  by  a  cultivated  knowledge 
as  to  what  constitutes  true  beauty^  such  as  is  taught  by  scientific 


LOVE  OF   YOUNG.  367 

physiognomy,  the  race  would  be  carried  forward  with  rapid  strides 
toward  perfection.  When  men  learn  wliat  are  the  signs  of 
physical  strength,  moral  grandeur,  and  intellectual  power  in  the 
face  and  form,  such  knowledge  will  %njhienc6  their  choice  of  wives 
and  will  eventuate  in  reproduction  only  by  the  finest  types.  It 
will  not  avail  to  argue  that  "  Love  is  blind,  and  man  will  marry 
whomsoever  he  loves ;"  blind  love  is  blind  indeed,  but  intelligent 
love  8ees  hy  law. 

All  knowledge,  consciously  or  wi consciously,  influences  man 
in  all  the  acts  of  life,  and  if  children  grow  up  with  a  knowledge  of 
the  truths  of  physiognomy  they  will  be  able  to  detect  in  an  indi- 
vidual, at  a  glance,  the  signs  of  moral  strength  and  weakness,  as 
well  as  of  all  the  meanings  revealed  by  the  form,  the  size,  the  color, 
and  quality  of  all  with  whom  they  come  in  contact,  and  this  will 
as  surely  influence  men  and  women  in  their  choice  of  a  life-com- 
panion as  it  will  in  their  choice  of  friends  and  partners  in  business. 
"  Knowledge  is  power." 

That  the  faculty  of  Amativeness  is  instrumental  in  developing 
love  of  beauty  is  not  only  shown  by  the  fact  that  it  is  large  in  the 
characters  of  all  great  or  good  artists  of  all  sorts,  such  as  painters, 
poets,  singers,  etc.  Its  physical  signification  has  been  remarked 
by  other  observers. 

LOVE   OF   YOUNG. 

Definition. — Love  of  children,  animals,  and  pets ;  parental 
instinct;  impulse  to  reproduce.  This  trait  is  shown  by  fondling, 
petting,  amusing,  and  caring  for  young  children,  animals,  and 
pets  of  various  kinds,  and  a  taste  for  propagating  plants  and 
animals. 

An  excess  of  this  sentiment  creates  foolish  fondness  for  children 
and  results  in  ruining  both  their  bodies  and  minds,  for  children 
who  are  overindulged  have  a  very  poor  chance  of  surviving,  as 
they  are  allowed  to  defy  all  rational  hygienic  laws. 

A  deficiency  of  the  parental  feeling  makes  one  indifferent  to 
children  and  pets,  sometimes  tending  to  harsh  treatment  of  them, 
and  where  parental  love  is  quite  lacking  the  character  is  often 
harsh,  brutal,  or  a  very  narrow  or  defective  one.  All  well-bal- 
anced characters  exhibit  a  fair  share  of  Love  of  Young  and  of 
Amativeness,  its  nearest  neighbor  and  natuml  ally. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  most  pronounced  facial  sign 
of  the  Love  of  Young  is  situated  on  cither  side  of  the  local  sign 
for  Amativeness,  in  the  upjjer  lip,  causing  the  outer  corners  to 
droop  and  form  a  slight  scallop.  Where  these  two  traits  are  well 
developed  their  signs  in  the  upper  lip  create  the  beautiful  form 


368 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


denominated  a  "  Cupid's  bow."  The  same  sign  in  the  same  locality 
m  the  upper  lips  of  dogs  and  cows  is  quite  marled,  and  their  love 
for  their  very  young  offspring  is  intense.  Many  horses  and  dogs 
manifest  ardent  love  for  the  young  of  the  human  speci(?s,  but  are 
indifferent  or  ferocious  to  adults. 

When  this  sign  in  the  upper  lip  is  red  and  moist  the  asso- 
ciated sentiment  is  strong, 
and  the  glands  involved  in 
nourishing  the  young  are 
normal  and  active.  The 
lachrymal  glands  of  the 
eye  also  exhibit  a  humid 
appearance,  and  the  mam- 
mary glands  of  the  breast 
are  usually  well  developed. 
Description  of  Love 
OF  Young. — The  origin  of 
Love  of  Young  is  the  gland- 
ular system.  The  situation 
of  its  principal  sign  near 
the  mouth  is  one  proof  of 
its  origin.  The  fact  that  a 
fine  development  of  the 
mammary  glands  is  essen- 
tial to  the  nourishment  of 
the  young  is  more  convin- 
cing stdl.  A  normal  sup- 
ply of  the  lacteal  glands 
connected  with  the  function 
of  digestion  is  necessaiy  to 
the  perfection  of  the  former 
function.  The  lacteals 
must  be  able  to  secrete 
from  the  food  taken  into 
the  stomach  sufficient  ma- 
terial for  the  sustenance 
of  offspring.  Now,  if  the 
lacteal  glands,  which  are 
connected  with  the  intestinal  system,  or  the  mammaiy  glands 
(which  are  those  that  secrete  milk),  are  defective  in  this  mechanical 
construction  or  normal  action,  it  will  be  readily  seen  how  the 
mother  would  utterly  fail  in  the  duty  of  nourishing  her  infant.  It 
is  logical  to  infer  that  any  part  of  the  system  which  performs  a 
certain  function  creates  the  mental  sentiment  which  naturally  flows 


FiQ.     34. -THE     PRINCESS     ALEXANDRA,     OF 
WALES. 

Born  in  Denmark,  1844.  Wife  of  Albert  Edward, 
Prince  of  Wales.  Principal  facial  sign.  Love  of  Young. 
The  law  of  the  straight  line  and  curve  governs  this 
physiognomy.    The  face  of  this  lovely  and  graceful 

firincess  shows  in  a  marked  manner  the  presence  of  all 
he  domestic  virtues,  among  wliicli  Love  of  Children 
and  Pets  is  supreme.  A  great  degree  of  artistic  talent 
is  also  exhibited.  The  curving  outlines  of  the  jaw. 
chin,  and  shoulders,  and  graceful  poise  of  the  head 
reveal  this  capacity,  while  the  litlie  ngure  is  additional 
proof  of  this  decided  power.  The  signs  for  Love  of 
Home  and  of  Country  are  large.  Amativeness,  Benevo- 
lence, and  Conscientiousness  are  well  marked.  Con- 
structiveness,  Color,  Analysis,  Hope,  Idealitv,  Mental 
Imitation,  Veneration,  Self-will,  Form,  Size,  Color,  and 
Order  disclose  aesthetic  tendencies.  The  entire  organ- 
ism is  one  of  high  and  delicate  quality. 


LOVE   OF   YOUNG. 


369 


C  '^ 


^7r^  *?^7^ 


from  the  exercise  of  that  function.  Now,  the  sentiment  of  Love 
of  Young  must,  under  this  logic,  flow  directly  from  a  fine  develop- 
ment of  the  mammary  and  other  glands  peculiar  to  females.  We 
know  that  this  trait  is  stronger  and  more  perfect  after  tlie  mammary 
glands  have  been  exercised  in  the  performance  of  the  maternal 
function  than  it  is  prior  to  such  activity,  and  tliis  is  still  further 
proof  of  the  interaction  of  the  faculties  of  tlie  mind  with  the  func- 
tions of  the  body.  It  is  true  that  many  women  possess  very  de- 
cided love  of  children  who  are  physically  incapable  of  nourishing 
them,  but  in  all  such  cases, 
if  thoroughly  investigated, 
a  cause  for  this  seeming 
inconsistency  would  be 
found.  Either  the  organs 
of  digestion  are  defective, 
or,  as  in  some  cases  under 
my  observation,  the  me- 
chanical construction  of 
some  part  of  the  mammary 
glands  is  faulty,  or  bad 
habits  of  dressing  in  early 
life  have  impaired  the  func- 
tion of  lactation ;  or  it  may 
be  some  other  accidental 
cause  that  prevents  the 
mother  from  performing 
her  full  duty  to  her  ofl^- 
spring.  A  good  physiog- 
nomist would  have  to  know 
something  of  the  heredity 
of  each  case  in  order  to 
give  a  correct  opinion  as  to 
the  cause  of  the  discrep- 
ancy between  the  presence 

of  the  faculty  or  sentiment  and  the  absence  of  functional  vigor. 
The  love  of  young  presents  many  diverse  aspects,  and  mental 
as  well  as  physiological  aspects,  to  the  student  of  human  nature. 
Its  first  view  shows  a  physiological  base ;  its  next  phase  is  the 
mental  aspect.  The  faces  of  all  eminent  characters,  especially  the 
faces  of  great  artists,  actors,  singers,  writers,  poets,  and  novelists, 
exhibit  a  large  sign  for  Love  of  Young.  In  Dickens'  face  it  is 
most  uncommonly  developed,  and  his  delineations  of  children's 
characters  in  his  works  show  a  rare  insight  into  and  a  great  sym- 
pathy with  the  young.     Miss  Louisa  Alcott,  who  is  a  most  gifted 

94 


Fig.  35.— WILLIAM  PITT,  EARL  OF  CHATHAM. 
(Orator  and  Statesman.) 

Born  in  England,  1708.  Conspicuous  facial  sipn, 
Love  of  Young,  quality  line.  The  law  of  the  straight 
line  and  curve  governs  this  physiognomy.  The  domestic 
traits  are  very  conspicuous  in  this  face,  as  in  all  elo- 
quent orators  and  truly  great  men.  Amativeness, 
Love  of  Young,  Mirthfulness,  Ranativeness,  Benevo- 
lence, Color,  Approbativeness,  and  Modesty  are  highly 
developed.  The  nose  shows  that  the  signs  for  the  fol- 
lowing are  very  large:  Hope,  Analysis,  Mental  Imita- 
tion, Sublimity,  Constructiveness,  Veneration.  Afujuisi- 
tiveness,  Exe'cutiveness,  and  Self-will,  while  Form, 
Size,  Order,  Calculation,  Reason,  and  Memory  of  Events 
are  equally  powerful  traits  in  this  commanding  counte- 
nance. 


370  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and  interesting  writer  for  youth,  shows  in  the  contour  of  her  upper 
lip  a  wonderful  development  of  this  trait.  Like  its  next  neighbor,! 
Amativeness,  it  bestows  creative  talent,  and  tliose  who  are  excess- ' 
ively  fond  of  children  are  always  prolific  and  ingenious  in  tricks, 
tales,  and  games  with  which  to  amuse  the  young.  Animal-tamers 
and  successful  horse-  and  dog-  breeders  possess  this  faculty  largely, 
and  this  trait,  in  combination  with  Constructiveness,  gives  them 
the  ability  to  invent  ways  by  wliich  to  manage  and  instruct  the 
animals  which  they  are  rearing  and  training. 

Love  of  Young  extends  its  sympathy  not  only  to  animals,  both 
young  and  old,  but  also  to  plants  and  pets  of  all  kinds,  and  leads 
often  to  very  useful  discoveries  in  the  propagation  of  plants,  flowers, 
etc.  Wherever  this  trait  is  well  developed  Mirthfulness  is  also 
correspondingly  active.  Indeed,  these  two  traits  seem  to  stand  in 
direct  and  close  relationship,  for  Mirthfulness  is  essential  to  the 
care  and  entertainment  of  the  young  as  well  as  of  animals. 

When  Constructiveness  is  present  in  combination  with  thisj 
faculty  and  a  good  brain  system,  tlie  story-writing  capacity  will  be  1 
present.  The  ability  to  invent  games  is  another  department  of 
this  combination.  Great  aptitude  and  love  for  teaching  the  young 
will  be  exhibited  where  this  combination  is  manifested,  and,  with 
Friendship  large,  the  very  highest  talent  for  teaching  youth  is 
present. 

A  very  large  majority  of  mothers  allow  their  love  for  children 
to  control  them,  instead  of  endeavoring  to  balance  it  with  reason 
and  justice.  The  consequence  is  that  many  children  grow  up 
selfish  and  ungovernable,  and  make  very  poor  citizens.  Many 
unhappy  marriages  are  caused  by  the  unwise  petting  of  boys,  par- 
ticularly, by  mothers,  for  women  are  apt  to  indulge  their  sons  the 
most,  and  this  makes  them  exacting  and  overbearing  in  marriage. 
I  often  think,  as  I  note  the  selfish  and  unreasonable  behavior  of 
children  toward  their  parents,  how  much  the  parents  themselves 
need  "  bringing  up "  in  the  duties  of  parenthood.  How  many 
beautiful  children  have  found  an  early  grave  through  the  unwise 
indulgence  of  mothers !  How  many  naturally  amiable  children 
have  become  selfisli  and  disagreeable  through  the  injudicious  treat- 
ment of  foolishly-fond  parents !  I  tliink  that  parents  often  lose 
sight  of  the  fact  entirely  that  there  is  a  duty  cue  the  parents  from 
the  child,  and  that  a  great  deal  of  thought  and  consideration  should 
be  shown  to  parents  by  their  children.  This  they  will  do  if  they 
are  trained  to  regard  their  parents  as  something  more  than  mere 
slaves  to  their  every  wish  and  whim.  Many  parents  in  their  old 
age  reap  a  harvest  of  bitterness  and  suffering  through  the  neglect 
of  children  upon  w'hom  they  have  lavished  every  care  and  all  their 


LOVE  OF  YOUNG.  371 

means.  Too  much  love,  like  all  excesses,  breeds  inharmony. 
There  are  more  inmates  of  the  State  prison  and  penitentiaries  who 
have  been  spoiled  by  indulgence  than  by  the  severity  of  their 
parents.  In  the  early  days  of  this  republic,  when  a  sense  of  re- 
ligious duty  and  responsibility  to  God  for  their  conduct  influenced 
both  parents  and  children,  there  was  a  much  smaller  number  of 
people  confined  for  crime.  In  those  days  obedience  to  parents  was 
enforced,  not  only  by  precept  and  example,  but  was  re-inforced  by 
wholesome  discipline  and  restraint.  Many  parents  refrain  from 
correcting  their  children  for  fear  they  will  lose  their  affection. 
Moderate  and  reasonable  discipline  and  penalties  for  broken  laws 
always  seem  right  to  those  children  who  have  a  fair  degree  of 
Conscientiousness,  but  to  the  child  in  whom  Will  is  dominant  any- 
thing which  opposes  his  desire  seems  an  injustice.  Of  such  chil- 
dren I  would  say  to  parents.  Endeavor  to  level  up  other  traits  to 
the  height  of  their  will ;  encourage  them  to  reasmi  upon  the  wrong 
and  right  of  every  question  that  comes  up,  and  endeavor  to  develop 
their  sense  of  justice,  friendship,  and  filial  affection  in  order  that 
their  vyiJl  shall  not  be  their  master.  Endeavor  so  to  train  the  child 
that  love,  reason,  and  justice  shall  have  a  balancing  effect  upon  the 
character.  Never  "  break  a  child's  will,"  but  train  it,  so  that  it 
shall  be  the  servant  instead  of  the  master.  A  good,  strong,  well- 
trained  will  is  an  excellent  element,  and  will  assist  one's  material 
interests.  Whatever  faculty  is  found  in  excess  in  a  character  was 
placed  by  design,  in  order  to  assist  a  defect  in  some  other  direction. 
It  should  be  the  duty  of  parents  to  find  out  these  defects,  and  by 
all  means  in  their  power  endeavor  to  establish  a  balance  or  equi- 
librium, for  equilibrium  is  the  law  of  the  universe  and  must  pre- 
vail, or  chaos  and  suffering  will  result. 

The  love  of  young  does  not  necessarily  impart  a  tone  of  gen- 
eral kindness  to  the  individual.  General  kindness  proceeds  from 
benevolence,  sympathy,  or  from  friendship.  Many  persons  and 
races  manifest  great  fondness  for  their  offspring,  yet  are  unkind  and 
even  cruel  to  adults.     Spurzheim  observes  of  this  trait : — 

It  produces  only  sympathy  for  young,  not  general  tenderness,  for  the 
New  Zealanders  are  ferocious,  yet  both  parents  are  much  attached  to  their 
younpr,  and  submit  to  all  the  inconveniences  of  brinjjing  them  up  amidst 
privations  and  hardships  of  every  kind.  And  ferocious  tigers  and  h3enas 
are  as  fond  of  their  j'oung  as  the  gentlest  and  most  docile  of  animals. 

This  trait  is  perhaps  the  strongest  one  in  the  human  mind, — 
at  least,  in  mothers.  The  reason  for  this  is  obvious.  It  is  her 
privilege  to  nourish  and  train  the  young,  hence  Nature  has  espe- 
cially adapted  her,  mentally  as  well  as  physically,  for  this  work. 
Amativeness  is  man's   strongest  propensity,    and    this   powerful 


372  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

emotion  in  him  is  subject  to  many  changes ;  but  maternal  love  is 
the  most  enduring  affection  on  earth.  This  intensity  and  fidelity  on 
the  part  of  the  mother  is  necessary  in  order  that  she  shall  be  will- 
ing to  undergo  the  pain  and  privations  necessarily  connected  with 
child-bearing  and  the  rearing  of  infants.  In  the  great  plan  and 
design  of  the  human  mind  this  love  for  offspring  was  made  the 
supreme  maternal  faculty.  Without  this  supremacy  of  maternal 
love  humanity  would  cease  to  be  perpetuated,  for  lack  of  the  care 
essential  to  the  rearing  of  infants.  As  a  rule,  parents  are  best 
adapted  to  rear  their  own  offspring,  because  long  acquaintance  with 
the  same  elements  of  character  in  their  own  families  will  give  them 
some  insight  into  the  characters  of  their  own  children;  yet  in 
many  cases  children  can  be  better  brought  up  by  strangers,  if  the 
parents  are  overindulgent  or  too  neglectful. 

The  two  functions  of  gestation  and  lactation,  which  are  pecu- 
liar to  women,  and  for  which  man  has  none  that  are  analogous, 
show  her  to  be  possessed  of  a  superiority  of  mind  in  this  direction, 
at  least ;  for,  if  we  adhere  to  the  theory  laid  down  in  scientific 
physiognomy,  viz.,  that  there  is  a  mental  faculty  emanating  from 
each  physical  function,  we  must  conclude  that  woman  possesses, 
both  in  number  and  quality,  more  mental  faculties  than  man — 
that  in  certain  developments  of  mind  she  is  his  superior.  How 
true  this  is,  the  training  and  rearing  of  the  offspring  by  woman 
clearly  show.  This  exercise  of  authority  gives  her  peculiar  fitness 
for  participating  in  government,  for  the  women  of  the  world  have 
served  a  long  apprenticeship  in  this  science,  in  having  governed 
all  the  children  of  all  the  world  up  to  the  time  of  their  majority. 
Imperfect  as  may  have  been  her  management,  yet  this  experience 
has  fitted  her  for  government  quite  as  well  as  the  father,  who  takes 
very  little  active  part,  comparatively,  in  the  government  of  .his 
children.  And  this  practice  woman  has  had  since  Eve  began  to 
"raise  Cain,"  and  made  such  a  signal  failure  with  his  character. 
Man  should  no  longer  be  willing  to  deprive  himself  of  woman's 
assistance  in  governmental  affairs,  since  he  deems  her  insight  into 
character  so  much  superior  to  his  own,  by  not  only  trusting  her  to 
rear  his  children,  but  by  giving  her  the  charge  of  their  education 
as  well;  for  nearly  all  girls  and  boys  are  educated  by  female^ 
teachers ;  and  women  have  been  found  capable  of  pursuing  every 
mental  profession  which  men  follow.  Even  such  abstruse  profes- 
sions as  law,  mathematics,  medicine,  and  theology  are  practiced  by 
women  in  a  very  creditable  manner  in  various  parts  of  our  country. 

Maternal  affection,  being  the  most  powerful  passion  of  woman's 
nature,  is  in  danger  of  being  carried  to  too  great  an  excess,  and 
thus  defeat  its  best  purposes.     To  make  idols  of  children  is  to 


MIRTHFULNESS.  373 

degrade  their  nature  as  well  as  that  of  the  worshiping  mother. 
Idolatry  has  a  weakening  and  selfish  influence  upon  children,  and 
often  leads  them  to  neglect  and  despise  the  mother,  instead  of 
reverencing  her.  Indeed,  there  is  too  little  reverence  for  age  in 
our  American  children,  who  should  be  trained  to  respect  the 
physical  helplessness  of  old  age,  as  well  as  the  wisdom  and  ripe 
experience  which  most  old  people  acquire.  Too  little  attention  is 
paid  to  this  most  important  part  of  character-building.  To  me 
tliere  is  something  inexpressibly  sweet  and  tender  in  the  character 
of  an  aged  grandmother,  whose  mind  and  thoughts  go  out  entirely 
to  her  children  and  her  children's  children;  yet  many  children  are 
permitted  to  treat  their  grandparents  in  a  rude  and  disrespectful 
way. 

There  are  very  few  children  who  can  be  governed  by  love 
alone,  and  parents  who  make  the  character-building  of  children  a 
serious  matter  will  find  that  every  element  in  human  nature  must 
he  brought  into  activity  if  they  would  build  wisely  and  with  2^ower. 
One  must  not  only  appeal  to  love,  but  to  reason  and  conscience, 
to  patience  and  appro bativeness,  to  friendship  and  faith,  and  indeed 
one  must,  like  a  skillful  musician,  leani  to  touch  every  chord  in  a 
child's  nature,  if  he  would  awaken  the  most  beautiful  harmonies. 
Man  can  no  more  live  upon  love  alone  than  he  can  exist  iipon 
bread  alone;  "hence,  obedience,  prompt  and  implicit,  should  be 
demanded  by  all  parents  from  their  children,  and  the  training  in 
this  direction  should  commence  in  the  cradle.  Every  good  result 
will  follow  this  course,  if  pursued  judiciously.  There  are  more 
children  spoiled  and  made  wretched,  useless,  and  unhappy  by  too 
much  love  and  foolish  fondness,  than  by  too  great  severity. 

MIRTHFULNESS. 

Definition. — Love  of  amusement,  humor,  wit,  ridicule,  and 
jesting;  joyousness;  love  of  the  ludicrous,  of  satire,  and  good- 
natured  sarcasm;  joviality,  festivity,  hilarity,  vivacity,  gayety,  glad- 
ness, and  facetiousness,  all  proceed  from  this  faculty  as  a  base. 

An  excess  causes  ill-timed  mirth  and  folly,  and  makes  the 
character  light  and  trifling.  It  creates  levity,  and  weakens  the 
sense  of  propriety,  if  too  freely  indulged. 

A  defijciency  of  mirth  and  humor  is  shown  by  melancholy, 
unhappiness,  and  ill  health,  and  sometimes  leads  to  insanity  and 
suicide. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  most  pronounced  signs  of 
Mirthfulness  are  found  about  the  mouth  and  eyes.  Dimples  or 
wrinkles  at  the  corners  of  the  mouth  are  the  primitive  signs,  and 
are  derived  from  development  of  the  glandular  system.     Upward 


S74 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


curving  of  the  corners  of  the  upper  lip;  full,  moist  lips;  large, 
bright  eyes;  wrinkles  running  outwardly  from  the  comers  of  the 
eye,  and  dimples  in  various  parts  of  the  body;  a  rounding  head, 
and  forehead  rounding  laterally ;  dimpled  hands,  a  muscular  body, 
and  limbs  with  small,  round  bones  and  round  muscles,  are  the  best 
adapted  to  playful,  sportive  mirth. 

Description  of  Mirthfulness. — The  faculty  of  Mirth  fulness 
is  almost  universal.  It  is  well  marked  in  tlie  higher  animals,  not 
only  in  their  early  years,  but  also  in  the  adult  stage.     This  faculty 

being  universal  would  point 
to  a  primitive  function  as 
its  source,  and  accordingly 
we  find  its  local  signs  in 
the  face,  mainly  about  the 
mouth,  which  is  the  most 
important  sign  for  digestion 
and  the  most  primitive  of 
all  the  functions.  The 
dimples  near  the  comers 
of  the  mouth  are  caused 
by  excess  of  glandular  for- 
mation at  those  points,  and 
the  principal  sign  being 
located  in  glandular  tissue 
proves  its  glandular  origin. 
The  love  of  laughter, 
mirthfulness,  and  jollity  de- 
pends upon,  primarily,  a 
well-nourished  body. 
Spare,  pinched,  starved- 
looking  people  seldom 
laugh,  but  look  solemn, 
and  probably  feel  solemn 
and  woe-begone.  In  order 
to  feel  merry,  the  juices  of 
the  body,  eliminated  from 
the  food  by  the  function  of  digestion,  must  be  of  sufficient  quantity 
to  warm  the  body  to  that  degree  that  it  produces  bodily  comfort, 
such  as  to  induce  laughter  and  merriment.  This  comfortable  and 
well-nourished  condition  fills  out  the  contour  of  the  body  with 
soft,  adipose  tissue,  and  thus  causes  dimples,  not  only  in  the  cheeks 
near  the  mouth,  but,  as  is  often  seen  in  well-nourished  infancy, 
all  over  the  body,  as  well  as  on  the  limbs,  the  fingers,  and 
the  toes. 


Fig.  36.— ELIZA  COOK.    (Poetess.) 

Born  in  England,  1817.  The  law  of  the  curve  and 
straight  line  governs  this  face.  Conspicuous  facial 
sign,  Mirthfulness,  shown  by  dimples  at  the  corners  of 
the  mouth,  wrinkles  at  the  angles  of  the  eves.  The 
countenance  of  Miss  Cook  smiles  all  over.  The  eyes, 
mouth,  dimpled  cheeks,  and  curling  hair  all  announce 
a  merry,  witty,  fun-loving  disposition.  The  domestic 
signs  are  all  apparent,— Cove  of  Home,  of  Country, 
and  of  Young.  Hospitality,  Mirthfulness,  Benevolence, 
Approbativeness,  Friemlsiiip,  Modesty,  and  Self-esteem 
are  very  decided.  The  signs  of  literary  ability  in  the 
nose,  eyes,  and  forehead  are  equally  developed.  Mental 
Imitation,  Analysis,  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Constructive- 
ness.  Color,  Acquisitiveness,  Self-will, '  Language,  and 
Memory  of  Events  find  or  derive  a  strong  support  from 
the  fine  domestic  base  which  this  face  discloses.  The 
author  of  "The  Old  Arm-Chair"  shows  her  developed 
domestic  nature  in  this  celebrated  poem. 


MIRTHFULNESS. 


375 


Although  it  is  claimed  by  many  naturalists  that  animals  do 
not  laugh,  I  maintain  that  they  do  laugh  in  their  oicn  peculiar 
fashiwi,  just  as  they  express  all  their  feelings  and  intellectual  pro- 
cesses, in  their  own  way.  Dogs  grin  and  laugh,  and  their  eyes 
glisten,  their  bodies  squirm,  and  they  whine  and  howl  with  delight 
upon  seeing  some  beloved  human  friend.  They  act  also  for  the 
amusement  of  their  friends,  and  play  tricks  and  little  comedies, 
and  behave  in  a  very  "waggish  "  manner.  The  faculties  of  Mirth- 
fulness  and  Love  of  Young  are  most  decided  in  many  of  the  canine 
tribes.  Their  love  for  chil- 
dren is  remarkable,  and, 
looking  at  the  gambols  of  a 
group  of  boys,  with  a  dog 
in  company,  one  would  sup- 
pose that  the  dog  believed 
himself  to  be  one  of  them, 
and  a  very  important  mem- 
ber of  the  company,  too. 

There  are  several  de- 
partments of  Mirthfulness, 
for  this  trait,  like  all  facul 
ties,  has  many  aspects.  The 
physiological  or  anatomical 
phase  must  first  be  consid- 
ered in  order  to  arrive  at  its 
origin,  for  without  knowing 
the  origin  or  base  of  a  faculty 
it  is  impossible  to  get  a  scien- 
tific or  truthful  analysis  of  it. 

The  love  and  desire  to 
laugh  is  the  primitive  phase 
of  Mirthfulness,  as  is  evi- 
denced by  laughter  being  the 
form  of  mirth  which  infants 
and  young  children  make 
most  use  of.  Later,  after  the  muscular  system  comes  into  activity, 
the  muscles  assist,  in  games,  romps,  and  sportiveness,  this  primitive 
phase  of  the  fun-making  propensity.  Where  there  is  a  good  com- 
bination of  the  glandular  system,  together  with  a  fine  development 
of  the  muscles,  a  very  high  grade  of  fun-making  ability  is  mani- 
fested, not  only  in  games  and  sports,  but  in  athletics  as  well.  If 
to  this  combination  a  suitable  brain  system  is  allied,  the  highest 
talent  for  wit,  story-telling,  writing  for  children,  and  creating  comic 
scenes  and  amusing  and  mgenious  jokes  will  be  present. 


Fig.  37.— DAVID  G.  FARRAGUT.  (Vice-Admibal 
OF  THE  American  Navy 

Born  in  America,  1801.  Con.spicuous  facial  sign, 
Mirthfulness,  shown  by  dimples  and  wrinkles  at  the 
corners  of  the  mouth  and  outer  angles  of  the  eyes. 
Wit,  fun,  and  mirtli  are  disnlayed  m  unmistakable 
symbols  all  over  this  kindly  "face.  The  domestic 
traits  are  well  illustrated  here,— Love  of  Young, 
Amativeness,  Jjove  of  Home.  Patriotism,  Hospitality, 
Firmness,  Conscientiousness,  Benevolence,  Self- 
esteem,  Approbativeness.  Color,  and  Modesty  are 
equally  powerful,  while  Cautiousness  is  normal,  and 
X'eneration,  Executiveness,  Self-will,  Observation, 
Ijocality,  8anativeness,  P'orm  and  Size,  I.,anguage, 
Constnictiveness,  Memory  of  Events  anil  lleason  are 
pre-eminent.  His  energetic  conduct  and  devotion  to 
the  Union  cause  in  the  late  war  won  for  him  grateful 
recognition  from  the  government  of  the  United 
States,  which  created  for  him  the  above  rank. 


376  PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  love  of  laughter  purely  is  an  infantile  trait,  and  some 
individuals  retain  an  ardent  love  of  laughing,  with  or  without 
cause,  to  adult  life.  This  class  of  persons  never  cease  to  be  chil- 
dren, and  no  one  expects  anything  very  intellectual  of  them ;  but 
if  an  individual  possess  a  combination  of  tlie  muscles,  brain,  and 
glands,  of  fine  quality,  the  intellectual  or  artistic  pliase  oi'  mirth 
will  be  manifested,  and  will  result  in  works  of  art,  comic  pictures, 
comic  acting,  or  in  practical  jokes,  etc.  For  the  purposes  of  acting 
out  this  mirthful  propensity  one  must  have  flexible  muscles  and  a 
certain  kind  of  intelligence;  accordingly,  in  those  who  have  this 
propensity  we  find  that  the  head  is  rounded  out  at  the  temples  or 
just  back  of  tliem ;  the  muscles  at  this  part  being  round  produce 
this  curved  appearance.  The  proof  of  this  lies  in  the  fact  that 
those  with  square  bones  and  flat  muscles  never  present  this  round- 
ing outline  at  this  point.  Round  bones  and  round  muscles 
together  produce  the  kind  of  character  best  adapted  to  fun-making, 
and,  accordingly,  we  find  this  to  be  the  peculiarity  of  structure  of 
the  most  talented  comic  actors,  as  well  as  opera-boufFe  singers. 
The  personalities  of  Mile.  Croizette  and  Mile.  Reichemberg,  of  the 
Comedie  Francatse  Theatre,  are  excellent  illustrations  of  this 
peculiar  combination.  Joseph  Jefferson,  comedian,  exemplifies 
this  phase  well.  Not  only  is  this  class  of  people  characterized  by 
roundness  of  the  head  and  sides  of  the  forehead,  but  we  observe 
that  all  the  bones  are  round:  the  forehead  is  rounding,  the  joints 
are  round  and  flexible,  and  the  bones  concealed  beneath  muscles; 
the  cheeks  and  chin  are  round  and  dimpled,  for  small,  round  bones 
alone  allow  the  dimple  in  the  chin  to  form;  square  bones  would 
not  permit  of  it;  hence  the  single  round  dimple  in  the  chin  gives 
us  a  clue  to  the  whole  bony  and  muscular  structure  of  the  body, 
and  from  this  structure  we  can  safely  predicate  the  presence  of 
many  other  traits  and  mental  powers. 

The  faculty  of  Mirthfulness,  pure  and  simple,  it  will  be 
remarked,  gives  the  love  of  laughing  solely,  but  for  love  and  ability 
for  playfulness,  sportiveness,  acting,  etc.,  we  must  look  to  the  high 
development  of  the  muscular  system  in  combination  with  the 
glandular.  That  the  normal  development  of  the  glands  gives  a 
love  and  capacity  for  laughing  and  playfulness,  all  nature  attests. 
Infants  who  have  been  healthy  and  mirtliful  will,  upon  losing  the 
warmth  and  flesh  engendered  by  perfect  digestion,  become  cross, 
peevish,  fretful,  and  seldom  smile,  but  upon  restoration  of  the 
functions  to  normal  action  laughter  and  mirthfulness  reappear 
spontaneously. 

Mirth  and  laughter  assist  digestion,  while  sadness,  anger,  and 
all  the  passions,  except  love,  arrest  and  impair  this  function.     As 


MIRTHFULNESS.  ^77 

before  remarked,  where  Love  of  Young  is  observed  in  the  coimte- 
nance,  we  may  expect  to  find  Mirthfuhiess  also,  as  its  companion. 
The  converse  of  this  is  true;  where  there  is  large  Mirthfuhiess, 
the  Love  of  Young  will  be  also  present,  for  when  Nature  creates 
a  faculty,  such  as  love  of  children  or  MirthlVdncss,  most  of  the 
faculties  needed  for  its  expression  in  some  form  or  other  are  pro- 
vided, and  work  in  harmony  with  it. 

The  mental  uses  of  Mirthfulness  are  most  important  and 
varied.  Not  only  is  it  the  direct  assistant  in  the  rearing  of  the 
young,  but  it  also  enlivens  every  age  with  its  flashes  of  wit  and 
good-humored  sarcasm.  It  also  acts  as  a  public  censor,  and  ridi- 
cules whatever  is  inappropriate,  silly,  or  wanting  in  good  taste.  It 
serves  the  cause  of  truth  also,  by  holding  up  to  ridicule  all  that 
is  mean,  ignoble,  and  unworthy.  In  combination  with  Reason, 
it  presents  in  a  ludicrous  and  pithy  manner  the  foibles  of  fashion, 
and  is  the  basis  of  the  cartoon  now  so  popular  for  satirizing  public 
errors,  measures,  and  men.  It  acts  in  conjunction  with  all  the 
faculties  in  a  mental  way;  with  large  Mental  Imitation,  Reason, 
Ideality,  and  Language,  will  express  logical  and  beautiful  thoughts 
tinctured  with  humor  and  wit. 

Those  possessing  Mirthfulness,  combined  with  Force  and 
Resistance,  are  perpetually  teasing  children  and  animals,  as  well 
as  adults.  Possessed  of  large  Amativeness,  Mental  Imitation,  and 
Language,  combined  with  Mirth,  they  will  love  to  talk,  joke,  and 
romp  with  the  opposite  sex;  with  Mirth,  Friendship,  Language, 
and  Mental  Imitation,  are  most  entertaining,  and  are  sought 
for  their  amusing  qualities;  with  large  Self-esteem,  Language, 
Mental  Imitation,  and  Constructiveness,  will  always  be  dignified 
in  expression,  yet  very  amusing  and  witty  on  a  high  plane;  with 
Mirth,  Constructiveness,  small  Secretiveness,  Mental  Imitation, 
small  Self-esteem,  and  large  Approbativeness  and  Comparison,  will 
be  droll,  facetious,  and  laughable;  and  with  an  active,  keen  bram 
system  will  flash  forth  unexpected  and  impromptu  bursts  of  wit, 
fun,  and  well-aimed  jokes  and  speeches. 

Mirthfulness  is  one  of  the  most  prominent  traits  observed  in 
the  physiognomies  of  the  aged,  and  conduces  to  health  and 
longevity.  There  are  very  many  grades  of  this  trait,  and  the 
development  of  the  glands  and  muscles  about  the  mouth  discloses 
these  various  degrees  of  power.  Anatomists  find  most  astonisliing 
differences  in  the  development  of  the  muscles  about  the  mouth  and 
lips  and  do  not  know  how  to  account  for  it.  They  seem  to  think 
that  there  should  be  a  uniformity  of  development  of  the  muscles, 
and  that  there  should  be  a  similarity  of  muscular  development  in 
the  lips  of  all.     Now,  scientific  physiognomy  explains  why  these 


378  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

differences  exist,  and  also  shows  liow  to  discern  these  variations, 
together  with  their  diverse  meanings.  No  other  science  is  able  to 
do  this,  yet  all  these  indications  are  properly  a  part  of  medical 
science,  and  those  intending  to  become  physicians  slionld  have  a 
comprehensive  knowledge  of  this  science. 

The  reader  can  make  an  excellent  generalization  in  physiog- 
nomy by  collecting  the  portraits  of  those  who  have  been  eminent 
in  mirth,  wit,  comic  acting,  and  ingenious  in  writing  for  the 
young,  or  in  witty  and  amusing  literature.  Take,  for  example, 
the  faces  of  Piron,  Dickens,  Eliza  Cook,  Nell  Gvvynne,  Rembrandt, 
Defoe,  Voltaire,  Hogarth,  Rabelais,  Lucy  Larcom,  Aimee,  Lotta, 
Mrs.  Adelaide  D.  T.  Whitney,  Mrs.  John  Wood,  Laurence  Sterne, 
Benjamin  Franklin,  and  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  and  place  them 
side  by  side,  and  a  fine  illustration  of  the  fun-making  talent  in  the 
poet,  the  painter,  the  divine,  the  statesman,  the  actress,  the  novelist, 
and  essayist  will  be  had.  Most  particularly  notice  the  little 
triangular-shaped  muscles,  the  levator  labii  proprius,  and  the 
levator  anguli  oris,  just  above  the  external  angle  of  the  mouth. 
In  melanclioly  characters  there  is  no  trace  of  this  development, 
but  in  natural  fun-makers  of  all  sorts  these  muscles  are  large  and 
add  to  the  beauty  of  expression  of  the  moutli,  wliile  laughing, 
talking,  and  singing.  Every  faculty  which  is  well  developed  sets 
a  sign  of  beauty  in  the  face.  The  reason  why  many  fail  to  recog- 
nize these  indications  as  beauties  is  that  the  masses  are  ignorant 
of  the  meaning  of  forms  of  features,  and  have  besides  imbibed  very 
erroneous  notions  in  regard  to  beauty  from  the  prevalent  crude 
and  ignorant  public  opinion  in  regard  to  human  nature  and  the 
human  face. 

APPROBATIVENESS. 

"The  love  of  praise,  howc'er  conceal'd  by  art, 
Reigns,  more  or  less,  and  glows  in  every  heart ; 
The  proud  to  gain  it  toils  on  toils  endure  • 
The  modest  shun  it  but  to  make  it  sure. 
O'er  globes  and  sceptres,  now  on  thrones  it  swells, 
Now  trims  the  midnight  lamp  in  college  cells  ; 
'Tis  Tory,  Whig  ;  it  plots,  prays,  preaches,  pleads, 
Harangues  in  senates,  squeaks  in  masquerades  ; 
It  aids  the  dancer's  heel,  the  writer's  head. 
And  heaps  the  plain  with  mountains  of  the  dead  ; 
Nor  ends  with  life,  but  nods  in  sable  plumes. 
Adorns  our  hearse,  and  flatters  on  our  tombs." — Young. 

Definition. — Love  of  praise  and  commendation  ;  desire  to  be 
distinguished  and  popular;  love  of  attention,  display,  esteem,  and 
approval ;  ambition ;  the  faculty  which  creates  politeness,  agree- 
ability,  and  fine  manners;  it  also  engenders  a  spirit  of  rivalry, 
emulation,  and  ostentation.  It  gives  a  desire  for  compliments,  and 
the  capacity  for  paying  them. 


APPROBATIVENESS.  379 

An  excess  causes  undue  and  injudicious  efforts  for  popularity 
and  creates  vanity,  jealousy,  rivalry,  and  "shoddy  aristocracy." 
When  overbalanced,  it  induces  a  dread  of  censure  and  ridicule, 
and  leads  one  to  prefer  a  fine  reputation  rather  than  a  good 
character.  It  also  takes  away  all  true  independence  by  creating 
anxiety  as  to  what  the  world  will  think  about  one's  actions. 

A  deficiency  of  Approbativeness  tends  to  make  one  regardless 
of  the  opinions  of  others,  and  causes  one  to  be  gruff,  rude,  impolite, 
and  brusque.  It  takes  away  all  incenti^  e  to  excel,  or  to  become 
distinguished  for  the  excellencies  of  mind  and  manner.  Deficient 
Approbativeness  makes  one  care  very  little  for  improvement  and 
progress. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  principal  facial  sign  for 
Approbativeness  is  shown  by  a  dimple  or  by  one  or  two  vertical 
wrinkles  in  the  cheek,  on  a  line  outwardly,  about  one  inch  from 
the  principal  sign^  for  Mirthfulness  and  adjoining  Hospitality  and 
Friendship,  its  natural  allies  and  assistants.  It  wreathes  the 
countenance  with  smiles,  and  nods  and  bows  in  approval  and 
acquiescence.  It  is  large  in  actors  and  all  classes  of  artists,  and 
in  those  of  large  social  natures. 

Description  of  Approbativeness. — Approbativeness  derives 
its  support  from  the  action  of  the  glandular  system,  like  all  the  rest 
of  the  faculties  in  the  neighborliood  of  the  mouth.  It  is  likely 
that  a  separate  and  distinct  portion  of  the  glands  is  directly  related 
to  each  of  the  faculties  that  are  dependent  upon  this  system,  yet 
all  are  benefited  by  its  general  and  normal  action.  The  healthful 
and  powerful  action  of  the  glandular  portion  of  the  intestinal 
system  gives  rise  to  many  beautiful  traits  as  well  as  useful  func- 
tions, not  the  least  useful  of  which  is  Approbativeness.  As  a 
direct  assistant  and  co-worker  with  Hospitality  and  Friendship,  it 
occupies  an  important  place  in  the  social  department  of  character, 
for  it  not  only  aftects  those  faculties  whose  facial  signs  lie  nearest  to 
it,  but  stimulates  and  arouses  in  turn  all  the  faculties  of  the  mind ; 
hence  it  is  that  it  requires  a  good  substantial  physical  basis  for  its 
support.  The  dimples  which  are  characteristic  of  approbative 
people  are  caused  mainly  by  the  deposition  of  soft,  fatty  tissue  in  the 
lower  cheek,  and  are  seen  even  in  infancy.  The  vertical  wrinkles 
which  form  here  later  in  life  are  caused  by  repeated  smihng  in  an 
approving  manner,  the  muscles  of  the  other  parts  of  the  face,  par- 
ticularly those  about  the  mouth,  contributing  to  this  effect.  The 
signs  of  the  faculties  as  well  as  functions  observed  in  the  lower 
part  of  the  face,  it  will  be  observed,  have  a  similar  base,  and  derive 
their  support  from  the  action  of  the  intestinal  or  vegetative  sys- 
tems.    Their  origin  is  not  only  determined  from  their  nature  but 


liso 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


from  their  proximity  to  similar  traits,  or  those  which  in  their 
nature  and  action  lead  to  or  assist  similar  results  as  those  by  wliich 
they  are  surrounded. 

Approbativeness  gives  rise  to  love  of  commendation  and  praise, 
and  makes  one  sensitive  to  the  speech  and  opinions  of  others.  It 
causes  individuals  to  be  ambitious  and  to  desire  to  excel,  not  for 
the  love  of  right  and  excellent  conduct  purely,  but  that  they  may 
be  praised  and  well  thought  of.  It  seeks  to  gain  a  reputation 
rather  than  a  character ;  to  seem,  rather  than  to  be.  It  is  distin- 
guished from  the  faculty  of  Self-esteem  in  that  it  seeks  the  good 

opinion  of  others,  and  cares 
more  for  the  applause  of 
the  world  than  for  the  ap- 
proval of  self.  Its  action 
is  often  mistaken  for  that 
of  Self-esteem  by  superficial 
readers  of  character. 

The  faculty  of  Appro- 
bativeness is  found  larger 
in  actors,  singers,  artists, 
and  athletes  than  in  other 
classes  of  public  characters. 
It  is  essential  to  the  success 
of  these  people,  for  the  ap- 
proval of  their  audience  is 
the  spur  and  incentive  to 
still  greater  efforts.  It  is 
also  large  in  politicians, 
for  their  popularity  with 
the  masses  keeps  them  in 
power  and  adds  to  their 
importance  and  distinction. 
Approbativeness  is  pre- 
eminent in  those  who  are 
fond  of  fashionable  life,  who  love  display  and  make  great  exertions 
to  "keep  up  appearances."  This  trait  leads  public  men  and 
orators  to  desire  popularity,  praise,  and  attention,  and,  in  excess, 
makes  "  shoddy  aristocrats"  of  those  who  ought  to  be  proud  of 
being  American  citizens,  who  should  be  content  to  be  classed 
among  the  "  plain  people,"  as  the  good  Abraham  Lincoln  termed 
the  laboring  masses. 

Approbativeness,  in  a  normal  degree,  is  the  incentive  to  many 
great  and  noble  deeds.  It  inspires  all  classes  to  put  forth  their 
best  efforts  in  order  to  outstrip  all  competitors.     In  the  education 


Fig.  38.— miss  OTIS. 


(Amateur  Actress,  of  Nbw 
Yc 


tORK.) 


Principal  facial  8ip;n,  Approbativeness,  shown  by 
dimples  in  the  cheeks  about  one  inch  outwardly  from 
the  corners  of  the  mouth.  The  law  of  the  curve  and 
straight  line  governs  this  physiognomy.  All  of  the 
signs  for  dramatic  talent  are  conspicuous  in  this  coun- 
tenance. The  domestic  traits  are  well  repi'esented. 
Amativeness,  Love  of  Young,  Mirthfulness,  Benevo- 
lence, and  Friendship  are  large,  while  Human  Nature, 
Ideality,Constructiveness,  Form,  Size,  Color,  Language, 
and  Memory  of  Events  aid  the  artistic  aspirations, 
which  are  clearly  in  the  line  of  comedy,  farce,  and 
burlesque. 


APPROBATIVENESS. 


381 


of  youth  and  the  training  of  animals  it  is  a  most  useful  faculty 
where  it  is  possessed  in  a  balanced  degree,  giving  agrceability  of 
speech  and  manner,  making  people  polite,  courteous,  and  compli- 
mentary, and  fostering  and  developing  the  many  little  acts  of 
attention  which  the  demands  of  hospitality  and  society  require.  It 
raises  a  spirit  of  emulation  between  shop-keepers  and  causes  them 
to  carry  and  display  finer  stock  than  their  neighbors,  gives  a  feel- 
ing of  rivalry  between  athletes,  oarsmen,  marksmen,  billiardists, 
and  chess-players,  and  creates  in  prize-fighters  a  desire  to  pummel 
their  opponents  to  death.  Among  scholars  it  arouses  all  the 
mental  powers  in  order  to 
satisfy  the  ambitious  desire 
to  be  at  the  head  and  win 
prizes,  scholarships,  and 
diplomas.  Even  generals, 
statesmen,  and  officers  of 
every  grade  and  station  are 
more  or  less  affected  by  its 
action. 

It  has  its  national 
sphere  of  action,  and  some 
nations  as  a  whole  possess 
this  approbative  sense  in 
a  marked  degree.  The 
French  are  wonderfully 
permeated  by  it ;  one  might 
say  they  are  saturated  with 
it,  for  their  national  glory 
is  a  subject  dear  to  the 
heart  of  every  Frenchman. 
Their  pride  of  their  man- 
ners, dress,  and  industrial 
and  artistic  achievements 
is  most  extraordinary. 
Much  in  contrast  to  the  English,  who  yet  have  quite  enough  of  it. 

Approbativeness  assists  the  cause  of  morality  by  making  men 
and  women  conform  to  tlie  established  laws  and  rules  of  society, 
under  penalty  of  "being  talked  about,"  losing  their  good  name, 
etc.  For  fear  of  being  held  up  to  scorn  and  contempt,  bad  people 
hide  their  evil  deeds  from  the  light  of  day,  and  this  is  the  only 
compensation  they  could  make  to  society,  for  their  wickedness,  for 
example,  is  contagious,  and  "hypocrisy  is  the  tribute  which  vice 
pays  to  virtue."  Concealment  of  crime  is  better  than  its  bold  and 
open  practice ;  yet  love  of  truth  and  honor  for  their  own  sakes 


Fig.  39.— JOHANN  CHRISTOPH  von  GLUCK. 
(Musical  Composer  and  Author.) 
Born  in  Germany,  1714.  Conspicuous  facial  sign. 
Approbativeness,  shown  by  dimples  in  the  outer  part  of 
the  cheeks.  The  law  of  the  curve  and  straight  line 
governs  this  face.  Here  are  revealed  artistic  and  in- 
ventive faculties  of  a  high  order.  The  domestic  nature 
is  strongly  manifested.  Aniativcness,  Mirthfulness, 
Love  of  ^  oung  and  of  Home  are  equal  in  development 
to  Benevolence,  Conscientiousness,  Friendship,  and 
Hospitality.  The  literary  and  arti.stic powers  are  shown 
by  the  signs  for  Ideality,  Mental  Imitatioii,  Sublimity, 
j^nalysis,  Constructiveness,  Veneration,  Form,  Size, 
Ijocality,  Color,  Language,  Music,  Time,  Memory  of 
Events,  and  Intuition. 


382  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

is  a  higher  motive.  If  Conscience  is  wanting  in  a  character, 
Approbativeness  is  a  good  substitute,  stimulating  the  individual  to 
good  deeds  and  great  efforts  in  order  to  win  the  commendation  of 
his  friends;  yet  a  fair  share  is  beneficial  to  all,  for  the  most 
honorable  man,  if  blunt  and  too  outspoken,  creates  enemies,  makes 
no  one  happier  by  this  course,  and  often  defeats  his  own  good 
purposes. 

Perhaps  the  greatest  abuse  and  perversion  of  this  faculty  is 
found  in  its  leading  the  community  to  perpetuate  extravagant 
follies  in  pursuance  of  what  they  term  "following  the  fashions." 
The  injuries  done  to  the  body  by  the  silly  and  unthinking 
devotees  to  corsets,  tight  shoes,  false  hair,  and  paddings  cannot  be 
too  strongly  condemned,  for  they  lead  to  gross  immoralities  as  well 
as  to  physical  deformities.  As  an  instance  of  how  far  the  deformity 
produced  by  corsets  and  tight  waists  has  spread,  I  may  state  that  I 
do  not  tliiiik  I  have  ever  seen  a  civilized  woman  with  a  waist  of 
normal  dimensions,  for  no  woman  can  be  said  to  have  a  waist  and 
body  of  normal  shape  if  it  slope  at  all  inward  from  the  bust  to  the 
hips.  Normal  waists,  such  as  are  seen  in  the  statues  of  the  Venus 
de  Medici  and  other  female  ideals,  exhibit  the  outlines  of  the  waist 
curving  outward  from  below  the  bust.  The  fashionable  style 
induces  just  the  opposite  form,  and  this  deformity  continued 
through  several  generations  has  produced  myriads  of  misshapen 
men  and  women  who  are  afflicted  with  pains  and  disorders  induced 
by  this  malformation  and  vitiated  condition  of  aJl  their  internal 
organs ;  and  all  this  is  cheerfully  and  smilingly  borne  in  deference 
to  fashion's  decree.  Women  of  uncommon  strength  of  mind 
submit  to  this  mode  of  torture  rather  than  appear  singular  or  bear 
the  criticisms  of  others  upon  their  hardihood  in  wearing  a  sensible 
and  healthful  dress.  There  are  other  evils  by  the  score  that  are 
prompted  by  overindulgence  in  Approbativeness,  but  I  rank  this 
as  the  very  worst  one  possible,  for  whatever  vitiates,  deforms,  and 
weakens  the  body  of  tlie  mother  of  the  race  demoralizes  all  her 
offspring,  and  demoralization  commences  in  the  physical  constitu- 
tion of  man. 

There  is  in  regard  to  Approbativeness  a  universally  erroneous 
public  opinion.  It  is  thought  that  vanity  (which  is  the  excess  of  \ 
this  trait)  is  pre-eminently  a  feminine  characteristic,  and  that  man, 
the  "lord  of  creation,"  possesses  very  little  Approbativeness  or 
vanity  as  compared  to  woman.  Now,  all  the  facts  of  Nature  attest 
that  the  converse  of  this  is  true,  for  in  looking  over  the  males  of 
the  animal  kingdom  we  find  them  to  be  possessed  of  "  ornaments 
of  all  sorts,  such  as  combs,  wattles,  protuberances,  horns,  air- 
distended  sacs,  topknots,  naked  shafts,  plumes,  and  lengthened 


APPROBATIYENESS.  383 

feathers,  gracefully  springing  from  all  parts  of  the  body."  In  the 
human  family  we  find  that  the  male  is  in  nearly  all  races  furnished 
with  a  beard  and  moustache,  and  a  feature  so  uniyersally  peculiar 
to  the  male  sex  and  so  pronounced  in  appearance  is  worthy 
investigation,  for  it  certainly  must  be  the  outward  indication  of 
something  inward.  Nature  never  creates  a  feature  without  intend- 
ing it  for  a  double  purpose,  and  therefore  she  causes  it  to  reveal 
both  its  uses  and  meaning. 

Now,  what  is  the  meaning,  the  logic  of  these  extra  orna- 
mental appendages  observed  in  the  males  of  animal  as  well  as  of 
the  human  species  1  In  answer  to  this  let  me  state  that  in  tracing 
the  signification  of  phenomena  in  the  human  faniily  I  always  study 
first  similar  appearances  and  characteristics  in  the  lower  races,  and 
here  I  usually  get  both  the  clue  and  verification.  Now,  the  males 
in  the  various  bird  tribes  which  are  endowed  with  combs,  wattles, 
long  plumes,  sacs,  spots,  and  uncommonly  brilliant  plumage,  such, 
for  example,  as  the  peacock,  the  turkey-cock,  the  resplendent 
trogon,  the  bird  of  Paradise,  the  Argus  pheasant,  the  Solise  pheas- 
ant, the  several  varieties  of  the  gallinacea  or  domestic  poultry, 
such  as  grouse,  quail,  partridge,  cocks,  and  game-cocks,  show  by 
their  conduct  the  use,  effect,  and  meaning  of  these  extra  orna- 
mental appendages.  Their  use  is  to  attract  the  opposite  sex  by 
ruffling  their  brilliant  plumage,  erecting  their  combs,  filling  out 
their  air-sacs,  coloring  their  wattles  by  filling  them  with  blood, 
spreading  their  tails,  and  distending  their  throats,  as  do  the 
pigeons  and  other  birds.  When  their  feathery  toilet  is  "got  up" 
to  suit  their  vain  conceits,  they  strut  and  gabble,  whistle  and 
prance,  whirl  and  wheel  up  and  down  before  the  plain  and  humble 
females  as  much  as  to  say,  "  Look  at  me  !  Am  I  not  a  grand  and 
gorgeous  creature "?"  The  effect  of  this  extra  and  peculiar  per- 
sonal ornamentation  is  to  create  vanity,  love,  and  desire  for  display 
and  approbation  in  these  feathered  beaux,  and  tends  to  develop 
vanity  by  its  excess.  In  still  lower  orders  of  the  animal  kingdom 
we  find  that  the  males  in  most  instances  are  endowed  with  extra 
ornamental  appendages,  such  as  bright-colored  spots.  As  low 
down  as  the  coleoptera  or  beetle  tribes  even,  and  in  the  lepidoptera 
or  butterfly  and  moth  families,  the  males  are  furnished  with  more 
brilliant  plunin<j^e,  down,  and  markings,  stripes,  and  spots  than  the 
females.  The  same  law  obtains  in  the  arachnidae,  or  the  spider 
family ;  also  in  the  Crustacea,  or  shell-animals,  both  of  marine  and 
land  tribes  ;  and  all  are  familiar  with  the  appearance  of  the  extra 
hair,  mane,  horns,  and  colorings  of  the  male  lion,  tiger,  sheep, 
goat,  and  deer.  Even  among  fishes  the  males  of  some  species  are 
more  brilliantly  colored  and  spotted  than  the  females.     In  the 


384  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

human  species  the  beard  and  moustache  correspond  to  the  hirsute 
beards  and  hairy  and  leathered  ornaments  in  the  animal  kingdom, 
and  they  point  to  precisely  the  same  result^  viz.,  Approbativeness, 
and,  in  excess,  vanity,  for  these  well-marked  sexual  characteristics 
are  relied  upon  by  man,  consciously  or  unconsciously,  to  attract 
the  opposite  sex,  just  as  the  males  of  the  lower  races  rely  upon 
their  extra  charms  to  attract  their  female  friends. 

The  beard  and  moustache  serve  as  a  benefactor  to  some  men, 
for  the  beard  of  the  chin  conceals  deficient  Conscientiousness,  Pa- 
triotism, Love  of  Home,  and  Firmness.  The  moustaclie  conceals 
lack  of  Self-esteem,  Modesty,  Amativeness,  and  Love  of  Cliildrcn. 
Providence  has  been  very  kind  indeed  to  our  brothers,  for  it  has 
bestowed  upon  them  a  sort  of  masked  battery  behind  which  they 
are  able  to  conceal  the  poverty  as  well  as  the  wealth  of  the  garri- 
son, and  so  get  poor,  defenseless  females  to  capitulate  without  at 
all  knowing  its  deficiencies.  We  should  have  no  defense  in  this 
direction  did  not  scientific  physiognomy  come  to  our  aid  and  per- 
mit us  to  unveil  and  interpret  every  appearance  of  each  feature  of 
the  face. 

The  proof  that  man  is  generally  more  innately  vain  than 
woman  is  not  far  to  seek,  for  the  boasting  which  nearly  all  men 
and  youth  indulge  in  in  regard  to  their  power  over  the  minds  of 
females  is  so  common  and  universal  as  to  be  within  the  knowledge 
of  all.  Women,  on  the  contrary,  are  not  so  universally  conceited 
on  this  point,  but,  like  Barkis,  are  "  willin' "  to  try  their  power  for 
charming  the  other  sex,  but  do  not  possess  that  supreme  confidence 
which  makes  some  men  in  their  second  childhood  even  believe 
themselves  to  be  irresistible  when  they  sue  for  and  obtain  the  hand 
of  a  girl  of  sixteen.  Good,  square  common  scnise,  untinctured 
with  vanity,  would  lead  those  old  patriarchs  who  marry  young 
girls  to  understand  that  such  unions  are  abhorrent  to  natural  law; 
yet  vanity  inborn  in  regard  to  the  opposite  sex  leads  hundreds  of 
octogenarians  to  perpetrate  the  folly  of  marrying  a  playmate  for 
their  grandchildren.  Old  women  rarely  commit  the  folly  of  marry- 
ing young  men,  and  then  in  most  instances  it  is  either  to  mother 
some  helpless  boy  or  to  transmit  property,  or  to  secure  a  disinter- 
ested custodian  to  protect  property  interests,  etc. 

I  find  that  men,  as  a  rule,  are  not  as  vain  about  their  clothes 
and  outward  appearance  as  women.  The  reason  for  this  is  obvious. 
Woman,  not  possessing  the  extra  personal  ornaments  and  all- 
abounding  confidence  which  man  has  in  regard  to  the  opposite 
sex,  relies  upon  clothing,  neatness,  sweetness  of  manner,  accom- 
plishments, etc.,  to  attract  man,  and  this  is  her  form  of  endeavor- 
ing to  gain  approbation,  esteem,  and  compliments  from  him.    Those 


FRIENDSHIP.  385 

who  flatter  and  praise  most  are  the  most  susceptible  to  flattery,  and 
man,  being  more  given  to  flatter  than  woman,  gets  a  return  with 
interest  when  any  point  is  to  be  gained ;  yet  he  invariably  receives 
these  attentions  as  though  his  oicn  real  worth  or  personal  appear- 
ance called  them  forth,  while  all  the  time  woman  is  only  taking 
advantage  of  his  weakness  and  playing  upon  his  vanity.  So  in- 
tuitive is  the  female  mind  in  the  direction  of  human  nature  that 
little  girls,  even,  will  take  a  most  intelligent  manner  of  wheedling 
and  coaxing  their  fathers  for  anything  which  they  wish,  and  they 
are  not  long  in  finding  out  the  most  accessible  and  "  softest "  spot 
in  their  characters  to  aim  at. 

Well-chosen  commendation  given  to  one's  children  or  those 
one  is  teaching — to  servants  and  employes — proves  a  powerful 
incentive  toward  better  conduct  and  greater  eff'orts,  while  great 
car^  should  be  exercised  to  not  spoil  children  by  continually  sound- 
ing their  praises  before  them, — a  course  calculated  to  weaken  char- 
acter and  induce  vanity. 

A  few  words  of  appreciation  from  friends  often  stimulates  the 
scholar,  author,  and  artist  to  their  best,  and  gives  them  a  real  sub- 
stantial strength  and  courage  under  difficulties.  Yet  Approbative- 
ness,  Hke  all  good  and  useful  traits,  can  be  abused  and  made  to  pro- 
duce just  the  opposite  effiect  from  its  normal  mission. 

FRIENDSHIP. 

Definition, — "  An  attachment  to  a  person,  proceeding  from 
intimate  acquaintance  and  a  reciprocation  of  kind  offices,  or  from 
a  favorable  opinion  of  the  amiable  and  respectable  qualities  of  his 
mind." — Webster.  Also,  affiliation,  love  of  association  and  co- 
operation, love  of  visiting  and  sociability,  neighborly  feeling,  and 
congeniality. 

An  excess  of  Friendship  produces  a  silly,  gushing  manner, 
and  leads  one  to  neglect  his  own  duties  for  the  sake  of  the  objects 
of  his  friendly  solicitude. 

A  deficiency  of  Friendship  causes  unsociability  and  indiffer- 
ence to  the  comfort  of  others.  It  engenders  selfishness  and  a  dis- 
taste for  friendly  associations,  such  as  societies  and  festive  gather- 
ings. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  physiognomical  signs  of 
Friendship  are  known  by  a  fullness  of  the  upper  and  soft  part  of 
the  cheek,  over  and  below  the  malar  bone.  This  faculty  presents 
different  phases  in  combination  with  the  several  systems  of  func- 
tions, being  either  physical,  mental,  or  sentimental,  according  to 
the  system  which  is  the  dominant  or  controlling  one  in  the  indi- 
vidual.    Kissing,  embracing,  and  petting  are  the  natural  language 

26 


386 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


of  Friendship.  The  signs  for  HospitaUty  adjoin  Friendship  on  its 
lower  side,  while  Mirthfulness  and  Approbativeness  are  in  close 
proximity,  showing  the  sort  of  company  which  Friendship  keeps. 

Description  of  Friendship. — Friendship  is  directly  related  to 
the  intestinal  system,  and  depends  upon  the  strength  and  develop- 
ment of  the  function  o^ digestion  to  manifest  its  power.  The  vigor  and 
warmth  created  by  its  normal  construction  and  efficient  action  give 
to  the  individual  the  feeling  or  sentiment  of  sociality  and  the  desire 
for  active  friendship.  Wiiere  the  intestinal  system  is  relatively 
weak  and  small,  and  the  fullness  in  the  upper  cheek  wanting, 

there  is  always  exhibited  a 
lack  of  this  peculiar  trait, 
as  well  as  a  less  perfect 
and  vigorous  circulation. 
Those  who  lack  all  these 
functions  have  not,  as  a 
rule,  a  warm  surface,  and 
often  suffer  with  cold  feet 
and  hands;  they  are  also 
troubled  with  chilliness, 
and  make  poor  batliers. 
The  cause  of  this  feeble- 
ness arises  from  the  fact 
that  the  intestinal  system  is 
not  sufficiently  vigorous  to 
create  a  large  quantity  of 
warm  and  nourishing  blood. 
As  the  intestinal  sys- 
tem has  a  dual  action,  in 
that  it  both  secretes  and 
absorbs^  so  Friendship  in 
its  action  is  dual,  being 
both  selfish  and  unselfish. 
The  only  purely  unselfish 
faculty  of  the  human  mind 
is  Benevolence.  This  gives  and  expects  nothing  in  return, 
being  based  on  sympathy;  but  Friendship  must  have  some- 
thing in  return.  As  its  name  indicates,  it  requires  more  than 
one  to  carry  forward  its  purposes.  Friends  expect,  at  the  least, 
companionship.,  in  order  to  enhance  their  enjoyment.  A  man  can- 
not prove  that  he  is  a  friend  if  he  does  not  associate  with  otliers, 
either  socially  or  in  fraternal  societies;  but  the  truly  benevolent 
person  can  live  in  solitude,  yet  contribute  to  the  welfare  of  others, 
either  by  giving  them  the  benefit  of  his  thoughts,  or  by  sen'ding 


FlO.  40. -M.  LOUIS  ADOLPH  THIERS, 
MAN,  Historian,  Orator.) 


(States- 


Bom  in  France,  17S*7.  Conspicuous  facial  sign. 
Friendship,  shown  by  fullness  of  the  soft  tissues  of 
the  upper  cheek.  The  law  of  the  straight  line  and 
curve  governs  this  countenance.  The  domestic  traits 
are  highly  developed  here,  particularly  those  of 
Amativeness,  Love  of  Home,  of  Country,  and  of  the 
Young:  also  Mirthfulness,  Alimentiveness,  Econ- 
omy, Hospitality,  Sanativeness,  Color,  Benevolence, 
Approbativeness,  and  Firmness.  Stamped  upon  this 
friendly  face  are  the  signs  of  Mental  Imitation,  Order, 
Language,  Memory  of  Events,  Constructiveness,  Ac- 
quisitiveness, Veneration,  Executiveness,  Self-will,  and 
Reason,  all  large. 


FRIENDSHIP. 


387 


them  relief  from  his  stores  of  goods  or  money,  or  by  using  his 
influence  with  others,  and  yet  expect  nothing  in  return,  not  even 
companionship. 

The  deflnition  which  Webster  gives,  quoted  at  the  head  of 
this  faculty,  speaks  of  a  "reciprocation  of  kind  offices"  as  one  of 
the  requisites  of  Friendship,  and  this  is  its  selfisli  aspect.  Where 
one  neighbor  is  constantly  extending  attentions  to  another  neighbor, 
and  showing  favors  in  sickness  and  in  all  domestic  crises,  he 
naturally  looks  for  similar  attentions  in  similar  emergencies.  One 
of  the  chief  objects  of  association  in  friendship  is  mutual  assist- 
ance, and  Nature  has  so 
constituted  the  human 
mind  that  it  expects  to  re- 
ceive what  it  gives.  Now, 
if  one  is  endowed  with  the 
warmth  and  strength  de- 
rived from  a  vigorous  sys- 
tem, he  will  in  the  first 
place  warm  toward  or  be 
attracted  to  others,  and 
thus,  his  sympathetic  feel- 
ing being  aroused,  it  results 
in  active  deeds,  in  personal 
services,  both  to  the  well 
and  sick,  in  the  proffer  of 
material  and  substantial 
assistance,  in  defending  the 
absent  friend  and  his  inter- 
ests, in  case  of  slander,  fire, 
or  disasters  of  all  kinds ; 
and  this  friend  would  soon 
lose  his  interest  in  those 
about  him  did  he  receive  no 
appreciation  from  those 
upon  whom  he  has  heaped 
favors  and  kindness,  for  one  stimulates  another,  and  kindness 
begets  kindness,  and  thus  by  attention  the  friendly  man  develops 
friendliness  in  others.  I  confess  myself  greatly  indebted  to  a 
friend's  example  for  much  that  is  friendly  in  my  o\vn  character, 
for  my  early  life  was  passed  in  such  seclusion  from  friendly  associ- 
ations that  although  having  the  desire  I  did  not  understand  many 
of  the  little  amenities  which  adorn  social  life,  and  thus  was  obliged 
to  learn  them  by  example  from  one  gifted  in  Friendship.  .Some 
persons  possess  this  trait  as  a  talent,  and  make  and  retain  strong 


Fig.  41.— sir  JOHN  LUBBOCK.  (Banker,  Savant, 
Author.) 

Born  in  England.  Conspicuous  facial  sign,  Friend- 
ship. Tiie  law  of  the  curve  and  straight  line  governs 
this  physiognomy.  A  noble  and  talented  face ;  one 
which  (discloses  the  presence  of  a  fine  domestic  char- 
acter. The  signs  for  Amativencss,  Love  of  Young,  of 
Country,  and  of  Home  are  well  defined.  So,  also,  are 
those  of  Mirth  and  Wit,  Conscience,  Benevolence,  Ap- 
probativeness.  Hospitality,  Sanativeness,  Alimentive- 
ness,  Pneumativeness,  Color,  and  Hope.  The  mental 
system  is  shown  by  large  Analysis,  Mental  Imitation, 
lileality,  Constructlvcness,  Language,  Human  Nature, 
Veneration,  Self-will,  Memory  of  Events,  Order,  Cal- 
culation, Rea.son,  and  Intuition. 


388  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and  enduring  friendships,  and  grieve  deeply  if  death  or  separation 
deprive  them  of  the  society  of  their  friends. 

Those  deficient  in  Friendship  often  possess  a  good  deal  of 
Benevolence  and  show  their  sympathy  more  by  giving  than  by 
doing  or  by  associated  and  co-operated  efforts,  for  those  deficient 
in  Friendship  derive  Uttle  satisfaction  from  association  in  a  social 
way,  yet  may  possess  and  exhibit  a  large  share  of  love  and  sym- 
pathy for  a  conjugal  companion,  or,  with  Language  large,  will 
evince  sociability  in  casual  meetings,  yet  seldom  or  never  invite 
friends  nor  join  fraternal  societies. 

A  keen  analysis  is  needed  to  discriminate  between  the  action 
of  Friendship  and  Benevolence.  It  is  true,  they  are  often  found 
well  developed  in  the  same  individual,  and  where  this  is  the  case 
a  very  sympathetic,  cliaritahle,  and  friendly  spirit  is  exhibited. 
Such  a  one  is  a  benefactor  to  his  race.  In  the  faces  of  Florence 
Nightingale,  Elizabeth  Fry,  and  Touissant  L'Ouverture,  and  other 
well-known  friendly  and  sympathetic  characters,  who  worked  for 
the  good  of  others,  these  signs  are  well  defined. 

Where  Friendship  is  largely  exhibited  in  combination  with 
fine  inherited  quality,  the  individual  will  evince  a  strong  magnetic, 
attractive  nature,  which  spontaneously  arouses  like  feelings  in 
others,  and,  with  a  good  intellect  in  combination,  he  will  be  able  to 
attract,  hold,  and  greatly  influence  the  lives  and  opinions  of  thou- 
sands. Henry  Ward  Beecher  and  Spurgeon,  the  eminent  London 
divine,  are  good  illustrations  of  the  latter  class. 

Hermits  and  misers  exhibit  by  their  faces,  as  well  as  in  their 
habits,  the  absence  of  all  that  goes  to  make  the  ardent  friend,  for 
Friendship  gives  a  desire  for  embracing  and  kissing,  and  these  are 
the  natural  and  spontaneous  impulses  of  friendly  natures,  yet  the 
former  classes  of  persons  are  not  moved  to  such  demonstrations  of 
affection  simply  because  the  warmth  and  vigor,  the  exuberance  of 
feeling,  which  a  strong  intestinal  system  creates,  are  lacking,  and 
their  impoverished  natures  have  nothing  to  give^  hence  it  never 
occurs  to  them  that  they  are  suffering  for  want  of  friendliness.  On 
the  contrary,  they  repel  all  advances  made  by  sympathetic  people. 
As  a  rule,  misers  and  hermits  present  a  sliriveled  and  wrinkled 
appearance,  with  long,  thin  faces;  flat,  pale  cheeks;  and  thin, 
pallid,  or  ashen-colored  lips,  lack-lustre  eyes,  and  spare  bodies. 
It  is  a  logical  inference  that  persons  thus  constituted  would  neither 
possess  the  strength  nor  inclination  to  move  actively  in  association, 
nor  would  they  be  able  to  glow  with  desire  to  benefit  others,  as  do 
the  friendly  and  benevolent,  so  truly  are  we  the  "  slaves  of  our 
organism,"  as  Emerson  expresses  it. 

Without  the  faculty  of  Friendship  all  men  would  be  hermits, 


FRIENDSHIP.  389 

and  isolation,  instead  of  association,  would  be  the  rule.  It  is  tlie 
principle  of  association  that  creates  governments  and  makes  all 
large  enterprises  possible.  It  is  the  same  feeling  which  gives  to 
our  family  life  much  of  its  comfort  and  happiness,  for  the  domestic 
and  social  traits  blend  in  together,  and  thus  mark  out  a  course  of 
enjoyment  which  both  elevate  and  enrich  the  character.  It  is  true 
that  social  affairs  can  be  made  a  source  of  injury  if  carried  to  the 
extreme,  and  in  this  country  there  is  great  danger  to  be  appre- 
hended from  what  may  be  termed  "social  dissipation."  Many 
families  who  can  ill  aftbrd  it  rush  into  social  extravagancies, 
and  not  only  ruin  their  own  welfare,  but  set  a  bad  example  for 
others  to  follow.  Again,  many  men  and  women,  in  the  exuber- 
ance of  Friendship,  join  fraternal  societies  when  they  have  neither 
the  time,  strength,  nor  money  (if  they  do  justice  to  themselves  and 
families),  while  others  are  like  the  man  who  "joined  so  many 
lodges  that  he  had  no  time  to  lodge  at  home."  Yet  the  cultivation 
of  Friendship  within  reasonable  limits  strengthens  the  bonds  of 
brotherly  love  and  mutual  helpfulness. 

In  building  up  a  friendship,  one  should  estimate  it  as  so  much 
capital  invested  in  one  of  the  most  substantial  things  of  life,  for 
when  one  has  put  time,  love,  and  attentions  into  friendly  inter- 
course, it  should  not  be  severed  except  for  good  cause,  and  parents 
should  endeavor  to  build  up  enduring  friendships  for  their  children 
by  selecting  as  friends  persons  of  high  character  and  fine  disposi- 
tions. Two  or  three  real,  first-class  friends  are  about  all  one  may 
hope  to  have  in  this  world  of  changes,  and  if  these  can  be  held 
throughout  life  the  individual  is  favored,  indeed.  Friendship 
must  be  founded  upon  mutual  fitness,  and  esteem  will  follow. 

Harmony  in  Friendship,  as  in  marriage,  is  the  result  of  suita- 
bility, congeniality  of  taste,  sentiment,  mental  development,  or 
magnetic  attraction,  and  this  single  circumstance  often  suffices  to 
hold  friends  together  who  seem  to  be  quite  dissimilar  in  tastes  and 
pursuits. 

The  platonic  friendships  entertained  by  members  of  each  sex 
for  the  other  are  most  commendable,  yet  the  censorious  will  insist 
there  is  something  evil  in  them.  Many  women  derive  the  greatest 
comfort  and  courage  from  the  counsel  of  some  disinterested  male 
friend,  and  men  often  find  their  best  adviser  m  some  wise,  pure, 
intuitive,  and  disinterested  female  friend.  The  schools  in  which 
co-education  of  the  sexes  is  established  develop  many  beautiful  and 
lasting  friendships  between  the  sexes,  and  many  scholars  in  these 
schools  who  have  intermarried  have  formed  most  harmonious 
unions,  for  the  reason  that  constant,  daily  intercourse  in  the  class- 
room and  in  social  life  has  made  them  better  acquainted  than  they 


390  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

could  possibly  have  become  by  their  casual  meetings  in  social 
gatherings. 

The  many  diverse  manifestations  of  Friendship  observed  in 
different  individuals  are  due  to  the  combinations  with  other  traits, 
which  influence  the  action  of  the  social  nature.  Those  possessed 
of  a  large  share  of  Friendship  in  connection  with  fair  Amativeness 
make  excellent  conjugal  companions,  and  defend  the  interests  and 
name  of  their  companion  with  spirit  and  ardor ;  with  large  Friend- 
ship, Hospitality,  and  Alimentiveness,  show  their  social  nature  by 
making  feasts  and  banquets  for  friends ;  with  Approbativeness  in 
combination,  will  be  sensitive  to  the  blame  and  praise  of  friends, 
and  be  very  much  cheered  and  encouraged  by  their  commendation ; 
with  large  Conscientiousness,  Benevolence,  Approbativeness,  and 
reasoning  power,  will  be  able  to  make  and  retain  many  friends, 
and  will  be  of  great  assistance  to  friends  by  wise  counsel  and  lov- 
ing attachment;  with  large  Force,  will  defend  their  characters 
and  interests  with  great  vigor  from  assaults ;  with  small  Secretive- 
ness  and  large  Language,  are  sociable  with  all,  and,  with  large 
Mirthfulness,  are  capital  fun-makers,  and  make  vivacious  and 
amusing  companions ;  with  Ideality  added,  will  use  only  the  most 
appropriate  and  refined  wit,  fun,  and  jests  ;  with  large  Self-esteem, 
will  carry  themselves  with  .dignity  and  seek  the  esteem  of  others, 
and  yet  make  amusement  for  them ;  with  literary  tastes  in  com- 
bination, will  care  for  the  society  of  the  intellectual,  and  with 
scientific  tastes  will  gravitate  naturally  to  that  class  of  society. 
Where  Mirthfulness,  Friendship,  Language,  Imitation,  and  Con- 
structiveness,  with  small  Self-esteem,  are  well  developed,  there  will 
be  manifested  a  talent  for  mimicry,  acting,  story-telling,  and  prac- 
tical jokes  not  of  the  most  refined  character ;  but,  with  Ideality 
large,  the  whole  character  will  take  on  an  elevated  cast,  and  the 
wit,  fun,  and  acting  will  be  highly  amusing,  yet  always  refined  and 
admirable. 

Where  Friendship  is  small.  Benevolence  large,  and  Self-esteem 
small,  the  individual  will  make  few  friends  and  take  no  pains  to 
cultivate  them ;  with  large  Language,  will  be  sociable  and  talkative, 
but  never  advance  to  confiding  in  others,  yet  will  give  of  means,  but 
never  offer  personal  service,  and,  with  Self-will  added,  are  brusque, 
and  take  little  pains  to  disguise  real  sentiments,  and  often  offend 
and  make  enemies  in  this  way ;  with  Friendship,  Approbativeness, 
Cautiousness,  and  Secretiveness  large,  make  few  friends  and  then 
only  upon  long  acquaintance,  and  are  apt  to  be  jealous  of  atten- 
tions shown  to  others,  and  desire  all  attentions  lavislied  upon  self 
With  large  Conscientiousness,  Benevolence,  fair  Approbativeness, 
large  Friendship,  good  reasoning  faculties  and  large  Self-esteem, 


FRIENDSHIP.  391 

good  Alimentiveness,  and  Hospitality,  will  delight  in  entertaining 
friends  at  home  and  at  table,  and  will  seek  to  bring  friends  to- 
gether and  be  desirous  of  forming  attachments  between  them ;  in 
such  a  character  Jealousy  has  no  foothold,  and  hence  gets  more 
out  of  Friendship  than  if  troubled  with  petty,  jealous  fears  and 
rankling  envy ;  and,  with  Ideality  added,  will  entertain  in  a  refined 
manner,  and  offer  gifts  of  flowers,  books,  fruits,  and  delicacies,  and 
show  to  friends  all  sorts  of  refined  and  appropriate  attentions. 

Where  Friendship  is  exhibited  in  a  moderate  degree,  but  with 
large  Language,  the  possessor  will  be  sociable  and  talkative,  yet  care 
little  for  the  loss  or  absence  of  friends ;  with  large  Acquisitiveness, 
will  use  acquaintances  as  a  stepping-stone  to  procure  business ;  with 
small  Conscientiousness  and  large  Secretiveness,  will  be  unreliable 
in  friendship,  and,  with  large  Amativeness  and  small  Ideality,  will 
exhibit  more  animal  passion  than  sentiment ;  but,  with  Ideality 
large,  will  prove  a  most  satisfactory  character  to  a  refined  conjugal 
partner. 

The  faculty  of  Friendship  can  be  cultivated  and  developed 
like  any  other  mental  power,  and  those  deficient  in  this  faculty 
should  endeavor  to  level  up  their  character  in  this  respect,  for  no 
one  can  overestimate  the  blessings  r^"'  "  1  vantages  which  may  flow 
from  even  a  chance  acquaintance.  The  friendship  of  a  dog  is 
worth  something,  as  many  can  testify  who  have  been  benefited  by 
their  friendliness  and  fidelity.  The  sympathetic  and  friendly  acts 
of  the  St.  Bernard  dogs  in  saving  the  lives  of  tmvellers  in  the 
snowy  Alps  are  well  known,  and  countless  cases  of  lives  saved  by 
dogs  from  drowning  and  tire  are  recorded  the  world  over.  All  of 
the  higher  animals  exhibit  the  faculty  of  Friendship  in  a  very 
human  manner,  and  as  low  down  as  the  insect  tribes,  even,  sym- 
pathy and  friendship  are  shown  in  a  way  suited  to  tlie  needs  and 
natures  of  these  tiny  denizens  of  earth.  Indeed,  animals  set  man 
a  fine  example  in  human  virtues^  for  not  only  are  they  friendly  and 
sympathetic  to  their  own  species,  but  develop  friendships  for,  and 
make  pets  of,  other  animals,  and  constitute  themselves  the  guar- 
dians and  protectors  of  men  and  little  children.  When  I  see  men 
beating  and  ill-treating  dogs  and  horses,  I  think  how  infinitely  su- 
perior the  beast  is  to  that  man,  and  some  animals  ?re  in  certain 
respects  the  equals  of  the  best  men, — that  is,  in  fidelity,  honesty, 
and  friendship, — and  often  show  an  ingenuity  which  is  only  limited 
by  their  peculiar  anatomical  stnicture.  I  do  not  think  man  pos- 
sesses a  faculty  which  is  not  in  some  degree  shared  by  some  species 
of  animal.  Certainly,  the  domestic  and  social  range  of  lacu.h'es  are 
all  well  developed  in  them,  and  reason  is  exhibited  by  ants  and 
wasps  even,  while  conscience  is  most  certainly  one  of  the  leading 


392  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

attributes  of  some  species  of  dogs  and  horses.  The  egotism  of 
humanity  has  led  it  to  ascribe  to  itself  all  earthly  virtues  and  to 
animals  scarce  any.  Not  only  has  man's  egotism  led  him  to  claim 
all  earthly  virtues,  but  he  also  claims  the  exclusive  right  to  divinity 
and  immortality,  and  he  bases  his  right  to  that  condition  upon  his 
possession  of  Conscience,  Reason,  and  Memory.  Now,  if  he  has 
these  traits,  he  only  has  his  share  and  kind.  Animals  have  also 
their  share  and  kind,  and  the  animal  might,  with  as  much  sense 
and  justice,  deny  to  man  his  claim  to  immortality  because  he  does 
not  exhibit  just  the  same  kind  and  degree  of  Reason,  Justice,  and 
Memory  or  Mind  as  does  the  animal. 

In  the  light  of  present-day  science  and  knowledge  of  animal 
life,  man's  arrogant  assumptions  of  superiority  and  immortality  are 
ridiculous,  and  ought  to  teach  him  a  little  modesty  and  justice  in 
making  comparisons  between  the  lower  and  higher  animals.  Man 
is  constituted  of  the  same  materials  precisely  as  the  animal,  and,  as 
this  points  to  a  common  origin,  why  not  to  a  common  destiny  1  I 
am  willing  to  share  Heaven  with  all  the  animal  tribes,  and  am 
anxious  to  live  eternally  with  some  I  have  known,  for  is  it  to  be 
supposed  that  the  lasting  and  enduring  friendships  we  have  built 
up  here  for  them,  and  which  liave  helped  to  make  our  characters 
lovely,  noble,  and  magnanimous,  are  not  a  part  of  our  immortal 
inheritance  ■?  I  cannot  beUeve  that  all  this  will  be  stricken  out  of 
our  entity, — but  here  I  am  getting  beyond  science  and  giving  be- 
hefs,  something  I  have  no  right  to  do,  while  I  claim  to  devote  this 
book  to  demonstrable  facts  alone. 

HOSPITALITY. 

Definition. — Receiving  and  entertaining  friends  and  strangers 
without  compensation ;  love  of  eating  and  drinking  with  friends. 
Combined  with  practical  faculties  and  Executiveness,  it  shows 
itself  by  active  participation  in  public  entertainments,  feasts,  and 
festivities. 

An  excess  of  this  fine  trait  tends  to  extravagance  in  entertain- 
ment of  friends  and  to  the  neglect  of  other  duties. 

A  deficiency  in  hospitable  feeling  makes  one  unsocial  and 
tends  to  isolation.  Reasonable  hospitality  is  a  duty  which  we  owe 
to  ourselves  as  well  as  others,  for  such  intercourse  develops  some 
of  the  most  beautiful  traits  of  character,  which,  if  lacking,  would 
lead  to  a  hermit-like  existence. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  most  conspicuous  facial  sign 
for  Hospitality  is  shown  by  fuUness  of  the  cheek  below  the  sign 
for  Friendship  and  adjoining  the  signs  for  Alimentiveness,  Mirtli- 
fulness,  and  Approbativeness.     All  of  these  faculties  are  natural 


HOSPITALITY.  393 

allies,  and  are  all  concerned  in  carrying  out  the  behests  of  Hos- 
pitality.    The  signs  of  the  "  natural  cook  "  are  in  close  proximity. 

Description  of  Hospitality. — The  placing  of  the  principal 
facial  sign  for  Hospitality  is  most  appropriate,  as  it  not  only  shows  its 
glandular  origin  within  the  vegetative  system,  but,  by  its  situation 
near  the  signs  for  those  faculties  and  functions  which  act  in  unison 
with  it,  points  out  its  similarity  of  action  and  identity  of  interests 
with  its  nearest  neighbors,  the  domestic  faculties.  Where  the 
glands  are  well  developed  and  of  normal  action,  more  especially 
the  glands  directly  connected  with  the  function  of  digestion,  a  de- 
sire for  association  in  the  act  of  eating  will  arise  from  their  operation. 
In  animals  of  very  low  types,  even,  this  gregarious  flocking  and 
herding  propensity  at  feeding  time  is  most  strikingly  exhibited. 
The  same  love  of  association,  particularly  at  meals,  marks  the  hos- 
pitable human  being,  and  shows  also  that  it  is  distinct  in  its  action 
and  effect  from  pure  Alimentiveness,  or  love  of  food  and  drink,  and 
also  distinct  from  Friendship  purely,  although  Friendship  leads  to 
feasting  and  entertaining ;  yet  those  who  have  Hospitality  large, 
in  combination  with  Friendship,  will  entertain  more  by  cooking 
and  setting  table,  making  feasts,  etc.,  for  friends  than  by  other 
modes  of  entertainment.     This  is  its  basic  and  primary  phase. 

Other  traits  which  are  largely  developed  often  decide  the 
manner  of  showing  Hospitality.  The  grouping  of  the  signs  near 
Hospitality  are  most  significant,  and  lead  us  to  a  logical  analysis  of 
its  use  and  action  in  the  human  economy.  Adjoining  and  above 
lies  the  sign  for  Friendship ;  on  the  forward  side,  the  signs  for  Ali- 
mentiveness and  Mirthfulness,  both  able  assistants  and  comrades  in 
action.  Approbativeness  is  also  a  near  neighbor,  and  "  drops  in  "  at 
meal-times  with  praise  of  edibles,  cooking,  etc.,  and  asks  for  a 
recipe  for  that  "nice  cake"  or  "delicious  salad,"  and  commends 
and  flatters  the  guests  generally,  placing  all  at  their  ease,  and  thus 
promotes  digestion  by  giving  both  hostess  and  guest  a  feeling  of 
self-satisfaction.  Miss  Mirthfulness,  an  arch  damsel,  ready  with 
jest  and  story,  bright  sallies  and  flashes  of  wit,  enlivens  the  com- 
pany, and  enables  the  glands  to  pour  out  their  juices,  and  so 
good  digestion,  "sweet  remembrancer,  doth  wait  on  appetite  and 
health  on  both."  Love  of  Home  and  Love  of  Country,  in 
close  proximity,  point  out  to  woman  her  special  spheres  for  the 
exercise  of  these  noble  traits,  and  Love  of  Young  stands  close  at 
hand  waiting  for  mamma  to  dispense  the  dainties  which  all  mothers 
love  to  give  their  darlings.  Mr.  Benevolence  also  stands  close  by 
and  suggests  that  we  send  our  oversupply  of  wheat  to  the  starving 
millions  of  Europe,  and  prudent  Economy  lingers  near  to  see  that 
"nothing  be  lost."     The  prim  Miss  Self-esteem  has  arrived,  and 


394 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


sits  at  a  little  distance  in  order  to  check  any  unruly  mirth  or  breach 
of  decorum  at  table,  while  Mr.  Alimentiveness  is  urging  all  to 
drink,  and  stuff  and  gorge  themselves;  but  the  delicate  little  Miss 
Modesty  deprecates  such  proceedings,  and  begs  the  company  to 
remember  that  the  "interests  of  propriety  "  demand  moderation 
at  table.  It  is  in  such  social  and  merry  company  that  we  find 
this  matron,  Madam  Hospitality,  and  a  goodly  company  indeed 
she  lias  about  her. 

But  Hospitahty  is  not  all  kindness  and  disinterestedness ;  it 

has  a  selfish  aspect  as  well, 
for  Nature,  in  order  to  com- 
pel action  of  the  faculties, 
gives  us  a  personal  desire 
and  pleasure  in  their  exer- 
cise, and,  as  our  pleasure  in 
association  must  be  drawn 
from  others,  so  we  derive 
from  their  society  the  satis- 
faction which  we  could  not 
gain  in  solitude. 

The  analytical  method 
of  arriving  at  truths  in  re- 
gard to  human  nature  has 
been  very  little  practiced  by 
the  old-time  metaphysicians, 
or,  if  used,  the  laws  of  ex- 
amination were  not  physio- 
logical nor  anatomical,  hence 
untenable.  The  Self-love  of 
man  has  always  prevented  a 
truiliful  examination  of  char- 
acter, and  the  theological 
method  of  ascribing  to  the 
"  devil  "  all  the  sinful  pro- 
clivities of  man  has  also 
stood  in  the  way  of  a  just  and  complete  knowledge  of  the  real 
nature  and  method  of  action  of  the  human  mind.  When  an  indi- 
vidual is  born  with  a  large  degree  of  Force  and  small  Kindness 
and  Conscience  it  is  not  necessary  that  the  devil  should  urge  him 
on  to  fight ;  his  own  peculiarity  of  structure  supplies  all  the 
impelling  power  necessary  to  set  liim  brawling  and  fighting,  with 
or  without  provocation.  If  we  put  the  responsibility  where  it 
belongs  we  shall  relieve  all  "  spirits  "  of  comphcity  in  this  instance, 
except  the  spirit  of  ignorance,  which  is  the  real  devil  in  the  case. 


FlQ.42.— MARTHA  DANDRI DGE  CUSTIS  WASH- 
INGTON. (Wife  of  George  Washington, 
First  President  OF  the  United  States.) 

Born  in  Virginia,  1732.  Principal  facial  sign.  Hos- 
pitality. The  law  of  the  straight  line,  square,  and 
curve  governs  this  face.  All  of  the  social  and  domes- 
tic virtues  shine  pre-eminent  in  this  noble  counte- 
nance. Conscientiousness,  Firmness,  Benevolence, 
Love  of  Home,  of  Country,  and  of  Children  are 
strongly  marked.  So,  also  are  Econoinv,  Mirthful- 
ness,  Hospitality,  Friendship,  Modestv,  Sanativeness, 
Alimentiveness,  Bibativeness,  and  Color.    The  men 


Size,  Language,  Memory,  Reaiion,  and  Intuition.  The 
quality  fine,  and  the  character  conservative  and  well- 
balanced. 


HOSPITALITY. 


395 


Ignorance  breeds  monsters,  who  lie,  steal,  fight,  and  murder,  and 
all  this  is  done  in  accordance  with  the  laws  of  their  being, 
uncontrolled,  ol"  course,  by  a  sense  of  right. 

When  I  show  that  Friendship,  as  well  as  Hospitality,  has  a 
dual  method  of  action,  and  that  in  their  exercise  they  are  both 
selfish'  and  unselfish,  some  criticism  may  be  evoked,  for  the  majority 
of  people,  not  being  accus- 
tomed to  sit  in  judgment 
upon  their  faculties  will 
permit  their  Self-love  to 
come  between  their  desire 
to  have  certain  faculties 
appear  wholly  disinterested 
and  the  exact  truth,  or  else, 
not  being  logical,  do  not 
carry  the  analysis  to  its 
logical  sequence.  When 
I  find  a  function  within  the 
organism  which  exhibits  a 
twofold  action,  I  know 
that  the  mental  faculty 
arising  from   this  function 


Fia.  43.— GEORGE  Wn.LIAM  CHTLDS. 
(Editor  and  Publisher.) 


has  also  two  ways  of  mani- 
festing itself.  Now,  the 
glands  both  secrete  and 
absorb — draw  toward  them- 
selves and  send  out  their 
material  to  enrich  other 
parts  of  the  body.  The 
reasoning  faculties  are  sus- 
tained by  a  generous  supply 
of  nutrition,  and  Hospital- 
ity, deriving  its  abiUty  from 
a  portion  of  the  lacteal 
glands^  which  both  secrete 
and  absorb,  gives  to  man 
the  desire  for  food  as 
well  as  the  desire  to  eat 
in    company    icith    others. 

Where  the  vegetative  system  is  the  dominant  one  the  most 
selfish  aspect  of  Hospitality  will  be  disclosed,  and  the  individual 
will  offer  to  others  only  after  assuring  himself  that  he  has  a  suffi- 
ciency for  all  after  he  has  gorged  himself.  With  higher  systems 
in  combination  a  more  unselfish  method  is  adopted,  and  where  we 


Born  in  America.  CoiLSipicuous  facial  sign.  Hospi- 
tality. The  law  of  the  straifrlit  line,  curve,  and  square 
governs  this  physiognomy.  The  face  above  illustrates 
m  the  highest  degree  the  faculty  of  Hospitality.  In  its 
details  it  reveals-  the  face  of  one  of  the  foremost  citi- 
zens of  the  world,  for  Mr.  Childs  may  rank  as  a  cosmo- 
politan both  in  fame  and  deeds.  Yet  the  sign  for  Pa- 
triotism is  well  defined  in  this  sympathetic,  generous, 
and  noble  countenance.  The  large  devclonnient  of  the 
domestic  traits  shows  that  a  highly-developed  nature 
must  possess  these  as  a  basis.  Accordingly,  we  find  in 
this  physiognomy  large  Amativeness,  Love  of  Young,  of 
Home,  and  of  Country,  as  well  as  Mirtlilulness,  Bibative- 
ness.  Hospitality,  Benevolencf,  AliiiiciitivcncsK,  A]>i)ro- 
bativeness.  Friendship,  Sanativeiiess,  Sell-fsteeui,  and 
Hope  large,  with  Kuflicient  Force,  Resistance,  and  Cau- 
tiousness to  balance  tlie  character.  The  commercial  in- 
stinct is  strong,  hence  Human  Nature,  Acquisitiveness, 
Construct! veness.Exi'cutiveness,  Self-will,Observation, 
Memory  of  Events,  Time,  Order,  Calculation,  and  Rea^ 
son  fire  well  illustrated.     A  sense  of  the  aesthetic  is 


shown  by  Ideality,  Form,  Size,  Color,  Music,  and  Lan- 
guage. Altogetner  a  fine  example  of  enterpri.sing 
American  character.    The  life  of  Mr.  Childs  bears  out 


the  wisdom  of  the  choice  of  his  face  to  illustrate  Hos- 
pitality, for  he  has  probably  entertained  more  distin- 
guished literary,  royal,  titled,  and  military  characters 
in  his  several  residences  than  any  other  American  citi- 
zen. 


396  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

observe  Friendship  large,  along  with  Hospitality  and  Benevolence, 
we  shall  find  a  character  that  will  share  his  last  morsel  Avith  others, 
and  be  happy  in  so  doing.  In  combination  with  the  finer  traits, 
such  as  Ideality,  it  exhibits  itself  by  entertaining  in  the  most  refined 
manner ;  not  alone  by  setting  delicate  dishes  before  guests,  but, 
where  the  literary  faculties  are  present,  it  offers  intellectual  and 
artistic  entertainments,  such  as  dramatic  readings,  elocutionary 
recitations,  and  poems;  and,  with  Music  large,  wiU  entertain  with 
concerts,  operas,  etc. 

The  methods  which  hospitable  people  take  to  entertain  their 
friends  will  depend  upon  their  natural  quality  and  cultivated  tastes, 
but  in  whatever  manner  exhibited  this  trait  usually  distinguishes 
itself  by  gatherings  at  the  domestic  or  festal  board  as  part  of  its 
method  of  manifestation  It  is  more  marked  in  women  than  in 
men,  for  the  reason  that  woman  is  the  housekeeper,  has  had  more 
time  to  cultivate  it,  and  as  woman  emerges  more  and  more  from 
the  seclusion  of  home-hospitality  to  take  part  in  the  preparation 
of  entertaining  large  bodies  of  people  in  a  public  way — as  is  now 
done  by  women  who  assist  in  entertaining  large  societies  and  asso- 
ciations, such  as  the  Grnnd  Army  of  the  Republic,  the  Knights 
Ten^lar,  at  the  Press  banquets,  and  in  the  annual  gatherings  of 
fraternal  societies — this  faculty  will  enlarge  and  strengthen,  and 
woman  will  be  recognized  as  the  lady,  or  "  loaf  giver  "  (according 
to  the  old  Saxon  meaning  of  that  term),  in  her  larger  home — the 
world.  No  public  gathering  where  eating  and  feasting  form  a 
part  of  the  entertainment  is  now  thought  complete  without  its 
committees  of  women,  and  no  church  could  hope  to  succeed  that 
did  not  have  many  social  features  connected  with  it  in  which  cook- 
ing and  feasting  bear  a  prominent  part.  The  larger  part  of  church 
membership  is  composed  of  women,  and  as  Hospitality  is  strongest 
in  women  we  should  naturally  expect  that  this  trait  would  impress 
itself  upon  these  organizations.  Accordingly,  we  find  that  many 
churches  have  not  only  parlors  for  entertaining  guests,  but  kitchens 
and  all  necessary  appliances  for  cooking  and  feasting,  where  the 
gentlemen  friends  are  invited  to  "assist  at"  "strawberry  festivals," 
"New  England  dinners,"  "hot  lunches,"  etc.,  at  prices  usually 
about  200  per  cent,  above  their  real  value.  (N.  B. — Gentlemen 
are  requested  to  skip  the  last  sentence.) 

Like  all  faculties  which  are  in  themselves  good  and  useful, 
Hospitality  can  become  by  excess  and  perversion  a  source  of  harm. 
Where  people  of  limited  means,  time,  or  strength  indulge  in  it  to 
the  injury  of  tliemselves  or  families  it  should  be  restrained.  Many 
women  neglect  their  families  to  take  part  in  church  festivals,  pic- 
nics, and  public  entertainments.     Others  draw  too  largely  upon 


PNEUMATIVENESS.  397 

their  health  to  emulate  and  rival  their  friends  in  entertaining. 
Others  keep  "open  house"  all  the  year  round,  and  thus  squander 
money,  time,  and  talents  for  no  really  useful  purpose.  Moderation 
in  this,  as  in  all  good  traits,  should  be  the  rule. 

Many  of  the  animal  tribes  exhibit  very  hospitable  as  well  as 
gregarious  habits  ;  not  only  do  they  extend  this  sentiment  to  those 
of  their  own  sort,  but  assist  in  the  entertainment  of  other  species 
by  carrying  to  them  and  sharing  with  them  their  food.  Dogs  have 
been  known  to  divide  with  their  feline  friends,  and  have  even 
shared  with  strangers  of  various  distinct  species. 

PNEUMATIVENESS. 

Definition. — Pneumatics  is  the  word  used  to  describe  the 
properties  and  action  of  air  and  gases,  hence  Pneumativeness  is 
the  name  of  the  physiological  function  which  deals  with  air,  gas, 
and  vapor  in  the  lungs,  and  also  the  name  for  the  mental  faculty 
which  talces  cognizance  of  air,  gases,  and  vapors.  This  faculty  gives 
the  love  and  desire  for  fresh,  pure  air,  and  a  capacity  for  distin- 
guishing readily  the  differences  in  atmospheres ;  detects  odors  and 
effluvia  arising  from  decomposition ;  gives  keenness  of  scent,  and 
enables  one  at  a  distance  to  scent  the  slightest  odor  of  smoke^as, 
or  any  peculiar  change  in  the  composition  of  atmospheric  air!  It 
gives  a  love  for  outdoor  life  and  a  dislike  to  crowds,  close  rooms, 
vitiated  atmosphere,  and  of  vile  odors.  Those  who  have  a  large 
measure  of  tliis  function  and  faculty  exhibit  great  recuperative 
powers,  also  ability  for  imparting  health  to  others,  by  hand-rubbing 
and  by  their  cheerful  and  moral  atmosphere.  Those  who  possess 
large  Pneumativeness  are  more  aspiring,  elevated,  and  actively 
moral  than  those  who  show  a  small  degree  of  this  faculty.  In 
combination  with  a  good  quality  of  brain,  it  gives  a  desire  for 
leadership,  power,  command,  oratory,  and  a  taste  for  mountains, 
high  places,  and  lofty  scenery.  Men  and  animals  who  exhibit 
large  Pneumativeness  are  fond  of  high,  pure  atmospheres,  climbing 
mountains,  towers,  etc.  The  deer  tribes  and  high-flying  birds  are 
excellent  illustrations  of  this  function  and  faculty.  It  is  large  in 
hunters  and  naturalists ;  also  in  the  North  American  Indians,  whose 
love  of  oratory,  of  command,  and  healing  powers  are  well  known. 
Pneumativeness  gives  a  love  of  life  and  activity,  as  well  as  power 
to  resist  and  overcome  disease. 

An  excess  of  Pneumativeness  cannot  be  considered  injurious 
unless  it  leads  one  to  pass  too  much  time  in  outdoor  sports  to  the 
neglect  of  necessary  business. 

A  deficiefncy  tends  to  weakness  of  all  the  moral  and  mental 
powers,  to  consumption,  and  early  death.     It  is  known  by  small, 


398 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


pinched  nostrils,  flat  chest,  paUid  color,  small  love  of  life,  feeble 
circulation,  poor  recuperative  powers,  chilly  surface,  cold  hands 
and  feet,  inabili*;}'  to  discriminate  differences  in  odors  and  atmo- 
spheres, small  healing  power,  lack  of  hope,  and  very  little  ability 
to  resist  disease  and  battle  for  life  and  health. 

Facial  and  Bodilij   Signs. — Wide,  large  nostrils;  high  and 
broad  nose,  breadth  of  face  externally  to  the  eyes,  red  or  pink 

ears,  brightness  of  the  eyes; 
good,  fresh  color  of  the  com- 
plexion and  clearness  and 
purity  of  the  skin ;  red  lips  and 
gums,  wholesome  appetite  for 
food  and  drink;  large,  high 
chest ;  sprightly  motions,  lively 
gestures,  hopeful  and  cheerful 
expression  of  the  countenance, 
a  well  or  normally  nourished 
body,  and  lively  gait.  Those 
best  endowed  with  the  faculty 
of  Pneumativeness  exhibit  a 
slightly  receding  forehead,  with 
sharply-defined  outlines  of  the 
nose  and  chest.  The  nose, 
forehead,  and  chest  of  those 
having  the  greatest  degree  of 
this  function  are  in  harmonious 
relation  and  proportion,  and 
the  inhalation  of  a  great  deal 
of  air  gives  sharply-defined 
outlines  of  these  facial  features 
and  a  prominent  chest,  to- 
gether with  keenness  of  sensa- 
tions and  an  active,  rapid  gait. 
The  palms  of  the  hands  and 
the  finger-tips  disclose  a  vivid 
red  color,  while  the  color  of 
the  naili5  assumes  a  healthy, 
pinkish  tint.  The  shape  of  the  hands  and  fingers  varies,  and 
accords  with  the  dominant  systems  in  combination.  There  are 
many  degrees  of  this  faculty  exhibited.  Some  subjects  disclose 
one  or  more  of  these  signs,  while  others  exhibit  all  or  nearly  all 
of  them. 

Description  of  Pneumativeness. — The  first  gift  of  God  to 
man,  as  he  enters  this  mundane  sphere,  is  atmospheric  air ;  hence, 


Fig.  «.— miss  FLORENCE  NIGHTINGALE. 
(Philanthropist  and  Army  Nurse.) 

Born  in  England,  1820.  Conspicuous  facial 
sign,  Pneumativeness.  The  law  of  the  straight 
line  and  angle  governs  the  countenance.  The 
large  size  of  the  nostrils  and  notse,  together  with 
the  large  amount  of  color  in  the  eves,  skin,  and 
hair,  show  that  well-oxygenated  atmosphere  has 
built  up  a  noble,  pure-minded  philanthropic  mind 
and  body.  The  large  breathing  powers  of  this 
lady  are  an  ancestral  inheritance.  The  signs  for 
Firmness,  Conscientiousness,  Love  of  Home, 
Benevolence,  Amativeness,  Love  of  Young,  and 
Patriotism  are  large.  The  mental  powers  ol  Self- 
esteem,  Hope,  Analysis,  Mental  Imitation,  Sub- 
limity, Acquisitiveness.  Veneration,  Executive- 
ness,  and  Self-will  are  far  above  the  average  in 
this  woman,  and  these  constituted  her  great  power, 
added  to  Sanativeness,  the  faculty  which  gives 
the  talent  and  desire  for  healing  the  sick,  the  sign 
for  which  is  uncommonlv  well  defined  in  this 
sympathetic,  executive  face.  This  ladv  organized 
a  band  of  trained  nurses  and  procee'ded  to  the 
Crimea,  where  her  faithful  services  to  the 
wounded  soldiers  brought  deserved  grateful  recog- 
nition and  honors  from  her  government.  Sucli 
women  leave  the  world  their  debtor. 


PNEUMATIVENESS. 


399 


this  is  the  most  important  bodily  function,  for,  as  we  have  learned 
that  primitive  functions  exert  tlie  most  influence  upon  our  lives,  so 
our  capacity  for  breathing-,  of  inhalin<^  copious  draughts  of  air,  is 
in  direct  ratio  with  our  moral  and  mental  powers.  The  lungs, 
then,  perform  the  most  important  office  of  the  body,  and  the  nose 
is  the  facial  register  of  these  internal  organs.  We  must  therefore 
look  to  that  feature  primarily  for  our  facial  knowledge  of  what 
Pneumativeness  does  for 
human  character.  The  cor- 
roborative signs — size  of  the 
thorax,  bright  color,  and 
lively  gait  and  movements 
— are  always  associated  with 
the  primal  facial  indication. 

Undeveloped  beings, 
such  as  idiots,  children  and 
infants,  and  vulgar,  boorish, 
rude,  stupid,  and  relatively 
immature  minds,  breathe 
mainly  through  the  mouth, 
and  their  mouths  are  more 
or  less  habitually  open.  In 
animals  the  same  appear- 
ances are  discernible,  and 
these  indications  teach  us 
that  the  most  perfected 
method  of  human  respiration 
is  through  the  nose,  and  that 
those  persons  who  breathe 
through  the  mouth  mainly 
are  immature  as  compared 
with  those  who  breathe 
deeply  and  respire  pro- 
foundly with  the  mouth 
closed.  Children  being  com- 
paratively immature,  often 
during  infancy  respire  a 
great  deal  with  the  mouth  open,  but,  if  they  possess  large  lungs 
and  wide  nostrils,  will  soon  commence  and  keep  to  the  most  per- 
fected human  method. 

The  action  of  the  emotions  affords  us  also  a  means  of  judging 
of  the  value  and  significance  of  these  different  modes  of  respira- 
tion, for,  in  sudden  surprises — in  laughter,  in  crying,  and  in  out- 
bursts of  grief,  anger,  or  surprise— r- the  uiouth  opens  and  the 


Fig.  45.-CHAONCEY  M.  DEPEW. 

Born  in  America.  Conspirnons  facial  sign.  Pneu- 
mativeness, sliown  by  wide  nostrils,  larpe  and  liigh 
nose,  brightness  of  the  eyes,  healtby  color  of  the  skin, 
cheerful  and  lively  expression  of  countenance.  The 
law  of  the  straight  line,  square,  and  curve  governs 
this  face.  This  face  is  one  of  extraordinary  nower 
and  ambition.  The  domestic  nature  is  well  developed. 
The  signs  for  Conscientiousness.  F'irmness,  Iy<ive  of 
Home,  Patriotism.  Benevolence,  Hospitnlity,  Alimen- 
tiveness,  Sanativeness,  Amativeness.  Mirthfulness, 
Modesty,  Kelf-estpem,  and  Friendship  are  well  devel- 
oped. 'The  power  for  command  is  shown  by  tlje  large 
size  and  high  and  broad  outline  of  the"  nose,  the 
length  of  which  shows  a  cautious,  far-sighted,  astute 
character.  The  exfretnc  height  of  the  tip  of  the  nose 
above  the  plane  of  the  face  indicates  great  knowledge 
of  Unman  Nature,  wliile  the  s'giis  ff)r  Metital  Imita- 
tion, Sublimity,  Ideality.  Acquisitiveness,  Veneration, 
Executiveness,  and  Self-will  are  all  exceedingly  large. 
Observation.  Ijocality,  Form.  Size  Color,  and  Lan- 
guage assist  the  mental  and  mechanical  powers. 
When  with  all  these  powers  we  find  the  indication  of 
a  high  degree  of  Reason,  Memory  of  Events,  and  In- 
tuition we  have  all  the  el£meuts  in  combination  of  » 
flrst-class  organisiu. 


400  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

muscles  about  the  mouth  become  relaxed;  the  color  of  the  face 
undergoes  changes  from  the  pallor  of  grief  and  sorrow  to  the  deep 
red  of  anger  and  revenge,  or  to  the  green  and  yellow  hue  of  jeal- 
ousy, or  to  a  white  heat, — the  most  intense  and  dangerous  form  of 
anger.  Now,  emotions  are  infantile  as  compared  to  purely  intel- 
lectual processes,  and  one  who  lives  more  in  his  intellect  than  in 
his  feelings  is  better  able  to  command  his  emotions,  and  will  close 
his  mouth  while  under  their  influence,  and  otherwise  control  his 
feelings  so  that  tlie  observer  is  not  aware  to  what  extent  he  is 
moved. 

If  the  nostrils  are  pinched  and  the  nasal  passages  narrow,  the 
mouth  necessarily  opens  to  assist  respiration,  but  this  method  of 
breathing  is  a  reversion  to  animal  methods.  Those  animals  that 
have  thick  coats  of  hair  cannot  assist  the  lungs  by  "  skin -breathing," 
as  perspiration  has  been  denominated ;  hence,  they  loll  out  the 
tongue  and  assist  the  lungs,  and  relieve  the  nose  by  "  panting,"  as 
is  observed  in  dogs  and  all  of  the  carnivorous  animals. 

Deep  breathing  stands  in  close  relationship  to  high  thinking, 
for,  as  we  have  noted,  most  idiots  and  persons  relatively  imma- 
ture or  unintellectual  breathe  with  the  mouth  open.  The  latter 
drop  the  jaw  while  gazing  at  a  spectacle  or  at  the  sudden  and 
unexpected  appearance  of  an  individual. 

Country  bumpkins  and  clownish  rustics  at  a  play  or  circus  are 
often  observed  with  the  mouth  open  in  awed  wonderment,  and 
when  moved  to  laughter  respond  with  a  hoarse  or  hearty  "guffaw," 
while  the  mouth  is  stretched,  the  head  thrown  back,  and  the 
muscles  of  the  body  relaxed  in  all  the  abandonment  of  childish 
enjoyment. 

TliG  most  essential  factor  in  health,  usefulness,  and  longevity 
is  pure  air.  Proof  of  this  is  had  in  the  statistics  furnished  by  the 
reports  of  the  boards  of  health  of  all  large  towns  and  cities.  By 
these  reports  we  find  that  thvee-fourtlis  of  all  deaths  are  due  to 
diseases  of  the  respiratory  organs.  Nearly  all  throat  and  lung  dis- 
eases are  engendered  by  the  constant  inhalation  of  impure  air  and 
lack  of  ventilation,  particularly  in  sleeping-rooms,  where  we  pass 
at  least  one  third  of  our  lives.  Public  halls,  churches,  and  theatres 
are  open  to  the  same  charge,  and  in  these  the  majority  of  civilized 
people  pass  a  large  share  of  their  time.  Churches  should  set  a 
better  example.,  for,  as  to  inhale  pure  air  is  the  first  law  of  God,  so 
religionists  of  all  creeds  should  make  the  observance  of  this  law 
of  paramount  importance.  Attempting  to  "worship  God"  in  an 
atmosphere  highly  charged  with  carbonic-acid  gas  and  the  vile 
emanations  from  decayed  teeth,  sore  throats,  torpid  livers,  and  foul 
stomachs    seems  a  strange  anomaly,  for  the  very  first  and  most 


PNEUMATIVENESS.  401 

important  element  of  tnie  worship  is  lacking,  viz.,  bodily  purity. 
People  made  stupid  and  drowsy  by  the  inhalation  of  a  vitiated  at- 
mosphere are  not  in  a  condition  to  become  moral,  much  less  spir- 
itual; hence,  I  assert  that  t\\o  first  duty  of  religionists  is  to  have  a 
constant  supply  of  pure  air  in  their  places  of  worship. 

Let  us  examine  briefly  the  methods  by  which  weak  lungs  and 
throats  are  developed.  In  one  generation  we  will  suppose  that  the 
parents  remain  chiefly  in-doors,  passing  their  hours  of  amusement 
and  relaxation  in  music-halls,  theatres,  museums,  etc.,  instead  of 
in  the  open  air ;  suppose  that  they  also  sleep  in  close  rooms,  and 
that  their  sitting-room  is  not  properly  ventilated;  suppose  that 
these  parents  neglect  all  gymnastic  exercises  calculated  to  enlarge 
the  lungs,  and  that  the  mother  laces  her  corsets  and  thus  contracts 
her  lung-power ;  suppose  this  course  is  continued  for  two  genera- 
tions,— what  can  we  look  for  as  the  result  but  offspring  who  are 
afflicted  with  bronchitis,  consumption,  narrow  lungs,  delicate  health, 
a  weakened  will,  and  little  power  to  oppose  immorality  and  scarce 
any  to  uphold  morality]  For  the  great  moral  eflbrts  of  life  are  not 
made  by  invalids,  nor  by  narrow-chested,  pinched-nosed  individuals. 
This  sort  sometimes  figure  in  the  Sunday-school  books  as  dying 
early,  leaving  behind  them  memories  of  an  abnormal  capacity  for 
committing  Bible  texts  to  memory,  and  a  longing  to  drop  their 
poor^  weaJdy  tenements  of  clay  to  shine  in  realms  where  they  will 
have  no  poor,  weakly  body  to  struggle  with. 

Love  of  life  is  one  manifestation  of  Pneumativeness,  but  those 
born  with  narrow  nostrils  and  flat  chests  are  denied  the  great 
pleasure  which  those  enjoy  who  have  a  strong  hold  upon  life. 
Large-lunged  people  take  a  positive  enjoymefiit  in  the  mere  act  of 
breathing,  provided  it  be  in  a  pure  atmosphere.  I  have  been  told 
by  such  persons  that  the  mere  act  of  breathing  by  the  ocean-side 
or  upon  a  mountain-top  gave  them  supreme  enjoyment.  I  have 
experienced  this  pleasure  myself,  and  I  can  testify  that  the  inhala- 
tion of  pure  air  in  copious  draughts  gives  one  a  feeling  of  being 
inspired,  and  this  capacity  for  filling  the  lungs  with  a  large  quan- 
tity of  the  purest  constituent  in  the  universe  certainly  leads  to  high 
and  noble  thoughts,  to  lofty  endeavor,  and  moral  achievement.  No 
other  material  can  so  shape  and  mold  nobility  of  character.  That 
the  reader  may  be  quite  sure  that  this  assertion  is  founded  in  truth, 
let  him  examine  the  noses  and  chests  of  those  who  have  been  emi- 
nent in  great  moral  and  philanthropic  enterprises,  and  he  will  be 
convinced  that  this  statement  is  based  on  incontrovertible  evidence. 
Look,  for  example,  at  the  physiognomies  and  bodily  contour  of 
Martin  Luther,  John  Howard,  Peter  Cooper,  Florence  Nightingale, 
Wilberforce,  Elizabeth  Fry,  Froebel,  and  Abraham  Lincoln,  and 

26 


402  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

he  will  become  convinced  that  large  lungs,  broad  nostrils,  and 
high  noses  have  a  direct  influence  upon  moral  conduct  and  noble 
aspirations.  To  prove  that  the  opposite  of  these  appearances  de- 
notes just  the  reverse  of  these  characteristics,  let  him  examine  the 
same  number  of  persons  who  possess  flat  chests,  flat  and  narrow 
nostrils,  and  compare  their  actions  with  those  of  the  former,  and 
he  will  add  to  the  burden  of  proof  in  favor  of  lung-development. 

It  will  not  do  to  ascribe  to  the  size  of  tJie  brain  or  width  of 
the  forehead  all  the  power  which  tlie  former  class  of  people  have 
manifested.  An  examination  of  many  large-brained,  small-lunged 
persons  will  prove  that  they  are  incapahh  of  great  efforts  of  any 
kind,  and  that  if  they  lead  tolerably  moral  lives  it  is  because  they 
have  inherited  a  fine  quality  of  the  brain  and  nerve  system,  and 
are  thus  lovers  of  purity.  Then,  too,  such  persons  do  not  possess 
sufficient  strength  to  be  actively  immoral,  not  having  sufficient  con- 
stitution to  indulge  greatly  in  depleting  vices.  Brain-power  and 
pure  intellect  may  lead  to  great  mental  efforts,  but  morality  is  de- 
pendent upon  other  constituents,  and  these  are  primary  elements^ 
either  inatery  or  gaseous^  which  in  their  very  construction  are  com- 
posed largely  of  simple  and  pure  organic  materials ;  hence,  it  is 
necessary  to  morality  that  the  lungs,  the  fluid  circulation,  and  the 
kidney  system  shovdd  be  normal, and  of  superior  strength  and 
vigor.  One  might  fill  a  large  volume  on  this  subject,  and  yet  not 
give  it  one-half  the  consideration  which  it  deserves. 

Let  us  examine  briefly  the  elements  which  compose  man's 
body,  and  we  shall  find  that  the  larger  part  of  them  is  either 
watery  or  gaseous ;  nearly  three-fourths  is  water.  The  lungs,  if 
of  normal  size,  must  take  in  a  very  large  amount  of  atmospheric  air. 
It  is  stated  in  Dal  ton's  "  Physiology  "  that  "  the  entire  daily  quan- 
tity of  air  used  in  respiration  is  about  three  hundred  and  fifty  cubic 
feet."  Add  this  amount  to  the  nearly  three-fourths  of  water,  and 
we  shall  learn  how  greatly  we  are  indebted  to  very  attenuated  sub- 
stances for  all  the  processes  of  life,  and  also  that  these  materials 
are  composed  of  the  lightest,  most  abundant,  and  purest  of  all  the 
substances  upon  the  earth.  Three-fourths  of  the  earth's  surface  is 
water,  and  the  earth  is  surrovmded  by  air  extending  outwardly 
from  its  surface  to  a  distance  of  forty-five  miles.  Nearly  three- 
fourtlis  of  man's  body  is  composed  of  water.  Another  large  pro- 
portion is  composed  of  air  (by  constant  respiration).  Thus,  it  will 
be  observed  that,  in  the  matter  of  air  and  water  as  parts  of  our 
organic  whole,  we  cannot  be  too  careful  in  obtaining  our  full  supply, 
both  as  regards  quantity  and  quality.  Pure  air  and  pure  water 
are  thus  shown  to  be  the  most  essential  things  of  life.  Any  system 
of  religion  or  ethics  which  ignores  this  truth  is  fundamentally 


PNEUMATIVENESS.  403 

defective,  and  will  not  exist  for  long  after  the  intelligence  of  the 
masses  is  led  to  comprehend  these  basilar  and  inexorable  laws  of 
God  and  Nature. 

Great  energy  of  mind  and  body  is  in  direct  relationship  with 
the  capacity  for  deep  and  profound  breathing.  Those  animals  and 
men  that  have  the  best  breathing  apparatus  are  found  to  be  more 
talented,  energetic,  aspiring,  hopeful,  animated,  vivacious,  spirited, 
and  inspiring  than  those  who  possess  feeble  powers  of  respiration. 
Hence  it  is  that  the  inhabitants  of  northern  latitudes  are  charac- 
terized by  more  energy  and  originality  than  those  who  are  born 
and  reared  in  tropical  climes.  Individuals  with  large  respiratory 
systems  are  also  more  moral  and  more  capable  of  moral  efforts 
than  those  with  feeble  respiration,  for  the  reason  that  the  air,  being 
the  purest  element  in  Nature,  would  naturally  create  purer  con- 
ditions the  more  of  this  constituent  there  was  taken  into  the  system. 
I  do  not  mean  by  this  assertion  that  the  savages  of  Africa  would, 
by  the  inhalation  of  great  quantities  of  pure  air,  exhibit  more 
morality  than  a  weak-lunged  German  or  Englishman  ;  but,  grade 
for  grade,  he  who  has  the  best  breathing  power,  and  who  inhales 
the  most  pure  air,  is  certainly  more  elevated  and  more  capable  of 
morality  than  one  of  the  same  grade  in  evolution  who  possesses 
small  lungs,  and  whose  life  is  passed  in'  the  slums  of  a  great  city 
or  in  the  miasmatic  swamps  of  Africa.  If  this  be  true,  would  not 
the  gospel  of  pure  air  and  large  lungs  conduce  as  much  to  morality 
as  a  belief  in  any  scheme  of  salvation  by  faith  ]  Morality  is  the 
better  part  of  true  religion,  and  no  mere  sentimental  or  emotional 
state  of  mind  can  take  the  place  of  it.  I  have  known  persons  who 
considered  themselves  very  "  spiritual "  who  were  very  untruthful 
and  mercenary,  and  I  thought  how  much  more  common  honesty 
and  truthfulness  would  benefit  them  and  their  associates  than  so 
much  superfluous  sentimentality. 

Large  lungs  create  cheerfulness,  high-mindedness,  and  ability 
for  leadership  and  command.  Observe  the  high  noses,  broad  nos- 
trils, and  arched  chests  of  all  the  great  commanders,  pioneers, 
adventurers,  and  discoverers.  Not  one  exhibits  a  small  nose,  knife- 
blade-like  nostrils,  and  a  sunken  chest;  on  the  contrary,  they  all 
exhibit  fine  breathing  powers  and  a  pure  red  and  white  or  clear 
complexion.  Tliese  appearances  are  indicative  of  health  and  purity, 
and  can  be  imparted  to  others  only  by  those  who  possess  them. 

Bright,  f resit  color  and  clearness  of  the  skin  and  eyes  are 
derived  mainly  from  the  action  of  the  air  in  the  lungs,  and  these 
natural  beauties  are  most  commonly  observed  in  those  who  possess 
the  best  lung-power.  An  excellent  way  for  the  pallid  belle  to 
obtain  the   bloom  of  health  and  an  attractive  magnetism  is  to 


404  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

spend  some  time  every  day  at  the  bars  of  a  gymnasium,  and  in 
walking,  rowing,  swimming,  or  gardening  in  the  open  air. 
"Bloom  of  youth,"  health,  and  attractiveness  are  not  obtained 
from  the  apothecary's  bottles;  neither  is  religion  shut  up  in  a 
church.  All  these  are  to  be  found  in  Nature's  grand  pharma- 
copoeia, and  are  free  to  all  her  children  if  they  will  but  make  an 
intelligent  application  of  her  laws.  Ignorance  is  opposed  to 
religion,  health,  beauty,  morality,  and  all  goodness.  Knowledge 
of  God's  laws  as  revealed  by  Nature  will  give  us  all  these,  for  the 
"truth  shall  make  us/ree,"  indeed. 

Keenness  of  sensation  and  activity^  both  of  mind  and  body, 
are  derived  principally  from  good  breathing  powers,  for  these  give 
purity  to  the  blood,  and,  if  the  brain  and  nervous  system  are 
replenished  with  pure  blood,  the  capacity  for  thinlcing  is  thereby 
enhanced;  hence,  also,  the  sensations  and  perceptions  will  be 
more  acute,  and,  as  the  body  always  moves  in  accordance  with  the 
rate  of  the  circulation  of  the  blood,  so  tlie  movements  of  the 
body  will  be  rapid  and  accurate.  Rapidity  and  accuracy  of  move- 
ment are  essential  in  many  of  the  arts  and  sciences,  and  those 
who  are  thus  characterized  are  capable  of  greater  usefulness  and 
are  more  likely  to  attain  excellence  and  eminence  than  those 
whose  circulation  is  sluggisli  and  movements  uncertain. 

Acuteness  of  scent  is  one  of  the  greatest  preservatives  of  life 
and  health,  and  the  better  the  power  for  breathing,  the  better  wc 
shall  be  able  to  protect  ourselves  from  noxious  gases  and  effluvia, 
and  from  harmful,  stale,  and  injurious  foods.  Those  animals  that 
possess  the  highest  noses,  broadest  nostrils,  and  the  largest  chests 
are  the  best  endowed  with  the  faculty  of  scent.  The  carnivorous 
animals  and  the  rapacious  classes  of  birds  are  distinguished  above 
all  others  in  this  direction,  and  the  latter  exhibit  long,  high,  and 
broad  beaks  just  where  the  nasal  openings  are  situated.  Tlie 
horse  breathes  exclusively  through  the  nostrils,  hence  is  dependent 
upon  wide  nostrils  and  wide  nasal  passages  for  his  ability  to  sus- 
tain prolonged  or  violent  locomotion.  The  race-horse  is  dis- 
tinguished above  others  for  width  of  chest,  wide  nostrils,  and 
width  hetiveen  the  eyes^  the  last-mentioned  facial  sign  denoting 
width  of  the  nasal  passages  at  the  upper  part,  as  well  as  a  broad 
intelligence.  The  horse  which  can  siistain  the  most  violent  and  pro- 
longed efforts  wins  the  race,  provided  that  he  possesses  also  a  high 
nervous  organization,  for  nerve  and  wind  are  the  essential  factors  in 
successful  horse-racing.  No  matter  how  superior  the  muscular 
organization  of  a  horse  may  be,  if  he  is  lacking  in  breathing  power, 
or  that  peculiar  quality  of  nerve  which  imparts  keenness  and 
quickness  to  his  movements,  and  unless  he  is  able  to  endure  the 


PNEDMATIYENESS.  405 

great  demands  made  upon  him  by  the  strain  and  excitement  of  the 
race-course  and  training,  he  will  fail,  for  muscle  alone  will  not  win 
the  race.  It  is  erroneously  held  by  many  that  a  person  who  pos- 
sesses a  high  nervous  organization  is  unable  to  contend  with 
excitements  and  to  stand  up  under  the  great  crises  and  struggles 
of  life.  A  fine  and  sound  nervous  system  is  just  the  thing  to 
endure,  without  flinching,  the  greatest  excitements.  The  race- 
horse, among  animals,  is  proof  of  this.  It  is  true  that  when  a 
naturally  fine  nervous  system  becomes  impaired  by  too  great  a 
strain  upon  it,  its  possessor  will  become  a  great  sufferer,  but  so 
long  as  it  retains  its  normal  condition  no  merely  muscular  person 
can  endure  as  much  excitement  and  as  great  an  amount  of  mental 
strain  and  mental  labor.  This  phenomena  was  well  tested  during 
the  last  war  by  contrasting  the  behavior  of  the  men  from  the 
country  with  those  from  the  city.  It  was  thought  that  the  city 
men,  not  having  the  muscle  of  the  men  from  the  country,  and  not 
being  so  accustomed  to  hard  manual  labor,  would  naturally  suc- 
cumb to  the  fatigues  incident  to  the  campaign;  but  the  result 
proved  that,  with  all  their  muscular  development  and  ability  for 
hard  work,  they  could  not  stand  the  excitement  of  the  battle-field 
as  well  as  the  city  men,  whose  more  sensitive  nervous  systems  were 
inured  to  the  rush  and  whirl  of  every-day  city  life,  with  its  exciting 
fires,  mobs,  processions,  theatres,  and  social  festivities. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  the  function  of  Pneumativeness  is 
represented  in  the  brain.  Presiding  as  it  does  over  the  most 
important  functions  of  life,  it  must  have  a  strong  representation 
there;  indeed,  as  I  ha\'e  elsewhere  stated,  the  brain  is  functional 
of  the  whole  body.  The  function  and  faculty  of  scent  can  be 
traced  directly  to  the  brain  from  the  olfactory  ganglia  situated 
above  the  root  of  the  nose,  where  it  is  protected  from  injury  or 
destruction  by  its  sheltered  position,  for,  were  the  external  nose  to 
be  entirely  amputated,  the  sense  of  scent  would  still  remain  to  a 
great  extent,  and  thus  protect  the  lungs  and  stomach  from  noxious 
gases  and  injurious  food.     On  this  point  Dr.  Cross  remarks: — 

The  nasal  apparatus  is  the  porch  of  respiration,  and  the  sense  of  smell 
is  tlie  sentry;  hence, it  ma^-be  laid  down  as  a  general  rule  that  atmospheric 
air  is  wholesome  or  unwholesome  in  proportion  as  its  smell  is  agreeable  or 
disagreeable.  As  odorous  effluvia  tend  upward,  so  the  nose  comes  to  be 
percipient  of  substances  entering  the  mouth ;  and  it  is  found  that  food  is 
wholesome  or  unwholesome  in  proportion  as  the  smell  is  grateful  or  ungrate- 
ful. The  sense  of  smell,  therefore,  is  superintendent  of  the  breath  and 
assistant  superintendent  of  the  food.  The  nose,  then,  stands  in  a  double 
relation, — in  the  relation  of  porch  and  sentinel  to  the  lungs,  and  in  the 
relation  of  assistant  sentinel  to  the  stomach  and  assistant  forager  to  the 
mouth.  The  nose,  in  its  capacity  of  giving  passage  to  the  breath,  indicates 
energy  in  general,  and,  in  its  capacity  of  assisting  and  watching  over  the 


406  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

intei'ests  of  the  aliincntarv  organ, indicates  the  external  application  of  this 
energy  toward  the  acquirement  of  the  necessaries  and  comforts  of  life. 
The  larger  the  nostrils,  tlie  greater  must  be  the  current  of  breath,  and, 
consequently,  tlie  more  energetic  the  individual.  As  breath  is  indispensable 
to  life.  Nature  has  made  more  orifices  than  one  into  the  lungs.  The  nostrils, 
however,  are  the  proper  entrance  for  the  breath,  and  the  more  the  breath 
passes  through  them,  the  more  genuine  is  the  energy  and  the  more  does  it 
pursue  an  active  channel;  whereas  the  more  the  breath  passes  through  the 
mouth,  the  more  does  the  energy  take  a  passive  channel  and  expend  itself 
in  appetites  and  passions.  Heuce,  openness  of  mouth,  much  speech,  and 
much  blustering  are  no  tokens  of  either  energy  or  courage.* 

Of  the  sense  of  scent  Dr.  Cross  observes : — 

The  nose  could  smell  without  the  projecting  part,  though  bj^  no  means 
so  acutely  or  so  determinately  in  the  same  way  as  a  person  could  hear, 
though  not  so  distinctly,  without  external  ears.  As  the  duty  of  the  auricle 
is  to  collect  the  rays  of  sound,  so  the  duty  of  the  external  nose  is  to  collect 
the  odorous  effluvia.  As  physiognomical  indications  are  more  favorable  in 
proportion  as  the  construction  of  organs  is  more  suitable  for  the  perform- 
ance of  fuuctions,so  the  more  this  nasal  prominence  is  calculated  for  catch- 
ing odorous  effluvia  and  conveying  them  to  the  nerve  of  smell,  the  better 
shall  be  the  practical  application  of  the  predaceous  energy. 

It  is  thus  seen  that  the  faculty  of  Pneumativeness  creates  the 
faculty  of  judging  of  odors  and  atmospheres,  hence  those  who  are 
the  best  endowed  in  this  respect  will  be  the  most  capable  in  the 
matter  of  ventilation,  and  in  this  way  large  Pneumativeness 
directly  promotes  the  capacity  for  discriminating  between  pure  and 
impure  air.  As  a  rule,  small-nosed  persons  are  not  as  good 
judges  of  atmospheres  as  those  with  large,  broad  noses;  neither  do 
they  seem  to  suffer  as  much  discomfort  while  inhaling  the  air 
of  close  rooms  and  crowded  assemblies.  Those  who  possess  large 
lungs  poison  very  quickly  in  a  crowded  assembly  from  inhalation 
of  carbonic-acid  gas,  which  arises  from  the  exhalations  of  the 
crowd,  because  they  inhale  more  poison  in  a  given  time  than  do 
those  with  smaller  lungs.  In  man,  as  in  the  animal,  breadth  of 
nose  and  nostril  gives  keenness  of  scent  by  reason  of  the  more 
extensive  ramification  of  the  olfactory  nerve,  for,  as  in  nerve  dis- 
tribution the  more  the  nerve  is  spread  out  upon  a  surface  the 
greater  is  its  capacity  for  receiving  sensations,  noses  which  are 
broad  at  the  junction  with  the  forehead,  as  well  as  broad  at 
the  nostrils,  are  the  best  endowed  in  respect  to  the  function  of 
scent. 

A  fine  illustration  of  the  great  differences  in  the  sense  of  scent 
can  be  had  by  observation  and  comparison  of  the  noses  of  tlie 
blood-hound  and  bull-dog,  on  one  side,  and  of  tlie  greyhound,  on 
the  other.     The  former  are  wonderfully  acute.     The  blood-hound's 

*  An  Attempt  to  Establish  Physiognomy  upon  Scientiflg  Principles,  p.  214  et  seq. 


l»NEUMATIVENESg.  407 

sense  of  scent  is  so  greatly  developed  that  it  is  used  to  trace  crimi- 
nals by  the  use  of  this  scent  alone,  for,  once  having  smelled  any 
article  belonging  to  the  suspected  person,  it  can  follow  miles  over 
rough  countries  and  keep  up  the  trace  and  detect  the  individual 
by  the  peculiarity  of  his  personal  odor;  while  the  greyhound's 
nose  is  so  narrow  that  the  nasal  nerves  have  no  room  for  proper 
development,  and  this  is  true  of  many  other  animals.  Persons 
with  long,  thin,  narrow  noses  and  pinched  nostrils  make  very  poor 
cooks  because  not  sensitive  in  the  matter  of  odors,  just  as  thin- 
lipped  people  are  insensitive  to  flavors  through  lack  of  space  for 
the  nerves  of  taste  to  ramify.  Let  it  be  understood,  however,  that 
quality  always  takes  precedence  of  mere  size  in  all  functions  and 
faculties.  I  have  known  some  very  fine  caterers  and  cooks  who 
exhibited  long  noses,  with  only  average-sized  nostrils  and  rela- 
tively thin  lips,  who  were  cooks  of  a  high  order;  yet,  those  persons 
were  endowed  with  fine  and  sensitive  nervous  organizations, 
and  thus  high  quality  assisted  their  gastronomical  and  culinary 
efforts. 

A  great  deal  of  the  sense  of  flavor  or  taste  is  due  to  the  assist- 
ance rendered  by  the  sense  of  smell,  for  the  nose  perceives  odors 
before  the  tongue  and  lips  sense  them,  for  the  reason  that  odors, 
perfumes,  and  eflftuvia  are  more  subtle,  hence  more  quickly  recog- 
nized than  flavors.  Part  of  the  pleasure  of  taste  is  due  to  the 
agreeableness  of  scent.  Our  food  would  not  give  us  one-half  of 
the  enjoyment  which  we  Avould  otherwise  derive  from  it,  for  the  full 
effect  of  substances  is  not  obtained  until  they  are  actually  swal- 
lowed; while  the  sense  of  smell  perceives  them  and  derives  pleas- 
ure and  satisfaction  from  them,  even  if  never  tasted,  although  the 
sense  of  smell  and  the  inhalation  of  agreeable  odors  would  not 
nourish  the  body,  as  they  are  entirely  too  attenuated.  This 
thought  reminds  me  of  an  anecdote  told  of  a  traveller,  who,  being 
very  hungry  and  possessed  of  little  means,  stopped  in  front  of  a 
pastry-cook's  establishment,  and  for  a  long  time  inhaled  and  en- 
joyed the  odors  of  the  cooking  going  on  within.  Upon  preparing 
to  depart,  he  informed  the  cook  that  he  was  as  much  satisfied  with 
the  odors  as  if  he  had  eaten  a  good  meal,  whereupon  the  cook 
§eized  him  and  demanded  payment  for  his  meal.  This  he  resisted, 
and,  as  they  could  not  agree,  they  decided  to  leave  the  case  to  the 
judgment  of  the  first  man  who  passed.  He  chanced  to  be  a 
foolish  sort  of  a  fellow,  but  he,  with  a  Solomon-like  sense  of  jus- 
tice, decided  that  the  traveller  should  take  out  his  coins  and  jingle 
them  in  the  ears  of  the  cook,  and  that  he  should  be  as  satisfied  by 
the  sound  of  the  coins  as  the  traveller  was  with  the  smell  of  the 
food ! 


408  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  pneumogastric  nerve  controls  tlie  function  of  respiration 
and  connects  the  lungs  with  the  function  of  nutrition,  with  the 
stomach,  heart,  spleen,  gall-bladder,  and  liver.  This  close  connec- 
tion of  the  two  principal  functions  of  life  teaches  us  that  they  bear  a 
most  important  relation  to  each  other.  The  blood  must  receive  its 
proper  share  of  aliment  from  the  stomach,  and  the  blood  thus  cre- 
ated must  receive  sufficient  oxygen  while  passing  through  the 
lungs  in  order  to  sustain  the  brain  and  replenish  the  tissues. 
When  either  of  these  conditions  are  lacking  the  mind  takes  cogni- 
zance of  it,  and  the  efforts  of  both  body  and  mind  are  correspond- 
ingly impaired.  The  pneumogastric  nerve  has  a  large  representa- 
tion in  the  brain,  and  this  interaction  of  many  organic  functions 
with  cerebral  consciousness  reveals  to  us  the  immense  importance 
of  pure  air  and  good  nourishment  to  mental  efforts.  The  presence 
or  absence  of  these  two  factors  can  be  readily  detected  by  observa- 
tion of  the  facial  and  bodily  signs  of  Pneumativeness. 

To  remedy  defective  Pneumativeness  one  should  avoid  crowded 
assemblies,  sleep  and  live  in  ventilated  apartments,  pass  much  time 
out-of-doors,  and  increase  the  size  and  capacity  of  the  lungs  by  gym- 
nastic exercises,  improve  the  quality  of  the  blood  by  good  food, 
tone  up  the  nervous  system  by  avoiding  all  stimulants,  such  as  tea, 
coffee,  and  spirits,  and  secure  plenty  of  sleep.  All  of  these  func- 
tions are  mutually  dependent,  and  failure  of  one  involves  injury  to 
the  others. 

The  principal  facial  signs  of  Pneumativeness — the  nose  and 
large  nostrils — are  situated  in  the  centre  of  the  face,  and  are  thus 
suggestive  of  its  high  importance.  Its  location  above  the  mouth 
makes  it  the  sentinel  of  the  lungs,  while  the  heart,  brain,  and 
stomach  are  directly  influenced  by  its  action.  Its  secondary  signs 
corroborate  all  of  these  relations  to  all  of  the  viscera. 


Glandular  and  Arterial  System. 

COLOR. 

Definition. — The  capacity  for  distinguishing  colors,  tints,  hues, 
and  shades ;  ability  for  applying  colors  harmoniously  in  art,  sci- 
ence, and  mechanical  trades ;  talent  for  painting  and  dyeing ;  com- 
prehension of  colors  scientifically,  as  in  the  use  of  the  spectro- 
scope. The  highest  use  of  this  faculty  is  scientific,  and  gives 
ability  to  comprehend  the  differences  existing  between  the  several 
sources  of  light  and  the  several  uses  of  the  various  spectra,  viz., 
the  chemical  spectrum,  chromatic  spectrum,  ocular  spectrum,  solar 
spectrum,  and  of  the  spectrum  analysis  and  thermal  spectrum. 


COLOR.  409 

An  excess  of  color  in  the  human  organism  would  hardly  be 
considered  abnormal,  unless  a  Caucasian  took  on  the  color  of  an 
African.  A  bright  and  fresh,  clear-red  color  of  the  cheeks  is 
always  indicative  of  thorough  oxygenation  of  the  blood,  and  is 
therefore  normal,  healthy,  and  to  be  desired.  Where  the  com- 
plexion of  the  face  assumes  a  dark-red  color  inflammatory  or 
febrile  action  is  denoted.  Where  it  is  of  a  purplish  hue  apo- 
plectic tendencies  are  indicated.  Where  the  gums  and  the  color 
of  the  face  assume  a  dark  and  inky  aspect  disease  of  the  heart  is 
present. 

A  deficiency  of  color  in  the  eyes,  hair,  and  complexion  of  the 
human  races,  and  in  plants  and  animals,  denotes  a  lack  of  vigor, 
power,  strength,  and  beauty. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — Decided  color  of  the  complexion, 
eyes,  eyebrows,  and  hair  are  the  principal  facial  signs  of  the  pres- 
ence of  the  color-sense.  Clearness  of  the  skin  is  another  indication, 
and  the  veins  showing  plainly  through  the  skin  still  another  sign 
of  susceptibility  to  the  impressions  made  by  colors. 

Description  of  Color. — Those  of  my  readers  who  may  have 
imbibed  the  phrenological  notion  that  the  faculty  of  Color,  or  the 
color-sense,  in  the  individual  is  disclosed  by  the  form  of  a  certain 
part  of  the  eyebrows,  and  caused  by  an  "  organ  "  of  the  brain  at  this 
place,  would  do  well  to  analyze  the  sources  of  color  and  its  action 
and  method  of  distribution  in  the  human  organism  before  placing 
too  much  reliance  upon  form  as  the  indicator  of  color.  This  fal- 
lacy is  no  more  absurd  than  is  that  of  inspecting  the  development 
of  the  frontal  hone  to  ascertain  the  degree  of  tune  or  music  in  an 
individual.  Forms  do  not  indicate  color ;  neither  does  bone  reveal 
the  ability  for  musical  expression.  As  well  examine  the  elbow  for 
the  faculty  of  Imagination  as  to  look  at  the  shape  of  the  skull  for 
indications  of  the  color-s(jnse. 

The  arching  of  the  eyebrow,  which  is  set  down  in  works  on 
phrenology  as  the  sign  for  Color,  is  caused  by  the  curving  of  the 
muscles,  and  is  one  indication  of  artistic  capacity,  viz.,  the 
capacity  for  producing  curved  forms.  It  is  seen  in  the  faces  of 
many  great  artists  in  adult  life,  and  I  have  often  observed  this 
peculiarity  of  formation  in  the  physiognomies  of  those  deficient  in 
the  sense  of  Color,  and  in  others  partially  color-blind,  but  with 
ability  to  draw  curved  forms^  and  run  machinery.  On  the  other 
hand,  I  have  observed  a  very  high  and  marked  degree  of  the  color- 
sense  in  many  whose  eyebrows  were  perfectly  horizontal ;  yet  these 
subjects  exhibited  fine  and  clear  complexions  of  red  and  white,  or 
red  and  olive,  together  with  well-colored  eyes  and  hair.  Color,  as 
remarked  elsewhere  in  these  pages,  is  created  by  the  action  of  the 


410 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


glands  in  extracting  the  elements  of  color  from  the  foods  taken 
into  the  stomach,  and  also  by  the  action  of  air  upon  the  blood 
as  it  passes  through  the  lungs;  hence,  it  is  palpably  absurd 
to  look  for  color-signs  in  any  particular  form  of  feature  or  of 
the  body. 

Color  is  a  primitive  faculty,  and  is  found  in  a  greater  or  less 
degree  in  all  animals  that  breathe,  and  in  all  vegetation  which  is 
exposed  to  the  sun  and  air.  It  is  a  part  of  the  entire  organism, 
and  is  exhibited  in  infancy,  both  in  the  body  and   face,  and  is 

shown  by  the  love  of  bright 

colors. 

George    Combe    says 

as  follows : — 

Dr.  Gall  "  discovered " 
this  "  organ  "  by  comparing  to- 
gether the  heads  of  painters 
distinguished  for  coloring.  In 
a  collection  of  portraits  of 
both  male  and  female  artists 
who  had  distinguished  them- 
selves in  this  department  of 
art  the  region  immediately 
above  the  middle  of  the  eye- 
brows was  extremely  promi- 
nent.* 

As  in  all  natural  ar- 
tists, the  muscular  is  one 
of  the  dominant  systems. 
It  shows  by  a  wide  space 
between  the  eye  and  brow, 
and  by  an  arched  appear- 
ance of  the  eyes,  eyebrows, 
and  other  portions  of  the 
body;  hence,  the  curving 
upward  of  the  centre  of  the 
eyebrows  in  this  class  of 
subjects  is  caused  by  the  form  which  the  muscle  creates.  Now,  in 
natural  mechanics  the  opposite  appearance  is  observed;  the  bones 
of  the  superciliary  ridge  project  and  are  drawn  down  close  to  the 
eyes,  and  produce  an  angular  or  horizontal  form  to  the  eyebrows, 
regardless  of  the  color  of  the  individual.  I  have  remarked  in 
some  eminent  musicians  the  most  exquisite  color-sense,  but  in  these 
cases  the  complexion  was  of  the  most  brilliant  description. 

Colors  of  various  hues  are  found  in  every  form  and  shape  in 

»  Combe's  Lectures  on  Phrenology,  p.  237.    New  York,  1871. 


Fig.  46.— MARIA  ANGELICA  KAUFFMANN. 
(Historical  and  Portrait  Painter.) 

Born  in  Switzerland,  1741.  Principal  facial  sign, 
vivid  color  in  the  eyes,  liair,  and  complexion.  The  law 
of  the  straight  line  and  curve  governs  this  physiog- 
nomy. All  the  signs  of  artistic  capacity  are  present  in 
this  lovely  face.  A  tine  domestic  nature"  is  a  good  foun- 
dation for  artistic  ability,  and  in  this  face  we  see  that 
the  signs  of  Amativeness,  Benevolence,  Love  of  Home, 
of  Young,  and  Country  are  well  developed.  The  curve 
predominates  and  is  seen  in  the  oval  of  the  cheeks  and 
chin,  in  the  outlines  of  the  lips,  the  cheeks,  the  eves, 
and  eyebrows ;  even  the  hair  is  wavy ;  these,  altogether, 
indicate  the  ability  to  reproduce  curves  in  external 
works  of  art.  The  color-sense  is  of  the  highest,  while 
Analysis,  Constructiveness,  Ideality,  Acquisitiveness, 
Sublimity,  Imitation,  Localitv,  Language,  Music,  Form, 
Size,  Order,  and  Intuition  are  well  defined. 


COLOR. 


411 


organic  and  inorganic  life, — in  every  mineral,  vegetable,  and 
animal  in  existence, — and,  although  color  as  it  comes  to  us  in 
white  light  describes  a  wave-like  form  or  motion  (caused  by  its 
vibrations  through  the  ether  or  atmosphere),  its  form  does  not 
reveal  the  several  chemical  cmistituents  which  cause  its  color; 
hence,  we  are  able  to  confidently  assert  that,  in  order  to  ascertain 
the  amount  of  color  in  a  given  organism,  we  must  look  not  to  any 
particular  form  for  this  knowledge,  but  to  the  source  and  general 
distribution  of  color  throughout  the  object  under  observation. 
Color  is  as  universal  and 
as     widely     distributed 


throughout   Nature    as 


is 


FiQ.  47.— HANS  HOLBEIN.    (German  Painter.) 

Born  1497.    Principal  facial  sign,  Color.    The  law  of 
the  curve  dominates  tliis  face,  with  a  subdominance  of 


Form.  Its  action  and  ef- 
fect are  simply  illimitable. 
It  permeates  and  pervades 
all  things.  The  white 
light  of  the  atmosphere  is 
a  combination  of  all  the 
colors  known  to  man,  and 
by  their  chemical  blendings 
produce  the  light  which 
appears  to  us  colorless  or 
white.  We  are  enveloped 
in  a  sea  of  color,  and 
actually  bathe  in  it.  What 
wonder,  then,  that  those 
who  live  much  out-of-doors 
should  be  permeated  with 
color  and  exhibit  it  in  their 
complexion,  eyes,  and  hair? 
The  most  beautiful  colors 
displayed  in  animal  and 
insect  life  are  observed  in 
those  creatures  that  live 
entirely   in    the    open   air, 

and,  what  is  more  remarkable,  the  most  gorgeously  colored  of  all 
are  those  which  deal  professionally,  as  it  were,  in  colors,  viz.,  the 
butterflies,  birds,  and  insects  of  the  tropics.  Now,  this  peculiarity 
of  this  class  of  creatures  reveals  the  same  love  of  color  which 
characterizes  the  well-colored  human  being,  for  they  show  their 
possession  of  the  color-sense  in  precisely  the  same  manner  as  do 
artists  and  those  who  love  colors — by  always  seeking  them  out  and 
enjoying  them  in  flowers  and  bright  substances. 

Color  is  related  to  Pneumativeness,  or  the  breathing  faculty, 


the  straight  line.  His  remarkable  combination  of  deep 
color  with  curves  proves  that  artists  are  born,  not  made. 
The  signs  for  the  basis  of  artistic  power  are  all  present. 


hence  we  find  Amativeness,  Love  of  Young,  Benevo- 
lence, Love  of  Home,  Patriotism,  Hospitality,  Friend- 
ship. Alimentiveness,  and  Sanativeness  large.  Coming 
to  the  nose  we  see  the  signs  for  artistic  capacity — 
Ideality,   Sublimity,  Analysis,    Human    Nature,   Con- 


ness,  and  Self-will — exceedingly  well  defined  ;  while 
Size,  Form,  Language,  Crecienciveness,  Prescience, 
Memory  of   Events,   Locality,  Weight,  Time,   Order, 


Calculation,  and  Intuition  very  large,  and  altogether 
make  up  the  remarkable  face  of  a  justly  celebrated 
artist. 


412  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

for  the  blood  is  colored  by  the  air  as  it  passes  through  the  lungs. 
Color  is  also  related  to  the  glands,  which  extract  the  coloring 
matter  from  the  foods  taken  into  the  stomach.  I  therefore  regard 
the  glands  and  the  arterial  system  as  the  base  of  the  color-sense. 

Nothing  affords  one  possessed  of  the  color-sense  more  enjoy- 
ment than  to  ramble  through  fields  and  gardens  dressed  in  living 
green  and  dotted  with  many-hued  blossoms,  or  to  visit  an  aviary 
filled  with  the  bright-colored  warblers  of  the  tropics,  the  golden 
oriole,  the  pheasant,  the  paroquet,  the  parrot,  tlie  bird  of  Paradise, 
the  macaw,  the  lyre-bird,  the  sun-bird,  the  plume-bird,  the  hum- 
ming-bird (well-named  by  the  Indians  the  "  living  sunbeam") ;  or 
to  watch  the  sky  at  set  of  sun,  and  note  the  ever-changing  hues  of 
the  clouds  as  they  run  the  whole  gamut  of  colors,  shades,  and  tints, 
from  sombre  drab  and  violet  to  azure,  saffron,  vermilion,  purple, 
pink,  and  lavender,  and  to  the  gold  and  silver  Inies  cast  by  the 
sun  and  rising  moon, — sl  chromatic  symphony  costing  us  nothing, 
yet  tilling  the  whole  being  with  exquisite  enjoyment  and  gratitude. 

Birds  and  brightly-colored  butterflies  seek  out  the  most 
brilliant-colored  flowers,  and  are  never  observed  dwelling  long  on 
those  which  lack  color.  These  classes  of  creatures  are  furnished 
with  apparatus  which  allows  a  free  circulation  of  air  through  their 
organisms,  and  this  intensities  the  power  of  the  atmosphere  to  assist 
in  the  oxygenation  of  the  air  which  permeates  them.  The  bones 
of  birds  have  a  cellular  construction  which  aids  them  in  rising  in 
tlie  air,  as  well  as  assists  the  aeration  of  the  blood  and  also  pro- 
motes coloration  of  the  plumage.  Marsh-birds  are  dull-colored, 
and  nocturnal  birds  and  animals  are  never  so  brilliant  in  color  as 
those  which  spend  their  days  in  the  higher  atmospheres. 

Butterflies  and  certain  moths  and  beetles  possess  and  exhibit 
a  fine  aesthetic  sense  both  as  regards  Form  and  Color.  They  appear 
to  live  wholly  for  the  gratification  and  display  of  these  two  facul- 
ties, and  no  artist  has  ever  excelled  them  in  these  directions. 

A  high  cultivation  of  the  color-sense  is  a  religious  duif/,  and 
all  parents  should  see  that  their  children  are  instructed  in  this 
direction.  The  lives  of  thousands  are  dependent  upon  knowledge 
of  colors,  as  in  comprehending  the  signals  by  colored  lights  at  sea 
and  on  railways.  Boys,  particularly,  should  be  instructed  in  chro- 
matics, as  many  of  them  will  follow  professions  which  necessitate 
the  knowledge  of  colors.  Males  are  woefully  deficient  in  the  color- 
sense  as  compared  to  females ;  for  this  reason  boys  should  have 
special  instruction  in  this  department  of  Nature.  Colors  are  inter- 
woven into  the  every-day  life  of  woman,  for  her  dress,  home  fur- 
nishing, and  decorations  all  contribute  to  develop  this  sense.  Add 
to  this  her  non-use  of  tobacco,  and  we  shall  see  the  cause  of  her 


COLOR.  413 

superiority  in  this  respect.  Any  habit  like  the  use  of  tobacco, 
pursued  lor  generations  by  one  sex  alone,  becomes  a  permanent 
sex-attribute^  and  is  transmitted  to  that  particular  sex  mainly.  This 
accounts  for  the  inherited  deficiency  of  the  color-sense  in  the  male. 
Woman's  finer  quality  also  gives  her  a  keener  sense  of  Color  and 
its  harmonies. 

One  of  the  best  aids  toward  cultivating  this  sense  is  exercise 
in  the  open  air.  When  we  contrast  the  ruddy-cheeked  children 
of  the  farmer  with  the  poor  little  pallid-faced  denizens  of  the  slums 
of  great  cities  we  know  that  fresh  air  has  in  the  first  instance  con- 
tributed both  power  and  beauty.  No  beauty  of  form  or  regularity 
of  feature  can  compensate  for  the  absence  of  healthy  color,  nor 
redeem  a  skin  pimpled  or  blotched.  A  woman  possessed  of  a 
brilliant  complexion  has  always  in  combination  a  purity  of  blood 
and  vigor  of  thought  and  movement,  which  pallid  and  colorless 
persons  lack.  In  my  estimation,  a  fine  complexion  and  good  color 
of  hair  and  eyes  constitute  the  chief  beauty  of  the  human  race,  for 
so  much  more  is  involved  and  included  in  this  quality  than  in 
any  other  single  trait.  A  good  complexion  is  not  made  nor  pre- 
served by  veils  and  cosmetics.  A  good  color,  like  religion,  comes 
from  within,  not  from  without.  A  wholesome  diet,  with  plenty  of 
out-door  exercise,  such  as  gardening,  walking,  rowing,  bathing, 
swimming,  and  skating,  will  do  more  toward  creating  and  pre- 
serving a  good  complexion  than  all  the  veils  and  cosmetics  in  the 
world. 

The  color  of  the  face  reveals  permanent  and  temporary,  as 
well  as  pathognomonic,  conditions  of  the  system.  Each  distinct 
disease  is  characterized  by  peculiarities  of  color  of  the  several 
features  of  the  face,  body,  and  hands.  Physicians  recognize  this 
principle  and  regard  color-changes  as  symptomatic  of  certain  dis- 
eased or  abnormal  conditions.  This  branch  of  color  will  be  noted 
in  "Signs  of  Health  and  Disease." 

A  very  great  confusion  exists  in  the  minds  of  many  in  regard 
to  the  designation  and  classification  of  colors  of  the  several  com- 
plexions. I  will  here  give  a  description  of  the  colors  of  the  com- 
plexion, hair,  and  eyes,  together  with  their,  proper  designations. 

Those  persons  possessed  of  fair  hair,  nearly  white,  with  whit- 
ish skin,  almost  colorless  or  pinkish  eyes,  and  white  or  whitish 
lashes,  I  term  Albinos.  Those  exhibiting  fair  or  light,  golden, 
flaxen,  or  yellow  hair,  with  blue  eyes  and  fair  lashes,  and  clear, 
red  and  white  complexion,  I  term  Blondes.  To  those  who  have 
dark-brown  hair  and  dark-blue  eyes  and  brown  lashes,  together 
with  clear,  red  and  white  complexion,  I  give  the  term  Chntain,  the 
French  designation  for  this  class ;  there  is  no  word  in  English  to 


414  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

express  this  type,  who  partake  somewhat  of  the  vivacity  of  the 
blonde  and  somewhat  of  the  intensity,  vigor,  and  depth  of  feeUng 
of  the  perfect  brunette  type.  Those  in  whom  black  eyes,  hair, 
and  lashes  are  observed,  with  dark  or  ohve,  or  olive  and  red  com- 
plexions, are  denominated  Brunettes,  and  there  are  as  many  shades 
and  varieties  of  these  as  there  are  of  the  blondes.  Those  who  ex- 
hibit a  combination  of  light-gray  eyes  with  red  and  white  com- 
plexion and  fair  hair  are  of  the  blonde  type.  Those  who  have 
dark  eyes  and  fair  hair,  with  fair  complexion,  either  pale  or  with 
some  red  color,  are  also  of  the  blonde  type,  yet  by  reason  of  the 
dark  color  of  the  eyes  they  display  some  of  the  characteristics  of 
the  brunette.  They  are  a  sort  of  compound,  neither  blonde  nor 
brunette.  These  several  types  of  color  are  found  mainly  in  the 
Caucasian  or  white  races,  and  these  designations  are  intended  to 
apply  to  them.  The  color  peculiarities  of  other  races,  such  as  the 
Indian  or  red  races,  the  Negro  or  black  races,  and  the  yellow  races 
can  be  understood  as  presenting  the  same  characteristics  in  regard 
to  color  as  are  disclosed  by  similar  colors  in  the  white  races. 

It  will  be  unnecessary  for  me  to  enter  into  a  long  description, 
however,  of  the  ethnic  peculiarities  of  color  in  regard  to  the  classi- 
fication of  the  human  family  into  white,  red,  yellow,  brown,  and 
black  races,  nor  to  discuss  in  extenso  the  causes  which  have  con- 
duced to  create  the  great  diversities  of  colors  observed  in  various 
races.  Let  it  suffice  us  to  know  that  whenever  a  race  exhibits  a 
deep  color  of  complexion,  hair,  and  eyes,  that  race  displays  in  a 
most  unmistakable  manner  a  love  for  colors.  If  it  be  an  uncivi- 
lized race,  like  the  Negro  or  Indian,  the  color-faculty  shows  by  ex- 
hibitions of  the  richest  and  most  gaudy  colors,  without  regard  to 
taste  in  their  combinations,  for  good  taste  in  the  combination  of 
colors  comes  with  other  fine  and  discriminating  traits  only  to  those 
races  which  by  evolution  have  reached  a  High  degree  of  excellence 
in  every  direction,  especially  in  the  fine  arts.  The  natives  of  all 
warm  or  tropical  countries  are,  as  a  rule,  of  dark  complexion,  and 
their  love  of  color  is  shown  by  their  choice  of  deep-red,  yellow, 
green,  purple,  orange,  and  all  other  bright  and  showy  hues,  while 
the  inhabitants  of  more  northerly  countries,  possessed  of  fairer 
complexions,  use  colors  more  subdued,  and  choose  more  delicate 
hues,  such  as  pink,  blue,  gray,  drab,  and  white.  Not  only  do 
these  colors  accord  or  harmonize  with  their  respective  complexions, 
but  they  all  choose  quite  naturaJh/  and  instinctiveljj  the  colors 
best  adapted  to  their  personal  peculiarities.  This  fact  reveals  the 
action  of  a  law  wliich  is  universal,  and  so  subtle  and  of  such  spon- 
taneity as  to  have  escaped  prominent  notice,  on  the  principle  that 
whatever  is  common  to  all  and  observed  from  birth  fails  to  make 


COLOR.  415 

the  profound  impression  which  a  much  simpler  matter  would  create 
if  introduced  to  one's  notice  suddenly.  The  color-sense  is  so  in- 
stinctive,  that  is  to  say,  it  is  so  much  a  part  of  the  real  existence, 
and  so  thoroughly  incorporated  with  all  the  elements  of  mind  and 
body,  that  one  chooses  (if  untrained  in  chromatics),  without  thought 
or  premeditiition,  the  colors  and  shades  which  are  similar  to  the 
colors  which  are  supreme  in  his  own  organism.  The  individual 
possessed  of  yellow  or  molasses-candy  colored  hair  and  skin 
chooses  yellowish-brown  or  tan  color,  liglit  drabs,  and  colors  which 
nearly  resemble  the  hues  and  tints  in  his  or  her  own  person.  The 
blonde,  if  untrained  in  colors,  chooses  garments  and  decorations 
the  colors  of  which  are  similar  to  her  own  hair  and  eyes,  while  the 
brunette,  with  olive  and  red  complexion  and  black  eyes  and  hair, 
adorns  herself  in  the  richest,  most  vivid,  and  brilliant  hues  of  red, 
orange,  green,  purple,  and  their  several  shades  and  combinations. 
How  often  are  seen  upon  the  street  women  with  yellowish  com- 
plexion and  dirty,  yellow-colored  hair  clad  in  light,  tan-colored 
or  yellowish-brown  garments.  These  same  persons,  if  educated  in 
color,  would  choose  those  colors  which  contrast  with  their  own 
color,  and  thus  compel  the  combination  of  colors  to  enhance  their 
charms  instead  of  depreciating  them.  Others  with  light-gray  eyes 
and  a  grim,  gray,  colorless  complexion  will  anay  themselves  like 
"a  friar  of  orders  gray,"  and  thus  depreciate  their  appearance, 
which  might  be  improved  by  contrasting  colors.  These  in- 
stances serve  to  show  the  universality  of  the  law  of  color,  and 
that  it  is  a  law  of  Nature  that  one  is  best  able  to  judge  of  and  use 
colors  similar  to  those  within  his  own  organism.  The  "old  mas- 
ters," the  great  painters  of  former  ages,  were  men  whose  com- 
plexion was  of  a  clear,  olive-brown  and  red,  with  black  hair  and 
eyes,  or  in  some  rare  instances  of  clear,  red  and  white  complexions, 
and  with  deep-blue  eyes  and  brown  or  red  hair.  The  former  em- 
ployed the  most  brilliant  colors,  whose  power  the  hand  of  time  has 
failed  to  dim.  Their  works  may  be  seen  to-day  in  the  art  galleries 
of  Rome,  Florence,  Milan,  Munich,  Paris,  I^ondon,  and  in  other 
European  cities,  as  well  as  in  the  galleries  of  the  nobility  and  in 
the  collections  of  private  citizens  throughout  the  civihzed  world. 
These  pictures  are  representative  of  the  highest  style  of  color-effects 
ever  produced  by  artists.  Not  one  of  those  who  wrought  them 
was  pale,  pallid,  or  lacking  in  dense  color  of  skin,  hair,  and  eyes. 
Nearly  all  exhibited  large,  round  eyes  and  high,  arched  eyebrows, 
and  this  appearance  became  more  marked  by  advancing  age,  and 
was  caused  by  constantly  raising  the  brow  and  opening  the  eye 
very  wide  in  order  to  observe  the  effects  produced  by  the  brush, 
a3  all  artists  do  in  their  work.    Let  the  reader  observe  the  portraits 


416  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHTSIOGNOMT. 

of  Titian,  Rubens,  Michael  Angelo,  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  the  three 
Carracci,  Fra  Bartolomeo,  Van  Dyck,  Jacob  Jordaens,  Teniers 
Giotto,  Fra  Angelico,  Fra  FeUipo,  Lippi,  Hans  Holbein,  Antoine 
Watteau  David,  Vernet,  Vanloo,  Boucher,  Murillo,  or  any  num- 
ber of  eminent  painters  of  every  nationality,  and  he  will  find  that 
they  exhibit  fine  color  of  eyes,  hair,  and  skin,  as  well  as  symmetri- 
cal bodies,  for  to  be  able  to  judge  of  symmetry  and  proportion 
one  must  possess  in  his  own  organization  a  good  share  of  the  very 
quahties  which  he  would  depict. 

Lack  of  color  produces  not  only  physical  and  mental  defects, 
as,  for  instance,  the  absence  of  the  color-sense,  but  also  moral 
deficiencies.  Now,  very  light-gray  eyes  and  nearly  all  light  eyes 
are  indicative  of  either  scrofulous  tendencies  or  weakness  of  the 
kidney  system,  and  weakness  or  deficiency  of  that  system  shows  a 
lack  of  natural  integrity,  or  Conscientiousness.  As  the  moral  as 
well  as  mental  powers  depend  upon  the  constitution  of  the  atoms 
and  molecules  which  compose  the  cellular  tissues  of  the  body,  how 
can  it  be  expected  that  integrity  shall  be  one  of  its  components  if 
chemical  action  has  failed,  in  the  first  instance,  to  properly  blend 
and  harmoniously  balance  the  physical  organism "?  Morality  is  not 
a  fine-spun,  fleecy,  cloudy  theory  of  belief.  Conscientiousness  is 
not  an  intellectual  opinion  as  to  the  merits  of  sundry  dogmas  which 
furnish  opportunities  for  discussion  in  the  various  channels  of 
speculative  belief  It  is  the  very  groundwork  of  our  physical  con- 
struction ;  it  inheres  in  the  chemical  or  underlying  basis  of  our 
.  organism,  and  depends  for  its  soundness  on  the  purity  of  the  body 
primarily  and  afterward  on  a  cultivated  and  quickened  moral 
sense. 

There  are  many  unsatisfactory  theories  put  forth  to  account 
for  the  deficiency  of  the  color-sense.  My  own  ideas  on  the  sub- 
ject may  be  useful  as  far  as  they  go ;  I  know,  however,  that  they 
do  not  cover  the  whole  ground.  My  observations  have  led  me  to 
remark  two  causes  for  this  defect :  First,  the  lack  of  foods  which 
contain  those  elements  that  produce  the  kind  and  amount  of  color 
essential  to  the  healthy  equilibrium  of  the  organism ;  that  is  to 
say,  that  in  the  chemical  combination  of  the  food  with  the  blood 
and  tissues  there  is  not  sufficient  coloring  matter  mingled  to  en- 
dow the  person  with  the  right  proportion  of  color  to  constitute  a 
strong  and  decided  color-sense  ;  also,  there  is  not  enough  of  color 
derived  from  the  solar  rays.  This  proceeds  from  a  disregard  of 
sanitary  law  in  pursuing  an  in-door  existence,  or  a  non-assimilation 
by  the  organism  of  these  rays  in  consequence  of  certain  diseased 
conditions  which  prevent,  for  a  time,  the  proper  action  of  the  light 
and  heat  of  the  sun.     It  is  well  known  that  sunlight  alone  will 


COLOR.  417 

eradicate  many  diseases,  and,  as  the  white  rays  of  the  sun  are  com- 
posed of  a  combination  of  all  the  colors  of  the  prism,  the  curative 
properties  must  reside  in  the  colors  alone.  If  this  were  not  the  case 
a  heated  room  would  conduce  to  health  as  well  as  sunlight.  Ex- 
perience proves  that  this  result  cannot  be  obtained  without  the 
direct  rays  of  the  sun.  Plants  languish  and  become  pale  and 
sickly  when  deprived  of  sunlight,  and  vegetable  juices  undergo 
serious  chemical  changes  i'rom  being  shut  off  from  the  action  of 
the  solar  rays.  There  are  other  sources  of  light  and  color  which 
are  nearly  the  same  in  their  composition  and  action  as  sunlight. 
Electricity  is  one  of  these  sources  which  has  a  direct  bearing  upon 
the  health  of  organic  life,  and,  although  many  of  the  laws  relating 
to  this  force  are  unknown,  still  enough  of  its  action  has  been  ob- 
served to  assure  us  that  a  proper  amount  must  enter  into  the  con- 
stitution of  the  human  organism  to  produce  healthy  conditions. 

The  second  cause  is  revealed  by  the  investigation  made  by 
scientists  among  those  who  are  color-blind.  The  large  percentage 
of  males  who  are  color-blind  as  compared  to  females  who  lack  the 
color-sense  is  quite  startling  in  its  numbers.  The  theory  of  non- 
assimilation  in  the  organism,  by  chemical  action,  of  sufficient  color 
to  give  a  correct  and  just  understanding  of  colors,  should  teach  us 
how  important,  in  a  moral  sense,  is  a  due  development  of  color  to 
the  human  body.  The  reader  will  observe  in  the  chapter  on  sub- 
basilar  principles  the  reference  made  to  color  by  the  celebrated 
naturalist,  Haeckel,  who  has  observed  that  the  absence  of  color 
induces  or  accompanies  abnormal  conditions,  both  in  animals  and 
man.     He,  however,  gives  no  theory  on  the  subject. 

Professor  Holmgren  states  that   * 

Color-blindness  is  not  a  disease  in  the  sense  of  being  attended  with 
suffering,  obliging  the  person  to  have  recourse  to  a  physician.  Color- 
blindness, quite  as  well  as  normal  sight,  is  a  sense  of  color,  though  of 
another  and  more  simple  nature.  He  whom  we  call  color-blind  is  not,  cor- 
rectly speaking,  at  all  blind  to  all  colors.  In  the  system  according  to  which 
he  arranges  his  colors  he  has  fewer  kinds  than  the  normal  observer.  It 
results  from  this  that  he  finds  resemblances  between  colors,  or  confuses 
others  that  the  normal  observer  finds  different;  for  instance,  red  and 
green. 

A  most  significant  fact  in  regard  to  the  necessity  of  coloring 
pigment  in  the  human  organism  is  shown  by  its  presence  in  the 
ganglia  of  all  the  sense-organs.  It  is  found  in  the  olfactory 
ganglia  in  the  retina  of  the  eye,  and  a  coloring  matter,  called 
melanine,  is  abundant  in  the  hair,  the  iris  of  the  eye,  and  in  the 
epidermis.  This  coloring  pigment  is  most  abundant  in  the  black 
and  brown  races,  and  less  so  in  the  yellow  and  white  races.  It  is 
almost  entirely  absent  in  the  nervous  ganglia  of  Albinos. 


418  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Color  gives  power  to  the  passions  and  emotions,  for  color 
denotes  heat,  power,  and  vigor,  and  the  deeply-colored  exhibit 
more  ardor  in  love  and  more  strength  in  hate  than  those  of  fairer- 
colored  complexions.  The  reason  for  this  is  that  color  is  a  product 
of  the  glands  and  the  arterial  circulation,  and  is  a  primitive  or 
organic  quality.  Now,  the  glands  are  directly  concerned  in  the 
production  of  emotions,  and  some  of  the  glands,  the  reader  will 
recall,  are  the  bases  of  Amativeness,  Friendship,  Mirthfulness, 
Love  of  Young,  Benevolence,  and  other  traits.  Color  assists  force, 
and  the  muscular  system  in  the  well-colored  possesses  more  general 
vigor  than  the  muscles  of  the  pallid  person,  whose  muscles  exhibit 
the  same  degree  of  muscular  development;  hence,  force  and  resist- 
ance, as  well  as  all  the  .destructive  and  combative  tendencies,  are 
greater,  not  only  in  dark  races,  but  in  dark  individuals  of  the 
Caucasian  race,  where  the  grade  of  development  is  similar  in  other 
respects.  It  is  true  that  among  the  dark-eyed  and  dark-complex- 
ioned there  will  be  found  persons  of  as  great  refinement  and  purity 
of  life  as  among  the  lighter-colored,  who  possess  but  few  combative 
tendencies,  and  exhibit  very  little  force  or  resistance;  yet,  grade 
for  grade ^  these  very  refined  persons  with  dark  color  will  exhibit 
more  vigor  of  emotion,  more  intense  love  for  the  marital  companion, 
and  for  children.  They  will  also  manifest  stronger  dislikes  than 
fair  people  of  the  same  grade  of  quahty. 

The  emotions  of  the  negroes  predominate,  as  a  rule,  over 
their  intellects.  Even  in  civilization  the  negro  is  almost  childishly 
emotional.  Their  love  for  gaudy  colors,  such  as  yellow  and  red, 
is  well  known.  They  have  not  excelled  as  artists  for  tlie  reason 
that  they  lack  the  quality  essential  to  such  work.  The  greatest 
artists  are  of  the  white  races,  but  endowed  with  dense  color  of  the 
eyes,  skin,  and  complexion. 

The  color-sense  is  common  to  all  races,  but  is  less  in  those 
inhabiting  the  most  northerly  climes.  The  Laplanders  and  Finns 
exhibit  less  love  of  color  and  less  talent  in  combining  colors  than 
the  inhabitants  of  more  southerly  countries.  Their  country  is 
covered  a  great  part  of  the  year  with  snow,  and  in  their  short 
summers  very  few  bright-colored  flowers  and  birds  are  observed; 
hence,  their  color-sense  receives  but  little  stimulus  from  Nature. 

The  color-sense,  as  I  have  shown,  is  essential  to  life  and 
health.  It  is  therefore  general,  and  has  existed  in  all  ages  and  in 
all  races  in  varying  degrees.  The  oldest  objects  of  art  preserved 
in  the  great  museums  of  Europe  exhibit  many  remains  of  the  art 
of  coloring.  Not  only  are  specimens  of  fine  colors  found  in  the 
remains  of  Greek  art,  but  the  potteries  of  primitive  races,  viz., 
the  Peruvian,  the  Egyptian,  and  the  New  Zealander,  furnish  us 


COLOR.  419 

evidences  of  the  presence  of  a  high  degree  of  the  color-sense 
among  them. 

A  large  majority  of  persons  in  every  community  can  be  taught 
the  art  of  painting  quite  easily,  for,  as  I  have  shown,  color  is  a 
physiological  constituent  of  man,  and  a  knowledge  of  its  hues  and 
meanings  is  essential  to  his  protection  and  safety.  Color  forms  the 
basis  of  many  trades  and  professions,  and  is  therefore  of  great 
importance  to  mankind.  Yet  there  are  many  grades  between  a 
fair  degree  of  the  color-sense  and  a  genius  for  painting.  The 
lowest  and  most  barbarous  races  exhibit  considerable  skill  in  the 
use  of  colors,  as  shown  in  their  personal  decoration  in  tattooing 
and  in  embroideries  with  the  quills  and  feathers  of  birds,  etc.  The 
North  American  Indians  are  quite  artistic  in  the  use  of  beads  and 
feathers  in  their  art  works,  while  the  Mexican  Indians  exhibit  their 
capacity  ibr  coloring  in  pottery  and  other  wares. 

Color  everywhere  exhibits  power,  as  I  have  shown  previously. 
The  greatest  artists  are  tliose  who  exhibit  the  most  color  personally ; 
so  the  greatest  orators  are  those  who  are  well  colored. v  Daniel 
Webster,  the  most  eminent  of  American  orators,  possessed  very 
dark  eyes,  hair,  and  complexion,  and  many  other  illustrious  orators, 
actors,  and  elocutionists  are  distinguished  for  the  fine,  deep  color 
of  their  hair,  eyes,  and  skin.  Color  gives  the  power  for  zeal, 
fervor,  and  enthusiasm,  which  in  geniuses  is  called  the  "sacred 
fire."  It  is  the  exciting  cause  of  vehemence,  invective,  and  sar- 
casm, which  so  distinguished  Mirabeau,  the  greatest  of  French 
orators.'  I  dare  affirm  that  no  orator  has  achieved  eminence  who 
had  very  light  eyes  and  very  light  hair,  and  a  palHd  complexion. 
No  poet  or  actor  has  ever  been  known  to  fame  who  lacked  the 
essential  faculty  of  Color,  either  in  his  skin,  hair,  or  eyes.  The 
writings  of  all  our  great  poets  teem  with  descriptions  of  colors  in 
Nature,  and  in  their  delineation  of  human  characters.  A  poet  des- 
titute of  chromatic  sense  would  paint  his  pen-pictures  in  a  minor 
key,  and  would  spread  a  sombre  and  Quakerish  hue  over  all  his 
scenes;  but,  if  he  possess  a  decidedly  strong  color-sense,  he  will 
impart  warmth  and  vigor  to  all  he  writes,  whether  describing  colors 
or  not.  It  is  just  the  same  with  the  actor,  for  he  who  is  well- 
colored  imparts  force,  energy,  and  enthusiasm  to  his  acting.  And 
the  minister,  too,  is  indebted  in  a  great  measure  to  his  color  for 
eloquence.  I  have  met  a  fine  musical  composer  who  just  missed 
being  a  genius  through  lack  of  color.  IJe  had  black  eyes  and 
hair  and  a  sallow  complexion,  and  his  compositions  were  mainly 
in  minor  keys, — solemn,  pathetic,  slow,  and  lacking  that  verve 
vigor,  dash,  and  vivacity  of  movement  which  characterize  the 
compositions  of  those  more  decidedly  and  more  brightly  colored. 


420  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  varying  grades  and  shades  of  color  observed  in  the 
different  individuals  of  the  artistic  classes  will  mark  the  several 
degrees  of  power  and  intensity  exhibited  in  their  actions  and  works. 

The  meanings  which  Nature  attaches  to  color,  and  by  which 
we  must  be  guided  in  our  interpretations  of  her  signals,  are  patent 
to  all  who  have  given  to  the  subject  any  considerable  degree  of 
observation  or  reflection.    Black-eyed,  dark-skinned  persons,  with 
red  cheeks  and  lips,  are  fervid  and  intense  in  all  their  acts,  are 
capable  of  great  endurance,  are  tough,  and  of  very  strong  and 
decided  feelings,  and  give  vent  to  them  and  their  opinions  in  most 
positive  and  unmistakable  terms;  with  black  eyes,  black  hair,  and 
sallow  complexion,  are  more  guarded  and  reticent,  yet  feel  almost 
as  strongly  as  the  former,  and  possess  nearly  as  violent  passions 
and  emotions.    Both  these  classes  are  good  lovers  and  good  haters, 
with  strong   and   high   tempers.     The   first   class   are   generally 
dramatic  in  their  tastes,  if  of  high  and  fine  quality,  and  possessed 
of  a  suitable  brain  system.     There  is  a  great  deal  of  iron  in  these 
two  classes,  and  their  color  is  derived  partly  from  the  oxygenation 
of  that  element  in  the  blood;  lience,  those  in  whom  this  mineral 
predominates  as  a  ruling  element  are  well  adapted  to  work  in  iron 
and  other  dark  metals  and  substances.     Men  thus  organized  gravi- 
tate naturally  to  such  work.     The  proof  of  this  is  found  in  the 
fact  tliat  nearly  all  of  thosa  who  work  in  foundries  are  black-eyed, 
black-haired  men,  with  dark  complexions ;  while  those  engaged  in 
the  pattern-making  department,  where  the  wooden  patterns  are 
made  for  the  castings,  exhibit  every  grade  and  shade  of  the  light 
complexions,  ranging  from  the  Hghtest  blonde  to  the  chatain.     In 
my  investigations  in  foundries  I  do  not  recollect  having  seen  even 
one' very  dark  person  in  the  wood- workers'  department.     Black- 
smiths, as  a  rule,  are  dark-complexioned,  or,  at  all  events,  very  few 
fair  men  enter  into  this  field  of  labor.     It  has  been  suggested  that 
minute  and  infinitesimal  portions  of  iron  enter  into  the  system  of 
iron-workers  by  inhalation,  and    so  affect  the  system  that  only 
those  who  have  already  a  good  degree  of  iron  in  their  compositions 
are  able  to  work  continuously  with  this  metal,  and  that  the  light- 
liaired  men  are  unable  to  assimilate  the  amount  of  iron  received  in 
liomoeopathic  doses  into  the  system  while  thus  engaged.     How 
fir  this  may  apply  I  cannot  say,  but  the   fact  that  the  darkcr- 
hued  men  are  engaged  as  iron-workers  can  be  proven  by  all  who 
will  take  the  trouble  tq,  look  through  any  number  of  foundries  and 
machine-shops. 

Black  hair  and  black  eyes,  with  a  fair  complexion,  indicates 
great  intensity  of  the  passions  and  emotions.  Hair  which  presents 
a  bluish-black  color,  together  with  a  sallow  or  livid  complexion, 


COLOR.  421 

is  associated  with  passions  almost  abnormal  in  their  intensity 
of  desire,  and  this  class  of  characters,  when  under  strong  excite- 
ment of  the  passions,  are  apt  to  prove  dangerous.  Love,  hate,  and 
jealousy  are  all  strongly  developed,  and  the  unrestrained  indul- 
gence in  these  emotions  leads  to  crime.  This  last  combination  ol" 
color  is  seldom,  if  ever,  accompanied  with  fine  quality,  hence  its 
possessors  have  none  of  the  restraining  influences  of  refinement. 

Black  hair,  accompanied  by  eyes  which  change  from  black  to 
a  metallic  red,  which  glitter  and  appear  to  the  observer  as  if  they 
had  great  depth,  are  indicative  of  diabolical  and  perfectly  ini  scru- 
pulous character.  Fortunately,  this  combination  is  Aery  rare. 
I  have  met  with  three  persons  only  in  my  life  who  exhibited  this 
combination  of  color.  One  of  these  characters  was  a  noted  abor- 
tionist ;  another  was  an  infamous  debauchee,  seducer,  and  sensual- 
ist. The  form  of  the  eyes,  together  with  the  color,  must  be  taken 
into  account.  The  eyes  of  the  last  mentioned  were  wide  from  side 
to  side  and  the  vertical  measurement  not  corres])ondingly  wide. 
They  were  true  "  polygamic  eyes,"  like  those  of  the  Polynesians. 

Blue-eyed  women  generally  are  attracted  by  black-eyed  men, 
and  blue-eyed  men  are  drawn  toward  black-eyed  women.  If  the 
bodily  forms  of  the  diversely -colored  are  not  too  nmcli  alilcc  this 
combination  is  an  excellent  one  in  maniage,  but  if  the  respective 
parties  possess  about  equal  proportions  of  the  vegetative,  thoracic, 
muscular,  osseous,  or  brain  forms  the  union  would  not  be  desira- 
ble on  account  of  the  bad  effect  upon  offspring.  Black-haired 
and  black-eyed  men  and  women  make  the  most  ardent  marital 
companions,  and,  if  possessed  of  fair  or  average  Conscientiousness, 
are  most  steadfast  and  enduring  in  their  affections.  Their  pas- 
sions are  strong,  and  where  the  quality  is  coarse  they  exhibit  a 
great  deal  of  sensuality,  but  with  fine  hair  and  fine,  clear  skin 
they  evince  ardor  with  refinement,  sensitiveness,  and  sentimentality. 
A  man  of  criminal  proclivities,  if  black-haired  and  dark-eyed, 
makes  a  more  desperate  and  dangerous  villain  than  a  fair  man  ;  he 
possesses  more  capacity  for  intrigue  and  conspiracy,  and  is  more 
secretive  and  enduring  in  his  plots  and  schemes. 

Black-eyed,  black-haired  i^ersoiw,  possessed  of  a  high  moral 
and  religious  disposition,  allied  to  a  good  intellect,  exhibit  tremen- 
dous force  in  these .  directions,  and  are  noted  for  the  enthusiasm 
with  which  they  work  and  incite  others  to  action.  John  Howard, 
the  world-renowned  philanthropist,  possessed  black  hair  and  dark 
eyes.  His  benevolence  was  only  equalled  by  his  power  of  endur- 
ance, which  took  him  to  the  most  inhospitable  climes  in  the  cause 
of  suffering  humanity.  Many  distingiushed  revivalists  are  men 
of  dense  color  and  corresponding  force  and  energy. 


422  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  dark  races  are  not  so  progressive  as  the  lighter  races, — ■ 
not  as  susceptible  to  improvement.  Those  races  which  have  re- 
mained stationary  in  color — as,  for  example,  the  Chinese,  the  In- 
dians, tlie  Spanish,  Portuguese,  etc. — are  less  progressive  than 
the  Anglo-Saxon  races,  who  are  vari-colored. 

It  is  the  same  with  animals ;  the  least  improvable  are  those 
who  exhibit  a  single  color  only  of  eyes  and  hair,  as,  for  example, 
several  species  of  bears,  the  panther,  and  some  others.  The  dog 
and  horse  are  vari-colored,  and  are  capable  of  very  high  breeding, 
and  are  teachable  and  progressive.  IntermingUng  of  any  of  the 
light  with  the  dark  varieties  of  the  Caucasian  race,  in  marriagCj 
improves  the  species ;  but  a  mingling  of  the  darker  classes  of  the 
Caucasian  race  with  dark,  undeveloped  races  degrades  the  species, 
as,  for  example,  a  mingling  of  the  Spanish  with  the  Indian  and 
Negro,  or  Chinese  with  Portuguese,  or  white  with  the  Negro. 
There  is  no  possible  advance  in  mixtures  of  similar  colors.  The 
crossing  of  the  white  race  with  the  negro  produces  the  mulatto, 
who  are  never  so  strong  and  long-lived  as  the  original  African,  nor 
as  mentally  gil'ted  and  healthy  as  the  white  race.  Indeed,  I  have 
never  seen  a  very  aged  mulatto.  They  are  usually  weak,  scrofu- 
lous, consumptive,  and  short-lived.  The  fusion  of  white  with 
black  is  detrimental  in  every  way,  while  the  crossing  of  dark 
Caucasians  with  negroes  or  Indians  almost  always  creates  low, 
criminal,  and  brutal  types. 

A  combination  of  dark-blue  eyes  and  hlaxih  hair  is  often  found] 
among  the  descendants  of  the  Celtic  and  Celtiberian  races, — ^in  the 
Portuguese,  Irish,  Welsh,  Spanish,  and  Italians,  for  example.  It 
produces  a  rare  kind  of  beauty,  regarded  from  the  art  stand-point. 
The  disposition  associated  with  this  peculiar  combination  is  char- 
acterized by  an  "artless  artfulness,"  by  great  capacity  for  intrigue 
in  love,  politics,  and  business,  with  great  apparent  candor  and  sin- 
cerity, while  the  real  thought  and  design  are  entirely  and  most 
skillfully  hidden  in  the  innermost  recesses.  In  this  combination 
is  seen  the  depth  and  power  of  the  black-haired,  dark  species,  witli 
(apparently)  the  openness  and  frankness  of  the  light-hued  class. 
Where  this  combination  co-exists  with  a  superior  intellect  the  char- 
acter will  evince  great  political  aptitudes  or  uncommon  skill  in 
planning  large  commercial  enterprises,  or  will  excel  in  diplomacy 
and  similar  pursuits,  depending  for  direction  upon  the  faculties  in 
combination.  In  women  this  combination  of  hair  and  eyes  is 
often  associated  with  great  cunning  in  love  affairs  and  a  large 
amount  of  plot  and  counterplot,  of  small  intrigues  and  petty 
trickery  of  a  perfectly  useless  sort,  while  the  countenance  and  ex- 
pressions and  voice  and  manners  resemble  those  of  a  confiding. 


COLOR.  42S 

artless  child.  This  class  of  people  are  usually  very  charming  and 
engaging  in  social  intercourse,  and  always  deep  in  love  affairs,  of 
which  they  contrive  to  carry  on  several  at  once.  Indeed,  plotting 
and  planning  seem  to  be  tlie  life  of  this  class.  As  lawyers,  they 
are  astute,  secretive,  and  politic;  in  roguery,  deep  and  designing; 
as  worldlings,  they  do  not  permit  society  to  get  the  better  of 
them;  as  parents,  they  scheme  for  their  children;  as  friends,  sus- 
picious and  unreliable ;  as  beauties,  often  of  the  highest  art-order, 
with  arch  (apparently),  shy,  and  vivacious,  cunning  little  ways, 
which  are  very  taking.  When  the  hair  is  curly — as  it  often  is 
with  this  combination — musical  or  imitative  talent  of  some  sort 
will  be  exhibited,  as  well  as  lack  of  integrity.  If  the  hair  be 
coarse  the  talent  and  power  exhibited  will  be  of  a  lower  order 
than  if  it  be  fine. 

Blue  eyes^  with  darlc-hrown  hair  and  with  clear,  red  and  white 
complexion,  and  fine  hair  and  skin,  belong  to  amiable,  pure- 
minded  characters,  with  capacity  for  improvement  and  progress, 
usually  intelligent  and  refined,  with  a  moderate  development  of 
amativeness  and  temper;  they  are  more  calm  than  the  black-eyed, 
and  evince  less  jealousy,  revenge,  and  enthusiasm,  and  can  become 
excellent  painters,  but  will  use  the  mere  delicate  colors. 

I  have  observed  great  indefiniteness  and  contrariety  of  opinion 
in  regard  to  describing  certain  colors  of  the  eyes.  Many  persons 
term  a  brown  or  hazel  eye  "gray."  Now,  in  using  the  term  gray 
I  apply  it  to  those  eyes  that  are  a  mixture  of  hhie  and  white. 
The  light  gray  are  more  irhite  than  blue  ;  the  dark  gray  are  more 
blue  than  white.  It  is  essential  to  keep  this  discrimination  of 
colors  fixed  in  the  mind,  else  erroneous  meanings  will  be  attached 
to  the  several  colors  of  the  eyes. 

Light-gray  eyes^  with  light-brown  or  fair  haii\  often  disclose 
mathematical  and  calculative  tendencies,  and,  with  a  good  brain 
form  in  combination,  philosophical  tastes  and  capacities.  The 
emotions  and  passions  aje  not  so  intense  nor  so  enduring  as  in 
those  who  exhibit  darker-colored  eyes  and  hair.  This  class  also 
possess  a  selfish,  planning,  calculative  spirit,  and  evince  very 
little  warmth  of  affection ;  yet,  with  Friendship  or  Benevolence 
large,  will  show  sympathy  and  friendship  in  a  sluggish  sort  of 
manner,  and  it  will  not  be  so  intense  and  enduring  as  with  the 
deeper-colored.  When  the  inherited  quality  is  fine  a  great  deal 
of  natural  refinement  will  be  present,  but  with  coarse  quality  the 
character  will  be  very  cold-blooded,  unsympathetic,  and  selfishly 
calculative.  A  certain  degree  of  suspicion  accompanies  the  light- 
gray  eye,  and  greediness,  too ;  jealousy  and  envy  are  also  very 
easily   aroused,  and   often   without  occasion.      The  mental   and 


424  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

moral  deficiencies  indicated  by  such  lack  of  color  as  this  peculiar 
combination  discloses  are  usually  accompanied  by  grave  physio- 
logical defects.  There  is  likely  to  be  congenital  weakness  of  the 
kidneys  or  of  the  generative  system ;  a  lack  of  the  color-elements 
in  the  blood  and  tissues  prevents  that  i7itegrity  or  soundness  of  or- 
ganization which  a  normal  degree  of  color  produces.  The  physi- 
cal defects  may  not  become  apparent  until  the  age  of  puberty  or 
later,  when  some  pathognomic  crisis  reveals  them. 

Very  lights  almost  colorless  eyes  and  hair  and  colorless  or 
pallid  skin  denote  weakness,  generally  of  a  scrofulous  or  consump- 
tive tendency.  This  color  is  often  accompanied  by  weakness  of 
vision,  deafness,  eruptions  on  the  skin,  and  wliite  swellings  of  the 
joints,  as  is  the  case  with  Albinos.  Those  with  these  indications 
should  never  intermarry,  as  the  result  to  offspring  would  be  highly 
disastrous.  The  mentality  of  this  class  is  never  of  a  very  gifted 
character.  They  are,  from  the  very  quality  and  conformation  of 
their  organs,  weakly.  Their  minds  partake  of  this  enfeebled  con- 
dition. They  are  generally  surface  people,  like  the  pure  blondes. 
They  have  little  sympathy  for  others,  and  are  much  absorbed  in 
the  adornment  of  self.  They  can  never  become  good  colorists  in 
the  arts  and  industries.  This  type  of  people  would  soon  die  out  if 
intending  parents  would  abide  by  physiognomical  laws,  and  cease 
to  perpetuate  this  almost  helpless  and  useless  species. 
(  Flaxen  hair  and  blue  eyes  indicate  impulse,  affection,  quick- 
'ness  of  apprehension,  sensitiveness,  taste,  purity, — if  the  hair  be 
fine, — and,  if  wavy  or  curly,  a  degree  of  imaginative  ability. 
Many  poets  exhibit  this  combination.  Where  the  hair  is  fine  the 
manners  will  be  gentle  and  refined,  and  tastes  delicate.  As  a  rule, 
this  class  does  not  exhibit  great  endurance  or  ardor. 

Sandy  hair,  if  coarse,  denotes  grossness  and  ver}^  ordinary 
abilities.  If  the  hair  be  fine,  delicacy  of  feeling  and  impidsive 
action  will  be  exhibited.  It  is  not  usually  an  indication  of  as  great 
longevity  as  the  darker  hues.  The  same  may  be  said  of  all  the 
very  light  shades  of  hair  and  eyes. 

f  The  dark-gray  eye,  in  combifiation  with  blacJc  or  darh-broivn 

hair  and  lashes,  is  usually  accompanied  by  talent  of  some  sort, 
and  denotes  coolness,  with  considerable  intensity  of  feeling  and 
devotion  to  purpose.     With  a  clear,  fair  skin  and  fine  quality,  the 
character  will  be  refined  and  energetic. 
.  Bed  hair  and  darlc-chestnut  eyes  reveal  great  intensity  of 

'  feeling,  secretiveness,  and  capacity  for  plotting.  If  the  quality  be 
fine,  we  may  look  for  considerable  natural  intelligence,  refinement, 
and  ambition ;  but,  if  the  hair  be  coarse,  strong  animal  passions, 
insincerity,  and  a  common  order  of  mentality  are  indicated. 


COLOR.  425 

Red  hair  and  blue  eyes  (if  the  quality  be  fine)  denote  ardor, 
impulse,  sincerity,  purity,  quick  temper,  ambition,  and,  if  the  hair 
be  wavy  or  curly,  considerable  imitative  talent, — aesthetic,  poetic, 
or  dramatic.  If  the  hair  be  coarse,  sensuality,  lack  of  refinement, 
and  strong  passions  will  be  exhibited.  Red-haired  people  of  every 
gmde  are  aspiring  and  ambitious,  and  may  be  found  in  positions 
of  authority,  such  as  superintendents,  teachers,  overseers,  foremen, 
and  directors.  There  is,  doubtless,  more  sulphur  in  the  composition 
of  red-haired  people  than  in  otlier  types.  It  is  this  mineral  which 
gives  clearness  to  the  skin  and  color  to  the  hair. 

Aubiirn  hair  and  blue  eyes  denote  tenacity  of  purpose,  ardor, 
warmth  of  affection,  and  strong  emotions;  with  fine  quahty,  are 
intelligent  and  capable  of  progress. 

Da7'7c'7'ed  hair  denotes  (if  fine)  strength,  vigor,  and  virtuous 
inclinations,  with  strong,  stable  emotions  and  deep  affections.  If 
accompanied  by  blue  eyes,  frankness,  purity,  and  noble  aspirations 
are  indicated ;  if  brown  eyes  are  observed  in  combination,  the  char- 
acter will  evince  more  secretiveness  and  capacity  for  scheming  and 
planning.  When  the  hair  and  skin  are  coarse,  with  the  above 
colors  of  hair  and  eyes,  the  animal  passions  will  be  strong,  and  a 
great  deal  of  low  cunning  and  trickery  will  be  exhibited. 

Yellow-eyed  people,  with  brown,  yellow,  or  fair  hair,  are  de- 
ceptive, suspicious,  cruel,  and  jealous ;  with  dark  hair,  are  revenge- 
ful and  low.  I  have  never  observed  any  one  with  yellow  or  greenish 
eyes  who  exhibited  great  mental  powers.  It  is  a  sign  of  inferiority, 
and  if  this  colored  eye  is  oblique  in  shape,  like  that  of  a  cat,  the 
disposition  is  triclcy  and  treacherous,  as  exhibited  by  the  Mongolian 
and  other  bias-eyed  races.  This  class  may  show  considerable  sym- 
pathy toward  others,  owing  to  the  warmth  imparted  by  the  amount 
of  color,  but  it  will  not  be  accompanied  by  consistency,  sincerity, 
and  truthfulness.  Yellow  and  greenish  eyes  are  found  in  the  most 
sly,  treacherous,  tricky,  cruel,  and  deceitful  animals,  such  as  the 
panther,  the  hyena,  the  leopard,  the  puma,  the  fox,  and  cat. 

Mixed,  mottled,  or  spotted  eyes  show  a  mixture  of  blood — a 
crossing  of  two  or  more  distinct  races — within  two  generations. 
This  is  an  infallible  law  of  physiognomy.  Crossing  usually  pro- 
duces talent  or  improvement  of  some  kind,  but  at  the  same  time 
induces  jealousy  and  suspicion,  secretiveness  and  insincerity,  par- 
ticularly if  the  eye  is  spotted  with  yellow  and  green.  It  seems  as 
if  the  opposing  elements  of  the  blood  and  tissues  had  not  fused  or 
harmonized.  After  two  or  three  generations  the  eyes  of  offspring 
become  uniform  in  color,  and  more  tmeness  is  exhibited. 

The  normal  distribution  of  red  color  in  the  human  face  and 
body  is  found  in  the  cheeks,  chin,  and  lips,  very  slight  in  the 


426  J'RACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

nostrils  and  eyelids,  but  where  it  exceeds  a  certain  degree  of  delicacy 
in  the  eyelids  it  is  a  sign  of  abnormal  or  inflammatory  conditions. 
The  ears,  also,  should  present  a  clear  pink  or  red  appearance,  and, 
when  the  skin  is  thin  and  the  nervous  system  sensitive,  the  ears 
will  always  appear  well  colored,  if  health  be  present.  The  outer 
part  of  the  palm  of  the  hand  should  present  a  bright-red  color. 
A  vivid  color  in  this  part  of  the  hand  is  a  great  beauty,  and,  with 
a  fine  skin,  denotes  extreme  sensitiveness  to  all  external  influences 
and  a  keen  mentality.  The  whole  of  the  inner  surface  of  the  hand 
and  fingers  should  exhibit  a  red  or  pinkish  color,  and,  if  the  skin 
be  fine  and  thin,  the  veins  at  the  root  of  the  thumb  will  be  quite 
distinctly  traced.  The  extremities  of  the  toes  possess  color,  also 
the  entire  plantar  surface  of  the  foot,  except  the  hollow  arch  be- 
tween the  toe-joints  and  the  heel,  which  is  lighter  colored  than  the 
surrounding  parts.  Excess  of  color  in  the  lips,  cheeks,  chin,  and 
eyelids  denotes  feverish  or  inflammatory  action,  and  is  symptom- 
atic of  the  difterent  diseases,  according  to  the  feature  in  which  the 
color  is  excessive.  The  color  in  the  cheeks  in  youth  is  most  de- 
cided in  the  lower  part,  extending  in  some  cases  down  onto  the 
neck.  As  age  advances  it  rises  higher,  and  often  appears  upon  the 
cheek-bones.  The  great  mistake  which  those  who  use  cosmetics 
make,  in  applying  rouge  to  the  face,  is  in  placing  it  upon  the  upper 
part  of  the  cJteeh  in  their  endeavors  to  look  more  youthful.  Now, 
in  doing  this,  they  show  utter  ignorance  of  Nature,  as  well  as  of 
art,  for  art  professes  to  be  an  imitation  of  Nature. 

In  the  foregoing  description  of  the  significance  of  the  several 
colors  in  the  human  race  the  meanings  of  the  several  forms  of  the 
eye  have  been  omitted ;  they  will  be  found  in  the  chapter  on 
"  The  Human  Face."  The  reader  can  make  the  combination  of 
Form  with  Color  for  himself,  and,  like  an  example  in  arithmetic,  he 
can  "  sum  it  all  up  together."  Sufficient  has  been  shown,  however, 
to  prove  that  we  cannot  ignore  the  fact  that  a  defect  in  the  chemi- 
cal combination  of  the  materials  composing  the  human  organism 
induces  diseased  conditions  of  the  several  systems  and  functions, 
and,  as  a  consequence,  diminished  mental  activities  and  moral 
power  and  proclivities.  Color  is  a  chemical  effect  produced  by  a 
variety  of  causes.  It  is  essential  to  our  mental  and  moral  welfare 
that  the  right  proportion  of  color  should  be  mingled  in  our  food  in 
the  natural  way,  and  that  we  should  obtain  from  the  sunlight  suf- 
ficient of  its  color  chemically  combined  in  our  organisms  to  produce 
moral,  mental,  and  physical  harmony,  without  which  mankind  can- 
not be  moral,  healthful,  or  perfectly  balanced.  The  cultivation  of 
the  color-sense  should  be  commenced  in  childhood  and  continue 
through  life.     We  cannot  know  too  much  about  Color.     Let  chil- 


SANATIVENESS.  427 

dren  be  taught  first  from  Nature  and  their  every-day  surroundings ; 
then,  gradually,  as  their  minds  can  grasp  it,  teach  them  experi- 
mentally tlie  scientific  production  of  color,  its  use,  meanings,  and 
importance  to  man,  bird,  beast,  fish,  insect,  and  to  the  entire  uni- 
verse. 

SANATIVENESS. 

Definition. — Sanativeness  is  derived  from  Sanative,  which, 
according  to  Webster,  is  "having  the  power  to  cure  or  heal;  heal- 
ing; curing;  having  the  tendency  to  heal."  The  scope  of  this 
faculty  is  wider  than  this,  and  means  also  Health,  Love  of  Life, 
the  natural  doctor,  nurse,  and  healer ;  tenacity,  endurance,  and 
good  recuperative  powers.  Large  Sanativeness  gives  the  capacity 
to  impart  health  to  others  by  advice,  nursing,  and  manipulation ; 
with  a  good  mental  system  in  combination,  natural  qualifications 
for  medication  or  surgery  will  be  manifested. 

An  excess  of  this  faculty  is  not  to  be  avoided. 

Deficient  Sanativeness  leads  to  premature  decay  and  early 
death.  It  unfits  one  to  cope  with  disease  and  renders  one  incapa- 
ble of  treating  or  healing  the  sick.  It  deprives  one  of  a  strong 
love  of  life,  thereby  rendering  the  individual  incapable  to  a  great 
extent  of  resisting  disease  or  injuries. 

The  signs  of  deficient  Sanativeness  are  various.  The  most 
prominent  facial  signs  are  narrow  and  long,  thin  face;  hollow 
cheeks ;  small,  depressed  nose  and  pinched  nostrils  ;  narrow  head 
and  sunken  temples ;  narrow  and  receding  chin ;  a  bluish,  sallow, 
pallid,  or  transparent  complexion.  ,  The  bodily  signs  are  shown 
by  long,  slim  neck ;  narrow  and  sloping  shoulders,  sunken  chest, 
flat  abdomen ;  thin,  flat  muscles  and  small  bones;  long,  thin, flexible, 
and  transparent  fingers.  Some  persons  exhibit  several  of  these 
signs,  while  others  disclose  all  of  them. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — There  are  many  types  of  the 
human  family  in  which  the  faculty  of  Sanativeness  is  apparent,  but 
its  signs  are  the  same  in  all  ages,  sexes,  and  races,  making  allow- 
ance, however,  for  the  differences  in  size  and  racial  forms. 

The  general  facial  signs  are  as  follow,  viz.,  relative  breadth 
of  the  forehead,  full  temples,  breadth  of  face  outwardly  from  the 
eyes  and  just  below  them  (this  is  one  sign  of  the  natural  doctor, 
nurse,  and  healer),  high  and  broad  nose,  broad  nostrils,  full  cheeks, 
full  lips,  broad  chin,  healthy  color,  clear  skin,  and  bright  eyes. 
The  bodily  signs  are  shown  by  relative  width  of  shoulders,  good- 
sized  neck,  high  chest,  round  muscular  body  (or  a  well-propor- 
tioned one),  full  muscles,  strong  bones,  and  full  abdomen. 

Description  of  Sanatr'eness. — Sanativeness  is  a  term  which 
well  expresses  the  power  for  healing  and  the  quality  or  state  of 


428 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


healthfulness.  This  quality  includes  love  of  life,  together  with  a 
tenacious  clinging  to  life  and  a  determined  resistance  to  the  en- 
croachments of  disease.  The  same  condition  which  causes  health 
gives  the  capacity  to  impart  health  to  others  in  several  ways,  among 
which  may  be  mentioned  intuitive  comprehension  of  bodily  states 
and  changes  of  conditions  and  assistance  by  suggestion  of  hy- 
gienic measures,  by  hand-rubbing  and  manipulations  of  the  body, 
by  administering  remedies  which  experience  and  study  have  taught 

as  suitable,  and  by  surgical 
aid,  which  is  in  some  a 
natural  gift^  yet  which  the 
majority  of  surgeons  are 
obliged  to  learn  by  experi- 
ence. That  surgery  is  a 
natural  gift  in  some  fami- 
lies is  well  known.  The 
celebrated  Sweet  family, 
of  Milford,  Connecticut, 
were  "natural  bone-setters," 
and  this  talent  was  exhib- 
ited in  several  generations. 
Even  the  children  of  the 
family  evinced  a  remark- 
able faculty  for  setting 
bones,  and  showed  tlieir 
skill,  I  am  told,  by  prac- 
ticing upon  cats  and  other 
animals,  first  dislocating 
their  joints  and  then  re- 
placing them  as  a  playful 
experiment.  Thousands  of 
persons,  without  instruc- 
tion, are  capable  of  nursing 
the  sick,  and  show  a  gen- 
uine love  for  this  profession, 
and  M'hen  this  class  of  per- 
sons add  systematic,  scientific  training  to  their  natural  aptitudes 
tliey  are  most  successful  in  relieving  and  curing  the  sick.  Natural 
healers  (and  there  are  quite  a  number  of  persons  with  this  gifl  in 
every  community,  known  and  unknown)  delight  to  exercise  their 
healing  gifts  upon  those  afflicted  with  disease,  by  spontaneous  ma- 
nipulations of  the  body  and  limbs.  This  phase  of  the  faculty  of 
Sanativeness  is  common  to  many  species  of  animals,  as  has  been 
noted  by  naturalists,  many  instances  being  related  by  them  of  the 


"^^i^in 


Fig.  48.— dr.  NELLIE  BEIGHLE,    (Magnetic 
Healek.) 


Born  in  America  of  Scotch  parentage, 
facial  sign,  Sanativeness.     The  law  of  tlic  curve  and 


straight  line  governs  this  face. 


Principal 

urve  and 

This  physiognomy  ex- 


presses the  highest  degree  of  ability  to  heal  by  manipu 
lating  the  limbs  and  the  '     '        "" 

r  diagnosing 
as  a  '•seventh  sense."     Slie  seems  to' be  a  perennial 


lating  the  limos  and  the  body.    The  power  which  tliis 
lady  exhibits  for  diagnosiiig  diseases  may  well  be  ranked 


fountain  of  health,  and  is  probably  the  most  gifted 
healer  in  the  woi-ld.  To  a  sti-ong  domestic  nature  she 
adds  a  love  of  art  and  music,  her  line  muscular  endow- 
ment giving  this  capacity.  Her  complexion  is  clear  red 
and  white,  and  her  liodily  vigor  remarkable,  a  debt  she 
owes  to  the  good  oatmeal  porridge  of  her  Scotch  ances- 
tors. The  signs  for  Amativeness,  Love  of  Young,  of 
Home,  and  of  Country  are  large  ;  so,  also,  are  the  sicns 
for  Benevolence,  Hdsiiitality,  Friendship,  Mirthful- 
ness.  Color,  Aiijirobativeness,  Firmness,  Self-esteem, 
Modesty,  Human  Nature,  Analysis.  Hope,  Construct- 
iveness,  Form,  Size,  Ideality,  I^anguage,  Music,  Time, 
Self-will,  Prescience,  and  Intuition. 


SANATIVENESS. 


429 


methods  used  by  brute  creatures  to  restore  their  health  aud  that 
of  others  of  their  kind  by  assistance  in  simple  surgery — sympathy, 
shown  by  assistance  of  various  kinds — nursing,  bringing  food  to 
those  disabled,  etc.  Not  only  do  various  species  of  the  higher  ani- 
mals assist  each  other  to  regain  their  health,  but  they  have  in 
many  instances  acted  as  nurses  and  guardians  of  helpless  or 
drunken  masters,  saving  their  lives  from  fire,  and  by  calling  atten- 
tion to  their  masters  while  in  fits,  or  who  had  fallen  into  ditches, 
or  who  were  exposed  to  the 
danger  of  fire,  etc. 

All  human  experience 
points  to  the  fact  that  San- 
ativeness,  or  the  faculty 
which  sustains  and  restores 
health,  is  a  normal  and 
primitive  function,  being 
common  alike  to  man  and 
the  brute  creation.  Indeed, 
we  may  go  to  the  lowest 
forms  of  life,  ,to  the  vege- 
table, and  to  the  crystal  in 
the  mineral  kingdom,  and 
we  shall  note  the  fact  that 
even  plants  and  trees  pos- 
sess the  power  of  self- 
healing,  when  injured,  and 
some  crystals,  by  time  a,nd 
a  proper  environment,  as- 
sume again  their  natural 
forms  when  violence  has 
changed  them.  Whole- 
ness, soundness,  normalcy 
and  healthfulness  are  ordi- 
nances of  Nature,  without 
which  neither  man,  animal, 
nor  plant  could  survive  the  slightest  wound  or  disorder.  The  heal- 
ing power  must  reside  within ;  it  does  not  exist  in  the  apothecary's 
bottle.  Like  true  religion  and  true  morality,  it  is  a  component  of 
man  by  Nature.  This  truth  should  teach  us  the  religious  duty  of 
making  the  body  sound  by  all  reasonable  methods,  in  order  that 
our  offspring  may  inherit  the  tendency  to  Sanativeness. 

The  faculty  which  presides  over  health  and  heaHng,  and 
which  gives  a  love  of  life,  is  related  to  all  the  primitive  faculties 
primarily,  and  to  all  the  higher  or  mental  faculties  secondly.    Those 


Fig.  49.— PIEATRO    ANDlilOA    MAITKJLI. 
siciAN,  Author,  Botanist.) 


(Phy- 


Born  in  Italy,  1500.  Principal  facial  sign,  Sanative- 
ness, shown  by  prominent  malar  bones,  projecting  eye- 
bones  (sigji  for  Observation),  width  between  the  eyes, 
balanced  condition  of  all  the  features.  The  law  of  "the 
straight  line  and  square  governs  this  face.  Physicians, 
like  poets,  are  born,  not  made  by  education.    Tlie  physi- 


ognomy of  Mattioli  is  proof,  in  this  instance  at  least, 
of  the  above  statement.  The  signs  for  Conscientious- 
ness, Firmness,  Love  of  Home,  I^ve  of  Young,  Biba- 
tiveness,  Amativeness,  Benevolence,  Mirthfulness, 
Friendship,  Color,  Modesty,  Cautiousness.  Pneuniatlve- 
ness,  Hope,  Analysis,  Human  Nature,  ^Mental  Imitation, 
Constructiveness,  Ideality,  Veneration,  Belf-wilL  Form, 
Size,  Observation,  Locality,  Language.  Order,  Reascm, 
and  Intuition  declare  this'to  be  the  i)hvsiognomy  of  a 
flrst-class  mind.  P^arnestness,  Love  of  Truth  and  of 
Knowledge  are  perceptible,  while  the  sig^s  of  the  heal- 
ing power  and  capacity  are  most  apparent. 


430  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

in  whom  this  function  is  well  represented  eat  heartily,  breathe  well, 
sleep  profoundly,  enjoy  exercise,  and  in  all  ways  attest  that  health, 
vigor,  and  a  sound  constitution  are  the  most  priceless  possessions 
of  the  human  funily.  We  can  only  give  that  which  we  possess, 
and  those  who  have  a  large  degree  of  Sanativeness  are  best  able  to 
impart  the  same  to  others,  by  advice,  personal  service,  or  skillful 
medication.  The  long,  narrow-faced,  narrow-chested,  narrow- 
shouldered,  juiceless,  sapless  individual  has  no  health  to  impart, 
hence  is  to  a  great  degree  a  useless  cumberer  of  the  earth.  The 
sight  of  such  should  be  a  lesson  in  physiological  religion  to  all 
beholders,  and  a  warning  to  intending  parents  to  build  up  their 
own  constitutions  by  gymnastics  and  diet,  before  presuming  to 
become  the  constructors  of  other  human  beings. 

The  love  of  life  and  enjoyment  of  the  mere  fact  of  existence 
is  strongest  where  Sanativeness  is  best  developed,  and  parents  by 
transmitting  to  children  sound  and  healthful  bodies  endow  them 
with  a  fortune  above  price.  Not  only  does  it  give  zest  and  inspira- 
tion to  life  and  its  occupations,  but  it  enables  its  possessor  to 
recover  easily  and  quickly  from  sickness,  as  well  as  to  endure 
hardships  and  prolonged  strain  upon  the  constitution  without 
permanent  injury. 

If  Sanativeness  were  not  a  primitive  function,  it  would  be 
impossible  for  the  sick  to  recover  and  be  made  whole.  Nature  has 
instituted  certain  laws  and  processes  which  are  self-operative,  by 
the  exercise  of  which  self-healing  is  set  in  action,  and  when  sick- 
ness or  injuries  have  changed  the  normal  condition  of  health  ful- 
ness the  reparative  methods  of  Nature  at  once  take  up  the  work 
of  restoration,  and  unless  the  subject  is  injured  beyond  the  power 
of  Nature  to  repair  this  process  goes  on  until  perfect  health  is 
regained.  This  process,  designated  by  the  ancient  medicos  as  vis 
medicatrix  naturoe,  or  "  the  healing  power  of  Nature,"  is  dominant 
throughout  Nature's  broad  domain.  Plants  and  animals  are  healed 
by  this  all-pervading  law,  and  in  many  sections  of  the  country 
remote  from  physicians  man  relies  wholly  upon  this  beneficent 
provision  of  Nature,  and  thus  escapes  many  ills  which  too  much 
medication  inflicts  upon  those  who  are  so  unfortunate  as  to  be 
treated  by  an  ignoramus  posing  in  the  guise  of  an  M.D.,  made 
such,  perhaps,  by  the  possession  of  a  regular  diploma  alone,  and 
not  endorsed  by  the  hand  of  Nature.  All  true  physicians  are  born 
with  the  capacity,  instinct,  and  love  for  the  heaUng  art.  Scientific 
physiognomy  teaches  us  how  to  discover  those  upon  whom  Nature 
has  set  her  seal,  and  shows  to  whom  she  has  given  credentials  of 
fitness  for  the  highest  and  holiest  office  within  her  gift.  "  The 
heahng  of  the  nations,"  by  direct  means,  requires,  above   and 


SANATIVENESS.  431 

beyond  all  other  arts  and  sciences,  the  most  skill,  the  highest 
natural  fitness,  and  the  most  conscientious  conduct.  We  may  be 
able  to  exist  in  great  comfort,  and  listen  to  singers  out  of  tune,  or 
to  poets  whose  rhymed  measures  halt  and  limp,  or  gaze  upon 
pictures  that  fail  to  convey  a  meaning,  without  being  greatly 
injured;  but  when  sickness  assails  this  mortal  frame,  then  it  is  that 
the  utmost  skill,  wisdom,  and  almost  superhuman  knowledge  is 
demanded  to  restore  us  to  our  wonted  health,  and  this  result  re- 
quires the  highest  powers  of  mind,  or  (as  in  the  case  of  natural 
healers)  a  suitable  physical  endowment. 

There  are  four  general  and  distinct  classes  of  those  who  pos- 
sess the  power  of  healing,  viz.,  natural  physicians,  natural  surgeons, 
natural  nurses,  and  natural  healers.  Each  class  is  distinguished 
by  facial  and  bodily  peculiarities  of  structure  which,  once  under- 
stood will  always  reveal  the  class  to  which  each  belongs.  Each  of 
these  classes  has  its  subdivisions.  'Some  surgeons,  for  example, 
are  best  adapted  to  repair  injuries  to  the  bones;  others  have  a 
special  gift  in  treating  injuries  to  the  eye,  ear,  or  abnormal  states 
of  the  viscera,  removing  tumors,  etc.  All  these  differences  of 
taste  and  capapity  manifest  themselves  in  the  practice  of  every 
surgeon,  as  well  as  in  his  face,  showing  in  each  case  that  Nature 
has  especially  endowed  certain  persons  with  the  talent  essential  to 
restore  all  of  the  various  parts  of  the  human  organism.  It  is  the 
same  with  physicians;  some  have  a  natural  aptitude  for  treating  a 
certain  portion  of  the  body,  or  are  most  successful  in  some  special 
department,  thus  evincing  that  Nature  has  provided  in  every 
direction  for  the  restoration  to  health  of  all  her  suffering  children. 
There  is  also  great  diversity  of  taste  and  talent  exhibited  among 
natural  nurses,  as  among  physicians  and  surgeons.  Some  are  led 
by  natural  aptitudes  to  attend  to  sick  children  exclusively,  or  to 
diseases  of  women  solely ;  while  others  have  more  skill  and  insight 
in  nursing  surgical  cases;  others  still  excel  in  treating  fever 
patients,  thus  proving  that  if  ill  health  assumes  a  Protean  aspect. 
Nature  has  endowed  humanity  with  characteristics  sufficiently 
varied  to  relieve  them  all. 

In  all  communities,  civilized  and  uncivilized,  are  found  persons 
of  both  sexes,  to  whom  Nature  has  imparted  the  gift  of  healing 
by  different  methods  of  hand  rubbing  and  manipulation  of  the 
body  and  limbs.  Doubtless  many  of  tJiese  beneficent  beings  have, 
in  former  ages,  been  persecuted  as  witches  and  magicians ;  but  in 
this  more  enlightened  age,  when  inquiry  is  not  obstructed  by  penal 
enactments,  we  are  able  to  investigate  the  peculiar  virtues  of  this 
useful  class  of  people,  and  to  avail  ourselves  openly  of  their 
capacities. 


432 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


These  two  general  classes  of  healers,  viz.,  the  magnetic  and 
the  electric,  are  suited  to  the  requirements  of  differently  constituted 
patients,  some  of  whom  need  vital  electricity,  while  others  demand 
magnetism.  As  a  rule,  patients  need  the  sort  of  vitality  opposite 
to  their  own.  Scientific  physiognomy  gives  the  only  method  by 
which  these  classes  of  persons  can  be  known  and  classified. 

The  magnetic  healer  is  knoAvn  by  a  predominance  of  the 
muscular  system,  while  the  electric  healer  discloses  the  supremacy 

of  the  nervous,  or  the  ner- 
vous and  mental  systems  in 
combination.  The  latter 
class  possess,  in  many  cases, 
wonderful  insight  into  phys- 
ical, moral,  and  mental  dis- 
orders, and  if,  as  it  some- 
times happens,  they  are  not 
able  to  aid  with  the  hands, 
are  very  competent  to  give 
advice  as  to  treatment, 
foods,  hygienic  habits,  etc., 
which  are  highly  beneficial. 
All  true  physicians,  sur- 
geons, nurses,  and  healers 
possess  in  varying  degrees 
intuitive  insight  in  sickness, 
which  enables  them  by  a 
process  of  divination,  if  I 
may  so  term  it,  to  compre- 
hend existing  conditions, 
and  thus  they  are  able 
to  promote  health  by  ap- 
plying the  best  remedy  to  the  case  in  hand.  This  gift  is  aug- 
mented by  study  and  experience.  The  more  intuition  a  physician 
possesses  the  greater  is  his  power  to  diagnose  a  disease,  and 
tliis  fact  has  been  used  by  quacks  and  mere  college-made  doctors 
to  impose  upon  patients  by  the  assumption  of  extraordinary 
occult  or  mystic  powers  in  this  direction.  So  precious  is  health, 
and  so  eager  are  the  sick  to  become  well,  that,  like  drowning 
men,  they  seize  upon  every  straw  of  comfort  they  can  get  in  the 
way  of  relief,  and  thus  it  is  that  many  resort  to  quacks  and  char- 
latans, or  to  dangerous  patent  remedies.  Like  many  other  of  the 
good  things  of  life,  we  value  health  more  after  we  lose  it  than 
wliile  we  possess  it.  Natural  remedies,  such,  for  example,  as  rest, 
diet,  abstinence  from  food  in  certain  cases,  sea-bathing,  judicious 


Fig.  50.— "MOTHER"  BYCKERDYKE.    (Akmy 
Nurse  and  Philanthropist.) 

Born  in  Illinois.  Conspicuous  facial  sign,  Sana- 
tiveness.  The  law  of  the  straight  line  and  square  gov- 
erns this  physiognomy.  This  tenderly  sympathetic  face 
discloses  all  the  signs  of  a  great  and  self -sacrificing  na- 
ture. Conscientiousness,  Firmness,  Patriotism,  Benevo- 
lence, Economy,  Love  of  Home,  Love  of  Young, 
Modesty,  Friendship  and  Approbativeness  are  most 
decided ;  while  the  faculties  of  Analysis,  Hope,  Sub- 
limity, Veneration,  Executiveness,  Locality,  Language, 
Memory  of  Events,  and  Intuition  are  excellent. 


SANATIVENJESS. 


433 


exercise,  gymnastics,  remedial  foods  and  drinks  afforded  by  vege- 
tables and  herbs,  are  the  best  aids  to  preserAe  and  restore  health. 
When  these  fail,  then  recourse  may  be  made  to  physicians,  medi- 
cation, nurses,  and  healers.  Most  persons  respond  easily  to  these 
natural  metliods  of  regaining  health,  and  the  more  they  rely  upon 
them  and  persevere  in  an  intelligent  manner  the  better  it  will  be 
for  them,  for  health  is  the  normal  condition  of  all;  and  when  one 
seeks  the  aid  of  natural  remedies  he  acts  in  conjunction  with  other 
natural  laws,  for  all  of  the 
laws  of  Nature  work  in 
harmonious  agreement. 

An  ardent  love  of  life 
is  one  phase  of  the  faculty 
of  Sanativeness.  Those 
endowed  with  a  high  de- 
gree of  health  and  a  sound 
constitution  naturally  enjoy 
existence  more  than  do 
those  who  are  feeble  by 
nature;  hence  they  will 
make  greater  effoi'ts  to  re- 
cuperate, and  do  so  more 
readily  than  those  who  are 
life-long  sufferers  by  dis- 
ease. 

Longevity  is  still  an- 
other attribute  of  this 
faculty,  and  the  physiogno- 
mies of  all  aged  persons 
show  most  of  the  signs  for 


Fig.  51.— CLEMENCE  S.  I.OZIER.  (Physician  and 
Kekormer.)* 
Bom  in  New  Jersey,  1812.  Con.spiciious  facial  sign, 
Sanativeness,  sliown  by  breadth  of  face  outwardly  from 
the  eyes  alid  just  below  them',  full  cheeks  ;  good,  fresh 
color  of  the  complexion,  clear  skin,  bright  eyes.  The 
law  of  the  straight  line  and  square  gf)verns  this  face. 
The  force  of  character  exhibited  by  this  lady  was  of 
that  quiet,  gentle,  persistent  sort  which,  when  allied  to 
great  mental  and  moral  gifts,  as  in  her  case,  leads  to 
success.  She  wa-s  quite  a  noted  reformer,  having  been 
one  of  the  staunchcst  supporters  of  the  woman's  suf- 
frage cause.  In  the  face  ot  great  obstacles  she  obtained 
a  medical    education    and    established   the  Woman's 


tiousness.  Firmness,  Econ- 


Medical  College  of  New  York,  and  became  its  first 
Dean.  The  signs  of  Conscientious 
ne,  Mir 
g,  and  oi  Ilospita 
mental  signs  of  Analysis,  Ho'nc,  Human  Nature,  Coa 
structiveness.  Form,  Size,  Color,  Veneration,  Reason, 
Prescience,  and  Intuition  are  large.  Altogether  an 
earnest,  gentle,  wise,  and  womanly  woman. 


Sanativeness.     This   grand 
primal   faculty    has    many 

rkVin«;p«      nnH      ner»Pnf«       fViiKi       o'"i';  I^"^®  »*   Home,    Mirthfuliiess,  Patriotism,  Love 
pildSCb      ana     aspects,      IIIUS       „£  Young,  and  of  HospitaUty  are  well  defined.     The 

disclosing  its  breadth  of 
scope  and  its  relation  to  all 
the  life-giving  and  life- 
sustaining  powers.  Its  base  is  broader  and  more  important  than 
any  other  function,  for  it  embraces  many  of  the  others  in  its 
operation,  as  it  is  related  to  respiration^  digestion,  and  secretion,  as 
well  as  to  the  muscular  and  bone  and  brain  systems. 

After  reading  the  above  exposition  of  this  function  and  its 
associated  faculties,  can  one  doubt  its  direct  influence  upon  our 
moral  nature  ?     How  important,  then,  its  cultivation ! 

•  This  cut  by  permission  of  editor  of  "  History  of  Woman's  Suffrage." 

28 


434  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHTSIOGNOMT. 

• 

The  restorative  powers  of  animals  are  manifested  in  a  greater 
degree  than  in  civihzed  man,  and  they  also  exhibit  in  many  cases 
an  intuitive  or  instinctive  knowledge  of  the  remedial  powers  of 
certain  herbs,  of  rest,  and  diet.  They  also  evince  considerable 
ability  in  surgery,  often  practicing  it  upon  themselves,  and  assist- 
ing each  other.  Cats  and  dogs  understand  the  virtue  of  certain 
plants,  Avhich  they  use  either  as  purgatives  or  emetics  according  to 
their  requirements.  The  buffalo,  camel,  and  horse  use  salt  for 
the  purpose  of  promoting  health.  The  "  salt-licks  "  of  all  coun- 
tries are  resorted  to  by  various  animals  for  this  purpose.  The 
chimpanzee  and  other  apes  are  known  to  staunch  their  bleeding 
wounds  by  using  their  hands  to  compress  them,  or  by  stuffing 
grass  and  other  things  into  the  wound  to  relieve  themselves 
(Livingston).  Many  animals  lick  their  own  and  other's  wounds 
and  sores,  thus  cleansing  them  in  order  to  facilitate  healing.  A 
dog  has  been  known  to  perform  a  surgical  operation  upon  a  cat 
by  excision  of  its  tail,  which  had  been  partially  cut  in  two.  The 
dog  hit  off  the  end,  and  thus  relieved  his  feline  friend  (Lindsay). 
Many  animals  take  the  orphaned  offspring  of  other  animal  species 
and  nurse  them  at  their  breasts,  and  do  a  parent's  part  by  them. 
Dogs  and  elephants  have  nursed  and  cared  for  injured  and  sick 
men  and  children,  and  have  saved  human  lives,  by  their  acuteness 
in  scent  and  sound,  from  drowning  and  fire,  and  in  a  thousand 
ways  they  attest  that  the  principle  of  Sanativeness  in  all  its  phases 
•is  possessed  by  various  animal  species. 

Longevity  in  animals  is  disclosed  by  the  same  general  signs  as 
in  man,  the  long,  slim-necked  giraffe  living  a  relatively  shorter 
life  than  the  round,  muscular  tortoise,  or  the  broad-built  elephant. 
In  short,  animals  possess  in  common  with  man,  in  varying  degrees, 
all  the  phases  of  Sanativeness,  and  which  they  manifest,  as  he  does, 
by  both  mental  and  physical  acts  and  means. 

If  the  love  of  life  were  not  a  universal  and  dominating  trait, 
both  men  and  animals  would  "  shuffle  off  this  mortal  coil "  upon 
the  slightest  provocation.  Suicides  are  committed  by  animals 
from  the  same  causes  which  induce  men  to  commit  them.  Man 
must  have  within  himself  a  great  restraining  influence,  else  veiy 
^Qw  would  stand  up  under  the  innumerable  disasters,  trials,  and 
sufferings  to  which  nearly  all  mankind  are  subjected.  It  requires 
great  heroism  oftentimes  to  exist.  The  love  of  health  is  the  next 
strongest  desire  of  the  human  heart ;  longevity  or  length  of  days 
another  great  human  desire.  Then  follows  the  yearning  exhibited 
by  so  many  to  save  Hfe  and  health  by  personal  service,  advice,  and 
medication.  All  these  traits  are  but  phases  and  manifestations 
of  one  fundamental  function  and  faculty  which  I  have  included 


SANATITENISS.  435 

under  the  comprehensive  term,  Sanativeness,  from  sanative, 
"having  tlie  power  to  cure  or  heal;  heahng;  curative;  having 
the  tendency  to  heal."*  From  tliis  condition  of  the  body  all  the 
other  phases  and  aspects  of  the  faculty  follow,  viz.,  the  power  to 
assist  others  in  sickness,  the  love  of  life  and  health,  the  dread  of 
pain,  and  longevity. 

The  facial  signs  of  the  physician  are  varied  and  numerous, 
because  this  profession  requires  very  superior  and  varied  character. 
None  should  enter  its  ranks  unless  specially  qualified  by  Nature  for 
this  work.  One  general  sign  observed  in  the  physiognomies  of 
physicians,  and  nurses  as  well,  is  a  prominence  of  the  hones  of  the 
cheek,  about  one  inch  outward  from  the  outer  angle  of  the  eye, 
and  also  just  below  the  eye.  The  other  signs  found  in  combina- 
tion wUl  decide  whether  the  talent  is  for  nursing  or  doctoring. 
The  physician  must  possess  a  good  brain  system,  such  as  would 
enable  him  to  take  a  comprehensive  course  of  study,  with  large 
Practicality  to  enable  him  to  apply  it.  The  shape  and  size  of  the 
nose  will  give  this  information.  He  must  have  fair  Caution,  large 
Reason,  Analysis,  Observation,  Intuition,  Self-will,  Firmness,  Self- 
esteem,  Conscientiousness,  and  sufficient  Secretiveness  to  enable  him 
to  keep  a  close  mouth  and  commatid  his  facial  muscles.  He  must 
possess  fine  social  and  domestic  traits,  such  as  Friendship,  Hope, 
Mirthfulness,  Pneumativeness,  Love  of  Young,  Benevolence,  suf- 
ficient Amativeness  to  enable  him  to  be  tender  and  considerate  of 
women,  and  good  health  and  a  vigorous  constitution.  He  requires 
also  fine  Ideality  to  give  refinement,  l^rge  Constructiveness,  plenty 
of  Force  to  give  courage  while  performing  difficult  operations, 
together  with  a  high  sense  of  honor  and  morality.  In  short,  a 
physician  should  possess  a  high  and  ^well-balanced,  harmonious 
organization  of  body  and  mind,  if  he  would  attain  the  highest 
success  in  the  healing  art. 

The  surgeon  needs  many  of  the  foregoing  traits,  but  with 
larger  Form,  Size,  Constructiveness,  Force,  and  Resolution,  as  well 
as  great  physical  courage  and  mechanical  ability.  Nearly  all 
superior  surgeons  exhibit  large  muscular  development ;  that  is,  the 
muscles  must  exceed  the  bones  in  order  to  give  strength  and  sup- 
pleness, without  large  size  of  the  hands  and  fingers,  which  are 
round,  flexible,  and  inclined  to  taper ;  hence  surgeons  are  round- 
built  men,  with  broad,  rounding  heads,  broad  shoulders,  deep 
chest,  and  a  strong  and  not  an  oversensitive  nervous  system. 
This  profession  requires  a  combination  of  the  brain  and  muscular 
systems  predominant. 

All  natural  nurses  exhibit  the  facial  sign  about  the  comer  of 

*  Webster, 


436  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the  eyes,  and  manifest  a  desire  to  be  with  the  sick,  and  exhibit 
their  skill  in  their  treatment.  They  should  have  a  good,  vigorous 
constitution;  large  Caution,  Hope,  Mirthfulness ;  not  too  much 
Loquacity,  yet  enough  to  interest  and  amuse  the  invalid ;  large 
Pneumativeness,  to  detect  odors  and  atmospheric  changes  and 
qualities;  good  Conscientiousness  and  Firmness,  to  give  decision  and 
perseverance  without  being  rigid  or  severe ;  good  Alimentiveness, 
to  enable  them  to  eat  well  and  be  able  to  choose  and  prepare  suit- 
able foods  for  the  sick.  A  nurse  may  possess  either  the  bone  and 
brain  systems,  with  a  good  degree  of  the  vegetative,  or  a  combination 
of  the  muscular  and  brain  systems  dominant. 

Natural  healers  are,  as  before  stated,  usually  found  with  the 
muscular  or  nervous  systems  dominant ;  yet  I  have  known  some 
very  good  healers,  who  combined  nursing  with  heaUng  qimlities, 
in  whom  the  vegetative  and  muscular  systems  were  supreme. 
Healers  acquire,  by  long  and  continued  practice,  a  sensitiveness  of 
the  sense  of  touch  and  temperature  which  enables  them  to  locate 
a  disease  by  the  sense  of  touch,  aided  by  intuition.  The  diag- 
noses of  some  of  this  class  are  truly  phenomenal.  Healers  should 
possess  the  best  of  health  and  sound  constitution,  moral  principle, 
and  large  Friendship.  In  their  efforts  for  the  sick  they  are  too  apt 
to  overdo,  and  thus  break  down  early.  They  should  bear  in  mind 
that  vitality  is  limited,  and  endeavor  to  conserve  their  powers  by 
plenty  of  rest  and  a  good  deal  of  fresh  air  and  sunshine.  These 
are  indispensable  to  those  who  would  retain  healing  powers  unim- 
paired for  years. 

SELF-ESTEEM. 

Definition. — Self-respect,  independence,  true  pride,  dignity, 
decorum,  self-reliance,  nobility,  self-control,  love  of  leadership, 
selfhood,  elevation  of  character. 

An  excess  induces  intense  egotism,  insolence,  haughtiness, 
tyranny,  and  an  overbearing  assumption  of  superiority. 

A  deficiency  tends  to  lack  of  dignity,  want  of  self-reliance 
and  true  independence,  with  little,  if  any,  ability  to  lead  or 
command. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  principal  sign  for  Self-esteem 
is  length  of  the  upper  lip.  The  principal  bodily  signs  are  an 
erect  carriage,  a  high  head,  erect  shoulders,  chin  carried  slightly 
forward,  and  feet  turned  well  outward.  Those  with  short,  upper 
lips  have  relatively  less  Self-esteem  than  those  with  a  long  upper 
lip.  The  length  of  the  upper  lip  also  indicates  (if  the  color  is  well 
defined)  the  strength  of  the  spinal  column  and  strength  of  the 
vertebrae.     It  leads  the  individual  to  carry  himself  with  a  vigorous 


SELF-ESTEEM.  437 

and  independent  bearing ;  and  as  mind  and  body  always  act  in 
unison,  Sell-esteem  and  a  very  erect  carriage  are  the  results  of  the 
integrity  of  the  bony  system,  which  is  also  manifested  by  a  strong 
and  straight  vertebral  structure.  See  the  portraits  of  Admiral 
Farragut,  Herbert  Spencer,  John  G.  Whittier,  and  others. 

13escription  of  Self-esteem. — The  limbs  of  those  possessed  of 
large  Self-esteem  are  long  and  straight ;  the  fingers  long  and  bony. 
Sell-esteem  originates-  in  the  osseous  system  and  is  best  developed 
in  those  in  whom  this-  system  is  dominant.  The  length  of  the  bony 
structure  of  the  upper  jaw  gives  the  facial  sign,  and  this  indicates  its 
source  or  base.  By  virtue  of  the  same  logic  we  find  that  stiffness 
and  strength  of  the  vertebrae,  or  bones  of  the  spinal  column,  and 
an  erect  carriage  of  the  body  and  head  are  among  its  bodily  indica- 
tions. When  the  osseous  system  is  strong,  \vell  developed,  and 
sustained  by  the  perfection  of  the  digestive  functions,  there  is 
evolved  such  vigor  of  the  mind  and  of  the  most  solid  and  enduring 
parts  of  the  body  as  leads  to  Self-esteem,  love  of  leadership,  sell- 
reliance,  dignity,  and  elevation  of  character.  The  reader  can  con- 
vince himself  very  readily  of  the  reliable  and  unyielding  nature 
of  bone,  and  of  its  ability  to  impart  firmness,  solidity,  and  dignity 
to  character,  by  comparing  the  stature  and  lives  of  Washington, 
Jefferson,  or  any  other  men  possessed  of  very  long  and  square 
bones,  with  the  personnel  and  character  of  any  short,  fat,  squat 
individual,  and  he  will  become  convinced  of  the  reliable  nature 
of  bone  when  exhibited  in  man  or  animal. 

This  trait  imparts  ability  for  enduring  and  overcoming  one's 
own  weaknesses  as  well  as  the  opinions  and  weaknesses  of  others. 
In  disease,  it  assists  in  sustaining  the  patient  in  a  measure  and 
leads  him  to  rely  upon  his  own  efforts  and  self-control  to  promote 
recovery.  It  is  a  grand  force  in  a  character,  in  a  normal  degree, 
but  where  a  large  excess  has  been  transmitted  and  unduly  exer- 
cised it  is  a  perversion,  and  the  most  offensive  egotism,  haughti- 
ness, contempt,  and  tyranny  take  its  place,  and  thus  weaken  and 
make  despicable  the  character  exhibiting  this  perversion.  Insane 
asylums  contain  many  characters  whose  unbalanced  or  excessive 
Self-esteem  is  most  marked,  and  they  announce  themselves  to 
visitors  as  "Jesus  Christ,"  or  "Queen  Victoria,"  or  "Napoleon 
Bonaparte,"  or  some  other  celebrated  character,  with  all  the 
earnestness  of  truth. 

The  position  of  the  facial  sign  of  Self-esteem  is  worthy  of 
analysis.  It  is  dominated  by  the  sign  for  Modesty,  which  cuts  a 
channel  through  the  centre  of  the  upper  lip  and  seems  intended 
to  tone  down  the  haughty  assumptions  of  a  too-excessive  egotism. 
Just  above  it  stands  Hope,  to  cheer  and  lead  upward  a  strong 


438 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


selfhood,  without  which  it  would  be  content  with  mere  self-contem- 
plation; while  above  it  are  all  the  traits  which  disclose  artistic, 
literary,  and  musical  ability,  grouped  together  to  attract  the  char- 
acter toward  active  labor  in  those  directions,  and  thus  give  a  real 
foundation  for  true  pride  in  meritorious  achievement ;  while  Ama- 
tiveness  and  Love  of  Young  each  develop  feeling  toward  others, 
which  modifies  somewhat  the  constant  thought  of  self-importance ; 
for  each  of  these  sentiments  demands  recognition  and  sends  out  to 

children,  lover,  and  hus- 
band a  share  of  attention, 
and  thus  tends  to  draw  ofi:' 
the  mind  from  too  much 
self-contemplation  and  self- 
glorification, — a  condition 
which  would  be  the  natural 
result  did  not  mental  tastes 
and  desires,  as  well  as  do- 
mestic sentiments,  arise  to 
prevent  the  character  from 
becoming  entirely  absorbed 
in  contemplation  of  itself. 

In  many  characters 
who  exhibit  an  excess  of 
Self-esteem,  a  certain  trait 
or  several  traits  are  ob- 
served to  be  relatively 
feeble;  either  Love  of 
Young,  Amativeness,  or 
else  a  poor  development  of 
artistic  or  literary  tastes 
and  capacities  will  be  ob- 
served. Those  who  possess 
an  inordinate  degree  of  Self- 
esteem  seem  often,  in  their 
offensive  assumptions  of  superiority,  in  many  directions  to  be 
insane.  They  carry  this  egotism  and  hauteur  to  such  lengths  as 
to  lay  themselves  open  to  the  charge  either  of  insanity  or  of  acting 
a  part.  Indeed,  excessive  indulgence  in  this  self-feeling  often 
brings  on  morbid  states  of  mind,  which,  if  not  checked,  induce 
insanity.  The  "sublime  self-sufficiency  of  Swedenborg,"  for  ex- 
ample, is  a  matter  most  interesting  to  physiognomists,  for  when 
his  portrait  is  examined  scientifically  the  faculty  of  Self-esteem 
will  be  found  second  only  to  the  faculty  of  Credenciveness,  and 
both  were  abnormally  developed.     Indeed,  the  physiognomies  of 


Fig.  52. —THOMAS  JEFFERSON.  (Statesman, 
Reformer,  and  President  of  the  United 
States;  Author  of  the  "Declaration  of 
Independence." 

Conspicuous  facial  sign.  Self-esteem,  shown  hy 
length  of  the  upper  lip.  The  law  of  the  straight  line  and 
square  governs  this  face.  Elevation  of  mind  is  the  domi- 
nant characteristic  of  this  noble  character.  A  developed 
vegetative  system  gives  a  firm  foundation  upon  which 
is  built  a  broad  and  lofty  mentality.  The  signs  for 
Firmness,  Conscientiousness,  Patriotism,  Love  of  Home 
and  of  Young  are  most  marked.  The  height,  length, 
and  width  of  the  nose  announce  a  marked  and  vigorous 
mentality.  The  signs  for  Human  Nature,  Analysis, 
Constructiveness,  Mental  Imitation,  Sublimity  Vener- 
ation, Executiveness,  Self-will,  Observation,  Memory 
of  Events,  and  Reason  are  all  large.  His  stature  was 
tall  and  commanding  and  quality  fine. 


SELF-ESTEfiM. 


48^ 


all  great  founders  and  leaders  of  leligious  and  other  reforms,  dis- 
close the  signs  for  Self-esteem  most  decidedly.  Observe  the  faces 
of  George  Washington,  Thomas  Jefferson,  Garibaldi,  Kossuth, 
Lamartine,  Admiral  Farragut,  John  Bright,  Lucretia  Mott,  and 
John  Wesley. 

This  trait  assists  the  character  in  the  self-assertmi  and  pod' 
tiveness  required  for  domination.  Confidence  in  one's  self  inspires 
confidence  on  the  part  of  others,  hence  it  is  that  quacks,  so-called 
prophets,  and  miracle-work- 
ers secure  a  large  following 
and  great  pecuniary  profit. 
Self-assertion,  bombastic  pre- 
tension, coupled  with  a  claim 
to  supernatui-al  powers,  is 
always  sure  of  success.  His- 
tory records  many  who  were 
monomaniacs  whose  confi- 
dence in  themselves  led  them 
into  all  sorts  of  extrava- 
gances, as  well  as  their  de- 
luded worshipers.  Joanna 
Southcott,  who  flourished  in 


England  in  the  seventeenth 
century,  was  one  of  this  sort. 
No  doubt  she  was  so  inflated 
with  Self-esteem  and  her 
own  importance  that  she 
sincerely  believed  herself  to 
be  what  she  professed,  viz., 
the  bride  of  Christ.  Her 
portrait  exhibits  the  signs 
for  Credenciveness  and  Self- 
esteem  large.  These  are  also 
very  marked  in  the  physiog- 
nomies of  Maliomet,  George 
Fox,  Brigham  Young,  Mar- 


Fio.  53.-HENRY  WARD  BEECHER.    (Author, 
Editor,  Orator,  Preacher,  Reformer.) 

Bom  in  Connecticut,  1813.  Conspicuous  facial 
sign  SeU'-esteein.  The  law  of  the  straight  line, square, 
and  curve  governs  this  countenance.  This  portrait 
of  Mr.  Beecher,  taken  in  early  life,  expresses  great 
power.  Along  with  a  fine  and  strong  vegetative 
system  are  seen  the  signs  of  moral  and  mental 
capacity ;  the  wide,  straight  mouth  and  full  eyes 
announce  the  orator,  while  the  large  size  of  the  nose 
and  its  length  give  the  clue  to  his  great  mentality. 
The  signs  for  Conscientiousness,  Firmness,  Love  of 
Home,  of  Young,  and  of  Country  are  well  defined. 
Amativeness,  Benevolence,  Economy,  Hospitality, 
Sanativeness,  Color,  Mirtli fulness,  FYiendshin,  Mod- 
esty and  Apnrobativeness  are  all  very  well  devel- 
oped, thus  showing  constitutional  vigor  and  the 
essential  foundation  of  sympathetic  emotion  for  the 
orator  and  reformer.  The  signs  for  Analysis,  Human 
Nature,  Sublimity,  Ideality,  Constructiveness,  Men- 
tal Imitation,  Veneration,"  Executiveness,  Self-will, 
I^atiguage,  >Iusic,  Calculation,  Order,  Form,  Size, 
Locality,  and  Memory  of  Events  are  large,  while  Cre- 
denciveness is  deficient. 


tin  Luther,  and  Calvin.  The 
portraits  of  all  successful  generals  exhibit  a  more  than  average 
degree  of  Self-esteem,  and  the  physiognomies  of  the  leaders  in  all 
great  enterprises  show  the  same.  In  all  such  affairs  it  is  very 
essential  that  the  individual  should  have  confidence  in  his  own 
powers,  and  then  be  able  to  inspire  others  with  confidence  in 
himself,  and  this  the  natural  leader  will  do  in  the  most  spontane- 
ous manner.     Among  children,  the  one  who  possesses  the  most 


440  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Self-esteem  or  dignity  will  naturally  set  up  the  standard  of  leadership 
in  their  games  and  pastimes.  A  child  with  natural  Executiveness 
will  also  assume  the  character  of  the  "  father,"  or  "  mother,"  or 
"captain,"  or  "teacher,"  in  intercourse  with  his  or  her  playmates, 
and  in  childhood,  as  well  as  in  adult  hfe,  the  one  who  is  able  to 
lead  does  so  according  to  the  infallible  law  of  the  reign  of  the 
fittest. 

In  the  animal  kingdom  the  faculty  of  leadership,  by  virtue  of 
capacity,  is  exhibited  in  a  very  marked  manner,  and,  in  this  do- 
main, leadership  always  rests  upon  true  merits  and,  according  to 
animal  ideas,  the  leader  must  prove  his  power  or  vacate  the 
position.  "  Family  influence "  here  goes  for  nothing,  and  deeds 
alone  entitle  the  conquering  buck  to  the  possession  of  the  does, 
the  right  to  whom  he  has  had  to  earn  by  the  most  valiant  and 
hard-fought  battles.  Among  the  peaceful,  graminivorous  tribes, 
the  "  bell-wether "  leads  the  flock  by  reason  of  ability  to  do 
so ;  and,  lower  down,  the  most  skillful  beaver  acts  as  engineer-in- 
chief  to  locate  and  construct  the  dams  and  dwellings  for  the  tribes. 
So,  also,  the  ants  choose  capable  superintendents  and  architects, 
whose  authority  is  acknowledged  and  ability  unquestioned  by  those 
who  work  under  direction  of  their  chosen  leaders.  The  faculty  of 
Self-esteem,  then,  must  be  inherent  as  low  down  in  the  animal 
series  as  the  insect  tribes,  and  possibly  it  may  be  exhibited  in  some 
way  by  those  still  lower  down.  Because  man's  faculties  are  too  gross 
to  penetrate  the  finer  powers  of  animal  life  he  assumes  that  animals 
are  deficient  creatures,  and  not  possessed  of  sense  or  mind, — only 
"instinct."  The  microscope  possesses  powers  of  which  the  most 
perfect  human  eye  is  destitute,  and  this  same  instrument  reveals 
to  man  facts  in  animal  nature  which  almost  exceed  belief  The 
patience  and  observation  of  numberless  naturalists  are  accumulating 
a  vast  amount  of  evidence  in  this  direction,  which  is  adding  greatly 
to  our  intelligence  on  the  subject  of  the  mental  life  of  animals,  and 
which  must  greatly  contribute  to  the  respect  in  which  we  should 
hold  them.  Let  the  reader  peruse  the  works  of  the  Rev.  J.  G. 
Wood,  Pierre  Huber,  Dr.  J.  Lauder  Lindsay,  Charles  Darwin, 
Buckland,  Houzeau,  Biichner,  Youatt,  Miss  Cobbe,  and  others, 
who  have  made  the  study  of  animals  a  specialty,  and  he  will  be- 
come convinced  that  the  mentality  of  animals  is  different  from 
man's  only  in  degree,  not  in  kind.  In  treating  of  Mind  in  its 
most  comprehensive  sense  I  am  obliged  to  include  some  notice  of 
animal  mentality,  for  there  can  be  but  one  mind  pervading  all  ani- 
mate objects,  just  as  there  is  but  one  life  permeating  all  things  in 
existence,  yet  manifesting  itself  in  many  diverse  methods  in 
unnumbered  objects. 


SELF-ESTEEM.  441 

The  reader  will  observe  that  in  the  descriptions  of  the  facul- 
ties in  this  chapter  a  space  is  devoted  to  notice  of  similar  faculties 
in  various  animals.  My  object  in  thus  doing  is  to  enlarge  the  ideas 
of  my  readers,  and  to  lead  them  to  take  a  more  comprehensive  view 
of  mind  than  obtains  at  present  among  the  masses.  When  man 
magnifies  himself  at  the  expense  of  the  animal  kingdom  he  does 
himself,  as  well  as  the  animal  tribes,  a  gross  injustice.  He  nar- 
rows his  view  of  Nature's  laws  and  shuts  out  much  which  the 
great  truths  of  evolution  teach. 

A  balanced  degree  of  Self-esteem  is  of  infinite  service  to  man, 
and  is  intended  to  teach  him  to  protect,  uphold,  and  respect  himself 
by  causing  liim  to  pursue  a  course  of  conduct  which  will  entitle  him 
not  only  to  respect  himself,  but  to  deserve  the  respect  of  others. 
It  is,  indeed,  a  "tower  of  strength"  to  the  character,  and  will  en- 
able one  to  push  his  way  to  many  places  of  importance,  social, 
commercial,  and  governmental. 

Those  with  short  upper  lips  are  greatly  lacking  in  Self-esteem, 
yet  usually  possess  a  large  share  of  Approbativeness,  which  assists 
the  character.  Children  with  this  feature  should  be  encouraged* 
to  act  with  self-reliance  and  be  taught  to  depend  on  their  own 
efforts  and  to  value  their  own  opinions  more.  In  this  manner  the 
lack  of  Self-esteem  can  be  overcome  in  a  measure,  and  thus  add 
strength  and  power.  Parents  should  always  seek  to  level  iqj  the 
character  and  not  to  level  claicn  this  trait  by  discouraging  bashful, 
shame-faced  children.  Many  parents  will  observe  in  the  presence 
of  a  child,  "  Oh,  there  is  no  use  trying  to  make  anything  of 
Johnnie ;  he  is  too  bashful  to  ever  amount  to  anything."  They 
should  take  the  opposite  course  with  diffident  children,  and  inspire 
them  with  a  belief  in  their  own  abihties  by  saying  in  their  hear- 
ing, "  I  expect  my  boy  to  succeed,"  or  "My  daughter  has  ability 
to  do  many  things  well,  and  she  will  certainly  show  it."  Always 
speak  of  them  and  to  them  as  if  their  backwardness,  or  lack  of 
Self-esteem,  was  only  an  incident  peculiar  to  cliildhood,  but  always 
assume  in  their  hearing  that  they  are  expected  to  put  forth  all 
their  energies,  and  that  success  will  surely  crown  their  efforts. 
Many  a  boy  has  been  obliged  to  take  a  second-rate  place  in  life 
simply  .because  his  self-estimation  was  not  commensurate  with  his 
abilities. 

It  is  wonderful  how  readily  the  world  accepts  our  own  valua- 
tion of  ourselves.  This  being  the  fact,  all  should  put  a  high 
estimate  upon  their  cliaracter  and  then  live  up  to  it. 

The  effects  which  are  produced  by  the  combination  of  Self- 
esteem  Avith  other  faculties  are  most  noteworthy.  Average  Self- 
esteem,  with  Firmness  and  Conscientiousness,  lends  great  dignity 


442  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTirTC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and  moral  worth  to  the  character,  together  with  a  stable,  reliable 
mind;  with  the  intellectual  faculties  large,  the  individual  will  seek 
to  lead  in  public  matters,  reforms,  etc. ;  with  large  Self-esteem  and 
large  Hope,  he  will  exhibit  a  most  inflated  idea  of  his  capacities,  and 
in  business  will  be  too  sanguine  for  success,  always  venturing  be- 
yond his  depth ;  with  large  Approbativeness,  added  to  Self-esteem, 
will  become  a  "  shoddy  aristocrat "  and  assume  airs  of  superiority, 
and  be  offensively  egotistic,  boast  of  "  family,"  blue-blood,  etc. ; 
with  large  Love  of  Young,  will  always  put  children  forward,  boast 
of  their  attainments,  and  speak  of  them  as  great  "beauties"  and 
full  of  talent,  when  perhaps  they  appear  plain  and  dull  to  others ; 
with  large  Approbativeness,  Force,  Executiveness,  and  Firmness, 
will  aim  to  be  a  leader,  and  become  captain,  officer,  or  superin- 
tendent by  virtue  of  ability  to  be  such ;  with  large  Language  and 
reason  added,  will  make  a  public  speaker,  and  seek  to  influence 
the  public  mind.  Self-esteem,  combined  with  Firmness,  Force,  the 
Practical  faculties,  and  Constructiveness,  enables  one  to  super- 
intend large  numbers  of  persons  engaged  in  mechanical  pursuits, 
•as  in  foundries,  workshops,  etc. ;  with  Acquisitiveness  added,  he  will 
succeed  well  in  commercial  life,  particularly  where  commerce  is 
concerned  in  mechanical  appliances,  such  as  hardware,  agricultural 
implements,  machinery,  and  similar  articles.  Large  Self-esteem, 
combined  with  Firmness  and  Conscientiousness,  creates  great  dignity 
and  honorable  conduct;  with  intellectual  faculties  large,  it  will 
impart  pride  of  one's  moral  and  intellectual  worth,  and  will  make 
self  prominent  in  all  reform  movements  which  bring  into  action 
moral  and  intellectual  powers.  Those  with  small  Self-esteem  and 
large  Approbativeness  will  seek  the  commendation  of  others,  and 
feel  small  and  insignificant  if  not  applauded  or  approved  by  them. 
If  praise  is  withheld  they  will  act  and  look  cheap,  and  will  almost 
apologize  for  being  in  existence  at  all,  and  will  be  deficient  in  dignity 
and  independence,  and  will  never  feel  that  their  conduct  or  efforts 
are  quite  as  good  as  others,  no  matter  how  meritorious  they  may 
be ;  this  class  will  almost  live  upon  praise,  and,  when  it  is  profuse, 
they  will  put  forth  all  their  energy  and  power,  but  unless  praised 
will  droop  and  become  dispirited  and  probably  fail. 

The  effect  of  a  balanced  self-esteem  is  to  give  a  jiist  estimate 
of  one's  worth ;  this  lends  to  the  character  true  dignity,  independ- 
ence, decorum,  sense  of  propriety  at  all  times  and  in  all  places ; 
])revents  clownish  fun,  and  holds  one  up  to  a  high  standard  of  con- 
duct. It  is  thus  shown  to  be  one  of  the  most  important  moral 
powers,  and  should  be  developed  in  those  in  whom  it  is  deficient. 

An  average  development  of  the  length  of  the  upper  lip  assists 
in  the  symmetry  and  proportion  of  the  face,  yet  those  persons  whose 


•,.,>■ 


ISELF-ESTEEM.  443 

only  idea  of  beauty  is  derived  from  classic  models  profess  to  see  no 
beauty  in  a  moderately  long  upper  lip,  but  think  such  a  lip  looks, 
as  a  lady  once  expressed  it  to  me,  "  so  plain." 

The  short  upper  lip,  which  is  almost  universally  observed  in 
the  physiognomies  of  classic  creations,  is  expressive  of  only  one 
form  of  beauty.  The  Greeks  had  doubtless  perceived  that  many 
of  their  talented  poets  and  actors  exhibited  a  short  upper  lip, 
hence  this  feature  was  used  by  them  to  express  Art-beauty. 
Reference  to  the  works  of  the  Greek  sculptors  will  disclose  the 
short  upper  lip  in  the  statues  of  many  of  their  gods  and  goddesses 
who  typified  the  Muses,  and  were  considered  the  presiding  deities 
of  music,  poetry,  the  drama,  etc.  Nearly  all  actors  and  actresses 
exhibit  a  short  upper  lip  and  are  correspondingly  deficient  in  Self- 
esteem,  but  large  in  Approbativeness.  Self-esteem  would,  in  an 
ordinary  artist,  detract  from  his  acting,  because  the  player  must 
be  able  to  hide  his  own  personality  entirely  in  order  to  faithfully 
portray  the  character  which  he  desires  to  represent ;  hence,  a  strong 
sense  of  his  own  selfhood  would  conflict  with  his  impersonations. 
A  good  actor  of  the  imitative  class  must  and  does'possess  large 
Imitation,  Secretiveness,  and  large  Approbativeness,  together  with 
large  Form  and  Size,  to  assist  in  posing,  in  gesture,  and  in 
arranging  drapery,  etc.  He  also  has  large  Language,  Amative- 
ness.  Love  of  Young,  and  Constructiveness.  Now,  these  faculties 
and  their  accompanying  facial  characteristics  may  be  found  in  the 
physiognomies  of  hundreds  of  those  whom  I  term  the  "Imitative 
class  "of  actors.  TYve ''^  Creative  class,"  like  musical  composers, 
are  possessed  of  more  lofly  attributes  of  character,  hence  their 
physiognomies  possess  more  powerful  features,  more  individuaHzed 
expressions,  more  Self-esteem,  and  relatively  less  Approbativeness. 

The  following  description  of  features  seen  in  the  faces  of  the 
majority  of  imitative  artists  can  be  verified  by  placing  any  number 
of  their  portraits  side  by  side.  Although  the  individual  expression 
may  vary,  the  general  forms  of  their  features  will  coincide  and  will 
appear  as  here  indicated :  A  soft,  round,  muscular  chin,  often 
dimpled;  full  lips,  particularly  developed  at  the  signs  for  Amative- 
ness  and  Love  of  Young;  short  upper  lip;  signs  for  Mirthfulness 
and  Approbativeness  very  decided,  producing  wrinkles  or  dimples 
in  the  cheeks  and  at  the  exterior  corners  of  the  mouth;  nose  thick 
at  the  lower  third,  showing  the  presence  of  Constructiveness  and 
Ideality ;  width  between  the  eyes,  showing  Form ;  very  large, 
bright,  and  prominent  eyes,  disclosing  Language ;  arched  eyebrows, 
indicating  Credenciveness,  and  the  upper  and  middle  part  of  the 
face  and  the  sides  rounding;  the  face  usually  oval  and  the  lower 
jaw  inclined  to  curve.     In  this  description  you  have  the  portrait 


444  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY 

of  liundreds  of  actors,  singers,  athletes,  painters,  and  the  artistic 
class  generally.  The  variations  within  these  classes  are  shown  by 
variations  in  the  shape  of  the  nose  more  than  by  any  other  feature, 
the  musical  nose  being  shorter  than  the  nose  of  the  others, 
although  many  of  the  imitative  painters  exhibit  short,  round,  pug- 
noses. 

The  description  of  the  great  creative  artists,  composers, 
painters,  etc.,  I  reserve  for  another  space.  Suffice  it  to  say  that 
Self-esteem  enters  largely  into  their  characters,  and  is  a  necessary 
part  of  the  character  which  is  accustomed  to  impersonate  the 
grandest  characters  known  in  history,  such  as  kings,  queens, 
cardinals,  generals,  and  philosophers.  The  first-mentioned  class 
of  artists  delineate  the  lighter  characters,  such  as  ladies  of  fashion, 
chambermaids,  fops,  and  comic  characters  generally,  and  these 
require  the  exercise  of  the  lighter  faculties  of  the  mind;  but  the 
latter  class  of  persons  demand  the  exercise  of  the  highest  and 
strongest  traits  of  character  in  their  expression,  hence  the  grander 
traits  must  be  possessed  by  those  Avho  would  interpret  them  on  the 
mimic  stage,' in  accordance  with  that  law  of  human  nature  which 
permits  the  individual  to  express  in  deeds  or  works  only  those 
principles  which  exist  in  his  own  organism.  Accordingly,  we  find 
in  the  physiognomies  of  the  creative  artists,  such  as  Booth,  Salvini, 
Mad.  Ristori,  Raymond,  Barrett,  Irving,  and  others  of  this  class, 
a  relatively  long  upper  lip^  disclosing  Self-esteem,  together  with 
large  Self-will ;  also  a  large,  broad,  long  nose,  denoting  force  of 
character;  a  large,  broad  chin,  showing  Firmness  and  Conscien- 
tiousness or  thoroughness  and  persistency  in  their  impersonations. 
Large  Language  is  also  present,  as  is  shown  by  the  full  eyes, 
while  the  dimpled  chin  in  many  indicates  that  their  appreciation 
of  the  beauty  of  the  opposite  sex  lies  at  the  foun'dation  of  their 
creative  minds,  for  sex-love  and  sex-appreciation  are  the  great 
underlying  forces  which  assist  creative  efforts  in  the  mind,  and  are 
most  decided  traits  in  the  mental  construction  of  all  the  great 
creative  minds  in  art,  science,  and  literature. 

The  presence  of  a  good  share  of  Self-esteem  in  a  character  is 
always  proof  of  the  possession  of  a  certain  degree  of  high  or  noble 
t.raits,-r-something  which  the  possessor  can  respect  and  esteem. 
The  chief  office  of  this  faculty  is  to  assist  in  guarding  the  reputa- 
tion by  compelling  the  individual  to  behave  in  a  self-respecting 
manner.  Where  it  is  laryely  developed  the  reputation  as  well  as 
the  character  will  be  an  object  of  solicitude,  yet  character  will 
stand  Jii'st  in  appreciation.  The  sentiments  expressed  by  Mowbray* 
in  "  Richard  II,"  where  he  exclaims — 

»  Act  I,  Scene  1,  Richard  11,  Shakespeare. 


MODESTT.  445 

"Mine  honor  is  my  life;  both  grow  in  one; 
Take  honor  from  me  and  my  life  is  done. 
Then  dear  my  liege,  mine  honor  let  me  try; 
In  that  I  live,  and  for  that  will  I  die" — 

will  express  the  feeling  of  one  with  large  Self-esteem. 

MODESTY. 

Definition, — Sense  of  propriety  and  decency ;  chastity ;  purity 
of  thought;  unobtrusiveness ;  reserve;  "inclination  to  assume  less 
than  is  one's  due  and  concede  more  than  is  the  due  of  others." 
Physiologically,  Modesty  is  exhibited  by  a  love  of  personal  cleanli- 
ness and  neatness  of  one's  surroundings,  as  in  clothing,  the  domi- 
cile, etc. 

An  excess  of  Modesty  is  shown  by  painful  bashfulness,  diffi- 
dence or  abject  humility ;  by  dislike  of  the  attentions  and  society 
of  the  opposite  sex ;  shrinking  from  notice ;  also  by  extreme  clean- 
liness of  person  and  "painful  neatness." 

A  deficiency  of  this  trait  leads  to  boldness,  arrogance,  self- 
confidence,  indecency,  lewdness,  unchastity,  lack  of  cleanliness, 
and  indifference  to  vulgar  language,  filth,  and  dirt. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — As  the  base  of  Modesty  is  traced 
to  the  sensitiveness  of  the  nerves  of  the  skin,  we  shall,  accordingly, 
find  that  a^*??e,  thin,  clear  skin  is  one  of  the  best  indications  of  the 
presence  of  Modesty;  also  ^?ie,  smooth,  glossy  hair  is  anotlicr 
indication  of  sensitiveness  of  the  nervous  sj'Stem.  A  most  reliable 
facial  sign  is  shown  in  the  depth  of  the  little  perpendicular  channel 
or  groove  which  divides  the  upper  lip  in  two,  running  vertically 
from  the  septum  of  the  nose  down  through  tlie  facial  sign  for 
Amativeness.  This  trait  is  ibund  large  in  all  in  whom  the  brain 
and  nerve  system  predominates,  whether  this  local  sign  he  present 
or  not.  Blushing  and  downcast  looks  are  physiological  signs  of 
excessive  Modesty  and  sensitiveness. 

Description  of  Modesty. — The  predominance  of  the  brain 
and  nerve  system  always  gives  a  more  elevated  cast  of  thought 
than  the  other  systems.  Its  position  shows  it  to  be  tlie  higliest 
in  the  organism  ;  hence,  where  it  preponderates  it  will  be  found  to 
produce  the  puresi  sentiments  and  emotions.  It  is  the  system  of 
quality,  fineness,  and  sensitiveness.  The  nervous  system  was 
primarily  evolved  from  the  skin,  and,-  as  a  fine,  thin  skin  is  indic- 
ative of  a  sensitive  nervous  system,  the  skin  thus  becomes  a  sign 
of  purity,  modesty,  and  love  of  cleanliness  and  neatness.  The 
faces  of  Charlotte  Bronte,  Lucretia  ISIott,  Elizabeth  Barrett  Brown- 
ing, Beranger  the  French  poet,  and  Lavater  are  well  marked  in 
this  respect. 


446 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHTSIOGNOMT. 


Many  persons  in  whom  the  brain  system  is  not  dominant 
exhibit  a  large  degree  of  Modesty.  This  is  owing  to  the  natural 
or  inherited  quaUty  of  the  nervous  sy stein,  for  one  may  possess  a 
very  sensitive  nervous  system  without  the  braiii  dominating. 
Many  persons  with  the  osseous  system  or  the  thoracic  system  in 
the  ascendency  exhibit  a  fine  and  sensitive  quality  of  the  nerves, 
and  this  sensitiveness  of  the  skin  leads  to  delicate  personal  habits 
and  love  of  cleanliness  and  neatness  of  attire.     When  we  consider 

that  the  sense  of  touch  is 
diffused  over  the  entire 
surface  of  the  body,  and  is 
produced  by  a  net-work  of 
nerves  which  ramifies  upon 
the  skin-covering  of  the 
whole  body,  we  can  easily 
understand  why  an  indi- 
vidual with  a  sensitive 
quality  of  the  nerves  ap- 
prehends more  readily  the 
nature  of  things,  of  tactile 
impressions,  than  does  one 
not  possessed  of  a  like  de- 
gree of  sensation.  And, 
as  a  sensitive  nerve  needs 
more  care,  and  cannot  en- 
dure contact  with  gross 
matters  as  well  as  a  coarser 
nerve-structure,  it  follows 
that  the  more  sensitively- 
endowed  individual  will 
seek  protection  in  avoiding 
rough,  gross,  and  filthy 
matters,  and  sustain  his 
powers  by  cleanliness  of 
the  person  and  by  neatness 
of  attire,  as  well  as  by  neat  surroundings.  By  virtue  of  the 
same  sensitive  quality  of  the  sense  of  touch  the  mind  is  quick  and 
apprehensive,  and  this  sensitiveness  leads  one  to  avoid  impure, 
vulgar,  and  unchaste  words  and  deeds.  And  in  this  exposition 
of  cause  and  effect — of  physiological  cause  and  moral  and  mental 
effect — we  find  proof  of  the  fact  that  mind,  morals,  and  body 
are  one  and  indivisible,  and  that  there  is  no  line  of  demarkation 
between  them. 

»Cut  by  pennission  of  the  editors  of  the  "History  of  Woman  Suffrage." 


FiG.54.— BELVA  A.  LOCKWOOD*  (M. A.,  Teacher, 
Attorney- at-Law,  Reformer.) 

Born  in  America.  Conspicuous  facial  sign,  Mod- 
esty, shown  by  the  depth  of  the  groove  which  is 
observed  in  the  centre  of  the  upper  lip.  The  law  of 
the  straight  line  and  S(iii:ire  governs  this  face.  The 
above  portrait  discloses  a  womanly  and  intellectual 
character.  The  domestic  virtues  are  well  defined.  Con- 
scientiousness is  large.  Patriotism,  Ijove  of  Home,  Be- 
nevolence, Amativeness,  Love  of  Young,  Mirthfulness 
Modesty,  and  Self-Esteem  are  conspicuous.  In  the  nose 
the  signs  of  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Constructiveness,  Ac- 
quisitiveness, Veneration,  Executiveness,  and  Self-will 
are  large.  Language  is  exceediiigly  well  developed ;  so 
also  are  Form,  Size,  I^ocalitv,  Prescience,  Memory  of 
Events,  Order,  Reason,  and  Intuition.  This  lady  en- 
joys the  distinction  of  being  a  practitioner  in  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  United  States.  She  is  an  ardent 
advocate  of  woman's  equality,  and  is  in  all  ways  an 
illustration  of  what  she  professes. 


MODESTY. 


447 


The  other  organs — those  of  scent,  of  sight,  of  hearing,  and 
of  taste — are  all  situated  near  the  surface,  and  covered  with  a  sensi- 
tive skin  both  within  and  without  their  orifices,  and  are  also  con- 
nected with  the  central  and  cerebral  nervous  systems,  thus  proving 
their  mental  power  as  well  as  physiological  basis. 

The  placing  of  the  signs  of  character  in  the  face  is  one  of  the 
highest  proofs  of  the  harmony  of  Nature's  works.  The  situation 
of  the  local  sign  for  Modesty  is  most  significant  of  the  beauty  and 
propriety  of  the  manner  of 
grouping  the  signs  in  the 
face.  We  have  previously 
considered  the  nature  of 
Self-esteem  and  shown  to 
what  its  excess  leads,  but 
Modesty,  running  down  the 
centre  of  the  upper  lip,  cut- 
ting its  way  right  through 
the  middle  of  the  sign  for 


Self-esteem,  seems  to  say 
to  it :  "I  will  put  a  check 
upon  your  estimate  of  your- 
self, and  compel  you  to  be 
moderate  in  your  manifes- 
tations of  personal  valua- 
tion." Modesty  reaches 
out  to  the  local  sign  for 
Amativeness^  and  here 
again  we  are  struck  with 
the  beauty  and  utility  of 
its  placing.  The  manifes- 
tations of  Amativeness  un- 

i      n     J  1  ■»*-     J       i   .  sicns  for  Sublimity,  Human  Nature,  Mental  Imitation, 

COntrOllea         by  JVlOaeSty  Analysis,  laeaUtv,  Veneration,  Executiveness,  Self-will 

1 J    -I  rr         •         i.  J  large.     The  facilities  of  Ijancuage.  (\)lor.  Form,  Size, 

would    be  OlienSlVe  to    good  Locality,  observation.  Memory  of  Events,  and  Reason 

,       ,  J  J  are    pronounced.    Credenciveness  is  small.    A  highly 

taste,      decency,      and      pro-  moral  and  able  character. 

priety.     We  are  sometimes 

met  with  overfond  manifestations  of  love  publicly  displayed 
by  love-lorn  swains,  in  v^'hose  character  and  countenances  the 
faculty  and  sign  for  Modesty  is  scarcely  discernible.  The  truly 
modest  person  shows  the  presence  of  purity  of  thought,  expres- 
sion, and  conduct  by  bodily  cleanliness  atid  neatness  of  attire, 
by  chaste  and  pure  language,  and  decorous  and  appropriate 
demeanor.  On  the  contrary,  the  mock-modest  person  perceives 
immodesty  in  what  is  natural  and  in  what  is  not  intended  to  wound 
the  sensitiveness  of  the  really  pure-minded.     The  mock-modest 


Fig.  55.— JOHN  WILLIAM   DRAPER.     (Chemist, 
Physiologist,  Authok,  Historian.) 

Boni  in  England,  1811.  Conspicuous  facial  sign. 
Modesty,  shown  by  depth  of  line  running  down  tiie 
centre  of  the  ujiper  lip.  The  law  of  the  straight  line, 
square,  and  curve  governs  this  physiognomy.  A  quiet, 
calm  expression  of  conscious  jmwer  pervades  this  face. 
All  of  the  signs  of  a  good  constitution  are  iiresent. 
The  lower  third  of  the  countenance  dis<;loses  the  .signs 
for  Conscientiousness,  Firmnes.s.  Economy,  Self- 
esteem,  Love  of  Young,  of  Home,  of  Patriotism, 
Benevolence,  Amativeness,  and  Hospitality  most  de- 
cided.   The  nose  is  Constructive ;   in  it  we  observe  the 


448  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOxMT. 

and  prurient-minded  person  is  angry  at  Nature  for  having  made 
us  of  flesh  and  blood,  and  thinks  that  the  only  way  to  remedy 
her  immodest  mistake  is  to  ignore  the  facts  of  our  physiological 
construction  altogether.  To  this  class  belong  those  who  are 
shocked  if  one  use  the  term  "  bowels"  to  describe  the  intestinal 
part  of  the  body,  and  who  think  to  misname  it  "  stomach"  is  a 
more  refined  way  of  speaking.  This  same  class  of  people  make 
themselves  ridiculous  in  the  eyes  of  the  sensible  and  truly  modest 
by  speaking  of  that  class  of  Nature's  manifestations  which  are 
proper  to  mention,  by  a  misuse  of  terms,  and  so  call  attention  to 
the  innate  immodesty  and  pruriency  of  their  own  minds. 

Modesty  has  its  mental  adaptation  as  well  as  its  physical  and 
moral  aspects.  Those  who  are  mentally  modest  will  show  it  by 
their  unobtrusive  manner,  by  shrinking  from  public  notice,  and,  if 
they  have  done  a  very  meritorious  deed,  will  prefer  that  it  should 
not  be  referred  to  in  their  presence.  If  given  to  art  or  literature, 
they  will  seek  to  hide,  under  a  nom  de  plume^  their  identity. 

Many  modest  and  retiring  women  have  performed  noble, 
charitable,  and  valorous  deeds  which  have  made  them  world-re- 
nowned ;  yet  with  this  publicity  they  have  retained  their  womanli- 
ness and  purity  of  life.  Joan  of  Arc,  impelled  by  the  love  of 
humanity  and  of  patriotism,  donned  male  attire  and  led  the  armies 
of  France  to  victory ;  yet  there  has  never  been  aught  charged  against 
her  purity,  although  the  superstitions  of  the  age  in  which  she  lived 
led  to  her  being  tried  for  sorcery  and  burned  at  the  stake.  Her 
portraits  show  a  face  of  great  purity  and  modesty.  Florence 
Nightingale,  a  modest  and  refined  English  woman,  was  a  devoted 
nurse  to  the  soldiers  during  the  Crimean  war.  She  became  cele- 
brated for  her  charity  and  courage,  yet  retained  her  maidenly 
purity  and  refinement,  and  always  shrunk  from  praise  or  notoriety. 

True  heroism  is  always  modest,  for  gentleness,  kindness,  and 
bravery  must  be  blended  in  order  to  form  heroism.  Modesty  in 
man  is  as  becoming  as  in  woman.  Mothers  need  to  cultivate  and 
develop  this  trait  in  boys  particularly,  who  should  be  taught  to 
guard  their  speech  and  avoid  all  vulgar  phrases  and  expressions. 
AH  boys  should  join  the  "  White  Cross  Army,"  of  which  mention 
has  been  made  elsewhere.  It  is  devoted  to  moral  purity,  and  is  a 
great  assistant  to  young  boys.  Every  one  must  feel  the  necessity 
for  special,  training  for  boys  in  this  direction.  I  have  been  often 
horrified  in  passing  through  the  streets  by  the  profane  and  even 
obscene  language  which  fell  from  the  lips  of  very  young  boys, 
those,  too,  who  were  members  of  respectable  families,  thus  showing 
that  special  training  and  direction  on  this  point  is  most  necessary. 

The  modesty  of  many  members  of  the  animal  kingdom  will 


MODESTY.  449 

contrast  well  with  the  vulgar,  immodest,  and  low  practices  of  some 
uncivilized  races  of  men,  and  will  compare  favorably  with  the  con- 
duct of  the  better  classes  among  civilized  people.  Travellers  and 
missionaries,  who  have  dwelt  among  the  Maoris,  of  New  Zealand, 
and  the  Fijians,  tell  us  that  they  have  "no  sense  of  sexual 
decency,  modesty,  chastity,  virtue,  purity,  propriety,  or  shame; 
no  marriage  tie  or  rite;  no  family  arrangements;  no  love,  maternal, 
paternal,  conjugal,  parental,  filial,  or  fraternal ;  no  idea  of  pater- 
nity or  of  other  relationships."*  In  conjugal  love  and  fidelity,  the 
lowly  dove  is  far  above  these  wretched  human  beings,  and  is  cer- 
tainly the  peer  in  this  respect  of  the  most  civilized.  I  have  no 
space  to  note  the  countless  anecdotes  recorded  of  the  maternal, 
paternal,  and  fraternal  love  shown  by  various  races  of  animals,  all 
tending  to  prove  that  in  these  sentiments,  as  well  as  in  others, 
many  animals  are  superior  to  large  numbers  of  men. 

The  Modesty  of  many  classes  of  animals  is  quite  markedly 
in  contrast  with  the  love  of  publicity  of  many  persons,  both  in 
civilized  and  uncivilized  races,  and  is  noted  by  Dr.  Lindsay.  He 
remarks  that 

Certain  menagerie  or  other  captive  animals  show  a  decided  dislike 
for  publicity,  to  being  stared  at  or  looked  at,  or  to  being  made  a  show  of. 
Thus,  the  male  hog-deer  of  India  is  highl}'  nervous  in  tlie  presence  of  visitors. 
Wlien  forced  out  of  its  house  in  the  London  Zoological  Gardens  it  betrays 
immediate  and  considerable  excitement,  "  dashing  about  the  enclosure  as  if 
frantic,  leaping  high  in  the  air  "  (Wood).  And  such  behavior  is  not  to  be 
wondered  at  in  the  case  of  man^'^  animals  that  in  a  state  of  Nature  go  forth 
only  in  the  night,  or  that  are  naturally  solitary  aud  unaccustomed  to  the 
disturbing  sounds  and  sights  of  menagerie-life.  Possibl}',  in  some  cases, 
their  sense  of  personal  modesty  is  shocked  ;  their  love  of  domestic  privacy 
is  violated,  or  there  is  simply  an  aversion  to  strangers,  depending  upon  a 
natural  shyness  or  coyness.  Barbarous  and  other  animals  resent  the  intru- 
sion of  strangers,  jealously  guarding  the  privacy  of  their  homes  (Cassell).f 

These  extracts  will  serve  to  show  that  animals  possess  a  sense 
of  decency,  modesty,  and  conjugal  fidelity, — virtues  popularly  sup- 
posed to  be  the  exclusive  attributes  of  man.  I  might  continue  the 
collation  of  evidence  indefinitely,  but  sufficient  is  noted  to  prove 
that  Modesty  is  not  an  exclusively  human  trait. 

Blusliing^  which  is  popularly  supposed  to  indicate  the  pres- 
ence of  Modesty,  is  not  an  exclusively  luiman  act,  but  is  exhibited 
by  various  animals,  and  is  often  the  result  of  other  causes  than 
Modesty  or  sensitiveness.  On  this  point  Dr.  Lindsay  remarks 
thus : — 

Blushing  is  not  peculiar  to  man,  though  it  is  much  more  readily  seen 
in  him  by  reason  of  the  color  of  his  skin  and  the  bareness  of  his  face. 

*  Mind  in  the  Lower  Animals,  J.  L.  Ldudsay,  M.D.,  vol.  i,  p.  165. 
titid.,  vol.  ii,  p.298. 

20 


450  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Color-change  in  the  skin  of  various  animals  may  be  regarded  as  an  equiva- 
lent to  blushing,  while  the  feelings  which  give  rise  to  the  blush  of  man  are 
expi-essed  in  other  ways  in  other  animals,  though  not  less  eloquently,  e.g., 
shame  and  Modesty.* 

Experience  leads  us  to  know  that  blushing  is  not  always  a  sign 
of  Modesty.  It  proceeds  from  a  variety  of  causes,  yet  general 
sensitiveness  of  the  nerves  of  the  skin  creates  a  delicacy  of  appre- 
hension, and  tlius  leads  one  thus  constituted  to  express  many  emo- 
tions by  blushing.  Guilt  is  often  thought  to  be  indicated  by 
blushing,  but  it  is  quite  as  just  to  suppose  it  the  proof  of  inno- 
cence, for  any  sensitive  or  honest  person  will  blush  as  quickly  from 
emotion  produced  by  the  suspicion  or  accusation  of  guilt  as  he 
would  from  the  consciousness  of  guilt ;  indeed,  I  think  that  the 
blush  in  this  case  would  be  the  best  proof  of  innocence,  for  sensi- 
tive, refined  persons  are  rarely  so  demoralized  as  to  do  mean, 
criminal  acts,  and  coarsely  constituted  persons  do  not  blush  as 
readily  as  those  with  fine  skins  when  under  suspicion. 

All  sudden  color-changes  are  produced  by  variations  in  the 
circulation  of  the  blood,  and  sudden  pallor  is  as  often  observed  in 
the  countenance  as  reddening  of  the  skin.  It  is  the  result  of 
sudden  emotion  or  of  sudden  morbid  pathological  changes  in  the 
body  or  mind.  This  phenomena  is  common  alike  to  man  and 
animal,  and  may  be  an  indication  of  innocence  under  false  accusa- 
tion or  it  may  proceed  from  guilt  confounded,  or  fear,  or  other 
emotions.  That  tliis  peculiarity  is  common  to  animals  has  been 
noted  by  Dr.  Lindsay.     He  observes : — 

Pallor,  anaemia,  or  blanching  of  the  face  from  fear  maybe  seen,  es- 
pecially in  certain  bare-faced  monkeys  (Sutton);  while  excitinsr  emotions, 
such  as  passion,  produce  in  them  reddening,  flushing,  suffusion." f 

Downcast  looks  are  thought  to  be  indicative  of  Modesty  and 
shyness,  while  many  believe  them  to  be  signs  of  guilty  conscious- 
ness. They  are  exhibited  as  the  result  of  both  purity  and  guilt. 
Dogs  hang  their  heads  and  cast  down  their  eyes  when  detected  in 
wrong-doing,  as  well  as  when  reprehended  wrongfully.  Shy, 
country-children,  upon  meeting  strangers,  hang  the  head,  and  also 
when  reprimanded  for  naughtiness.  Shy,  coy  maidens  look  down 
and  through  their  eye-lashes  in  a  furtive  manner ;  but  shyness  must 
not  be  confounded  with  slyness.,  for  the  two  traits  present  often  the 
same  appearances  or  what  are  judged  to  be  similar.  Many  sly 
people  have  a  fashion  of  casting  down  the  eyes  and  giving  sidelong 
glances.  This  action  is  the  method  which  a  sly  person  takes  to 
deceive,  by  pretending  not  to  look,  while  he  or  she  really  watches 

*  Mind  in  the  Lower  Animals,  Lindsay,  vol.  i,  p.  113.  t  Ibid.,  vol.  ii,  p.  261. 


MODESTY.  451 

in  a  covert  manner  out  of  the  corners  of  the  eye.  This  act  and 
its  interpretation  are  in  accord  with  physiognomic  laws  which  de- 
clare that  all  crooked  or  oblique  looks,  lines,  gestures,  or  forms  are 
evidences  of  crooked,  unreliable  characters. 

I  once  knew  a  man  who  was  attracted  to  a  girl  simply  because 
she  had  a  trick  of  casting  down  her  eyes  and  peeping  at  him  from 
the  corners.  He  believed  this  "  artfully-artless  "  trick  to  be  the  sign 
of  excessive  modesty,  simplicity,  and  shyness.  He  married  her, 
and  lived  to  learn  that  this  particular  form  of  "shyness"  should 
be  spelled  "slyness." 

There  have  been  instances  of  persons,  both  male  and  female, 
who  have  been  so  sensitive  and  shy  as  to  cause  them  to  shut  them- 
selves away  from  intercourse  with  society.  Such  persons  are  to  be 
pitied,  for  their  shyness  is  a  sign  of  a  morbid  or  diseased  condi- 
tion. Where  this  morbid  feeling  leads  to  avoidance  of  the  oppo- 
site sex  only,  we  may  expect  to  find  deficient  development  of  sex- 
uality and  a  corresponding  absence  of  its  associated  sentiment, 
Amativeness.  This  is  nearly  always  the  case  when  shyness  is 
indicated  in  this  particular  manner. 

Bashfulness  amounts  in  many  cases  to  a  disease,  and  one  can 
but  sympathize  with  young  persons  of  either  sex  who  are  affected 
by  excessive  diffidence. 

Where  coyness,  shyness,  bashfulness,  and  diffidence  are 
exhibited  after  the  age  of  youth  they  must  be  considered  either 
as  indicative  of  morbid  states  of  mind  or  as  affectatibns,  and 
"affectation,"  says  some  witty  writer,  "is  the  endeavor  to  make  the 
impoverished  seem  wealthy."  In  other  words,  affectation  of 
extreme  Modesty  is  the  effort  to  cover  its  entire  absence. 

Shyness  is  unbecoming  in  young  ladies  and  gentlemen  past 
twenty,  for  it  is  a  youthful  or  defective  state  of  mind, — one  wliich 
experience  and  development  of  the  intellect  will  remedy.  If  it 
does  not,  then  it  denotes  deficient  sense,  or  deficient  strength  of 
the  nervous  system,  or  of  some  other  part  of  the  organism;  and 
when  it  does  not  proceed  from  either  of  these  causes,  it  is  an 
affectation,  and  therefore  thoroughly  detestable  in  the  one  imi- 
tating it. 

In  this  instance  the  law  which  physiognomy  formulates  with 
respect  to  infantile  appearances  is  made  apparent.  The  law  in 
regard  to  juvenile  or  infantile  traits  or  forms,  when  exhibited  in 
adult  life,  is  stated  thus: — 

All  forms,  traits,  or  appearances  which  belong  to  infancy,  im- 
maturity, or  youth,  when  exhibited  in  the  adult,  argue  similar 
traits  and  characteristics  as  are  common  to  infancy  or  youth.  Lisp- 
ing, stammering,  halting  speech,  downcast  looks,  extreme  shyness ; 


452  fRACnCAL   AND   SCIENTITIC   PHTSIOGNOMT. 

small,  undeveloped  mouth ;  undeveloped  nose  or  chin ;  rounding, 
infantile  forehead,  or  any  other  form  or  habit  natural  to  childhood, 
when  observed  in  the  adult,  are  evidences  of  immaturity  of  some 
sort.  This  law  is  explained  elsewhere  in  detail,  hence  unneces- 
sary^ CO  recapitulate  here.  Suffice  it  to  say  that  bashfulness,  blush- 
ing (except  where  the  skin  is  uncommonly  thin  and  sensitive), 
continued  beyond  the  age  of  youth,  are  evidences  of  undevelop- 
ment  of  some  portion  of  the  organism  or  of  a  lack  of  mental 
energy.  When  constant  blushing  is  exhibited  in  adult  life  we 
must  conclude  that  there  is  a  great  sensibility  of  the  centres  of 
emotion ;  in  other  words,  of  the  ganglia  connected  with  the  inter- 
nal organs,  and  this  centrifugal  nervous  force,  sent  from  the  great 
centres  of  emotion,  expends  itself  upon  the  nervous  surfaces  of 
the  nerves  of  touch,  situated  all  over  the  external  skin-covering, 
and  are  more  particularly  discernible  in  the  face,  neck,  and  near 
all  the  external  orifices  of  the  five  senses.  It  is  rational  to  con- 
clude that  the  face  and  neck,  where  are  situated  so  many  important 
ganglia  and  nerves,  as  are  essential  to  the  manifestation  of  sight, 
sound,  scent,  taste,  and  hearing,  would  be  most  uncommonly  sen- 
sitive, and  express  every  shade  and  degree  of  change  in  mental 
and  moral,  as  well  as  physical,  conditions.  For  this  reason  the 
face  is  the  most  reliable  portion  of  the  anatomy  by  which  to  read 
character, — far  more  comprehensive  than  an  examination  of  the 
outlines  of  the  bony  case  of  the  brain,  which  changes  only  by 
years  of  age,  and  has  not  the  assistance  of  the  finer  nerves  of 
sense  and  of  the  delicate  and  most  expressive  facial  muscles  to  as- 
sist in  interpreting  character.  When  we  come  to  deal  with  the 
emotional  conditions  such  as  are  expressed  by  blushing  and  by 
certain  tones  of  the  voice,  as  in  acting  and  in  the  great  crises  of 
feeling  and  other  emotional  expressions,  we  can  only  comprehend 
them  fully  by  reference  to  their  origin,  viz.,  by  analysis  of  the 
source  of  the  emotions,  the  ganglia  of  the  great  visceral  structures, 
and  their  agents,  the  glands  and  muscles.  It  is  not  just  that  the 
physiognomist  should  dogmatically  assert  that  his  observations  are 
true.  This  might  satisfy  7dm,  but  would  not  be  satisfactory  to  the 
scientific  inquirer ;  neither  would  such  dogmatism  be  just  to  so 
grand  and  noble  a  science  as  the  science  of  Man.  A  portion  of 
the  organism  which  can  disclose  every  slight  and  instantaneous 
change  within  the  hidden  recesses  of  the  body  must  appear  to  the 
thoughtful  the  most  useful  portion  by  which  to  discover  thought 
and  feeling,  and  transient  as  well  as  permanent  states.  Not  only 
so,  but  it  must  possess  great  malleability,  and  be  capable  (by  its 
nervous  and  muscular  connections  with  the  brain  and  the  great 
chain  of  nerves  leading  to  the  visceral  organs,  as  well  as  to  the 


MODESTY.  453 

spinal  column)  of  being  fashioned  and  shaped  into  the  form  toward 
which  the  most  habitual  states  of  mind  tend.  Constant  sadness, 
as  all  know,  makes  tense  the  muscles,  while  joy  relaxes  them,  par- 
ticularly those  about  the  mouth  and  eyes;  while  the  lachrymal 
and  salivary  glands,  as  well  as  the  heart  and  organs  of  respiration 
all  conspire  together,  while  under  the  influence  of  emotions,  to 
change  tlie  expression  of  the  face ;  and,  if  certain  states  o^  feeling 
or  of  reflection  are  long  continued  or  oft-repeated,  they  leave  per- 
manent expressions  on  the  features^  particularly  of  the  muscular 
portions  of  the  face.  The  bony  structure  always  discloses  the  more 
solid  and  permanent  traits,  and  the  function  of  digestion  decides 
by  its  action  the  form  of  the  cheeks  and  the  general  fullness  or 
leanness  of  the  entire  countenance.  The  greatest  of  anatomists, 
those  who  might  be  presumed  to  know  more  of  the  sources  of  the 
emotions  than  others  less  well  informed  as  to  the  structure  and 
operation  of  the  bodily  organs,  hold  opinions  in  regard  to  the  face 
quite  in  harmony  with  many  of  my  own.  Sir  Charles  Bell,  for 
example,  observes : — 

The  man  was  wrong  who  found  fault  with  Nature  for  not  placing  a 
window  before  the  heart  in  order  to  render  visible  human  thouglits  and  in- 
tentions. There  is,  in  truth,  provision  made  in  the  countenance  and  outward 
hearing  for  such  discoveries.* 

Sir  Charles  Bell  has  little  to  say,  however,  as  to  the  origin  of 
blushing.  Later  scientists  have  given  the  subject  more  attention. 
What  he  does  say  is  pertinent,  and  I  quote  it  in  verification  of  the 
principle  which  I  endeavor  to  elucidate,  viz.,  that  it  arises  from 
excitement  of  the  emotional  centres.     He  observes: — 

We  think  of  blushing  as  accompanj'ing  shame,  but  it  is  indicative 
of  excitement.  There  is  no  shame  when  lively  feeling  makes  a  timid  youth 
break  tlirough  the  restraint  which  modesty  and  reserve  have  imposed.  It 
is  becoming  in  yontli;  it  is  seemly  in  more  advanced  years  in  women. 
Blushing  assorts  well  with  youthful  and  effeminate  features,  while  nothing 
is  more  hateful  than  a  dog-face  that  exhiljits  no  token  of  sensibility  in  the 
variation  of  color. f 

Individuals  with  very  thick  skins  and  insensitive  nerves  never 
change  color,  for  the  reason  that  they  never/ee/  as  deeply  as  those  who 
possess  the  opposite  structure ;  hence,  they  are  incapable  of  express- 
ing  sympathy  or  excitement  in  this  manner.  I  think  it  unjust  to 
the  canine  tribe  for  Sir  Charles  Bell  to  term  unresponsive  human 
countenances  "dog-faces."  Dogs  often  exhibit  Modesty  when 
greatly  praised,  and  hang  their  heads  .  nd  drop  the  eyes,  just  as 
children  do  under  excessive  approbatic  '  and  attention.  Even 
negroes  blush,  for  it  has  been  observed  wh  re  the  scar  of  a  wound 

•  Anatomy  of  Expression,  Sir  Charles  Bell,  p.  82.    New  Yc    %  1883.  t  Ibid. 


454  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

has  left  a  white  cicatrix  that  this  part  reddened  when  under  the 
influence  of  rage.  We  have  no  evidence  that  dogs  and  other 
animals  do  not  blush  under  their  skins,  like  the  negro,  under 
excitement 

Poets  in  all  ages  have  sung  of  the  potent  effects  of  blushing 
as  evidence  of  modest,  chaste,  and  youthful  feeling.  The  phrases, 
"blushing  bride,"  "the  blushing  maiden,"  "the  youth  flushed 
with  innocence,"  etc.,  show  us  that  this  particular  form  of  sensi- 
bility has  been  looked  upon  as  expressive  of  the  more  youthful 
and  innocent  feelings  of  humanity,  and  the  face  that  cannot 
change  somewhat  in  color,  upon  great  provocation,  expresses  either 
an  unfeeling  or  an  unthinking  character. 

FORCE. 

Definition. — Physical  strength,  physical  courage,  boldness, 
spontaneous  resistance,  opposition,  resentment,  strong  or  pas- 
sionate temper,  decided  will,  coolness  in  danger,  self-protection, 
spirited  conduct  and  language.  Force,  combined  with  Conscien- 
tiousness and  Intellect,  creates  Executiveness. 

An  excess  leads  to  undue  use  of  the  muscular  system,  as  in 
athletics,  etc.,  which  tends  to  shorten  life.  Unbalanced  by  Caution 
it  creates  rashness  and  causes  wanton  destruction,  wars,  murder, 
quarreling,  fighting,  bickering,  scolding,  teasing,  and  tantalizing 
language. 

A  deficiency  creates  timidity  and  cautiousness,  and  causes 
weakness  of  will  and  spirit.  Those  thus  characterized  will  use 
very  mild  language,  will  be  entirely  too  meek  and  humble,  and 
unable  to  resent  wrongs  by  forcible  words  or  blows. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  principal  facial  signs  of 
Force  are  large,  convex  eyes ;  round  or  oval  face,  large  mouth, 
heavy  and  wide  lower  jaw,  wide  nostrils,  square  jaws,  strong  and 
square  bones  ;  low,  broad  forehead ;  round  head,  heavy  eyelDrows, 
an  abundance  of  coarse  hair,  and  round,  muscular  ears  setting 
well  out  from  the  head.  The  bodily  signs  are  shown  by  broad 
shoulders,  thick  neck ;  rounded,  muscular  limbs ;  muscular  hands, 
broad  chest ;  short,  thick  feet ;  arched  instep.  There  are  several 
sorts  of  Force,  one  class  shown  by  strong  and  square  bones, 
togetlier  with  strong  muscles ;  another  variety  is  shown  mainly  by 
muscular  development. 

Description  of  Force. — The  normal  use  of  the  faculty  of 
Force  is  exhibited  in  constructive  energy,  yet  it  is  also  the  power 
used  by  man  to  destroy  as  well  as  to  rebuild.  Its  origin  and  main 
base  of  supply  is  the  muscular  system.  Within  this  system  there 
are  more  than  five  hundred  single  muscles,  and  in  the  face  thu'ty- 


FORCE.  455 

six  pairs  and  two  single  muscles.  This  great  number  of  facial 
muscles  assist  all  the  expressions  of  Force,  rage,  and  destruction, 
which  are  often  seen  in  action  in  the  human  countenance,  in 
motion,  and  in  language  of  a  forcible,  energetic,  or  belligerent 
nature  ;  hence,  this  faculty  is  not  limited  to  one  single  sign,  but  is 
manifested  by  means  of  the  entire  muscular  system,  and  this  in- 
cludes tlie  involuntary  muscles,  such  as  the  heart  and  stomach,  as 
well  as  the  voluntary  muscles  which  are  found  in  every  part  of 
the  body.  The  only  method  by  which  we  can  understand  the 
operation  and  effect  of  Force  in  the  human  body  and  face  is  by 
the  investigation  of  the  muscular  system.  We  are  thus  enabled 
to  understand  how  so  great  a  variety  of  movements  and  expres- 
sions can  be  produced  by  the  movements  of  tlie  facial  muscles 
alone,  while  movements  of  the  muscles  of  the  trunk,  limbs,  and 
hands  reveal  other  peculiarities  of  this  faculty.  The  rounding 
ontUne  of  the  individual  in  whom  Force  is  pre-eminent  announces 
his  ability  for  useful,  constructive  operations,  as  well  as  his  capa- 
city for  destruction.  The  faculties  in  combination  will  decide 
which  direction  this  trait  will  take. 

Those  possessed  of  round  muscles  are  the  most  vigorous, 
efficient,  and  powerfvd  in  action,  whetlier  in  work,  play,  love,  or 
figliting,  and  this  formation  of  the  muscles  rounds  out  not  only 
the  sides  of  the  head  above  the  ears,  where  the  "  organ "  of  Force 
is  said  by  phrenologists  to  be  located,  but  it  also  rounds  out  the 
head  at  the  base  of  the  brain,  where  another  "  organ  "  is  said  to 
be  located,  viz.,  Amativeness.  Now,  Amativeness  and  Force  are 
both  the  best  developed  in  muscular  persons,  and  more  particu- 
larly in  those  who  possess  round  muscles,  and  this  peculiar  forma- 
tion of  the  muscular  system  rounds  out  eveiy  part  of  the  human 
body  ;  not  only  the  liead  and  ears,  but  also  the  nose,  the  limbs, 
the  fingers,  the  body,  and  neck,  so  that  a  glance  at  any  one  por- 
tion of  the  frame  in  which  round  muscles  are  dominant  will  reveal 
the  construction  of  all  parts,  and  also  denotes  the  presence  of 
Force,  Amativeness,  Constructiveness,  and  many  other  muscular 
traits. 

Force  is  one  of  the  most  essential  faculties  of  the  human  and 
animal  organisms.  Its  adaptation  is  primarily  to  the  destruction 
of  beasts  for  food,  to  fishing  and  hunting,  to  obtain  the  means  of 
subsistence ;  also  to  the  building  of  habitations.  Without  this 
forceful,  destructive  tendency  humanity  could  not  progress,  as, 
for  example,  in  the  blasting  of  rocks,  levelling  roads,  cutting 
canals,  and  in  all  the  operations  essential  to  the  progressive  devel- 
opment of  the  country,  all  of  which  involve  destruction  before  the 
process  of  building  can  be  commenced. 


456 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


Force  has  its  mental  use  as  well  as  physical  aspects,  and  the 
energy  which  springs  from  a  fine  development  of,  the  muscular 


Fig.  56.— JOHN  L.  SULLIVAN.    (Champion  Pugilist.) 

Born  in  America.  Conspicuous  facial  and  bodily  sign,  Force,  shown  by  large 
nose,  large  eyes,  curving  jaw,  ears  standing  well  out,  broad  and  deep  chest;  strong, 
large  bones,  and  general  development  of  the  muscular  system.  The  law  of  the 
straight  line  and  curve  governs  ths  face.  The  signs  for  Firmness,  Patriotism,  Love 
of  Home,  Love  of  Young,  Approbativeness,  Resistance,  Color,  Amativeness,  and 
Sanativeness  are  well  denned.  Human  Nature,  Hope,  Veneration,  Executiveness, 
and  Self-will  are  also  large  ;  while  Form,  Size,  Locality,  Observation,  Calculation, 
Practicality,  and  Memory  of  Events  show  a  meclianical  cast  of  mind.  The  dimpled 
chin  shows  appreciation  of  the  beautiful  of  the  opposite  sex. 

system  is  just  as  essential  to  the  preacher  or  moral  reformer  as  it  is 
to  the  laborer.  Martin  Luther,  whose  portraits  exhibit  this 
faculty  in  a  high  degree,  had  need  of  great  physical  Ibrce  and 


FORCE. 


457 


courage  to  promulgate  and  enforce  the  doctrines  of  the  Reforma- 
tion. Gough,  the  eminent  temperance  lecturer,  was  a  man  of 
powerful  physique,  which  enabled  him  to  set  forth  in  an  emphatic 
manner  his  moral  precepts.  No  development  of  the  brain  purely 
will  afford  the  strength  necessary  to  carry  forward  great  mental 
labor,  and  all  men,  whether  in  the  pulpit,  in  the  reform  field,  on 
the  platform,  or  stage,  require  a  large  development  of  muscle 
in  order  to  impart  heat,  ardor,  and  enthusiasm  to  their  hearers 
and  followers,  for,  as  I  have  shown,  these  traits  are  evolved 
from  the  muscular  system,  and  are  exhibited  most  decidedly  by 
those  in  whom  this  system 
is  dominant,  or  one  of  the 
dominant  systems.  Henry 
Ward  Beecher  was  an  ex- 
cellent illustration  of  this 
class  of  enthusiastic,  mus- 
cular men.  He  was  able 
not  only  to  enlighten  his 
hearers  by  his  mental  pow- 
ers, but  also  had  the  ability 
to  arouse  their  enthusiasm 
to  a  very  high  pitch. 
Daniel  Webster,  the  re- 
nowned orator,  possessed 
this  faculty  largely,  and  his 
fine  muscular  build  con- 
tributed to  make  his  mental 
efforts  more  effective. 

Men  with  large  brain 
of  high  quality  are  often 
able  to  vmte  well,  yet  no 
man  deficient  in  muscle  is 
able  to  excite  feeling  and 
enthusiasm  in  his  hearers,  or 
to  lead  a  great  reform  in  the 
face  of  violent  opposition.  Moody  and  Sankey,  the  popular  evan- 
gelists, are  largely  indebted  to  the  development  of  the  muscular 
system  for  their  power  to  awaken  the  interest  of  the  masses, — the 
one  by  his  voice  in  oratory,  the  other  byliis  voice  in  singing ;  both  of 
these  gifls  are  derived  from  the  action  of  the  muscles  of  the  larynx 
and  of  the  limbs  and  hands  in  gestures.  Their  capacity  to  excite 
faith  in  their  followers  proceeds  from  the  magnetic  influence  of 
their  muscular  systems,  and  the  method  which  they  pursue  in 
converting  the  masses  proves  that  they  depend  more  upon  appeals 


(Author  and 


Fig.  57.— ARCHIBALD  FORBES. 
Journalist.) 

Bom  in  Scotland.  Noted  for  his  bravery  as  a  war- 
correspondent.  Conspicuous  facial  and  bodily  sign, 
Force,  shown  by  large,  oonvex  eyes,  wide  mouth,  square 
jaw,  energetic  expression,  langc  and  high  nose,  large 
nostrils,  broad  shoulders,  deep  and  broad  chest,  strong 
bones,  well-knit  muscles.  The  law  of  the  straight  line, 
square,  and  angle  governs  this  face.  The  signs  of  a 
venturous,  courageous  nature  are  manifest  in  tliis  coun- 
tenance. Conscientiousness, Firmness,  Patriotism,  Love 
of  Home,  Benevolence,  Amjrobativeness,  and  Friend- 
ship are  decided  traits.  So,  also,  are  Human  Nature, 
Hope,  Analysis,  Mental  Imitation,  Construct! veness, 
Acquisitiveness,  Veneration,  Executiveness,  Self-will, 
Form,  Size,  Locality,  and  Calculation. 


458  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHTSIOGNOMlf. 

to  the  imagination,  credenciveness,  and  faith  of  their  hearers  than 
to  appeals  to  their  intellect  and  intelligence.  Now,  magnetism  is 
a  real,  tangible  force  evolved  from  the  muscular  system,  and  is 
quite  as  marked  and  telling  in  its  effects  upon  the  minds  of  people 
as  is  a  blow  upon  the  body. 

The  primary  aspect  of  Force  is,  as  has  been  seen,  physical 
merely,  and  is  of  the  greatest  importance  in  this  department.  Its 
secondary  aspect  is  mental,  and  here  too  it  is  of  great  benefit  to 
mankind.  A  large  brain  (no  matter  how  high  its  quality),  with- 
out good  muscles  and  lungs,  is  a  positive  detriment  to  its  possessor, 
for  one  thus  endowed  has  not  the  power  to  enforce  his  thoughts 
nor  strength  to  sustain  that  continuous,  mental  labor  which  is  re- 
quired by  those  who  would  gain  a  livelihood  by  the  intellect  alone. 
The  sensitiveness  and  timidity  of  such  persons,  together  with  their 
pale  and  bloodless  countenances,  narrow  shoulders,  and  small 
hands  and  limbs,  are  proof  positive  to  the  beholder  that  they  will 
never  lead  the  world  in  thought  or   action. 

When  we  consider  the  fibrous  nature  of  certain  parts  of  the 
brain-structure,  as  observed  in  the  dura  mater  and  other  portions, 
we  would  naturally  infer  that  a  large  development  or  fine  quality 
of  the  muscular  system  would  lend  force,  vigor,  and  spontaneity  to 
the  mental  operations  of  those  thus  endowed.  This  is,  in  tact, 
what  we  do  observe  in  all  men  of  talent  in  whom  the  brain  system 
is  assisted  by  a  good  muscular  system.  The  fibroid  nature  of  the 
dura  mater  reveals  the  fact  that  they  all  rely  upon  muscular  or 
fibroid  substances  in  the  brain  for  power  and  strength  of  their  in- 
tellectual processes,  but,  when  Nature  has  endowed  a  man  with  a 
good  brain  development  and  also  with  an  excellent  muscular  sys- 
tem, it  can  be  readily  seen  what  an  advantage  this  combination 
would  impart  to  his  mental  labors.  It  is  reasonable  to  suppose  in 
this  case  that  the  fibroid  nature  of  the  dura  mater  would  not  only 
be  of  a  stronger  but  denser  quality  than  if  the  muscular  system 
were  deficient.  Other  portions  of  the  brain  are  of  a  fibroid  nature, 
and  when  these  are  of  a  superior  quality  the  operations  of  thought 
should  exhibit  greater  vigor  than  if  these  portions  were  constructed 
of  a  weaker  quality  of  muscular  tissue. 

The  faces  of  all  talented  divines,  poets,  artists,  architects,  in- 
ventors, orators,  warriors,  and  men  of  action  generally,  disclose 
many  of  the  facial  signs  for  the  muscular  system.  These  classes 
are  characterized  by  a  thick  neck,  fullness  of  the  eyes,  thickness  of 
the  muscle  at  the  junction  of  the  nose  with  the  forehead  (sign  for 
Self-will, — this  sign  is  one  of  the  most  pronounced  signs  of  the 
muscular  system),  curving  outward  of  the  lower  jaw-bone,  and 
width  of  the  nose  just  above  the  alae;  the  eyebrows  somewhat 


''>*9'.: 


FORCE.  459 

arched,  and  the  forehead  in  front  inclined  more  to  a  perpendicular 
than  to  a  receding  outUne. 

The  faculty  of  Force,  which  we  are  now  considering,  is  the 
base  of  mental  courage,  but  not  of  moral  courage.  The  latter 
resides  in  the  integrity  of  the  osseous  system,  while  intellectual 
courage  proceeds  from  a  good  development  of  the  brain  assisted 
by  the  muscular  system.  Physical  courage  is  the  direct  product 
ojf  a  fine  development  of  the  muscular  system.  That  tliis  is  so  is 
evidenced  by  the  muscular  powers  of  the  athlete  and  prize-fighter, 
the  oarsman,  sea-captain,  sharpshooter,  and  ball-player.  All  these 
classes  possess  coolness  in  danger,  and  resolution,  as  well  as  prompt 
action  in  sudden  crises,  such  as  accidents  on  sea  or  land,  in  panics 
and  riots.  Many  steamship  engineers  and  sea-captains  are  of  the 
muscular  build,  being  relatively  short,  broad,  and  round.  These 
men  exhibit  great  coolness,  resolution,  promptness  of  action,  and 
possess  other  qualities  of  a  social  and  domestic  nature  which  inhere 
in  the  muscular  system. 

How  useful  the  faculty  of  Force  is  to  men  of  mental  powers 
is  well  illustrated  in  the  following  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  Cross.  He 
remarks : — 

Thus  we  see  that  whatever  slight  advantages  Nature  may  bestow  in  pity 
upon  the  weak  and  timid,  j-et  the  courageous  and  the  strong  are  the  favorites 
to  whom  she  has  intrusted  the  intellectual  concerns  of  the  world.  Courage 
is  as  necessary  to  the  direct  promotion  of  science  as  to  its  indirect  promo- 
tion by  the  acquirement  of  plentiful  supplies  of  food  and  the  maintenance 
of  personal  safety ;  for  a  timid  philosopher  is  as  unfit  for  the  pen  as  is  a 
timid  soldier  for  the  sword.* 

The  right  development  of  the  muscular  system  should  be  con- 
sidered a  religions  duty.  Lack  of  Force  endangers  and  shortens 
life,  reduces  the  mental  powers  to  a  minimum,  makes  cowards  and 
sneaks,  creates  timid,  sickly  children  and  inefi[icient  fathers  and 
mothers. 

I  have  been  much  interested  in  watching  the  conduct  of  little 
girls  trained  in  a  gymnasium.  I  find  tliat,  although  of  tender 
years,  they  possess  great  coolness  when  in  unsafe  positions,  and  that 
they  are  ready  with  trained  brain  and  muscles  to  jump  out  of,  or 
oft'  from,  any  place  which  seems  to  them  to  be  dangerous;  and  this 
they  do  promptly  and  without  direction,  gauging  by  the  trained 
eye  the  distance  to  jump,  and  in  this  way  their  courage,  will-power, 
coolness,  self-possession,  and  strength  are  enhanced  a  thousand- 
fold. They  form  a  decided  contrast  to  those  children  who,  un- 
trained, timid,  and  irresolute,  when  placed  in  danger  either  become 

*  An  Attempt  to  Eatablisli  Pbysiogaomy  on  Scientific  Principles,  John  Cross,  M.D.,  p.  14& 


460  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

maimed  or  lose  their  life,  owing  to  their  defective  muscular  power 
and  feeble  will. 

All  children  should  be  thoroughly  trained  in  gymnastics. 
More  especially  should  girls  be  thus  trained,  for  all  may  become 
wives  and  mothers,  and  certainly  development  of  the  muscular 
powers  is  one  of  the  most  essential  conditions  for  motherhood.  A 
resolute  will  is  most  important  hi  the  rearing  of  children ;  through 
lack  of  this  faculty  and  of  necessary  force  in  the  mother,  many  a 
bright  boy  has  gone  down  to  perdition,  wrecked  by  the  soft-headed, 
soft-hearted,  emotional  mother,  without  power  enough  to  enforce 
the  slightest  law  or  command.  Our  penitentiaries  are  recruited 
more  from  the  ranks  of  those  who  have  been  spoiled  with  over- 
indulgence than  from  those  who  have  been  reasonably  disciplined 
by  parents  possessed  of  some  strength  of  mind  and  force  of  char- 
acter. Had  I  a  weakly,  timid,  vacillating  child  I  would  have  it 
trained  systematically  in  a  good  gymnasium.  If  there  was  none 
convenient  I  would  have  a  horizontal  bar  erected  out  of  doors,  and 
compel  daily,  systematic  practice  upon  it.  Parents  can  procure 
works  at  any  book-store  on  the  subject,  with  description  of  exer- 
cises and  plates  of  apparatus  for  the  same.  These  exercises  assist 
in  developing  spirit  and  courage  as  well  as  lung-power,  and  this 
tends  directly  to  mental  power.  Were  I  called  upon  to  advise 
how  to  strengthen  a  feeble  brain  I  should  advise  systematic  exer- 
cise in  gymnastics  and  elocution.  No  course  of  stndt/  can  give 
that  vigor  to  the  thoughts  and  brain  which  development  to  the 
muscular  system  imparts,  but  the  greatest  improvement  is  mani- 
fested when  the  lungs  are  strengthened  and  enlarged  by  long-con- 
tinued breathing  exercise,  by  rowing  and  swimming,  etc.  The 
practice  of  elocution  is  another  most  excellent  way  to  impart  force 
and  vigor  to  the  timid  and  diffident.  Where  Force  is  present  in  a 
large  degree,  it  is  exhibited  by  a  clear,  positive,  and  ringing  enun- 
ciation. It  is  one  of  the  finest  traits  for  an  orator  or  public 
speaker  to  possess.  Indeed,  all  artists,  as  well  as  scientists  and  me- 
chanics, depend  upon  a  good  degree  of  Force  to  carry  forward  their 
operations.  The  teacher  must  possess  a  fair  degree  of  Force  to  be 
able  to  enforce  law  and  to  inspire  his  pupils  with  respect  for  his 
management.  Children  instinctively  feel  the  want  of  or  tlie  pos- 
session of  power  in  a  teacher  and  conduct  themselves  accordingly. 
Force  gives  vim,  energy,  and  spirit,  and  these  assist  the  teacher's 
efforts  in  imparting  knowledge,  and  in  keeping  the  children's 
interest  aroused.  A  dull,  listless,  inert  manner  in  a  teacher  nulli- 
fies in  a  measure  his  educational  efforts. 

An  unbalanced  degree  of  Force  is  quite  as  disastrous  in  its 
effects  upon  the  human  family  as  its  normal  action  is  beneficial. 


roRCE,  461 

Unbridled,  unrestrained  passion,  which  is  so  often  observed  in  veiy 
muscular  people,  leads  to  terrible  crimes,  to  cruelty,  revenge,  suicide, 
and  murder.  Those  who  possess  a  quick  and  violent  temper 
should  guard  against  its  excess,  and  compel  the  intellect  to  govern 
by  deliberately  planning,  while  in  a  cool  mood,  to  suffer  wrong 
rather  than  allow  the  temper  to  get  the  upper  hand.  The  evil 
effects  wrought  upon  the  system  by  overindulgence  of  passion  are 
terrible  to  contemplate,  for  violent  passion  often  leads  to  disorders 
of  the  heart,  apoplexy,  and  other  distressing  complaints.  On  the 
contraiy,  weakness  of  Will,  or  lack  of  Force,  leads  one  to  accept 
imposition  without  resisting  it,  and  such  persons  often  suffer  great 
pecuniary  loss  rather  than  stand  up  and  contend  for  their  rights, 
and  often  act  a  part  which  seems  mean,  cowardly,  or  criminal 
rather  than  force  themselves  to  do  what  should  be  done.  Those 
deficient  in  Force  often  agree  to  what  their  sense  of  right  and 
reason  declare  to  be  improper  because  they  cannot  oppose  and 
give  a  decided  negative,  while  those  possessed  of  a  great  degree  of 
this  faculty  speak  out  in  a  most  decided  and  spontaneous  manner, 
and  often  intrude  their  feelings  and  convictions  in  a  way  more 
vigorous  than  elegant. 

A  large  degree  of  Force  gives  to  the  voice  clearness  and 
resonance.  The  reason  of  this  is  obvious,  for  all  of  the  parts 
of  the  organism  involved  in  the  production  of  tone  are  within  the 
muscular  system;  hence,  where  this  system  predominates  clear 
and  forcible  enunciation  will  be  exhibited,  as  muscle  not  only 
assists  language  but  is  indicative  of  the  presence  of  will-power. 
The  English  are  a  muscular  race,  and  are  noted  for  the  mellow, 
clear,  and  decided  tones  of  their  voices.  They  speak  in  chest-tones. 
The  American,  less  well  endowed  with  muscle,  speaks  in  a  high 
nasal  or  head-tone.  So  surely  does  the  build  of  the  body  give 
quality  to  the  speech  that  a  good  observer  may  not  only  name  the 
nationality  from  the  tones  of  the  voice,  but  should  also  be  able  to 
describe  existing  mental  and  pathological  conditions  from  hearing 
one  speak.  Not  only  this,  but,  conversely,  he  should  be  able  to 
describe  the  dominant  systems  of  the  speaker  and  the  form  or  out- 
line of  his  body  from  the  tones  of  his  voice. 

Color  is  of  great  service  in  determining  in  what  degree  Force 
will  be  exhibited.  Where  this  faculty  is  large  and  the  color  of 
the  hair  and  eyes  dark  or  black,  the  temper  will  be  hot,  quick,  and 
often  ungovernable,  and  be  long  in  subsiding  when  once  aroused ; 
with  a  like  degree  of  muscular  development  where  the  color  of  the 
hair  is  light,  the  eyes  blue,  and  the  skin  white  and  red,  the  temper 
will  be  less  violent  and  more  easily  controlled.  The  chemical  law 
that  intense  color  and  great  heat  are  always  to  be  found  associated 


462  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

applies  to  the  human  organism  as  well  as  to  all  other  departments 
of  Nature.  Yet  white  heat  indicates  a  higher  temperature  than 
red  heat,  and  those  who  turn  white  under  the  influence  of  rage 
are  most  to  be  dreaded.  Not  only  will  they  be  more  dangerous  to 
others,  but  their  excess  of  force  will  react  upon  themselves,  and 
often  result  in  serious  consequences  to  their  health.  Red-haired 
persons,  possessed  of  large  Force,  will,  if  aroused,  exhibit  very 
sudden  and  violent  passion,  yet  it  will  subside  as  quickly. 

Combinations  with  other  traits  reveal  how  Force  acts  in  differ- 
ent individuals.  Those  with  large  Conscientiousness  and  large 
Force  will  defend  the  right  and  oppose  wrong  conduct  and  measures 
with  vehemence  and  power;  with  large  Approbativeness,  will 
stand  up  for  reputation;  with  large  Love  of  Young,  will  defend 
children  with  spirit  and  ardor,  not  only  their  own  children  but 
those  needing  a  protector.  I  was  once  walking  in  the  street  with 
a  lady  possessing  both  these  faculties  in  a  large  degree,  when 
suddenly  we  heard  the  loud  screams  of  a  cliild  issuing  from  a 
dwelling  near  by.  The  lady  with  me  immediately  went  into  the 
house  without  invitation  and  confronted  a  mother  with  an  uplifted 
whip,  chastening  in  an  unreasonable  manner  her  daughter,  a  girl 
of  a  dozen  years  of  age.  My  friend  commanded  her  to  cease,  and 
took  the  whip  from  her  hands,  and  by  talking  quieted  her  rage, 
and  by  a  judicious  course  of  argument  with  her  got  her  cooled 
down  to  reason,  and  discovered  that  this  most  terrible  punishment 
was  the  penalty  for  a  very  slight  offense.  The  mother  exhibited 
dark  complexion  and  possessed  more  Force  than  parental  love, 
while  the  child's  defender  was  a  lighter  woman  with  a  good  deal 
of  Force  and  courage,  yet  with  larger  parental  love  than  the 
mother,  although  not  a  mother  herself  In  this  case,  Force  com- 
bined with  parental  love  (which  is  also  a  force)  sufficed  to  quell  a 
violent  and  dangerous  temper.  All  faculties  are  forces.  Each 
faculty  sends  out  a  positive  force,  and  manifests  its  power  through 
the  perfection  and  vigor  of  the  several  organs  of  the  body,  or  by 
means  of  the  development  of  the  bones,  the  nerves,  the  muscles, 
etc.  The  more  perfect  their  development,  the  more  powerful  their 
action. 

Those  with  large  Force  and  small  Caution  are  rash,  foolhardy, 
love  quarreling,  and  are  always  in  fights  and  disputes.  SJiorf-nosed 
persons,  with  a  moderate  or  large  muscular  system,  if  possessed  of 
dark  hair  and  eyes,  are  quarrelsome,  rash,  and  heedless;  always  in 
trouble  of  some  sort  and  are  constantly  antagonizing  all  about 
them.  And  this  same  forceful  rashness  leads  them  into  acts  which 
often  eventuate  in  ill  health. 

Those  who  possess  small  Force  should  never  attempt  business 


RESISTANCE.  463 

requiring  nerve,  push,  and  pluck,  for  they  cannot  stand  opposition 
and  rebuffs.  They  are  too  weak  to  succeed  except  in  the  most 
sheltered  positions,  and  always  need  an  overseer;  and  are  incapable 
of  taking  a  commanding  position.  And  this  suggests  the  necessity 
of  building  up  in  youth  a  good  muscular  system  by  metliodical 
exercise  of  all  the  muscles  of  the  body.  Girls  and  women  can 
gain  strength  by  housework,  if  not  too  laborious,  wliile  boys  can 
conserve  health  by  chopping  wood,  scrubbing  floors,  weeding  the 
garden,  and  by  cleaning  the  stable  and  yard.  All  these  works  are 
good  for  girls  and  boys,  yet  no  exercise  will  compare  in  efficiency 
with  systematic  gymnastic  training  under  an  intelligent  teacher. 
Systematized  exercise  develops  equally  all  of  the  muscles,  while 
many  pursuits  develop  one  set  of  muscles  and  leave  the  rest 
unused. 

RESISTANCE. 

Definition. — Aggression,  opposition,  argument,  courage, 
bravery,  endurance;  love  of  violent  amusements,  such  as  ath- 
letics, etc. 

An  excess  results  in  bullying,  useless  argument,  scolding, 
idle  contention,  teasing,  fighting,  revenge,  and  brutality.  Those 
possessing  an  excess  are  characterized  by  coarse  skin  and  coarse 
hair. 

A  deficiency  renders  one  timid,  weak,  spiritless,  and  incapable 
of  self-defense,  and  creates  a  fretful,  whining,  complaining  dis- 
position. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — A  large,  round  nose ;  large  nostrils ; 
curving  of  the  lower  jaw-bone ;  rounding  out  of  the  sides  of  the 
forehead;  compressed  mouth  and  closed  teeth  while  in  action; 
short,  wide  teeth,  and  tushes. 

The  bodily  signs  are  shown  by  a  short,  thick  neck ;  general 
development  of  the  round  muscles,  more  particularly  in  combination 
with  square  bones.  This  affords  the  best  structure,  both  for 
aggression  and  defense. 

The  signs  for  capacity  for  mental  resistance  are  shown  by 
large  size  of  the  nose  and  general  outward  curving  of  the  lower 
jaw,  and  prominent  chin,  as  observed  in  the  faces  of  eminent 
orators  and  reformers.  The  physiognomies  of  Mirabeau,  French 
orator,  and  of  Frederick  Le  Maitre,  French  actor,  are  excellent 
illustrations  of  the  sign  for  mental  resistance. 

Description  of  Resistance, — This  faculty,  like  all  the  others 
found  in  the  human  organism,  is  difficult  to  designate  completely 
by  any  single  word  in  our  language.  Sometimes  it  shows  itself 
by  a  combative  disposition;    at  others,  by  resisting  assaults,  by 


464 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHTSIOGNOMT. 


courage,  intrepidity,  resolution,  and  by  thoroughness.  It  gives 
force  to  mental  energies  and  physical  prowess;  it  assists  the 
preacher,  moral  reformer,  and  temperance  lecturer  to  enforce  their 
ideas  in  a  vehement  manner.  It  also  is  the  power  which,  when 
perverted,  gives  the  pugnacious  and  quarrelsome  their  force  and 
combative  disposition.  It  is  indispensable  to  every  character;  it 
gives  presence  of  mind  and  coolness  of  judgment  in  danger.    There 

is  scarcely  a  day  in  our  lives 
in  which  we  have  not  need  to 
invoke  its  power  in  some  form 
or   other.     Life   is   one   long 
round    of    resistances.      We 
resist  aggressive  infringement 
of  our  natural  and  acquired 
rights ;  we  resist  the  elements, 
and  erect  barriers  to  protect 
ourselves  against  the  assaults 
of  wild  beasts;    we  resist  the 
encroachments  of  disease   by 
applying    the    remedies    with 
which  Nature's  great  labora- 
tory has  supplied  us ;  in  short, 
Resistance  gives  us  the  power 
to  live  under  all  circumstances. 
Without  it  we  could  neither 
gain   a  livelihood  nor  retain 
our  health.     Its  excess  leads 
to  aggression,  bullying,  fight- 
ing, and  war.     Some  observers 
give,  as  one  sign  of  Combat- 
iveness.  Resistance,  or  Cour- 
age, the  ears  standing  well  out 
from  the  head.     Another  sign 
of  tlie   aggressive    phase   of 
this     faculty    is    known     by 
shaking  of  the  head  from  side 
to  side  and  forward  and  back- 
ward  while    engaged   in    an 
energetic  conversation.     A  short,  low  nose,  with  a  high  and  thick 
pug  end,  is  one  evidence  of  pugnacity.     Nearly  all   the   noted 
prize-fighters  whose  portraits  I  have  observed  have  this  description 
of  nose,  and  a  very  short,  thick  neck,  with  great  muscular  powers 
generally;  but  moral  courage  and  resistance  spring  from  an  excess 
of  Conscientiousness,  and  are  mightier  forces  than  that  sort  of 


FiG.58.— MARTIN  LUTHER.  (Pkikst,  AUTHOK, 
Reformer.) 

Born  in  Saxony,  14S3.  Conspicxious  facial 
sif^n,  Resistance,  shown  bv  the  large  and  line 
development  of  all  the  facial  features,  together 
■with  a  short  neck,  broad  ciiest ;  large,  round  nuis- 
cles,  and  square  bones.  Tlie  law  of  the  straight 
line,  square,  and  cube  governs  this  powerful  and 
noble  face  and  body.  The  immense  amount  of 
Resistance  wliich  Lutlier  needed  to  oppose  the 
powerful  Roman  hierarchy  at  the  inception  of  the 
Protestant  Reformation  could  not  have  been 
derived  from  intellectual  or  moral  power  alone. 
It  required  all  the  elements  of  a  ftrst-class  physique, 
along  with  his  strong  moral  sense  and  great  men- 
tality. The  signs  for  all  the  domestic  traits  are 
niost  noticeable.  Amativeness,  Love  of  Young  and 
of  Country,  and  are  not  inferior  to  Conscientious- 
ness, t  innness,  Self-esteem,  Modestv,  Sanativeness, 
Mospitahty,  Ahmentiveness,  Bil)ativeness.  Apnro- 
bativeness,  and  Friendship.  The  signs  for  Pneuina- 
tiveness.  Color,  Force,  and  Resistance  show  that 
he  possessed  Courage  of  all  sorts,  mental,  moral 
and  physical-  while  the  mental  traits  of  Cautious- 
ness, Analysis,  Human  Nature,  Sublimity  Con- 
structiveness.  Veneration,  Executiveness,  Self- 
will,  Language,  Order,  Memory  of  Events,  Reascm, 
and  Intuition  are  all  large.  Both  the  head  and 
body  are  solid  and  cubical  In  form 


RESISTANCE. 


465 


combativeness  or  resistance  which  proceeds  from  muscular  develop- 
ment merely.  Executiveness,  shown  by  height  of  the  nose,  lends 
to  the  character  the  ability  to  combat  argument  and  opinions. 
Every  faculty  has  its  own  peculiar  force  and  mode  of  expressing 
pmver.  These  different  methods  of  showing  force  must  be 
analyzed  by  the  reader,  else  confusion  will  ensue,  and  motives  will 
not  be  comprehended  fully.  The  only  method  by  which  we  can 
analyze  a  trait  is  to  observe 
the  action  of  the  mechanism 
through  which  it  makes 
itself  manifest.  Now,  as  the 
muscular  system  is  the  main 
instrument  by  means  of 
which  Resistance  is  shown, 
it  follows  that  we  must  look 
to  this  system  and  its  de- 
velopment for  knowledge 
on  this  point.  Roundness 
or  curving,  as  elsewhere  ex- 
plained, always  indicates  the 
predominance  of  the  mus- 
cular system;  hence  it  is 
that  when  we  find  the  nose 
thick  its  entire  length,  as  is 
often  observed  in  belligerent 
characters,  we  know  that 
the  muscular  system  of  the 
entire  body  is  well  devel- 
oped, —  so  significant  are 
minute  facial  indications. 

Not  only  does  fullness 
of  the  nose  prove  the  pres- 
ence of  muscle,  but  it  dis- 
closes the  fact  that  the  large 
viscera,  the  heart,  lungs,  and  stomach  (all  muscular  or  fibroid* 
organs),  are  large  and  vigorous.  The  heart  and  stomach  are 
hollow  muscles,  the  heart  being  capable  of  more  work  than  any 
other  muscle  of  the  body.  The  rounding  out  of  the  head  above  , 
the  ears  is  another  sign  of  muscular  power,  and  this  rounding 
form  of  the  head  is  one  reason  why  the  ears  of  courageous  men 
and  animals  stand  so  far  out.  And,  again,  large  projecting  ears 
are  signs  of  muscular  power,  as  they  are  composed  mainly  of 
muscle  and  cartilage. 

The  short,  round,  thick  neck,  another  sign  of  Resistance,  is 

30 


Fig.  59.— GROVER  CLEVELAND.    (StatesmAIT, 

GOVEHNOK,  AND  PKESIDENT.) 

Conspicuous  facial  and  bodily  sign,  Resistance, 
shown  by  a  large  nose,  wide  nostrils,  width  of  jaws, 
thick  neck,  large  muscular  development;  broad 
square  shoulders ;  broad  and  deep  chest.  The  law  of 
the  straight  lihe  and  square  governs  this  physioj^noray. 
This  gentleman's  face  reveals  great  determination, 
and  Courage  of  all  sorts,  mental,  moral,  and  physical. 
The  vegetative  system  gives  great  strength  of  consti- 
tution ;  while  the  mental  qualities  are  of  a  high  order. 
The  signs  for  Human  Nature,  Analysis,  Constructive- 
ness.  Acquisitiveness,  Veneration,  Executiveness, 
and  Self-will  are  very  marked.  The  sense  of  Order, 
Time,  Memory  of  Events,  and  Reason  are  large ;  while 
the  faculties  of  Conscientiousness,  Firmness,  Econo- 
my, Love  of  Home,  Patriotism,  Amativeness,  Love  of 
Young,  Self-esteem,  and  Friendship  are  most  decided. 
A  character  that  would  be  able  to  meet  and  withstand 
great  crises. 


466  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMT. 

evidence  of  muscular  formation,  for  muscle  tends  to  shorten  limbs 
and  features,  and  this  member  is  greatly  relied  upon  both  by  man 
and  animals  in  combating  and  resisting.  The  action  of  the 
muscles  of  the  neck  and  chest  proves  this. 

The  ram,  the  stag,  and  bull,  all  courageous  and  ferocious 
creatures,  make  use  of  the  head  for  butting,  and  in  this  exercise 
the  neck  is  contracted  when  about  to  spring  upon  their  opponent. 
Butting  is  not  confined  to  animals.  The  Southern  negro  uses  this 
method  in  his  endeavors  to  resist  his  antagonist,  and  men  calling 
themselves  civilized  sometimes  use  this  method  of  fighting. 

Compressing  the  mouth  and  closing  the  teeth  while  engaged 
in  active  operations,  whether  peaceable  or  otherwise,  facilitates  the 
tension  of  the  muscles  concerned,  as  well  as  the  action  of  the  heart 
and  lungs,  for,  says  Dr.  Cross: — 

It  may  be  proper  to  remark  that  all  the  dangerous  passions  prodnce 
and  are  expressed  by  violent  expiration,  while  the  emotions  of  fear  are  ex- 
pressed by  long  inspiration. 

In  preparation  for  the  immediate  performance  of  any  weighty  enter- 
prise we  draw  in  a  full  breath,  and  by  shutting  the  glottis  hold  it  in.  The 
glottis  then  serves  a  most  important  part  in  the  performance  of  any  mighty 
enterprise  by  enabling  us  for  a  time  to  dispense  with  the  motion  of  respira- 
tion— by  converting  the  whole  chest  from  a  hollow  to  a  solid  structure — by 
giving  a  mechanical  advantage  to  some  of  tlie  principal  muscles  of  the  arm, 
and  by  directly  increasing  the  vitality.  All  this  assistance  the  larynx 
affords  toward  any  fair  and  noble  undertaking,  but  Avhere  the  angry  and 
offensive  passions  have  a  place  in  the  undertaking,  then  the  delicate  musical 
larynx,  l)eing  unable  to  sympatliize,  throws  wide  the  glottis,  and  allows  the 
ebullition  of  passion  to  get  vent,  and  the  energy,  dangerous  from  such  a 
prompter,  to  get  exhaustion  in  violent  expirations.  It  is  not  because  the 
angry  man  is  so  rapid  and  violent  in  his  exertions  that  he  is  so  frequently 
overcome  by  his  cooler  antagonist,  but  because  the  energy  is  soon  exhausted 
by  the  violent  expirations  of  rage.* 

Those  whose  Resistance  takes  the  form  of  Combativeness  or 
Contrariness  shake  the  head  from  side  to  side,  or  forward  or  back- 
ward, when  in  earnest  conversation.  They  also  step  heavily  and 
with  force,  close  doors  with  a  bang,  set  down  articles  with  empha- 
.sis,  drop  or  throw  down  their  boots  and  shoes  in  a  noisy  manner. 
If  a  door  or  anything  else  resists  their  immediate  efforts  to  move  it 
they  apply  force  directly,  never  stopping  to  observe  the  situation, 
and  note  if  ingenuity  may  not  accomplish  the  desired  purpose 
without  resort  to  force. 

In  argument  they  take  the  opposite  side  spontaneously,  and 
will  argue  against  the  plans  intended  for  their  own  welfare,  seem- 
ingly because  they  cannot  help  it.  One  person  told  me  that  she 
always  felt  like  opposing  anything  which  I  proposed  for  her  good, 

♦  An  Attempt  to  Establish  Physiognomy  on  Scientific  Principles,  John  Cross,  M.D.,  pp. 
152, 16S. 


RESISTANCE.  467 

yet,  after  considering  it,  and  being  perfectly  convinced  that  it  was 
for  her  highest  good,  she  would  often  adopt  ideas  and  plans  which 
she  had  instantaneously  combated.  She  said,  when  questioned 
as  to  her  reason  for  doing  so,  that  "  she  just  felt  contrary  without 
any  reason  for  it." 

The  impulse  to  "pull  back"  seems  to  be  ever  present  in  these 
characters,  and  this  is  yet  anotlier  proof  of  the  muscular  origin  of 
Resistance,  lor  no  other  part  of  the  organism  has  the  contrariety 
of  motion  that  characterizes  the  muscles  which  move  backward 
and  forward  upon  the  bones  to  which  they  are  attached,  and  which 
also  permit  as  much  freedom  of  action  in  one  direction  as  in 
another.  All  persons  endowed  with  a  good  muscular  system  are 
not  always  contrary,  for  other  faculties  come  in  to  modify  this 
trait,  but  muscular  people  having  the  best  apparatus  for  the  ex- 
pression of  contrariness  display  it  more  generally  than  those  with 
the  bony  system  predominant.  A  good  illustration  of  this  differ- 
ence in  tlie  two  classes  of  persons  is  found  by  comparison  of  those 
animals  in  which  the  same  differences  of  structure  are  obsei-vable. 
The  carnivorous  class,  those  in  whom  the  muscles  predominate 
over  the  bones,  present  the  same  contrary,  changeable,  fickle  dis- 
position which  is  cliaracteristic  of  muscular  people.  The  lion,  the 
tiger,  the  lynx,  the  cat,  and  all  other  animals  of  this  formation,  are 
given  to  contrariety  and  shift  and  change  about  with  great  rapidity, 
and  they  are  less  capable  of  being  trained  than  the  bony  animals. 
This  causes  Contrarmess^  yet  does  not  produce  Ohstlnacij.  This  is 
the  property  of  those  possessed  of  excess  of  bone,  as  seen  in  the 
bull-dog  and  ass.  Yet  the  horse,  the  dog,  the  camel,  and  elephant, 
possessing  relatively  more  bone  than  muscle,  are  less  contrary, 
more  reliable  in  regard  to  stability  of  purpose,  more  tractable, 
docile,  and  teachable. 

There  are,  of  course,  great  differences  existing  in  the  several 
breeds  of  the  same  animals.  Particularly  is  this  the  case  in  the 
dog  tribes,  the  greyliound,  poodle,  and  terrier  presenting  quite 
different  appearances  of  structure  than  the  St.  Bernard,  the  bull- 
dog, and  mastiff.  The  latter,  although  exhibiting  a  formidable 
and  dangerous  appearance,  is  tractable,  gentle,  and,  unless  his  mas- 
ter or  his  master's  property  is  attacked,  remains  good-natuvcd. 
Like  men  endowed  with  great  strength,  he  is  not  quarrelsome  or 
given  to  use  his  powers  unnecessarily,  either  by  barking  or  attack- 
ing strangers,  while  smaller  dogs  of  less  strength  and  courage  will 
bark  and  yelp,  and  by  their  noisy  demonstration  endeavor,  like 
human  braggarts^  to  gain  a  character  for  courage  by  simple  noise, 
when  they  have  neither  the  spirit  nor  strength  to  o^er(;ome  an 
antagonist.     There  is  a  deal  of  human  nature  in  dogs,  and  we 


468  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

can  all  pick  out  the  different  types  of  our  human  friends  among 
them. 

Mental  resistance  is  not  so  marked  in  its  manifestations  as  is 
physical  resistance.  It  seems  more  adapted  to  overcome  obstacles 
and  assist  the  individual  in  hewing  his  way  to  success,  whether  it 
be  in  the  political  arena,  in  the  conflict  of  opinion  in  debate,  in  the 
determination  and  force  necessary  to  the  orator  and  actor  in  delin- 
eating forcible  characters,  or  in  promoting  those  great  reforms  which 
at  their  inception  always  meet  with  immense  opposition,  and  which 
must  be  opposed  with  tremendous  moral  force  and  intellectual 
courage  in  order  to  insure  their  success. 

One  of  the  most  noticeable  features  in  the  faces  of  the  great 
dramatic  orators  and  actors  is  the  curved  lower  jaio^  or,  as  I  choose 
to  designate  it,  the  "dramatic  jaw."  The  curving  of  the  jaw  is 
produced  by  the  curving  of  the  muscle,  which  causes  the  relatively 
smaller  bone  to  curve  with  it,  and  curving  of  the  muscles  indicates 
not  only  constitutional  vigor  but  also  creative  powers.  Curving 
of  any  portion  of  the  features  of  the  face  denotes  superior  consti- 
tutional vigor,  hence  the  power  to  resist  disease  as  well  as  circum- 
stances, enemies,  climate,  etc.,  is  indicated  by  this  formation. 
Dr.  Redfield,  in  his  system  of  physiognomy,  very  justly  terms  the 
high,  curved  nose  the  "  aggressive  "  nose,  but  he  fails  to  give  its 
philosophy,  or  to  show  that  such  a  nose  is  associated  with  a  power- 
ful visceral  structure  like  that  of  the  carnivorous  animals,  which  are 
particularly  aggressive.  Their  noses  are  broad,  nostrils  wide,  and 
their  muscular  systems  predominant.  In  discerning  and  analyzing 
the  signs  of  character  we  are  very  much  indebted  to  the  animal 
kingdom  for  our  knowledge,  for  by  comparison  with  their  forms, 
colors,  and  qualities  we  are  able  to  verify  much  in  the  human 
family  which  would  be  otherwise  obscure.  Cuvier  observed  that 
"the  bodies  of  animals  are  experiments  ready  prepared  by  Nature 
for  man,"  while  Dr.  Cross  remarks  on  this  subject  that  "  the  lower 
animals,  taken  as  a  whole,  constitute  a  rough  field  of  physiog- 
nomical inquiry  calculated  to  promote  the  science  in  its  more 
refined  and  dignified  application  to  the  human  race."* 

Large,  prominent  teeth  indicate  the  spirit  of  opposition.  The 
same  appearance  in  animals  denotes  like  characteristics,  while  honis, 
tusks,  and  tushes  are  tokens  of  its  excess,  and  announce  ferocity, 
cruelty,  and  brutality,  as  is  witnessed  in  the  behavior  of  the 
rhinoceros,  the  rhinaster,  the  wild  boar,  the  buck,  and  the  stag. 

One  phase  of  mental  resistance  is  shown  in  debate  by  caus- 
tic, acrimonious,  and  sarcastic  language,  and  by  the  expression  of 
impassioned,  vehement,  and  denunciatory  sentiments. 

»  An  Attempt  to  Establish  Physiognomy  on  Scientific  Principles,  John  Gross,  M.D.,  p.  11- 


SECRETIVENESS.  469 

When  one  is  wanting  in  llesistance  he  is  tame,  mild,  and 
conciliatory  in  speech ;  he  relies  upon  this  tone  to  win  and  con- 
vince. The  most  morally-inclined  persons  with  small  Resistance 
will  not  defend  their  beliefs  with  any  degree  of  power,  preferring 
to  be  thought  cowardly  rather  than  take  a  bold  stand  for  principle. 
Sucli  individuals  are  often  charged  with  deceit,  treachery,  and 
want  of  truth  because  unable  to  stand  up  and  speak  out  decidedly 
at  the  right  time.  This  class  are  wholly  incapable  of  defending 
friends  and  children,  preferring  rather  to  shield  them  and  keep  them 
out  of  danger  than  to  battle  for  their  riglits  in  any  way. 

Cursing,  swearing,  and  tlireatening  are  vulgar  ibrms  of  its 
excess.  Uncivilized  races  generally  exhibit  many  of  the  signs  of 
physical  resistance.  In  these  races  savagery  and  brutality  are 
indicated  (as  in  the  most  brutal  beasts)  by  a  thick,  coarse  skin ; 
coarse,  thick  hair,  and  dull  eyes.  The  bear  and  wild  boar  are 
illustrations  of  this  grade.  The  eyes  of  a  celebrated  lion-tamer, 
attached  to  a  menagerie  which  I  attended,  were  dull  and  brutal  in 
expression.  When  I  questioned  him  as  to  the  capacity  of  savage 
beasts  to  yield  to  the  power  of  love  or  kindness,  he  replied  :  "  They 
only  understand  a  good  beating  and  respect  nothing  but  superior 
force."     I  think  this  is  also  true  of  brutal  people. 

Tusks  and  tushes  in  animals  are  signs  of  savage  resistance 
and  belhgerency,  and  are  never  observed  in  tlie  mouths  of  the 
most  noble  and  peaceable  animals.  Whenever  a  tusk  is  exiiibited 
in  a  luiman  mouth  it  is  indicative  cf  lack  of  feeling  or  some  form 
of  cruelty  or  malignancy  in  the  disposition.  Fortunately,  such 
appearances  are  rare  in  the  human  family. 

SECRETIVENESS. 

Definition. — Reserve,  reticence,  policy,  concealment,  evasion, 
and  watchfulness.  It  creates  a  scheming  and  managing  disposition, 
often  on  a  very  small  scale. 

An  excess  tends  to  slyness,  selfishness,  cunning,  deceit,  suspi- 
cion, falsehood,  treachery,  craft,  and  artfulness. 

A  deficiency  creates  artlessness,  want  of  tact,  imprudence  and 
indiscretion  in  speech,  and  too  much  frankness  in  the  discussion  of 
one's  affairs. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — Compressed  and  thin  lips ;  small 
mouth ;  half-closed,  peeping  eyes ;  very  small  eyes ;  shy  and  sly 
glances  out  of  the  corners  of  the  eyes ;  furtive,  stealthy  looks,  and 
long  lashes,  all  indicate  different  degrees  of  Secret! veness.  Broad, 
flat  nostrils  are  a  sign  of  secrecy  common  to  negroes  and  many  un- 
developed races  and  certain  carnivorous  animals.  A  very  subdued 
tone  of  voice  and  a  mumbling,  indistinct  utterance  characterize 


470 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


secretive  individuals.  They  never  enunciate  loudly  and  clearly 
except  when  tliey  are  acting  a  part,  and  this  unaccustomed  loud- 
ness should  be  a  warning  to  others.  Arched  feet  and  long, 
curved  claws  also  betoken  Secretiveness,  as  seen  in  the  feline  tribes 
and  among  the  larger  beasts  and  birds  of  prey. 

Description  of  Secretiveness. — Secretiveness  in  the  animal 
kingdom  is  most  developed  in  the  lower  classes  of  the  carnivora, 
viz.,  in  those  beasts  and  birds  to  which  Nature  has  denied  either 
great  strength  of  intellect  or  great  bodily  vigor.     The  deduction, 

then,  to  be  made  in  this 
case  is  that  Secretiveness 
is  a  trait  of  inferiority,  de- 
signed as  a  compensation 
for  some  deficiency  of  mind 
or  body ;  hence,  Secretive- 
ness is  given  to  hide  the 
defect  and  enable  the  timid 
and  weak  animal  to  both 
avoid  and  prey  upon  his 
enemies.  Without  craft 
and  slyness  such  characters 
as  the  snake,  the  fox,  the 
rat,  the  coon,  the  opossum, 
the  liare,  and  similar  beasts 
would  be  entirely  unable 
to  gain  a  livelihood.  Na- 
ture therefore  gives  them  a 
stealthy,  cunning,  and  sus- 
picious disposition,  which 
in  their  case  is  a  great 
protection  and  assists  them 
in  acquiring  food. 
The  logic  derived  from  the  observation  of  this  trait  in  the 
animal  holds  good  in  its  apphcation  to  the  human  being.  In  all 
characters  celebrated  for  their  intellectual  and  moral  power  we  find 
Secretiveness  at  its  minimum,  and  replaced  by  intelligence,  reason, 
strength,  and  conscience,  together  with  practical  and  mechanical 
abihties,  which  serve  to  maintain  the  individual  and  to  enable  him 
to  deal  with  his  fellows  in  a  conscientious,  unselfish,  intelligent 
manner.  Secretiveness  in  a  normal  degree  is  an  important  factor 
in  human  character.  Without  a  due  degree  of  secrecy  we  could 
not  be  just  to  our  friends  nor  plan  and  manage  our  own  affairs  with 
interest  to  ourselves.  A  well-balanced  mind,  possessed  of  conscien- 
tiousness and  good  reasoning  faculties,  will  find  little  use  for  great 


FIG.  60.— MRS.  M. 
Principal  facial  sign,  Secretiveness,  shown  by  the 
thin,  compressed  lips  and  furtive  expression  of  the  eye. 
The  entire  expression  of  this  face  gives  one  a  good  iitea 
of  a  secretive  character  ;  the  lips  alone  announce  that 
this  is  a  dominant  trait.  The  wide-spread  nostrils  are 
sec<mdary  signs  of  Secretiveness.  Firmness  and  Con- 
scientiousness are  not  largely  developed.  Approbative- 
ness.  Friendship,  Self-esteem,  Alimentiveness,  Color, 
and  Force  are  well-detined.  Of  the  mental  traits.  Cau- 
tion, Acguisitiveness,  Localitv,  Veneration,  Size,  Form, 
Calculation,  and  Memory  of  Events  are  noticeable. 


SECRETIVENESS. 


471 


Secretiveness  for  the  reason  that  such  mmds  possess  a  mental  opu- 
lence which  furnishes  them  with  resources  for  every  emergency, 
without  recourse  to  concealment,  trickery,  lying,  or  deceit.  Char- 
acters like  George  Washington  or  Ahraham  Lincoln,  for  example, 
could  maintain  themselves  in  every  position  and  emergency  without 
constant  use  of  this  trait.  Lincoln  possessed  a  native  tact  and 
shrewdness  which  aided  him  in  many  great  crises.  He  also  was 
large  in  conscience, — another  valuable  assistant. 

The  physiological  pecuharities  of  secretive  men,  as  well  as  of 
secretive  animals,  are  simi- 
lar. The  flexor  musgles 
are  tense  and  the  glandular 
system  somewhat  defective, 
and  these  defects  of  struc- 
ture cause  such  functional 
action  as  to  greatly  affect 
and  modify  the  characters 
of  those  thus  affected.  In 
secretive  persons  all  the 
sphincter  muscles  are 
closely  drawn.  The  orbic- 
ularis oris,  the  muscle 
which  assists  the  mouth  in 
opening  and  closing,  is 
tense.  The  commissure  of 
the  eyes  is  small,  giving 
that  half-closed,  peeping, 
furtive  appearance  to  the 
eyes  seen  in  many  sus- 
picious, secretive,  and  crim- 
inal faces.  The  thinness 
of  the  lips  is  caused  by 
defective  glandular  devel- 
opment. Smallness  of  the 
eyes  is  owing  to  a  relatively 

undeveloped  state  of  the  muscular  system,  while  the  broad,  flat 
nostrils  observed  in  undeveloped  races  and  animals  announce 
relatively  large  breathing  apparatus,  for  secretive,  stealthy  acts 
require  ability  for  controlling  the  breath  while  in  active  opera- 
tions, and  powerful  inspiration  is  essential  in  the  act  of  springing 
upon  and  seizing  prey.  The  same  mechanism  assists  in  holding  in 
and  prolonging  the  emotions  in  all  sly,  secret,  and  dangerous  enter- 
prises. Long  Joshes  are  indices  of  timidity, — a  mild  species  of 
Secretiveness, — yet  they  afford  a  safe  retreat  for  a  melting  pair 


Fig.  61.— FRANCOIS  MAXIMILIEN  JOSEPH  ISI- 
DORE ROBESPIERRE.  (LAWYER,  Orator, 
Revolutionist,  Tyrant.) 

Bom  in  France,  1759.  The  law  of  imperfect  curva- 
tion  governs  this  countenance.  Tlie  principal  facial 
8  gn  IS  Secretiveness,  shown  by  small  mouth,  thin  lips, 
and  imperfectly  curved  nostrils.  The  lower  jaw  and 
the  nostrils  show  imperfect  curvation  or  departures 
from  the  normal  standards  of  form.  The  signs  for  Firm- 
ness, Conscientiousness.  Benevolence,  Amativeness, 
Ivove  of  Young,  MirthJulness,  and  F'riendship  are  all 
below  the  average.  Cautiousness  is  large;  so,  also,  are 
Human  Nature,  Veneration,  P.xecutivenoss,  Language, 
Self-will,  Observation,  Form,  Size,  Locality,  Memory  of 
Events,  and  Reason.  The  entire  expression  of  the  lower 
part  of  the  face  is  petty  and  contemptible,  while  the 
upper  part  shows  a  strong,  selfish,  dogmatic  will,  with 
considerable  mental  ability. 


472  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of  lovely  eyes  when  embarrassed  by  the  fulsome  flattery  of  a  too 
ardent  lover. 

I  have  observed  the  faculty  of  Secretiveness  large  in  many 
really  good  persons,  yet  destitute  of  some  useful  faculty  in  so  large 
a  degree  that  this  trait  enabled  them  to  hide  its  deficiency  from 
most  people ;  but  scientific  physiognomy  will  not  only  unveil  the 
innocent  possessors  of  Secretiveness,  but  will  reveal  the  guilt  of  the 
criminal,  and  both  locate  his  defect  and  show  for  what  it  is  the 
compensation.  One  of  the  most  estimable  women  whom  I  have 
ever  known  possessed  this  trait  in  an  inordinate  degree,  yet  to  a 
friend  in  whom  she  had  confidence  she  -would  unfold  all  her 
thoughts,  but  let  another  person  come  into  the  room  she  would 
instantly  become  silent.  Her  need  of  this  trait  arose  from  the  fact 
that  she  was  deficient  in  many  practical  faculties  and  was  excess- 
ively slow  in  all  her  movements  and  mental  eff'orts.  She  had 
a  very  large  brain,  with  small  lungs,  yet  thought  and  moved 
too  slowly  for  practical  purposes.  The  reader  can  readily  see 
that  had  she  been  a  garrulous,  frank,  outspoken  woman  every 
one  with  whom  she  came  in  contact  could  have  taken  advantage 
of  her  plans,  and  in  this  case  she  would  have  been  entirely  at  the 
mercy  of  designing  persons,  with  whom  she  could  not  cope  by 
reason  of  her  inability  to  think  and  act  as  quickly  as  the  average 
person  and  also  through  her  lack  of  practicality. 

Another  subject  has  large  Secretiveness.  His  defect  con- 
sists in  an  utter  lack  of  ability  to  reason  upon  or  comprehend  ab- 
stract ideas.  Yet  show  him  anything  of  a  mechanical  nature,  such 
as  machinery  in  motion,  or  explain  to  him  mechanical  principles 
which  he  can  see  in  operation,  and  he  is  very  intelligent  in  such 
matters.  He  is  always  cautioning  his  wife  not  to  "  talk  so  much," 
saying  that  she  will  "  never  succeed,"  etc.  He  knows  it  will  not 
do  for  him  to  talk  freely,  else  he  would  soon  betray  his  ignorance, 
and  so  believes  that  all  should  be  reticent.  He  passes  in  his  circle 
for  a  very  wise  man,  and  his  acquaintances  speak  of  him  as  a 
"  knowing  chap,"  "  a  deep  fellow,"  and  "  one  who  can  keep  his 
mouth  closed,"  etc.,  etc. 

Those  who  have  a  large  share  of  Secretiveness  always  feel  that 
they  cannot  be  found  out,  that  their  ideas  are  securely  hidden  be- 
cause they  do  not  talk  much,  hence  they  think  that  their  plans  are 
perfectly  secure  from  the  knowledge  of  all. 

A  closely-drawn  or  pursed-up  mouth  is  an  evidence  of  Secre- 
tiveness, if  the  mouth  be  small  and  the  lips  thin.  As  the  large 
mouth  and  large  eye  are  indicative  of  volume  of  language,  so 
the  converse  of  this  denotes  a  lack  of  linguistic  power.  All  orators 
exhibit  very  wide  mouths  and  full  lips. 


SECRETIVENESS.  473 

Suspicion  is  the  natural  otltcome  of  Secretiveness,  for  a  man 
who  is  concealing  his  ideas  and  plans  suspects  that  others  are  acting 
from  the  same  motives ;  hence,  he  believes  all  expressions  of  kind- 
ness cover  some  ulterior  design,  and  thinks  that  offers  of  sincerity 
are  all  pretense,  and  that  those  who  make  such  offers  are  actuated 
by  selfishness. 

A  man,  in  order  to  be  successful  in  secret  plots  and  intrigues, 
must  possess  a  large  intellect  and  a  great  knowledge  of  human 
nature,  else  his  plans  will  show  upon  the  surface  and  all  his 
strategy  be  detected.  Such  a  man  was  Richelieu,  a  French  states- 
man and  a  cardinal  of  Rome.  His  face  would  never  have  deceived 
a  scientific  physiognomist  for  the  reason  that  his  Secretiveness  and 
its  compensations  were  all  written  in  Nature's  hieroglyphics  upon 
his  face  and  body.  His  voice,  too,  was  low  and  indistinct,  and 
altogether  he  would  have  stood  a  self-confessed  intriguer  in  the 
presence  of  a  good  physiognomist.  No  need  in  such  cases  to  ask 
permission  to  feel  the  skull,  measure  the  head,  etc. ;  a  few  glances, 
and — behold  !  the  mask  is  off !  One  law  of  physiognomy  (most 
potent  in  deciding  character)  shows  that  those  faculties  which  are 
dominant  or  most  used  are  the  most  apparent  in  the  human  coun- 
tenance, and  this  explains  why  astute,  crafty,  politic,  and  selfish 
persons  will,  under  the  light  of  this  science,  stand  revealed,  while 
they  believe  themselves  to  be  the  most  secure. 

A  moderate  degree  of  this  trait  assists  one  in  being  prudent, 
and  causes  him  to  restrain  his  desire  to  speak  of  his  own  or  other 
people's  affairs  when  it  would  be  detrimental  to  their  interests  to 
do  so.  "  A  fool,"  says  Solomon,  "  uttereth  all  his  mind,  but  a  wise 
man  keepeth  it  till  aflerward."  One  peculiarity  of  cunning  people 
is  that  they  always  like  to  know  the  business  and  affairs  of  others, 
while  they  never  return  a  like  confidence.  Beware  of  such  persons, 
for  they  will  ever  prove  detrimental. 

Actors,  as  a  class,  have  very  large  Secretiveness.  It  is  to  them 
a  most  essential  trait.  It  enables  them  to  completely  hide  their 
own  personality — their  voice,  their  walk,  and  their  natural  ges- 
tures— and  assume  the  entire  personality  of  the  character  which 
they  wish  to  personate.  To  novelists  like  Katharine  Anna  Green, 
who  writes  excellent  detective  stories,  it  is  most  essential.  It  en- 
ables them  to  keep  back  the  part  of  the  plot  upon  which  the  story 
hinges  and  hold  the  reader  in  suspense,  and  retain  the  interest 
and  mystery  until  the  denouement.  Wilkie  Collins'  physiognomy 
indicates  this  trait,  as  do  the  faces  of  many  other  authors. 

Secretiveness  is  very  large  in  the  English,  and  shows  in  their) 
exclusiveness  and  suspicion  of  strangers  and  travelers.     It  is  much 
less  in  the  Americans,  who  are  very  free,  frank,  and  communicative 


474  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

to  strangers.     The  French  are  also  frank  and  polite,  and  enjoy  the 
pleasure  which  foreigners  take  in  their  free  conversation. 

Secretiveness  is  large  in  most  priests  and  physicians.  In  these 
it  is  a  cultivated  trait,  and  is  most  essential  to  them,  for  the  honor 
and  interests  of  thousands  of  families  are  in  their  keeping,  which 
to  betray  would  be  evidence  of  great  villainy.  An  open-mouthed 
physician  is  to  be  avoided. 

Persons  who  love  to  arrange  surprises  and  carry  them  through 
successfully  possess  this  faculty.  Humor  is  Secretiveness  and  Wit 
combined.  It  is  almost  universal  among  Americans,  who  also 
enjoy  practical  jokes, — another  form  of  this  faculty.  Americans 
love  keen  wit,  pointed  repartee,  humorous  stories  and  anecdotes. 
America  has  furnished  more  professional  humorists  than  any  other 
country,  and  the  jokes  and  sayings  of  Josh  Billings,  Mark  Twain, 
Artemus  Ward,  and  Bret  Harte  are  repeated  the  world  over.  The 
English,  too,  are  noted  for  a  fondness  for  humor,  but  of  a  different 
sort  than  that  which  pleases  American  audiences.  A  gentleman 
who  has  lectured  both  in  England  and  America  told  me  that  he 
was  obliged  to  change  his  jokes  and  stories  for  EngUsh  audiences. 
"They  seemed,"  he  said,  "not  to  comprehend  the  sharp,  keen, 
pointed  jokes  which  delighted  the  Americans."  He  was  obliged 
to  produce  heavier,  more  solid  and  ponderous  ones  for  the  English. 
All  of  which  accords  with  the  nature  of  these  two  peoples.  The 
English  are  more  solidly  built,  with  more  muscle  and  bone  and  less 
sensitive  nerves  than  the  Americans;  wliile  the  latter  are  keen, 
sharp,  and  quickly  apprehensive;  hence,  an  incisive,  keen-cutting 
joke  or  story  would  be  in  consonance  with  their  formation  and 
mental  construction. 

The  French  have  developed  many  crafty,  astute,  secretive 
statesmen  and  officers.  The  spirit  and  genius  of  their  former 
monarchical  government  were  probably  the  great  formative  agencies 
in  their  development,  although  it  is  not  strongly  characteristic  of 
the  French  as  a  race.  Talleyrand,  whom  Hayden  terms  "that 
patriarch  of  artifice  and  dissimulation,"  was  a  statesman  of  this 
sort,  and  overmatched  all  his  opponents  in  state-craft.  He  was 
possessed  of  a  wonderful  degree  of  the  faculty  of  Human  Nature, 
and  an  impostor  would  have  to  be  finished  indeed  who  could 
impose  upon  him,  for  the  smallest  flaw  in  his  manners,  looks,  or 
conversation  would  reveal  the  imposition  to  this  crafty  and  observ- 
ant statesman.  It  is  related  that  a  gentleman  once  presented  him- 
self to  Talleyrand,  claiming  to  be  the  accredited  representative  of 
a  foreign  court.  As  his  papers  of  credit  appeared  to  be  all  right, 
Talleyrand  gave  him  the  usual  courteous  reception  and  invited 
him  to  a  banquet,  seating  him  at  his  right  hand.     During  the 


SECRETIVENESS.  475 

banquet  he  observed  that  his  guest  helped  himself  to  olives  with 
his  fork  instead  of  with  his  fingers,  as  was  the  custom  in  his 
circle.  Upon  seeing  this  he  suspected  that  the  man  was  an  impos- 
tor, and  dispatched  a  courier  to  the  place  Irom  whence  the  gentle- 
man had  professed  to  come,  and  found  his  suspicions  verified.  The 
etiquette  of  the  table  in  polite  society  at  that  time  required  that 
olives  should  be  taken  with  the  fingers.  Talleyrand  at  once  saw 
that  this  man  was  unaccustomed  to  the  usages  of  a  society  so 
rigorous  in  its  etiquette,  hence  he  knew  that  this  slight  infraction 
marked  him  decisively  as  belonging  to  another  grade.  One  moral 
of  this  is  that  so  long  as  governments  are  built  upon  tyrannical 
foundations,  as  was  the  government  of  France,  their  statesmen  will 
have  to  occupy  themselves  with  observation  of  very  small  affairs  in 
order  to  keep  it  going. 

Napoleon  Bonaparte  was  most  remarkable  for  his  Secretive- 
ness.  In  him  it  was  the  compensation  for  a  lack  of  moral  principle 
and  humanity.  He  was  intensely  selfish  on  a  large  scale.  Sir 
Walter  Scott  says  of  him  that  "when  Napoleon  thought  himself 
closely  observed  he  had  the  power  of  discharging  from  his  counte- 
nance all  expression  save  that  of  an  indefinite  smile,  and  presenting 
to  the  curious  investigator  the  fixed  eyes  and  rigid  features  of  a 
marble  bust."  Napoleon  was  a  good  actor.  Of  him  Pope  Pius 
VII  said  he  was  in  turn  "comediante"  and  "  tragedian te "  (come- 
dian and  tragedian).  He  was  certainly  untruthful,  unscrupulous, 
and  selfish,  and,  according  to  Madame  de  Remusat,  who  lived  in  his 
family,  and  who  has  written  memoirs  of  Napoleon,  "  he  thought 
any  one  a  fool  for  speaking  the  truth  when  they  could  make  a  lie 
serve."  Such  a  character  has  need  of  the  check  which  Secretive- 
ness  puts  upon  the  tongue,  for  openness  of  speech  would  have 
prevented  his  making  his  way  in  the  world,  and  probably  prevented 
his  obtaining  even  a  livelihood,  for  those  who  frankly  avow  such 
immoral  sentiments  as  did  Napoleon  are  shunned  and  feared. 

Generals  need  a  good  degree  of  Secretiveness  in  order  to 
enable  them  to  hide  their  designs  and  suq^rise  the  enemy.  Yet 
too  large  an  amount  works  against  and  defeats  its  own  pui*pose. 
Those  genemls  who  have  flourished  in  history  as  successful  in  war- 
fare were  all  endowed  with  a  good  share,  and  General  Grant,  like 
Napoleon,  evinced  far  more  than  the  average,  and  this  surplus  was 
undoubtedly  the  compensation  which  Nature  made  to  hide  some 
grave  deficiency.  In  this  hour  of  mad  hero-worship  it  would  be 
scarcely  prudent  to  state  what  that  defect  is.  I  leave  to  my 
students  the  task  of  deciphering  the  hieroglyphics  of  character 
seen  in  the  face  of  the  "Sphynx  of  the  White  House,"  as  Mrs. 
Elizabeth  Cady  Stanton  termed  him. 


476  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

There  is  an  old  saying  which  states  that  "it  takes  a  rogue  to 
catch  a  rogue."  This  is  good  physiognomical  philosophy,  for 
one  law  of  this  science  declares  that  "one  is  best  enabled  to 
judge  of  those  principles  in  others  which  are  strongest  in  him- 
self," hence  it  is  that  in  such  characters  as  Fouche,  the  Chief 
of  Police  under  Napoleon,  and  Allan  Pinkerton,  a  celebrated  de- 
tective of  Chicago,  we  observe  the  faculties  of  Secretiveness  and 
Human  Nature  very  large.  It  was  these  traits  in  combination  with 
large  Reason  that  enabled  them  to  enter  into  the  feelings  and 
minds  of  tlie  criminal  classes,  and  so  to  understand  and  detect 
their  criminal  stratagems.  The  faculties  of  Human  Nature  and 
Secretiveness  are  both  well  defined  in  the  physiognomies  of  habitual 
and  successful  criminals,  while  in  the  characters  of  hypocritical 
confidence-men  we  find  a  large  share  of  Agreeability,  which,  added 
to  the  other  two  traits,  enables  them  to  get  on  the  good  side  of 
their  intended  victims,  by  a  plausible,  persuasive,  winning  manner, 
and  thus  make  them  an  easy  prey.  Secretiveness  aids  them  in 
keeping  their  own  plans  secret,  while  agreeability  assists  tliem  in 
singing  tliat  song  of  the  crafty  yet  pohte  member  of  the  useful 
Arachnlda  family : — 

"  'Will  you  walk  into  my  parlor?'  said  the  spider  to  the  fly  ; 
'  'Tis  the  prettiest  little  parlor  that  ever  you  did  spy.'  " 

And  while  this  pleasing  ditty  is  being  sung  by  the  confidence- 
operator,  a  good  physiognomist  might  be  making  out  a  physiog- 
nomical chart  to  present  to  him, as  a  reward  of  merit  for  the  fine 
exhibition  'of  tact,  industry,  ingenuity,  and  agreeability  displayed 
in  the  praiseworthy  object  (1)  of  getting  an  easy  living  by  the 
mere  exercise  of  his  natural  powers. 

There  is  no  better  method  of  detecting  these  smooth  and 
fluent  conversationalists  than  by  the  rules  of  physiognomy.  Ask 
them  to  let  you  feel  their  phrenological  developments,  and  they 
would  fiy  from  you ;  but  engage  them  in  a  short  conversation, 
and  while  thus  employed  the  entire  character  of  a  very  secretive 
individual  is  laid  bare,  for,  as  before  remarked,  an  excess  of  any 
trait  makes  a  very  decided  impress  upon  tlie  fiice  and  form,  as  well 
as  upon  the  voice,  the  walk,  the  gestures,  and  general  appearance. 

Prudent,  politic  persons  use  the  minimum  of  Secretiveness, 
and  by  wise  evasions  avoid  the  prying  busybody,  yet  avoid  telling 
f dsehoods  at  the  same  time.  In  this  instance,  intellect,  ingenuity, 
and  truth  work  together  to  protect  their  interests,  for  all  have 
concealments  which  are  essential  to  their  welfare  and  success,  yet 
not  necessarily  dishonorable.  The  merchant  must  be  able  to  con- 
ceal his  methods  from  others,  else  they  might  take  advantage  of 


SECRETIYENESS.  477 

them  and  so  forestall  him  in  his  enterprises.  The  lawyer  must 
conceal  his  clients'  affairs  and  his  own  methods  of  procedure  until 
matured.  The  professional  man  must  use  all  honorable  means  to 
protect  by  secrecy  the  affairs  of  others  which  have  been  intrusted 
to  his  honor.  Secrecy  is  both  necessary  and  useful,  and  all  well- 
balanced  characters  must .  avail  themselves  of  its  powers.  Its 
excess  is,  as  I  have  shovt^n,  the  resource  of  timid,  weak,  criminal, 
or  immoral  characters,  and  is  exhibited  by  weak,  thievish,  skulk- 
ing animals,  the  prototypes  of  their  sneakish  human  brothers. 
Timid  children,  like  timid  animals,  make  use  of  Secretiveness  to 
avoid  dangers.  Fear  makes  them  cowardly.  Parents  can  make 
them  liars  or  truthful,  according  to  the  methods  employed.  A 
method  which  I  adopted  with  my  children  seemed  a  very  excellent 
way  to  cultivate  truth,  by  substituting  reward  instead  of  penalties 
for  disobedience  of  rules  confessed.  For  example,  I  made  some 
slight  reward  the  incentive  for  the  avowal  of  wrong-doing,  such 
as  breaking  rules,  destroying  China,  or  accidental  violations  of 
decorum,  etc.  My  children  would  bring  to  me  quite  readily  a 
piece  of  broken  China,  and  state  how  it  occurred  in  the  frankest 
manner  possible.  For  this  avowal  I  would  always  give  a  slight 
reward,  at  the  same  time  expressing  my  sorrow  at  the  loss  and  at 
the  lieedlessness  which  caused  it.  In  this  way  I  made  it  for  the 
children's  interest  to  be  truthful,  hence  they  were  never  afraid  to 
tell  the  whole  truth  to  me.  Moral  cowardice  in  children  can  be 
corrected  by  treating  them  in  a  friendly  and  confidential  manner, 
thus  robbing  the  confession  of  their  little  faults  of  the  dread  of 
penalties.  Let  children  see  that  you  believe  in  them,  yet  show  by 
your  manner  that  you  suffer  by  their  concealing  their  delinquencies 
when  they  commit  them.  Hold  them  up  to  a  high  standard  of 
truth  by  example.  Let  them  have  confidence  in  their  parents' 
integrity,  and  thus  you  will  stimulate  their  imitation  as  well  as 
principle.  When  children  are  too  frank,  show  them  how  the 
family  interests  suffer  by  relating  family  matters  which  should  not 
be  detailed  to  strangers ;  also  how  silly  it  is  to  be  constantly  telling 
every  thought  as  fast  as  it  comes  into  the  mind.  Cultivate  their 
moraUty  by  leading  them  to  see  how  wrong  it  is  to  relate  what  has 
been  told  them  in  confidence.  You  will  thus  establish  in  early 
life  a  habit  of  prudent  reticence  which  too  frank  and  too  trans- 
parent children  need. 

Large  Secretiveness,  combined  with  large  Reason  and  Caution, 
makes  men  very  adroit  in  concealing  their  real  ideas  and  purposes. 
Such  persons  express  themselves  in  a  very  politic  and  guarded 
manner,  so  much  so  as  to  mislead  others  through  their  lack  of 
precision  and  directness.    With  small  Conscientiousness  combined, 


478  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

they  will  invariably  lie  and  cheat,  first  laymg  plans  to  cover  up 
their  tricks. 

Where  Serrr^tiveness  is  about  of  an  average  degree  the  char- 
acter will  exhibit  a  prudent  self-control,  yet  under  provocation  will 
free  the  mind  and  give  others  the  benefit  of  thoughts  in  regard  to 
them,  but  with  large  Cautiousness  will  hold  back  somewhat  for 
fear  of  consequences.  Tliose  possessed  of  moderate  Secretiveness 
are  remarkably  frank,  and  not  afraid  of  sbowing  their  metbods  or 
of  speaking  their  thoughts ;  they  will  not  use  much  policy  nor 
evade  open  expression;  yet,  with  large  Caution  will  look  ahead, 
and  are  reasonably  circumspect  in  their  dealings  and  speech ; 
with  large  Acquisitiveness  and  Conscientiousness,  will  speak  and 
deal  honorably  and  regard  others  with  confidence ;  with  Force 
added,  are  abrupt  and  speak  out  decidedly,  and  with  Friendship 
large  they  are  inclined  to  assist  friends  in  business  as  well  as 
socially. 

There  are  very  many  curious  ways  in  which  Secretiveness  is 
exhibited.  Some  with  large  Secretiveness  will  conceal  many  sides 
of  tlieir  nature,  as,  for  example,  their  love  affairs  or  their  sym- 
pathetic thoughts,  yet  will  be  open  in  matters  pertaining  to 
business  or  duty ;  they  will  defend  the  interests  of  morality 
and  urge  reforms  in  a  very  bold  and  vigorous  manner,  and  so 
convey  the  idea  that  they  are  wanting  in  the  softer  traits.  I 
once  knew  a  very  tender-hearted,  sympathetic  man,  who,  to 
conceal  what  he  considered  a  weakness,  always  assumed  a  blunt, 
gruff",  and  abrupt  manner  of  speech,  and  so  earned  for  himself 
the  name  of  the  "  grand  growler "  in  his  circle,  yet  I  knew 
him  to  be  more  sympathetic  and  charitable  than  many  soft- 
spoken  men. 

Secretiveness,  when  it  assists  men  to  be  diplomatic,  politic,  ju- 
dicious, and  honorable,  is  an  excellent  quality,  but  when  it  leads 
to  trickery,  dishonesty,  lying,  and  double-dealing  it  should  be  re- 
strained. Where  there  is  too  much  frankness,  a  too  confiding 
spirit,  it  reacts  upon  the  character  and  works  injury ;  hence,  pru- 
dence and  circumspection  should  be  cultivated.  Remember  that 
as  long  as  life  lasts  you  will  have  time  enough  to  tell  all  that 
you  know,  but  once  having  told  a  secret  it  cannot  be  recalled. 
Be  free  with  friends,  but  guarded  with  strangers  and  indifferent 
acquaintances. 

Take  the  poet's  advice  : — 

"Aye,  free,  oflf-han'  your  story  tell. 
When  wi'  a  bosom  crony, 
But  still  keep  something  to  yoursel' 
Ye'  scarcely  tell  to  ony." — Burns. 


CAUTIOUSNESS.  479 


CAUTIOUSNESS. 

Definition. — Vigilance,  foresight,  prudence,  providence, 
anxiety,  watchfulness,  wariness,  care-taking. 

An  excess  is  shown  by  melancholy,  anguish,  cowardice,  irreso- 
lution, bashfulness,  shyness,  timidity,  fright,  over-anxiety,  terror, 
suspicion,  despair,  nervousness,  forebodings,  fretting,  and  useless 
fears.  It  tends  to  sickness,  disorders  of  the  nerves  and  of  the 
biliary  system,  to  insanity  and  suicide. 

A  deficiency  is  characterized  by  rashness,  boldness,  assurance, 
impudence,  audacity,  and  imprudent  and  injudicious  language  and 
conduct. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — Length  and  breadth  of  the  nose  is 
the  sign  for  the  highest  degree  of  Caution.  Length  merely  of  the 
nose  indicates  that  sort  of  Caution  manifested  by  very  timid  human 
beings  and  animals.  Long  and  thin  ears,  long  and  thin  neck, 
and  long  and  thin  legs  are  also  some  of  the  bodily  signs  of 
Cautiousness. 

Description  of  Cautiousness. — The  most  reliable  facial  sign 
of  Cautiousness  is  shown  by  the  length  of  the  nose.  Its  location 
is  admirably  adapted  to  the  preservation  of  the  body,  presiding  as 
it  does  over  all  the  functions  of  digestion  and  guarding  the 
avenues  of  approach  to  the  stomach  by  its  keenness  of  scent, 
which  soon  detects  qualities  of  food  un  suited  to  the  sustentation 
of  the  body.  Not  only  does  it  act  as  sentinel  to  the  stomach,  but 
by  virtue  of  its  anatomical  structure  it  guards  the  lungs  from 
noxious  vapors,  gases,  and  all  improper  atmospheres.  Its  length 
assists  in  warming  tlie  air  to  a  considerable  degree  before  it  strikes 
the  lungs,  while  the  vibrissae,  or  small  hairs  with  which  the  inte- 
rior of  the  nostrils  is  furnished,  prevent  injurious  particles  from 
entering  the  lungs. 

The  fact  of  the  length  of  the  nose  being  'the  principal  sign 
for  Caution  has  been  noted  by  other  physiognomists.  Dr.  Cross 
observes  on  this  subject  that 

The  nasal  apparatus  is  the  porch  of  respiration  and  the  sense  of  smell 
is  the  sentry ;  hence,  it  may  be  laid  down  as  a  general  rule  that  atmospheric 
air  is  wholesome  or  unwliolesome  in  proportion  as  its  smell  is  agreeable  or 
disagreeable.  As  odorous  effluvia  tend  upvyard,  so  the  nose  comes  to  be 
percipient  of  substances  entering  the  mouth,  and  it  is  found  that  food  is 
wholesome  or  unwholesome  in  proportion  as  the  smell  is  gratefnl  or  ungrate- 
ful. The  sense  of  smell,  therefore,  is  superintendent  of  the  breath  and 
assistant  superintendent  of  the  food.  The  nose,  then,  stands  in  a  double 
relation, — in  the  relation  of  porch  or  sentinel  to  tiie  lungs  and  in  the  relation 
of  assistant  sentinel  to  the  stomach  and  assistant  forager  to  the  mouth.* 

»  An  Attempt  to  Establish  Physiognomy  on  Scientific  Principles,  John  Cross,  M.D.,  p.  215. 


480 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


Short  noses  are  not  so  efficient  in  guarding  these  functions  as 
long  noses.  There  are  several  reasons  for  this :  In  the  first  place, 
the  nose  is  not  only  an  indicator  of  animal  organization,  but  it  is 
Hkewise  the  cliief  facial  exponent  of  intellect  tmd  of  j^^i^^ical  as 
well  as  of  mental  energy  ;  hence,  the  longer,  higher,  and  broader  the 
nose,  the  more  judgment  and  prudence  will  be  displayed,  for  length 
and  breadth  of  nose  in  man  and  beast  is  exhibited  only  by  the  most 
superior  characters. 

A  nose  which  is  high  as  well  as  long  and  broad  is  best 

adapted  to  the  function  of 
scent,  for  the  reason  that 
the  olfactory  nerves  have 
room  for  greater  expan- 
sion, hence  the  nasal  gan- 
glion is  more  powerful 
than  where  its  space  is  re- 
stricted. Those  races  that 
possess  the  broadest,  high- 
est, and  longest  noses 
exhibit  the  most  prudence, 
foresight,  and  watchfulness, 
and  entertain  as  well  the 
broadest  views  of  life  and 
its  affairs.  The  Hebrews, 
among  the  civilized  races, 
possess  in  a  remarkable 
degree  all  these  attributes. 
So  far-sighted  is  their  in- 
tellectual grasp,  and  so 
broad  are  their  views  of 
worldly  affairs,  that  the 
majority  of  them  are  well 
provided  with  this  world's 
goods,  and  beggars  of  tlieir 
race  I  believe  are  wholly 
unknown.  I  have  never  seen  or  heard  of  one.  They  also 
possess  all  the  physiological  traits  which  accompany  this  for- 
mation, exhibiting  predaceous  energy,  keenness  of  scent,  and  fond- 
ness for  fine  odors  and  flavors.  They  are  good  judges  of  food  and 
immoderately  addicted  to  the  pleasures  of  the  table.  They  also 
exhibit  various  mental  traits  which  often  accompany  large  Ali- 
mentiveness,  viz.,  rapacity,  love  of  domination,  and  marked  social 
and  domestic  qualities. 

The  same  traits  are  characteristic  of  the  carnivorous  class  of 


Fig.  62.— SIGNOR  CRISPI.    (Prime  Ministkb 
OF  Italy.) 

Conspicuous  facial  sign,  Cautiousness,  shown  by 
length  and  breadth  of  the  nose.  Tlie  law  of  the  straight 
line  and  curve  governs  this  face.  The  development  of 
Cautiousness  as  displayed  in  this  countenance  gives  evi- 
dence of  an  astute  and  far-sighted  cliaracter.  The  do- 
mestic traits  are  well  defined  and  the  intellectual  of 
the  first  class.  The  signs  for  Firmness  and  Conscien- 
tiousness are  of  average  size.  Patriotism,  Love  of 
Home,  Love  of  Young,  Amativeness.  and  Benevolence 
are  well  manifested ;  wliile  Human  Kature,  Ideality, 
Sublimitv,  Acquisitiveness,  "Constructiveness,  Analvsis, 
Mental  Imitation,  Veneration,  Executiveness,  Self- 
will,  Observation,  Language,  Reason,  Memory  of 
Events,  and  Intuition  are  very  large.  Altogether  "they 
form  the  portrait  of  a  very  capable  executive,  and 
judicious  mdividual. 


CAUTIOUSNESS. 


481 


animals,  as  distinct  from  the  graminivorous  class.  The  nose  and 
nostrils  of  the  lion,  the  tiger,  the  dog,  and  other  carnivorous 
animals  are  broad,  high,  and  long  as  compared  to  the  noses  of 
the  sheep,  the  giraffe,  the  deer  tribes,  the  rabbit,  and  hare.  The 
former  are  aided  by  their  sense  of  scent  and  superior  strength 
and  intellect,  while  the  latter  have  to  depend  more  upon  their 
activity  or  timidity  than  strength  for  their  safety  and  livelihood. 
The  gangha  of  the  olfactory  or  nasal  nerves  are  furnished 
with  a  coloring  pigment,  and,  according  to  the  laws  of  color 
which  obtain  in  the  human 
as  well  as  in  the  animal 
organisms,  the  more  color, 
the  more  power.  It  will 
be  observed  that  the  car- 
nivorous class  of  animals 
are  quite  dark  in  colors, 
or,  if  mixed,  the  darker 
hues  predominate ;  there- 
fore it  is  logical  to  infer 
that  they  are  better  adapted 
to  scent,  and  can  scent  at 
a  distance  better  than  the 
long,  thin-nosed,  grami- 
nivorous animals.  All  Na- 
ture confirms  this  principle 
of  form.  The  greyhound 
possesses  a  long,  thin, 
watchful,  timid  nose,  but 
is  comparatively  destitute 
of  the  sense  of  scent. 
Rev.  J.  G.  Wood  says  of 
this  animal : — 


Fig.  63.— JOHN  FOX.    (Author  and  Divine.) 

Bom  in  England,  1.517.  Con.spicuous  facial  sign,  Cau- 
tiousness, shown  by  disproportionate  length  of  nose. 
The  law  of  the  straight  line  and  angle  governs  this  face. 
Truthfulnes.s  and  snicerity  certainly  shine  forth  from 
tlicse  eyes,  which  are  set  tr>ic  and  straight  under  the 
brow.  "The  chin  is  hidden,  yet  comparative  anatomy  a-s- 
sists  in  discovering  what  is  beneatli  the  beard.  Conscien- 
tiousnes.s,  Firmness,  Love  of  Home,  Love  of  Young, 
Aniativeness,  Benevolence,  and  Patriotism  are  large; 
w iiile  Friendship,  Approbativeness,  Alimentivene.ss,  and 
Bil)ativeness  are  only  average  in  development.  The  men- 
tal powers  are  excellent.  The  signs  for  Mental  Imita- 
tion, Analysis,  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Ac<iuisitiveness,  Con- 
structiven'e.ss.  Veneration,  Executiveness,  8eli-will, 
Form,  Size,  Observation.  Calculation,  and  Language 
are  large.  The  nose,  broad  at  the  bridge,  discloses 
logical  capacity.  Altogether,  a  moral,  upright,  and 
intelligent  countenance. 


The  narrow  head  and 
sharp  nose  of  the  greyhound, 
useful  as  they  are  for  aiding 
the  progress  of  the  animal  by  removing  every  impediment  to  its  passage 
through  tiie  atmosphere,  3'et  deprive  it  of  a  most  valuable  faculty, — that  of 
chasing  by  scent.  Tiie  muzzle  is  so  narrow  in  proportion  to  its  length 
that  its  nasal  nerves  have  no  proper  room  for  development,  and  hence 
the  animal  is  vei'v  deficient  in  its  powers  of  scent.  The  same  circumstances 
may  be  noted  in  other  animals.* 

The  noses  of  all  carnivorous  animals  are  relatively  broad, 
especially  at  the  point  where  are  located  the  olfactory  ganglia  and 
plexuses, — that  is  to  say,  at  and  near  the  junction  of  the  nose  with 

»  Wood's  New  Ulustrated  Natural  History,  p.  51. 
31 


482  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the  forehead,  where  branches  and  filaments  of  the  olfactory  nerve 
ramify  u[)on  the  septum  and  nostrils,  and  here  assist  the  sense 
of  smell,  as  this  is  the  peculiar  office  of  this  nerve.  Therefore, 
where  we  observe  breadth  of  the  nose  above  the  "  bridge,"  and 
also  where  the  nostrils  are  very  broad,  as  in  the  lion  and  in  many 
human  beings,  we  shall  find  superior  power  for  guarding  the 
avenues  of  approach  to  the  great  vital  cavities, — the  stomach 
and  lungs, — hence  Cautiousness,  foresight,  and  judgment  are  the 
result. 

The  long,  high,  thin  or  narrow  nose  discloses  Cautiousness, 
but  of  the  timid  sort,  as  observed  in  the  formation  of  the  noses 
of  all  or  most  of  the  herbivorous  tribes.  The  long-eared  hare 
and  rabbit  are  illustrations  of  the  sort  of  Cautiousness  given  to  the 
timid  and  weak.  They  possess  long,  sensitive  ears  which  convey 
sovmds  to  them,  not  only  from  a  long  distance  but  those  which  are 
made  near  them,  and  their  superior  powers  of  activity  enable  them 
to  easily  elude  their  pursuers,  whether  human  or  animal.  The 
long-necked  girafib  is  another  excellent  illustration  of  this  trait. 
The  superior  length  of  its  neck  aids  the  animal  to  look  over  inter- 
vening obstacles  and  thus  it  insures  its  safety  by  flight,  which  is 
its  method  of  self-protection,  being  relatively  weak  and  timid  like 
other  long-eared,  long-legged  animals.  Another  wise  provision  of 
Nature  is  seen  in  the  entire  absence  of  voice.  Wood  states  that 
"  the  giraflb  has  never  been  heard  to  utter  a  sound,  even  when 
struggling  in  the  agonies  of  death."  Were  the  girafte  a  noisy 
animal  he  would  be  always  in  danger,  by  calling  attention  to 
himself  and  thus  be  exposed  to  the  attacks  of  wild  beasts.  The 
camel  evinces  a  good  deal  of  cautious  foresight,  and  exhibits  its 
physiognomical  indication  by  long  legs,  slim  neck,  long  nose,  and 
broad  nostrils.  The  reindeer  is  a  wary  and  sagacious  animal,  and 
possesses  the  sense  of  scent  in  a  greater  degree  than  any  other 
animal.  Its  width  of  nostril  is  quite  a  conspicuous  feature.  The 
fallow  deer,  the  red  deer,  and  wapiti  evince  great  Cautiousness, 
and  their  long  ears,  long  necks,  and  long,  slim  legs  are  the 
outward  indications  of  the  timid,  sensitive,  and  cautious  mind 
within. 

Lavater,  in  his  criticism  of  animals,  speaks  of  the  "art  and 
discretion  exhibited  in  the  proboscis  of  the  elephant."  This  is  a 
most  just  observation,  for  watchfulness  and  foresight  are  the 
peculiar  attributes  of  this  animal,  and  sound  judgment  as  well. 
Nature,  in  creating  so  huge  and  bulky  a  creature,  was  obliged  to 
give  such  traits  as  would  enhance  its  safety.  AVhat  then  could  she 
give  but  a  large  degree  of  Cautiousness,  Judgment,  and  Foresight  ? 
All  these  faculties  are  exhibited  in  a  marked  manner  by  these 


CAUTIOUSNESS.  483 

animals  in  India,  where  they  are  employed  in  various  mechanical 
and  warlike  enterprises,  where  their  fine  qualities  of  mind  are 
used  to  advance  man's  interests.  In  this  creature,  caution  is 
balanced  by  reason,  hence  he  is  not  suspicious,  but  watchful. 
"In  all  work,"  says  Mr.  Wood,  "which  requires  the  application 
of  great  strength  combined  with  singular  judgment  the  elephant 
is  supreme." 

Cautiousness  is  a  universal  faculty  and  is  useful  in  all  the 
walks  of  life,  giving  vigilance,  providence,  and  discretion  to  charac- 
ter. It  is  allied  to  Alimcntiveness,  for  it  assists  in  looking  ahead 
and  by  foresight  accimiulates  and  stores  up  for  a  rainy  day.  It 
is  an  assistant  of  Acquisitiveness,  as  it  guides  this  faculty  in  the 
acquisition  and  care  of  money,  property,  etc.  All  of  the  higher 
mental  faculties  are  indebted  to  its  influence  in  causing  them  to 
refrain  from  hazardous  and  risky  enterprises,  in  order  to  prevent 
future  trouble.  Cautious  persons  seek  advice  from  those  who  have 
had  experience,  while  short-nosed,  incautious  characters  rush  into 
all  sorts  of  dangers  and  enterprises  in  a  reckless  fashion,  unheed- 
ing tlie  warnings  of  those  more  experienced.  If  possessed  of 
small  Caution  and  large  Force  and  Resistance  and  only  average 
Reason,  tJiey  will  be  constantly  embroiled  in  disputes  and  quarrels, 
because  unable  to  control  the  temper,  and,  possessing  no  Caution, 
will  give  loose  rein  to  tlie  tongue  and  sometimes  to  the  fist  and 
pistol.  Those  of  this  combination  are  perpetually  meeting  with 
what  they  term  "  accidents,"  in  which  they  succeed  in  getting  cuts, 
burns,  and  falls,  and  are  often  engaged  in  disastrous  adventures. 
Bulhes,  braggarts,  and  loose,  unreliable  talkers  are  lacking  in 
Caution. 

An  excess  of  Caution  is  more  universal  in  iVmerica  than  among 
Europeans.  It  is  caused  by  the  greater  degree  of  delicacy  of  the 
nervous  system  which  this  climate  produces  and  which  causes 
fear,  apprehension  of  bodily  injuiy,  timidity,  and  nervousness. 
Women  are  far  more  cautious  than  men.  The  conservative  nature 
of  woman,  as  the  mother  and  care-taker  of  the  young  and  guardian 
of  the  family,  results  in  more  caution  and  also  adds  foresight  and 
prudence,  and  for  this  reason  most  mothers  are  better  able  to 
disburse  the  family  funds  than  the  father.  The  anxiety  for  the 
future  welfare  of  the  family  causes  care  and  providence  in  the 
disposition  of  money  and  in  storing  up  for  emergencies.  Children 
are  usually  more  cautious  than  adults,  and  in  many  its  excess  creates 
groundless  fears  and  great  mental  suffering.  Weak,  timid  children 
should  be  trained  in  a  gymnasium  with  the  view  of  making  them 
more  courageous,  strong,  and  self-willed,  which  result  can  be  pro- 
duced by  developing  all  the  muscles  until  they  dominate  or  equal 


484  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the  nervous  system.  Driving,  rowing,  swimming,  and  all  athletic 
sports  assist  in  developing  courage  and  give  force  and  decision  to 
the  character.  Associating  with  the  strong  and  courageous  is 
another  method  of  imparting  confidence  to  the  irresolute.  It 
engenders  a  desire  to  imitate,  and,  as  the  weak  admire  the  strong, 
they  will  endeavor  to  follow  their  example  if  thrown  constantly  in 
their  society. 

It  is  a  law  of  human  nature  that  all  admire  most  those  quali- 
ties in  others  in  which  they  are  themselves  deficient.  I  have 
known  many  weak  and  timid  women  become  expert  and  courage- 
ous horsewomen  by  practicing  driving,  when  formerly  they  had 
suffered  tortures  in  a  short  drive  for  fear  of  some  accident.  Nothing 
overcomes  fear  as  thoroughly  as  experiment  and  intelligent  com- 
prehension of  the  nature  of  the  thing  feared.  Children  are  often 
injured  beyond  recovery  by  forcing  them  into  the  water  against 
their  wish.  When  it  is  desired  that  they  should  be  taught 
bathing  and  swimming  they  should  be  allowed  to  enter  and  leave 
the  water  at  their  own  pleasure,  and  gradually,  by  easy  stages,  they 
will  lose  all  fear  of  it,  particularly  if  they  enter  with  more  cour- 
ageous children.  They  should  never  be  "ducked"  to  furnish 
amusement  for  some  "  tease,"  who  thinks  it  great  fun  to  hear  the 
poor  little  things  scream.  Such  methods  are  criminal,  and  should 
never  be  pursued  with  timid  children.  Frightening  them  by 
bug-a-boo  stories  also  increases  their  fear  and  induces  nervous 
disorders. 

A  good,  sound  whipping  as  a  punishment  hurts  a  child  far 
less  than  threatening  them  with  mysterious  and  occult  beings, 
or  shutting  them  up  in  dark  rooms,  for  these  methods  have  been 
known  to  produce  convulsions  and  loss  of  reason.  The  force  of 
example  is  well  illustrated  in  the  conduct  of  two  mothers  whom 
I  knew  in  my  childhood.  One,  on  the  approach  of  a  thunder- 
storm, took  her  children  out  upon  the  porch  and  watched  with 
great  enjoyment  its  approach,  and  entered  the  house  only  when 
driven  in  by  the  rain.  They  all  seemed  to  derive  great  pleasure 
from  the  scene.  The  other  mother,  on  the  approach  of  a  storm, 
gathered  her  children  together  in  an  agitated  and  terrified  manner 
and  plunged  them  between  feather  beds  under  the  mistaken  notion 
thq,t  "lightning  never  strikes  feathers."  They  would  remain  thus 
half  stifled  and  emerge  weak  and  trembling  only  after  the  storm  had 
passed.  The  children  of  the  latter  family  upon  reaching  adult  life 
pursued  precisely  the  same  methods  in  their  families,  and  thus 
trained  their  children  to  be  cowards  instead  of  training  them  to  be 
courageous. 

Shyness  is  one  manifestation  of  Cautiousness.     A  sensitive, 


CAUTIOUSNESS.  485 

nervous  system  by  its  keenness  of  sensation  causes  one  to  be  careful 
and  watchful  of  dangers,  and  also  promotes  care  for  health  through 
dread  of  suffering. 

Slyness  is  often  caused  by  extreme  Caution,  and  is  cultivated 
in  children  by  injudicious  methods  of  discipline,  by  too  many 
penalties,  and  by  constant  threatenings  for  all  sorts  of  small  offenses. 
Secretive  children  are  also  sly,  but  this  is  spontaneous  and  inherent, 
while  many  children  are  made  sly  by  their  parents'  threats  of 
penalties  and  constant  fault-finding. 

The  normal  action  of  Cautiousness  is  manifested  in  the  highest 
degree  by  persons  possessed  of  good  intellects  and  practical  facul- 
ties. In  the  faces  of  such  persons  will  be  observed  length,  breadth, 
and  height  of  the  nose.  In  these  cases  Caution  takes  on  its 
higJiest  jjJiase  of  action,  and  a  common-sense  view  of  affairs  is  ex- 
hibited, and  reason,  judgment,  and  prudence  preside  over  all  their 
mental  processes. 

When  Caution  is  indicated  in  an  individual  as  a  compensa- 
tion for  the  lack  of  some  other  important  faculty,  decision  and 
judgment  will  be  less  promptly  manifested,  hence  all  the  acts  will 
be  slower  and  more  uncertain,  and  as  great  a  measure  of  success 
as  in  the  former  cases  must  not  be  expected.  An  excessive  length 
of  nose  in  relation  to  the  other  features  denotes  excessive  Caution,  and 
also  shows  it  to  be  the  compensation  for  the  absence  of  some  other 
faculty.  By  observing  the  relative  proportions  of  the  features  this 
deficiency  can  be  easily  discovered.  In  some  subjects  it  is  caused 
by  deficient  Self-esteem.  In  these  cases  a  short  upper  lip  will  dis- 
close the  reason.  In  other  characters  there  may  be  deficient  Con- 
scientiousness. A  narrow  chin  will  reveal  this  want.  If  Reason 
is  feeble  the  nose  will  not  be  broad  and  high,  but  may  be  high, 
thin,  and  narrow,  especially  at  the  "bridge." 

Absence  of  the  practical  faculties  is  often  shown  by  a  com- 
pensatory degree  of  Caution.  Where  a  knowledge  of  human  na- 
ture is  deficient.  Cautiousness  is  oflen  present  and  protects  the 
character  from  too  great  confidence  in  others ;  hence,  suspicion  is 
the  result  and  thus  acts  the  part  of  protector ;  or,  if  Friendship 
be  lacking,  reserve  and  guardedness  in  dealing  with  others  will  be 
displayed.  In  some  instances,  where  the  brain  is  very  large  and 
slow  in  its  action  (by  reason  of  smallness  of  the  thoracic  system), 
the  mental  processes  are  correspondingly  feeble  and  dull  of  ap- 
prehension. Here  Caution  comes  in  and  assists  the  character  by 
its  prudential  outlook,  and  thus  averts  and  avoids  dangers  by  that 
slowness  of  mind  and  body  which  is  at  the  same  time  a  failing 
and  a  compensation.  Self-control  and  self-denial,  restraint  and 
prudence  are  the  results  of  a  normal,  balanced  degree  of  Caution. 


486 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


Rashness,  imprudence,  and  foolishness  show  the  lack  of  this  most 
useful  trait. 

"Reader,  attend  !  whether  thy  soul 
Soars  fancy's  flights  beyond  the  pole. 
Or  darkling  grubs  this  earthly  hole, 

In  low  pursuit, 
Know,  prudent  cautious  self-control 

Is  wisdom's  root." — Bubns. 


HOPE. 

Definition. — Anticipation,    expectation,     joyousness,    confi- 
dence, cheerfulness,  buoyancy  of  spirits,  belief  in  future  success 

and  advantages,  prospect- 
ive good,  inclination  to 
believe  and  work  on  in 
spite  of  innumerable  ob- 
stacles. 

An  excess  imparts  en- 
thusiasm and  gives  belief 
in  impracticable  plans  and 
projects;  inclines  one  to 
speculations,  and  "  sees 
millions"  in  every  inven- 
tion and  enterprise  in 
which  one  becomes  inter- 
ested. 

A  deficienci/  causes 
lack  of  success,  hopeless- 
ness, melancholy,  gloomy 
thoughts,  and  dejection, 
and  is  often  accompanied 
with  liver  complaint,  and 
tends  to  dementia,  insanity, 
and  suicide. 

Facial  and  Bodily 
Signs. — The  most  prom- 
inent facial  sign  for  Hope 
is  the  downward  projection  of  the  septum  of  the  nose  below 
the  alae,  or  wings  of  the  nostrils.  Brightness  of  the  eyes; 
bright,  clear-colored,  and  fresh  complexion ;  full  cheeks,  plump 
body,  springy  step,  vivacious  and  cheery  manner  are  also  indica- 
tions of  the  presence  of  Hope  and  are  caused  by  activity  of  the 
liver.  Drooping  of  the  corners  of  the  mouth,  dullness  of  the  eyes, 
together  with  a  thick  skin  and  muddy  complexion,  point  to  en- 
feebled action  of  the  liver  and  a  consequent  deficiency  of  Hope. 
Where  the  septum  does  not  project  below  the  alae,  or  where  it 


Fig.  64.— ELLEN  TERRY,     (Actress.) 

Bom  in  England,  1848.  Conspicuous  facial  sign 
Hope,  shown  by  downward  projection  of  the  septum  of 
the  nose.  The  law  of  the  curve  and  straight  line  gov- 
erns this  face.  The  dominant  expression  of  this  coun- 
tenance is  sharpness,  keenness,  penetration.  The  signs 
for  Firmness,  Conscientiousness,  Love  of  Home,  Pa- 
triotism, Economy,  and  Benevolence  are  exceedingly 
well  defined.  Love  of  Young  and  Amativeness  are  con- 
spicuous. The  nose  exhibits  the  signs  for  Hope, 
Analysis,  Ideality,  Mental  Imitation,  and  Human  Na- 
ture highly  developed.  Constructiveness,  Acquisitive- 
ness, Veneration,  and  Self-will  are  marked.  Observa- 
tion, Form,  Size,  and  Lang\iage  are  large,  and  altogether 
combine  to  produce  a  first-class  artistic  mind.  The 
quality  is  exceedingly  fine. 


HOPE. 


487 


recedes  above  the  sides  of  the  nostrils,  we  have  an  unfailing  indica- 
tion of  a  week  and  torpid  liver,  together  with  a  mind  tinctured  with 
hopelessness  and  despondency.  The  modifying  effects  of  Mirthful- 
ness  and  Approbativeness  often  assist  this  condition  and  partially 
neutralize  its  depressing  influence. 

Description  of  Hope. — The  methods  formerly  employed  by 
sentimentalists  in  treating  of  the  affections,  emotions,  and  passions 
in  a  poetic,  romantic,  and  metaphysical  manner  have  led  to  most 
erroneous  ideas  in  regard  to  the  origin  and  physiological  basis  of 
mental  powers.  To  those  who  have  been  accustomed  to  view  the 
mind,  with  its  numerous 
powers  and  passions,  such 
as  love,  hope,  imagination, 
etc.,  as  an  entity  separate 
from  the  body  and  con- 
nected with  another  vague 
entity  termed  the  "soul," 
floating  about  somewhere 
in  space,  the  connection  of 
the  emotions  and  passions 
with  physical  organs  will 
seem  like  sacrilege.  To 
this  class  let  me  state  that 
a  thorough  analysis  of 
natural  laws  will  alone  free 
them  from  this  error,  and 
the  poetic  flights  of  the 
rhapsodist  upon  the  nature 
of  love,  hope,  etc.,  will  not 
seem  half  as  enchanting 
as  a  cool,  keen,  scientific 
analysis  of  these  traits.  It 
is  easily  demonstrated  that 
Hope  is  most  largely  devel- 
oped in  those  who  possess 
a  vigorous  and  normally- 
acting   liver.     Where  this 

viscus  is  normally  active  the  eyes  are  bright,  the  skin  clean  and 
clear,  the  voice  cheerful,  the  brain  active  and  analytic  (according 
to  the  grade  of  intellect  manifested  in  each  individual),  the  step 
brisk,  and  the  disposition  hopeful  and  confident  and  ready  to 
attempt  any  diflficult  project.  Hope  is  a  grand  sustainer  of  life, 
and  when  we  transmit  to  ofl'spring  a  vigorous,  normal  liver  we 
endow  them  with  a  precious  inheritance,  t 


Fig.  65.— PAUL  GUSTAVE  DORfi.    (Historical 
AND  Allegorical  Painter.) 

Bom  in  France,  18.S3.  Principal  facial  sign,  Hope, 
shown  by  downward  projection  of  the  septum  of  the 
nose.  The  law  of  the  straight  line  and  curve  governs 
this  countenance.  The  social  faculties  are  well  rep- 
resented in  this  face.  Alinientiveness.  Hospitality, 
Friendship,  Approbativent-ss,  Love  of  Home,  and  Pa- 
triotism are  all  well  defined.  In  the  nose  the  signs  for 
Hope.  Analysis,  BulUiniity.  Ideality,  Mental  Imitation, 
Human  Nature,  Constructiveness.  Acquisitiveness, 
Veneration.  Executiveness,  ajid  Self-will  are  highly  de- 
veloped ;  while  Prescience,  ("redcneiveness.  Observa- 
tion. Form.  Size.  Color,  Calculation,  Locality,  Order,  In- 
tuition, Artistic  Judgment,  and  Reason  are  exhibited 
in  a  talented  degree.  Dord  was  one  of  the  most  original, 
weird,  awful,  quaint,  and  prolific  of  artists.  The  hair, 
by  its  form  and  manner  of  growth,  denotes  artistic 
capacity.    The  quality  is  very  fine. 


488  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Hope  buoys  up  the  mind  under  adversities  and  troubles  of  all 
sorts  and  shows  a  silver  lining  to  every  cloud.  It  makes  one  be- 
lieve in  "a  good  time  coming,"  and  thus  encouraged  one  works 
with  a  will,  and  hence  is  enabled  to  bring  about  just  the  state  of 
affairs  hoped  for.  Hope  is  noticeable  in  the  physiognomies  of 
most  very  aged  persons.  It  directly  promotes  longevity,  not  only 
by  the  vigorous  action  of  the  liver,  but  by  the  sustainmg  power  of 
its  associated  sentiment,  which  is  ever  pointing  onward  and  upward. 
Hope  is  most  decided  in  the  countenances  of  all  eminent  artists, 
actors,  poets,  litterateurs,  and  inventors.  In  disease  no  faculty  so 
sustains  and  encourages  the  patient,  and  in  this  manner  an  active 
liver  and  the  sentiment  of  Hope  together  are  instrumental  in  pro- 
moting recovery.  In  fact,  the  action  of  every  well-developed  organ 
is  remedial,  not  only  by  reason  of  its  physiological  action,  but  also 
through  its  effect  upon  the  mind, — a  reciprocal  action  which  is  now 
getting  to  be  better  understood  than  formerly.  The  science  of 
physiognomy  teaches  that  if  we  would  live  more  nearly  in  accord 
with  hygienic  law  we  should  have  very  little  use  for  doctors. 
This  faculty  and  function  can  be  kept  in  a  normal  condition  by  an 
intelligent  and  persevering  course  of  diet  and  sensible  modes  of 
dressing.  Sufficient  fruit-juices  should  be  taken  into  the  stomach, 
and  sugar,  except  as  found  in  fruits,  grains,  and  vegetables,  should 
be  avoided.  Tlien,  too,  the  clothing  should  be  sufficiently  loose  and 
easy  in  order  to  give  the  lungs,  heart,  and  liver  room  for  needed 
expansion.  We  can  no  more  induce  a  hopeful,  cheerful  state  of 
mind  by  inculcating  hopefulness  as  a  duty  than  we  can  become 
truly  conscientious  by  studying  truth  as  a  moral  sentiment  merely, 
without  regard  to  the  condition  of  the  liver  and  kidneys.  Con- 
scientiousness proceeds  from  a  well-developed  and  normally-acting 
kidney  system,  and  Hope  from  a  well-developed  liver.  If  we 
attend  to  the  physiology  of  these  two  organs,  I  fully  believe  that 
the  associated  sentiments  of  Conscientiousness  and  Hope  will  take 
care  of  themselves,  and  evolve  a  moral  and  hopeful  disposition  as 
a  consequence  of  normal  and  healthy  action  and  development. 
Man  is  certainly  created  perfect,  or  we  should  have  no  normal  type 
or  standard  of  any  organ  or  function.  The  imperfections  we  ob- 
serve are  all  of  man's  creating,  caused  either  b}'  willful  or  ignorant 
violations  of  natural  physiological  laws.  If  it  were  not  for  the 
action  of  a  law  which  endeavors  to  make  each  newly-created  being 
return  to  a  normal  standard,  the  race  would  have  run  out  and 
become  extinct  ages  ago — through  an  exaggeration  of  diseases 
and  misuse  of  the  organs. 

Ur.  Felix  Oswald  happily  expresses  this  law  in  the  following 
words. 


HOPE.  489 

He  observes : — 

Every  birth  is  a  hygienic  regeneration.  The  constitutional  defects 
which  degenerate  parents  transmit  to  their  offspring  are  modified  by  the 
bequests  of  an  older  world. 

Where  the  septum  of  ilie  nose  is  observed  to  be  even  with  the 
alse,  or  wings,  we  shall  find,  first,  an  organism  with  a  small  liver, 
or  an  inert  condition  of  the  liver,  together  with  a  steadily-increasing 
tendency  to  melancholy  as  age  advances  ;  also,  oft-recurring  bilious 
diseases.  In  such  individuals,  the  mind  reverts  to  disease,  disaster, 
deatli,  and  similar  gloomy  subjects.  They  can  see  no  hope  in  any- 
thing. Every  business  enterprise  is,  in  their  minds,  foredoomed 
to  failure.  They  hardly  think  it  worth  while  to  commence  any 
project,  so  certain  are  they  of  non-success.  The  only  remedy  for 
these  victims  to  an  inherited  weak  liver  is  an  active,  stirring  life,  a 
dietary  suited  to  their  condition, — abstention  from  sugar, — together 
with  plenty  of  active  out-door  exercise,  and  the  companionship  of 
the  joyous,  cheerful,  and  light-hearted.  This  course  may  not  com- 
pletely eradicate  the  abnormal  tendency  toward  melancholy,  but 
will  make  life  more  enjoyable,  more  useful,  and  successful. 

The  localizing  of  the  principal  facial  sign  for  the  liver  is  note- 
worthy. Its  position  between  the  local  signs  for  the  heart  and 
lungs  (wide  nostrils)  teaches  us  somewliat  of  its  physiological 
relations,  inasmuch  as  the  action  of  the  heart  and  lungs  is  greatly 
assisted  by  the  action  of  the  liver;  and  as  all  these  organs  are  so 
placed  and  connected  in  the  body  as  to  mutually  assist  each  other, 
so  we  find  in  the  intimate  placing  of  their  signs  in  the  face  a  re- 
markable proof  of  Nature's  method  of  throwing  out  physiognomical 
signals  whicli  are  confirmed  by  both  logic  and  observation. 

Temporary  disorders  of  the  liver  result  in  gloomy,  depressed 
conditions  of  the  mind,  while  restoration  of  its  functions  brings  a 
return  of  the  usual  cheerfulness.  So  different  are  the  mental  effects 
of  a  disordered  liver  from  those  produced  by  a  diseased  heart  or 
lungs  that  medical  writers  in  all  ages  have  noted  them,  yet  have 
failed  to  connect  them  with  physiognomical  signs.  Of  the  differ- 
ences in  mental  states  induced  by  disorders  of  these  diff'erent 
organs,  Dr.  Maudsley  observes: — 

I  come  now  to  the  thoracic  organs.  The  heart  and  the  lungs  are 
closely  connected  in  their  functions  so  that  the}'  mutually  affect  one 
another.  Some  diseases  of  lungs  greatly  oppress  and  trouble  the  heart, 
yet  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  they  have  their  special  effects  upon  the 
mind.  How,  indeed,  can  we  think  otherwise,  when  we  contrast  tlie  sanguine 
confidence  of  the  consumptive  patient  with  the  anxious  fear  and  apprehen- 
sion exhibited  in  some  diseases  of  the  heart  ?* 

*  Body  and  Mind,  Henry  Maudsley,  M.D.,  p.  85. 


490  PRACTICAL  AND  SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  following,  previously  quoted  from  Dr.  Maudsley,  is  to  the 
point,  and  I  here  reproduce  it  in  order  to  emphasize  the  intimate 
relation  existing  between  the  function  of  the  liver  and  the  mental 
sentiment  of  Hope.     He  remarks : — 

Anger,  disappointment,  and  envy  notably  touch  the  liver,  which  in  its 
turn,  when  deranged,  engenders  a  gloomy  tone  of  mind,  through  which  all 
things  have  a  malignant  look,  and  from  which,  when  philosoph}'  avails  not 
to  free  us,  the  restoration  of  its  functions  will  yield  instant  relief,* 

A  good,  clear,  fresh-colored  complexion  is  one  sign  of  the 
presence  of  Hope.  It  is  incumbent  upon  us,  if  we  would  enjoy 
this  truly  religious  8e7itiment,  that  we  study  and  work  to  prevent 
clogging  of  the  biliary  system,  for  hopelessness  and  dejection  are 
opposed  to  a  truly  religious  state  of  mind.  Hope  in  the  future  is 
an  especial  attribute  of  the  religious  belief  of  all  civilized  religions ; 
some  savages  even  share  witli  the  most  advanced  races  this  univer- 
sal sentiment  of  a  blissful  future  state  as  the  inheritance  of  the 
righteous,  and,  as  I  have  shown,  Hope  is  a  sentiment  which  not 
only  assists  us  in  combating  disease,  making  health  more  firm  and 
sure,  promoting  longevity,  but  also  carries  forward  the  mind  to 
higher  and  more  exquisite  enjoyments  of  anticipation  in  the  con- 
templation of  scenes  of  heavenly  rest,  purity,  and  progression.  In 
these  sentiments  it  seems  to  me  all  riglit-minded  and  benevolent 
persons  must  share,  whether  Christian,  Hebrew,  Pagan,  Agnostic, 
Spiritualist,  or  Liberalist.  The  following  poem  expresses  the 
Indian's  belief  in  the  future,  and  proceeds  from  a  development  of 
the  faculty  of  Hope : — 

I  go  to  the  Isles  of  the  Great  Manito, 
Whose  shores  through  the  mist  I  distinguish  e'en  now  ; 
I  shall  hunt  in  the  mountains  and  fish  in  the  streams 
Of  the  land  that  I  often  have  seen  in  my  dreams. 

There  shall  I  hold  in  my  fondest  embrace 
The  braves  and  the  chiefs  of  niy  nation  and  race  ; 
They  shall  applaud  me,  and  welcome  their  son,    ' 
And  boast  of  the  heroic  deeds  he  has  done. 

Spirit  of  evil,  thou  never  canst  go 

To  the  far  happy  land  of  the  Great  Manito  ; 

Spirit  of  evil — spirit  of  pain — 

Farewell — we  never  shall  meet  again. 

There  is  in  the  above  as  fine  expression  of  future  rewards  and 
enjoyments  as  is  to  be  found  in  the  beliefs  of  the  most  advanced 
religionists. 

There  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  Hope  as  a  sentiment 
assists  in  prolonging  life,  wliile  at  tlie  same  time  it  looks  for  a 
future  state  of  happiness.     The  faces  of  nearly  all  of  the  aged 

•Body  and  Mind,  Henry  Maudsley,  M.D.,  p.  38. 


HOPE.  491 

whom  I  have  observed  have  the  sign  for  Hope  and  the  Hver  well 
defined.  How  can  it  be  otherwise  when  we  see  how  essential  to 
good  health  is  tlie  continued  activity  of  the  liver. 

Hope  is  a  sustainer  of  hfe  and  health  by  causing  the  mind  to 
continually  anticipate  good  results,  and  by  preventing  the  mind 
from  apprehending  disasters.  This  thought  is  well  expressed  in  the 
following: — 

"Had  some  good  angel  op'd  to  me  the  book 
Of  Providence  and  let  me  read  my  life, 
My  heart  had  broke  when  I  beheld  the  sum 
Of  ills  which  one  by  one  I  have  endured." 

All  the  conditions  of  life  require  and  must  have  in  them  a 
large  share  of  the  element  of  Hope.  This  is  as  true  of  our 
pleasures  in  anticipation  as  it  is  of  business  enterprises,  intellectual 
labors,  artistic  successes,  and  domestic  durability.  The  business 
man  needs  its  inspiring  influence  to  buoy  him  up  when  putting 
his  thousands  into  a  business  venture,  yet  he  must  have  a  balance 
of  the  practical  faculties  and  reason,  in  order  that  he  sliall  not  be 
too  sanguine  of  success  in  face  of  improbabilities;  and  if  business 
reverses  come,  and  all  seem  lost,  Hope  comes  to  tlie  rescue  and 
puts  him  on  his  feet  again,  and  anticipates  better  fortune  next  time. 

As  an  active  liver  keeps  tlie  brain  clear  and  unclouded,  it 
gives  a  sense  of  'poimr  and  a  desire  for  enterprise, — for  pushing 
ahead  in  adventurous  schemes.  An  active  liver  clears  the  brain 
to  the  extent  of  causing  one  to  be  inventive,  ingenious,  and  fertile 
in  resources.  Not  only  is  this  remarked  in  business  men,  but  it  is 
pre-eminently  the  attribute  of  artists,  writers,  sculptors,  actors,  and 
the  creative  classes  generally.  Large  Hope  assists  the  dominant 
tastes  and  faculties,  whether  these  faculties  tend  to  art,  science,  or 
commerce.  Hope  is  one  of  the  impeUing  forces  in  disrorerers^ 
navigators^  travelers^  and  adventurous  spirits^  who  are  always 
looking  for 

"Some  happy  island  in  the  watery  waste," 

and  often  find  what  is  desired  through  the  exercise  of  that  perse- 
verance which  Hope  has  inspired.  ''  Hop' .  tells  a  flattering  tale," 
and  if  they  fail  in  one  enterprise  the\  ocj"  jmething  just  as  allur- 
ing in  the  next  one,  and,  whether  it  be  California  gold  or  South 
African  diamonds,  they  always  see  a  fortune  just  ahead  to  be  had 
for  the  taking.  It  is  sad,  however,  to  see  one  unbalanced  by  ex- 
cessive Hope,  for  this  leads  to  failure  and  disappointment,  Tliose 
who  have  an  excess  should  take  counsel  of  more  practical  persons, 
and  have  for  a  partner  one  who  has  a  balanced  degree  of  reason 
and  experience. 


492  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  physiognomies  of  the. majority  of  successful  artists,  actors, 
merchants,  and  leaders  of  great  enterprises  exliibit  large  Hope. 

Those  whose  Hope  is  greater  than  Caution,  with  deficient 
Practicality,  rush  into  wild  speculations,  and  of  course  meet  with 
heavy  losses  or  disasters.  Those  possessed  of  large  Hope,  Self- 
esteem,  and  Approbativeness,  together  with  good  reasoning 
faculties,  are  capable  of  great  enterprises,  and  will  take  hold  reso- 
lutely and  carry  the  work  through ;  with  large  Acquisitiveness, 
they  will  lay  successful  plans  for  money-getting;  and  with  Hope 
allied  to  Conscientiousness,  Credenciveness,  and  Veneration,  they 
will  exhibit  great  religious  and  moral  character,  and  will  look 
forward  to  a  future  state  of  enjoyment  with  an  unfaltering  con- 
fidence. 

"Whatever  trait  is  useful  and  ennobling  to  the  human  race 
has  its  place  in  the  physiognomy,  and  sets  a  sign  of  beauty  there. 
The  sign  for  the  liver  and  Hope  causes  the  outline  and  propor- 
tions of  the  nose  to  be  more  beautiful  than  where  it  is  lacking. 
The  noses  of  most  eminent  writers,  artists,  poets,  and  enterprising 
persons  generally  present  this  peculiar  formation  of  the  septum  of 
the  nose.  The  numerous  classic  works  of  art  in  paintings  and 
statuary  exhibit  this  formation.  The  masters  of  art,  taking  their 
models  from  the  most  talented  people,  of  course  found  this  peculi- 
arity present,  and  reproduced  it  without  understanding  either  its 
mental  or  physiological  significance  and  importance.  In  this  in- 
stance, art-beauty  and  scientific  beauty  are  in  accord. 

Examine  the  countenances  of  Julius  Caesar,  general;  Sarah 
Siddons,  actress;  Arkwright,  inventor;  Lavater,  physiognomist; 
Canova,  sculptor;  Adam  Smith,  philosopher;  the  first  Duke  of 
Marlborough,  warrior  and  statesman;  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  scientist; 
Sir  Matthew  Hale,  jurist;  Thomas  Jefferson,  statesman;  Thomas 
Moore,  poet;  Corneille,  poet;  William  Blake,  painter,  and  we  shall 
find  that  they  all  exhibit  the  sign  for  Hope.  There  are  thousands 
of  other  eminent  men  and  women  whose  countenances  indicate  its 
presence.  Let  the  reader  make  observation  of  large  numbers,  and 
note  among  his  acquaintances  those  possessed  of  great  Hope, 
and  he  will  observe  its  accompanying  physiological  and  mental 
peculiarities. 

The  faculty  of  Hope  is  shared  with  the  animal  kingdom,  as 
their  acts  testify.  They  are  capable  of  expectation,  both  of 
rewards,  pleasures,  and  punishments.  Dogs  look  forward  to  the 
return  of  their  masters  and  anticipate  their  approacli  with  every 
demonstration  of  delight,  and  exhibit  their  sense  of  Time,  also, 
by  going  a  distance  in  the  direction  from  which  they  usually 
return. 


ANALYSIS.  493 


ANALYSIS. 


Definition. — The  ability  to  separate,  classify,  and  suggest 
changes  and  note  differences.  Analysis,  according  to  Webster, 
is  "the  tracing  of  things  to  their  source  and  the  resolving  of 
knowledge  into  its  original  principles."  It  tends  to  practicality, 
ingenuity,  invention,  resource,  and  fertility  of  expedients. 

An  excess  gives  a  tendency  to  be  hypercritical,  captious,  and 
fault-finding  without  reason. 

A  deficiency  is  shown  by  inability  to  separate,  classify,  and 
re-arrange  ideas  and  principles,  also  the  elements  and  constituents 
of  literary,  musical,  and  art  ideas;  and  in  mechanics  it  shows  by 
fadure  to  comprehend  the  elements  of  meclianical  forces  and  their 
combhiations  and  effects. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  presence  of  good  analytical 
ability  is  shown  by  the  drooping  downward  of  that  portion  of  the 
nasal  septum  just  forward  of  and  adjoining  the  principal  mental 
sign  for  Hope, — that  is  to  say,  the  centre  of  the  nasal  septum. 
Another  and  a  secondary  sign  is  shown  by  a  slightly  receding 
forehead,  together  with  a  high  and  relatively  long  nose.  Although 
many  musical  noses  are  short,  yet  they  indicate  the  sort  of  analysis 
adapted  to  the  comprehension  of  musical  laws  and  principles. 
Mechanical  analysis  is  best  developed  in  those  in  whom  the  bony 
system  is  slightly  in  the  ascendency,  combined  with  a  good  mus- 
cular development.  Analysis  o^  b.  practical  ])hase  is  also  observed 
where  the  bony  system  is  one  of  the  dominant  systems.  The 
physiognomies  of  Porta,  Julius  Caesar,  Byron,  Dickens,  Shakes- 
peare, and  Sir  Walter  Scott  exhibit  large  Analysis.  The  sign  for 
Analysis  lies  close  to  the  sign  for  the  liver  and  thus  indicates  its 
origin.  Where  the  septum  does  not  project  below  the  alae  or  sides 
of  the  nostrils  it  denotes  a  toi'pid  liver  and  a  deficiency  of  analytical 
power. 

Description  of  Analysis. — The  ability  for  analyzing  is 
universal  in  civilized  races  and  not  lacking  in  the  animal.  It 
endows  the  character  with  the  ability  to  suggest  inventions, 
improvements  in  art,  mechanism,  music,  human  nature,  and  litera- 
ture. It  assists  the  chemist,  the  mathematician,  and  astronomer. 
It  is  accompanied  by  a  fertile,  suggestive,  criticizing  mind,  and  is 
ever  ready  with  expedients  and  resources.  Its  action  is  affected  by 
the  development  of  the  liver,  yet  not  in  the  same  degree  as  is  Hope. 
The  physiognomies  of  La  Place,  Dr.  John  Hunter,  Dr.  Jenner; 
Canova,  the  sculptor;  Sarah  Siddons,  actress;  and  Roebling,  en- 
gineer, all  exhibit  this  sign  well  defined.  The  faces  of  thousands  of 
others  eminent  in  all  the  active  walks  of  life  bear  the  facial  record  of 


494 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


this  trait  in  unmistakable  characters.  Its  physiognomical  base  is  not 
to  be  doubted.  That  the  high  development  and  normal  action  of 
the  liver  give  clearness  to  the  inventive  mental  processes,  all 
ingenious  and  fertile-minded  characters  attest.  Show  me  a  man 
vi^ith  a  weak,  undeveloped,  torpid  liver,  and  I  will  show  you  a 
character  that  is  deficient  in  the  capacity  to  invent  or  to  analyze 
well  in  active  art   or  science.     Even  temporary  inactivity  of  the 

liver,  in  those  who  have 
inherited  a  normal  devel- 
opment of  this  organ,  pre- 
vents for  the  time  being 
that  clearness  of  thought 
and  power  to  reason  upon 
principles  which  are  char- 
acteristic of  the  mind  in 
a  state  of  perfect  health. 
Altliough  it  may  not  cloud 
the  memory  nor  the  sense 
of  Locality,  of  Language, 
of  Music,  of  Form,  of  Ven- 
eration, of  Modesty,  of  Love 
of  Young,  or  other  facul- 
ties, yet  the  power  to  sug- 
gest, invent,  and  mentally 
classify  will  be  weakened 
for  the  time  being,  or  until 
the  functional  activity  of 
the  liver  is  restored. 

The  capacity  for  ana- 
lyzing is  most  essential  to 
scientists,  such  as  chemists 
and  physicians.  It  assists 
by  its  suggestive  power 
the  discovery  of  new  prin- 
ciples and  combinations. 
It  is  one  of  the  indispen- 
sable traits  toward  a  correct 
comprehension  of  Human 
Nature,  whether  in  the  physician  or  physiognomist,  I  could  not 
conscientiously  recommend  any  one  to  attempt  either  of  these  pro- 
fessions who  was  greatly  deficient  in  this  gift.  It  is  adapted  to 
the  comprehension  of  natural  laws  and  unfolds  the  mechanical 
workings  of  all  departments  of  Nature,  and  leads  to  discoveries  of 
the  occult  and  latent  principles  controlling  the  sources  of  light, 


Fig.  66.— JOHN  RU8KIN.    (Author,  Art  Critic.) 

Born  in  England,  1819.  Conspicuous  facial  sign. 
Analysis,  shown  by  tlownward  pvo.^ection  of  the  centre 
of  the  septum  of  the  nose.  The  law  of  the  straight  line 
and  curve  governs  this  face.  The  domestic  faculties  in 
this  character  are  nnevenlv  developed.  Firmness  is 
measurably  deficient,  but  t/ove  of  Home,  Love  of 
Young,^  Patriotism,  and  Benevolence  are  all  well  defined, 
while  Friendship  is  only  of  average  size.  Self-esteem  is 
large.  It  is  from  the  size  and  shape  of  the  nose  added  to 
high  quality  that  we  derive  our  knowledge  of  the  mental 
power  and  bias  of  this  artistic  mind.  The  nose  is  of  large 
size,  nostrils  wide  and  nose  thick  at  the  lower  third,  as  all 
artistic  noses  are  ;  it  is  higli  at  the  bridge,  showing  power 
for  command,  and  the  septum  is  drooping.  IjCt  ns  trans- 
late these  form.s  and  this  combination  into  character : 
Height  of  the  point  of  the  nose  from  the  plane  of  the 
face  shows  Human  Nature ;  the  droop  of  the  septum, 
Hope  and  Analysis ;  at  the  under,  the  express  tip,  we  find 
Mental  Imitation  large ;  while  in  close  contiguity  are 
the  si^ns  for  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Constructiveness,  Ac- 
quisitiveness, Veneration,  Executiveness,  and  Self-will 
all  conspicuous;  and  Language,  Observation,  Locality, 
Size,  Form,  Memory  of  Events,  Prescience,  Order,  aiid 
Time  are  well  delineated.  The  hair  in  the  arrangement 
above  the  forehead  shows  inventive  capacity.  Alto- 
gether the  make-up  of  a  fine  artistic  character. 


ANALYSIS. 


495 


heat,  and  motion.  It  is  the  faculty  which  is  the  chief  agent  in 
discoveries  in  electricity,  biology,  mathematics,  and  astronomy, 
which  every  day  startle  the  world  by  their  accuracy  and  impor- 
tance. Many  uneducated  persons  have,  with  the  assistance  of  this 
trait,  been  able  to  make  inventions  of  great  importance,  and  if  one 
cannot  get  an  education  a  large  endowment  of  this  facidty  almost 
takes  its  place,  and  its  constant  exercise  will  cause  one  to  be- 
come intelligent  in  many 
branches  of  knowledge. 
Such  a  one  was  William 
Murdock,  whose  biography 
has  been  written  by  Samuel 
Smiles  in  his  work  on  "  Men 
of  Industry  and  Inven- 
tion."* This  man  arose 
from  the  condition  of  a 
poor,  uneducated  Scotch 
mason,  and  became  the 
inventor  of  the  application 
of  coal-gas  as  an  ilium i- 
nant  and  of  other  commer- 
cial uses,  and  also  of  very 
many  inventions  in  con- 
nection with  steam-engines. 
He  was  the  able  assistant 
of  James  Watt,  working 
with  and  assisting  him  for 
years  in  his  inventions. 
He  became  one  of  the 
world's  benefactors  through 
a  constant  and  practical 
exercise  of  his  analytical 
powers.  It  is  worthy  of 
remark,  however,  that  his 

talent  came  to  him  as  an  inheritance  transmitted  through  a  line  of 
ancestors  who  had  been  mechanical  for  generations,  thus  proving 
that  a  trait  intensified  by  the  exercise  of  many  generations,  when 
transmitted,  often  displays  itself  in  the  form  of  an  instinct^  and 
gives  the  capacity  for  spmitaneous  and  instinctive  expression,  as 
witness  the  compositions  of  Mozart  at  four,  Meyerbeer  at  six,  and 
of  Goethe,  the  poet,  at  six.  Also  the  mathematical  genius  of  Zerah 
Colbum,  who,  at  six  years  of  age,  was  able  to  "divine,"  as  one 
might  say,  the  answers  to  vast  sums,  and  this  without  any  previous 

*  Men  of  Industry  and  Invention,  Samuel  Smiles,  p.  118. 

t  This  cut  is  by  permission  of  D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  New  York, 


Fig.  (57.— MATTHIAS  JACOB  SUHLEIDEN.f 
(Chemist.) 

Bom  in  Germany,  1804.  Conspicuous  facial  sign, 
Analy.sis.  The  law  or  the  straight  line,  curve,  and  cube 
governs  this  face.  The  domestic  and  moral  virtues  are 
amply  represented  in  the  lower  part  of  this  face.  The 
nose  "and  forehead  (particularly  the  lower  part  of  the 
forehead)  are  most  striking.  IiI  the  nose  are  the  signs 
for  Hope,  Analysis,  Mental  Imitation,  Human  Nature, 
Constructiveness,  Acqui»itivenes.s,  and  Veneration  very 
large.  The  region  about  the  eyes  disclo.ses  a  wonderful 
development,  for  here  Observation  is  immense  and  Pres- 
cience uncommonly  large,  while  Locality,  Weight,  Form, 
Size,  I^anguagc,  Music,  Time,  Order,  Memory  of  Events, 
Rea.son,  and  Intuition  combine  in  such  larpe  degree 
as  to  enal)le  the  character  to  manifest  the  lugliest  sci- 
entific gifts,— the  powers  of  intuitive  insight  and  dis- 
covery of  the  forces  of  Nature  and  their  application 
to  human  necessities. 


496  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

education, — a  proof  of  inherited  analytical  jpower^  which  in  his 
case  worked  spcmtaneously  and  without  knowledge  on  his  part  as 
to  how  he  produced  the  results.  In  all  youthful  prodigies,  whose 
minds  work  spontaneously  and  who  exhibit  effects  which  are  in 
others  attained  only  by  years  of  practice  and  experience,  their 
talents  are  of  the  nature  of  instinct^  and  act  as  automatically  as 
does  the  newborn  infant  in  the  act  of  sucking  or  grasping. 

The  human  family  exhibits  many  instincts,  some  not  of  as 
high  a  grade  as  are  shown  by  animals.  Yet.  when  they  reveal 
themselves  in  the  spontaneous  acts  of  genius,  the  fine  self-conceit 
of  man  attributes  them  to  sometliing  higher  even  than  reason, 
when,  in  fact,  precocious  genius  is  always  shown  by  an  instinctive 
or  automatic  manner  of  doing  things, — a  method  which  is  popularly 
considered  to  be  the  special  attribute  of  the  animal  kingdom  when 
exercised  in  a  similar  manner  by  the  latter.  Genius  or  spontaneous 
action  is  well  illustrated  by  the  spider,  ant,  and  bee  in  their 
beautiful  and  ingenious  constructions.  The  architectural  and 
mathematical  principles  exhibited  by  these  several  species  have 
been  transmitted  to  tliem  from  ancestors  who  possessed  these 
talents. 

I  have  never  examined  either  portrait  or  bust  of  any  greatly 
talented  person,  or  a  genius  in  art,  science,  or  mechanics,  that  was 
deficient  in  the  sign  for  Analysis.  A  word  of  caution  is  here 
added  to  those  who  prepare  drawings  for  works  of  biography  and 
ethnology :  Too  little  attention  is  given  to  the  details  of  the  two 
most  prominent  features  of  the  human  organism,  viz.,  the  nose  and 
ear.  Many  artists  seem  to  think  \\\^t  any  form  in  the  shape  of  a 
human  ear  will  do  for  any  given  portrait,  whereas  tlie  truth  is,  that 
the  ear  of  every  person  is  as  different  and  as  individualized  as  is  the 
nose  or  mouth.  Not  only  is  this  the  case,  but  each  ear  on  the 
head  of  any  given  person  is  quite  different  and  distinct  in  its  shape 
from  the  other  ear.  So  great  is  this  disparity  that,  in  examining  the 
two  ears  of  any  subject,  one  would  scarcely  believe  that  they  could 
belong  to  the  same  head ;  while  the  minute  details  in  the  shape  of 
the  nose,  more  particularly  about  the  tip  and  septum,  are  often 
entirely  ignored  by  even  tlie  most  talented  painters.  Now,  it  is 
these  minute  variations  in  form  wliich  disclose  great  and  important 
characteristics.  The  physiognomist  must  see  these  fine  shades  and 
grades  of  form  portrayed  in  marble  or  on  canvas  before  he  can 
describe  accurately  the  character  intended  to  be  represented,  hence 
the  drawing  for  works  of  ethnology  must  be  most  correctly  deline- 
ated in  order  to  present  the  most  faithful  exposition  of  character. 

The  power  of  Analysis  is  greatly  called  into  activity  in  the 
investigation  of  human  character.     Nowhere  is  it  of  such  impor- 


ANALYSIS.  497 

tance,  and,  as  we  have  no  way  for  discerning  and  discovering  char- 
acter, both  mental  and  physical,  as  certain  as  by  the  examination 
of  the  human  face,  so  it  is  apparent  that  the  most  minute  details 
and  variations  in  form  and  size  must  be  closely  sci*utinized  and 
analyzed  before  a  final  verdict  can  be  given. 

This  tmit  is  equally  useful  in  art,  in  mechanics,  and  science. 
One  of  its  most  efficient  uses  is  in  the  comprehension  of  the  human 
body  and  mind.  Any  face  which  shows  a  deficiency  of  this  faculty 
is  not  well  adapted  to  the  study  of  science,  more  particularly  that 
of  human  science  as  shown  in  evolution,  psychology,  and  physiog- 
nomy. No  original  tliinker,  actor,  artist,  poet,  or  painter  is  defi- 
cient in  this  trait,  and  this  is  why  the  noses  of  these  classes  pre- 
sent such  a  variety  of  shape  and  peculiarity  of  structure  in  the 
region  of  the  septum  and  tip  of  the  nose,  and  also  about  the  lower 
third  of  the  nose,  which  in  imaginative  and  constructive  charac- 
ters is  quite  developed  in  size  and  form  as  compared  to  the  noses 
of  commonplace  and  ordinary  individuals. 

So  surely  is  Analysis  the  sign  of  a  high  and  perfected  people 
that  it  is  never  seen  in  the  physiognomies  of  undeveloped  races, 
such,  for  example,  as  the  natives  of  many  parts  of  Africa,  New 
Holland,  and  also  in  the  countenances  of  congenital  idiots.  It  is 
also  a  distinguishing  difierence  between  the  more  highly  evolved 
or  talented  and  original  characters  and  the  very  ordinary,  un- 
imaginative, and  non-inventive  persons  among  the  civilized  races. 
It  is  one  of  those  traits  which  a  developed  humanity  has  evolved 
along  with  many  other  high  faculties.  This  circumstance  is  one 
proof  of  the  high  improvability  of  the  race,  assuring  us  that  there 
are  yet  greater  heights  to  which  character  can  attain.  The  many 
grades  and  degrees  of  this  faculty  observed  among  different  indi- 
viduals of  the  civiUzed  races,  ranging  all  the  way  from  a  total  de- 
ficiency to  a  highly-marked  degree,  show  us  that  its  development 
is  still  going  on,  and  that  as  physiological  evolution  progresses  the 
human  mind  develops  in  the  same  ratio.  The  bodies  of  the  lowest 
races  are  in  just  the  same  defective  state  as  are  their  minds.  An 
examination  of  their  bodily  and  facial  features  will  confirm  this 
statement.  We  have  only  to  use  our  powers  of  observation,  anal- 
ysis, and  comparison,  if  we  desire  to  verify  any  appearance  in  the 
human  body  or  face  which  seems  obscure.  Our  senses  were  given 
for  this  purpose,  and  when  we  refrain  from  using  our  powers  in 
any  department  of  our  nature  we  decrease  our  ability  in  that  direc- 
tion. "Use  increases  capacity,"  hence  we  should  not  rely  entirely 
upon  others  for  moral  support,  logical  deductions,  comparison, 
or  analysis,  but  put  forth  our  own  efforts,  and  thus  by  continu- 
ous attempts  in  higher  directions  develop  a  higher  morality,  more 


498  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

mental  acumen,  and  greater  accuracy  of  all  our  powers  and 
capacities. 

In  studying  the  science  of  physiognomy,  each  one  should 
observe  for  himself,  and  note  whether  the  signs  I  give  correspond 
with  his  own  observations.  If  they  do  not  appear  to  do  so,  he 
should  renew  his  investigations  until  his  observations  are  verified 
or  disproved  by  incontrovertible  evidence.  Scientists  are  not  in- 
fallible ;  yet  it  is  not  unreasonable  to  presume  that  one  who  passes 
a  life-time  in  the  study  of  a  particular  department  of  Nature  should 
know  more  about  it,  and  collect  more  extended  and  accurate 
knowledge  on  the  subject  than  the  casual  observer.  Yet  even 
these  may  discern  phenomena  which  have  escaped  the  notice  of 
more  attentive  persons.  All  should  endeavor  to  contribute  some- 
thing to  physiognomy  and  leave  their  discoveries  as  a  legacy  to 
generations  yet  unborn.  It  is  in  this  manner  that  the  great  as- 
tronomers co-operate  and  leave  their  observations  to  be  added  to 
and  built  upon  by  those  who  follow. 

The  direction  which  analytical  power  will  take  in  each  case 
is  shown  by  other  faculties  in  combination.  If  one  possess  the 
artistic  combination,  like  Canova,  he  will  best  analyze  artistic 
works.  If  the  mechanical  traits  predominate,  he  will  be  adapted 
to  the  criticism  and  invention  of  mechanical  objects.  If  the 
dramatic  traits  are  pre-eminent,  the  analysis  of  character  will  be 
exemplified.  If  Color,  Form,  Size,  and  Imagination  are  domi- 
nant, we  shall  find  exhibited  the  works  of  a  Titian,  a  Carlo 
Dolci,  or  a  Caracci.  If  the  musical  sense  is  greatly  developed, 
Analysis  assists  in  the  separating  and  resolving  into  their  con- 
stituent elements  the  principles  of  music.  Where  the  literary 
faculties  are  large,  it  assists  by  simile,  parable,  allegory,  and  figures 
of  speech  the  writings  of  the  literary  character. 

There  are  so  many  sorts  of  analytical  power,  and  so  many 
grades  also,  that  it  is  impossible  to  represent  them  all  by  writing. 
They  must  be  studied  in  the  living  subject. 

The  situation  of  the  sign  for  Analysis  is  noteworthy,  and, 
taken  in  conjunction  with  its  nearest  neighbors,  is  highly  signifi- 
cant and  corroborative  of  its  use  and  pui*pose.  The  sign  for 
Mental  Imitation  adjoins  Analysis,  and  is  located  just  forward  of 
it,  while  Ideality,  Imagination  (aesthetic  taste)  are  quite  close, 
and  Sublimity,  Human  Nature,  and  Constructiveness  are  all  in 
close  proximity.  Truly  a  wonderful  group  !  This  •  collection  of 
signs  thus  arranged  reveals  to  us  why  it  is  that  the  noses  of  artists, 
poets,  inventors,  musical  composers,  actors,  litterateurs,  and  discov- 
erers are  all  so  developed  about  the  tip  and  septum,  for  here  are 
conffreffated  a  band  of  noble  assistants  to  the  fine  arts  and  useful 


MENTAL   IMITATION.  Nkj,    CAU,^^*-^  499 


professions.  The  development  of  this  part  of  the  nose  discloses 
the  course  of  evolution  by  ethnic  characteristics,  and  teaches  us 
that  the  noses  of  the  most  talented  and  the  most  useful  of  all  the 
finer  races  advance  into  prominence  and  in  complex  configuration 
according  as  the  character  is  enriched  by  the  physiological  devel- 
opment of  the  race.  The  impoverishment,  mentally  as  well  as 
physically,  is  disclosed  more  by  the  nose  than  by  any  other  feature, 
although  phrenologians  would  have  us  believe  that  the  forehead 
presents  greater  proofs  of  the  presence  of  intellect.  I  shall  show 
before  I  finish  these  pages  that  large  size  of  forehead  is  not  proof 
of  great  intellect,  and  that,  taken  alone,  it  will  not  verify  any  such 
assumption ;  while  the  nose,  taken  alone,  will  not  only  disclose  the 
Jdnd  of  intellect  with  which  one  is  endowed,  but  will  also  reveal 
its  activity  and  give  a  correct  idea  of  the  respiratory,  circulatory, 
and  digestive  powers  as  well. 

So  much  has  been  observed  and  recorded  of  the  analytical 
powers  of  every  species  of  animal  that  it  is  diflScult  to  select  in- 
stances to  illustrate  their  possession  of  this  trait,  wliich  the  arrogance 
of  man  has  assumed  to  be  an  exclusively  human  faculty.  The 
Rev.  J.  G.  Wood  has  collected  a  large  number  of  anecdotes  relat- 
ing to  the  mental  and  moral  characteristics  of  animals,  from  which 
I  extract  the  following,  as  showing  that  fertility  of  resource, 
ingenuity,  and  adaptability  of  means  to  ends  are  extended  through- 
out the  animal  kingdom.     He  observes: — 

While  a  friend  of  mine  was  last  week  superintending  his  workmen  in 
a  wood,  he  observed  his  dog,  a  retriever,  busily  occupied  in  collecting  mouth- 
fuls  of  hay  and  withered  grass,  and  carrying  it  all  to  one  spot.  On  going 
to  examine  it  he  found  the  deposit  made  was  on  a  closely-coiled  hedgehog. 
The  dog,  having  attained  his  evident  purpose  of  rendering  the  spines  harm- 
less, proceeded  to  take  up  the  heap  with  its  contents,  and  then  set  off  tri- 
umphantly toward  home. 

To  this  he  adds: — 

No  human  being  could  have  acted  in  a  more  judicious  i/ianner,  and 
had  a  man  saved  his  fingers  by  enveloping  the  hedgehog  in  grass  he  would 
not  have  felt  particularly  flattered  if  told  that  he  had  acted  by  instinct  and 
not  by  reason.* 

MENTAL   IMITATION. 

Defiiiition. — The  capacity  for  imitating  mental  efforts,  as  in 
art,  poetry,  literature,  science,  and  mechanism;  the  ability  to 
imitate  the  voice,  the  walk,  gestures,  and  human  passions,  as  in  the 
drama  and  in  oratory;  copying  the  appearances  of  Nature  by  the 
painter's  brush  or  sculptor's  chisel ;  the  propensity  to  imitate  the 

*M»n  and  Beast,  Here  and  Hereafter,  Rev.  J.  G.  Wood,  p.  29. 


500 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


dress  and  customs  of  associates,  and  to  "catch  the  manners  Uving 
as  they  rise"  of  those  by  whom  surrounded. 

An  excess  of  Imitation  divests  one  of  all  originality,  and,  like 
the  parrot,  causes  one  to  become  the  echo  of  others. 

A  deficiency  of  imitative  power  makes  one  non-progressive 
and  incapable  of  improvement  by  observation  of  the  manners  and 
customs  of  others,  or  by  imitating  superior  methods  in  art,  busi- 
ness, manners,  dress,  literature,  etc. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  most  pronounced  facial  sign 

for  Mental  Imitation  is 
shown  by  the  downward 
projection  of  the  tip  of  the 
nose,  just  under  the  signs 
for  Ideality  and  Sublimity, 
and  forward  of  Analysis. 

Tlie  signs  for  Physical 
Imitation,  or  the  capacity 
to  imitate  the  voice,  ges- 
ture, position,  and  move- 
ment, such  as  dancing, 
gymnastics,  singing,  acting, 
skating,  and  all  athletics, 
are  shown  by  a  wide 
mouth,  full  lips,  rounding 
limbs,  muscular  and  flex- 
ible hands  and  tapering 
Angers,  together  with  flexi- 
bility of  the  entire  muscu- 
lar system.  These  latter 
signs  denote  that  phase  of 
the  faculty  of  Imitation 
which  assists  dramatic  ex- 
pression, oratory,  and  ath- 
letics generally,  and  can 
be  instantly  detected  by  the  graceful  attitudes  and  easy  motions 
of  the  body  and  limbs. 

Description  of  Mental  Imitation. — Close  and  extensive 
observation  of  the  physiognomies  of  the  most  talented,  creative,  and 
original  people  discloses  the  fact  that  the  nose  at  its  lower  part 
about  the  tip  presents  an  appearance  quite  diflerent  from  that 
observed  in  the  noses  of  infants  and  of  undeveloped  races,  and  of 
those  in  civilized  life  who  are  stupid  or  commonplace,  or  wanting 
in  originality  and  literary  and  artistic  ability.  The  logic  to  be 
deduced  from  these  phenomena  is  that  there  is  a  clear  and  distinct 


Fig.  68.— peter  COBNErLLE 
Poet.) 


(Dramatist  and 


Born  in  France,  1606.  Conspicuous  facial  sign,  Men- 
tal Imitation,  shown  by  development  of  flesh  uniler  the 
tip  of  the  nose.  The  law  of  the  straight  line  and  curve 
governs  this  countenance.  The  signs  for  Firmness, 
Conscientiousness,  Love  of  Home,  Patriotism,  Benevo- 
lence, Approbativeness,  Mirthfulness,  Alimentiveness, 
Love  of  Young,  Amativeness,  Friendship,  Color,  and 
Modesty  are  all  conspicuous.  In  the  nose  the  signs  for 
Mental' Imitation,  Hope,  Analysis,  Human  Nature, 
Ideality,  Acquisitiveness,  Constructiveness,  Sublimity, 
Veneration,  Executiveness,  Self-will,  Form,  and  Size 
are  lai'ge ;  while  Observation,  Language.  Memory  of 
Events,  Order,  and  Intuition  are  well  defined.  The  hair 
is  in  waves  and  rings,— a  truly  poetic  condition. 


MENTAL   IMITATION. 


601 


relation  between  the  development  of  this  part  of  the  nose  and  the 
grade  of  intellectual  development  of  the  race  or  individuals  among 
whom  these  appearances  are  discovered.  Small,  inferior,  sharp- 
pointed  noses,  without  literary  or  artistic  talent,  and  a  finely- 
developed,  broad-tipped  nose,  with  literary  and  intellectual  endow- 
ments, are  the  indications  by  which  these  two  distinct  formations 
are  known. 

What  is  the  base  of  supply  of  Mental  Imitation^  is  the  ques- 
tion which  concerns  us  here  and  now.  The  muscular  and  brain 
systems  are  undoubtedly 
the  origin  of  this  faculty. 
To  assure  ourselves  of  the 
truth  of  this  postulate  we 
have  only  to  look  to  the 
ethnic  peculiarities  of  those 
races  of  men  and  animals 
which  are  lacking  in  Mental 
Imitation,  and  we  shall 
find  absence  of  both  mus- 
cular and  brain  develop- 
ment, as  well  as  sensitive- 
ness of  the  nervous  svstem. 
Furthermore,  if  the  tip  of 
the  nose,  for  example,  is 
unusually  developed  in  a 
race  or  individual  it  is 
logical  to  infer  that  it  has 
more  complex  nervous  re- 
lations and  a  more  ex- 
tended nervous  apparatus 
than  are  found  in  noses  that 

relatively    small    and 


Fig. 


9.— WILKIE    COLLINS. 
Novelist.  ) 


(Dramatist  and 


are 


Boni  in  England.  Conspicuous  facial  sign,  Mental 
Imitation.  The  law  of  the  straight  line  and  curve  gov- 
erns this  physiognomy.  The  appearance  of  the  upper 
portion  of  the  face  gives  us  a  tolerably  good  idea  as  to 
the  formation  of  the  lo\ver  third,  where  are  situated  the 
signs  for  the  moral  and  domestic  traits.  These  are  all 
well  developed.  The  writings  of  Mr.  Collins  prove  that 
these  sentiments  held  a  large  place  in  his  nature.  The 
mental  signs  in  the  nose  are  most  clearly  defined.  Hope, 
Analysis,  Mental  Imitation,  Ideality,  "Sublimity,  (^on- 
structiveness.  Acquisitiveness,  Veneration,  Kxecutive- 
ness,  and  Self-will  are  most  decidedly  developed  ;  while 
Prescience,  Form,  Size,  Observation,  Locality,  Lan- 
guage, Music,  Order,  Memory  of  Events,  and  Intuition 
combine  to  make  this  mind  a  first-class  power  in  the 
literature  of  fiction. 


undeveloped.  I  do  not 
know  that  this  has  been 
demonstrated  by  actual  ex- 
periment by  dissections,  but 

I  do  know  that  it  is  good  physiological  and  anatomical  logic,  for 
Nature  never  evolves  a  feature  without  furnishing  adequate 
nervous  mechanism,  as  well  as  muscular  and  ^enous  supports, 
when  required  to  perform  a  certain  task.  Every  sign  in  the  face 
has  a  very  long  tale  behind  it, — ^has  a  physiological  history,  which 
must  be  read  in  order  to  understand  its  origin.  Now,  development 
of  the  nose,  more  particularly  of  the  pomt  of  the  nose,  is  revealed 
only  in  those  races  whose   general   development  (by  evolution) 


602  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

has  advanced  to  a  very  high  grade  as  compared  to  the  lowest 
races,  hence  we  are  justified  in  ascribing  the  development  of  the 
power  to  copy  mental  efforts  to,  first,  general  development  of  the 
entire  body  and  mind,  and,  second,  to  a  special  development  of 
this  particular  capacity  for  art,  literature,  etc.  Now,  these  branches 
of  human  knowledge  must  have  not  only  the  assistance  of  sensi- 
tive nerves,  but  also  the  aid  of  well-developed  flexible  muscles  ; 
therefore,  the  signs  for  Mental  Imitation  are  found  located  in  and 
revealing  themselves  by  the  muscles  and  nerves  of  the  point  of  the 
nose,  and  in  the  muscles  rounding  out  at  the  side  of  the  forehead 
and  in  the  orbicularis  oris,  or  the  muscle  around  the  mouth  whicli 
assists  it  in  opening  and  closing,  together  with  the  levator  zygo- 
maticus  major  and  minor  muscles,  and  muscles  of  the  face  which 
pull  the  orbicularis  up  and  down. 

Here  is  given  in  brief  the  origin  and  physiological  meaning 
of  the  signs  for  Mental  Imitation.  The  signs  in  the  nose  and 
forehead  are  the  indications  of  the  capacity  for  thought,  for  the 
creation  of  mental  imagery,  as  in  plays,  fiction,  essays,  history,  etc. ; 
while  the  signs  in  the  mouthy  limbs^  and  hands  are  evidences  of 
the  physical  phase  of  imitative  talent,  and  indicate  the  ability  to 
copy  the  walk,  gesture,  attitude,  and  position,  as  well  as  the  power 
to  reproduce  vocal  eftects,  both  human  and  animal. 

The  singer,  elocutionist,  and  orator  must  have  a  fine  mus- 
cular development  in  order  to  produce  well-modulated,  sonorous, 
and  long-continued  vocality.  They  must  have,  also,  sensitive, 
musical  ears  in  order  to  receive  and  imitate  the  sounds  which  they 
reproduce.  The  ventriloquist  relies  upon  a  peculiar  construc- 
tion of  the  muscles  and  cartilages  of  the  vocal  organs  and  acute- 
ness  of  hearing.  The  best  actors  possess  round  muscles.  These 
are  essential  to  the  expression  of  the  most  graceful  attitudes  and 
gestures.  The  voice  in  its  pitch,  modulation,  and  changes  in  imi- 
tating the  vocal  characteristics  of  various  characters  is  dependent  on 
fine  flexible  muscle  for  its  power.  It  may  be  argued  by  those  who 
are  not  closely  observant  and  highly  analytic  that  Irving,  the  actor, 
is  thin  and  not  muscular.  Now,  the  fact  is  that  he  possesses  long 
and  flat  muscles  and  square  bones.  This  combination  would  seem, 
to  one  not  experienced  in  analyzing  anatomical  differences,  that 
he  was  not  muscular,  as  flat  muscles  never  produce  the  fullness 
and  roundness  of  contour  which  characterize  the  round  form  of 
muscle.  Yet,  the  muscle  in  him  is  relatively  greater  than  the  bony 
structure ;  hence,  his  power  for  gesture,  vocality,  etc.  The  reader 
may  look  for  the  nasal  sign  for  Mental  Imitation  in  the  physiog- 
nomies of  Dickens,  Lotta,  Bernhardt,  Ellen  Terry.  Edwin  Booth, 
Dore,  Byron,  Guido,  Reni,  Tom   Taylor,  Tourguienieft',   George 


MENTAL  IMITATION.  503 

Eliot,  HaiTiet  Martineau,  and  hosts  of  others  of  the  literary  and 
artistic  classes. 

All  features  are  subject  to  the  modifying  action  of  the  law 
of  quality  ;  hence,  in  reading  a  character  the  quality  must  be  taken 
into  account  before  pronouncing  upon  the  capacity  of  any  indi- 
vidual. Then,  too,  the  other  traits  in  cmnhinatiou  must  be  noted 
in  order  to  know  which  particular  branch  of  Mental  Imitation  will 
be  manifested  in  a  given  subject.  The  quality  of  Mental  Imitation 
exhibited  by  a  professional  "negro  minstrel,"  for  example,  would 
not  be  comparable  to  the  quality  of  a  Sahdni  nor  a  Booth. 
Neither  would  the  writer  of  crude  verses  be  found  equal  in  texture 
to  the  girted  Mrs.  Hemans.  We  must  study  and  consider  quality 
as  well  as  size  in  all  cases.  The  man  who  is  mainly  imitative  of 
the  voice,  walk,  and  gesture  of  a  negro  or  Irishman  merely  would 
not  rank  nearly  so  high  as  he  who  could  portray  with  accuracy 
and  fidelity  the  character  of  an  Othello,  a  Hamlet,  or  a  Richelieu. 
Some  persons  possessed  of  a  certain  degree  of  Mental  Imitation 
are  incapable  of  any  higher  form  than  the  merely  physical  part 
of  imitation,  and  exhibit  a  taste  for  athletics,  marksmanship,  rowing, 
ball-playing,  gymnastics,  etc.  In  such  subjects  the  sides  of  the 
forehead  will  be  observed  to  curve  outward,  showing  the  develop- 
ment of  the  rmmd  muscles,  which  are  always  indicative  of  a  more 
sportive  and  playful  character  than  are  the  flat  muscles. 

The  term  Mental  Imitation  as  here  employed  does  not  mean 
that  the  mental  efforts  of  other  individuals  will  be  copied,  but  that 
imitation  will  pursue  those  lines  of  mental  labor  to  which  their 
natural  capacities  are  best  adapted.  They  will  excel  in  descriptions 
by  pen  and  brush  of  Nature's  works,  originate  thoughts  in  regard 
to  character,  government,  science,  and  history.  Yet  the  faculty 
tends  to  the  reproduction  of  the  mental  efforts  of  ancestors  or 
others. 

In  society,  this  form  of  imitation  leads  to  the  copying  after 
and  following  the  manners,  language,  and  dress  of  others.  Teachers 
depend  upon  the  imitative  faculty  in  their  scholars  to  reproduce 
the  mental  efforts  which  they  exhibit  in  teaching.  It  does  not 
necessarily  follow  that  this  imitation  shall  be  a  servile  and  exact 
copy  of  the  teacher's  model.  If  this  were  the  way  in  which 
imitation  showed  itself,  eveiy  child  would  be  the  precise  model 
of  its  teacher.  The  individuality  of  each  person  is  preserved  while 
studying  to  imitate  the  manners  and  expressions  of  others,  and  in 
all  persons  of  any  considerable  degree  of  original  analytic  power 
these  imitations  appear  as  original,  through  the  transmutation 
which  they  have  undergone  while  being  digested  and  wrought  out 
by  other  minds.     All  those  who  are  possessed  of  a  fair  share  of 


504  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

individuality  originate  their  own  style  of  saying  and  doing,  while 
the  very  mediocre  follow  a  set  pattern  and  become  mere  copyists  of 
their  teachers  and  those  whom  they  strive  to  imitate.  Genius  creates 
on  so  large  a  scale  and  in  so  distinct  a  manner  as  to  be  worthy  of 
the  term  original.  The  grand  creative  minds  in  all  departments 
of  art,  science,  and  literature  have  served  as  models  for  thousands, 
yet  are  unapproachable.  True  genius  and  talent  are  never  afraid 
of  plagiarism,  for  individuality  is  stamped  so  strongly  upon  the 
works  and  thoughts  of  master-minds  as  to  make  perfect  imitation 
impossible. 

The  signs  for  literary  and  artistic  faculties  are  so  closely 
grouped  together  about  the  tip  of  the  nose  as  to  make  the  task 
of  deciphering  the  mental  hieroglyphics  here  located  a  matter  of 
very  close  observation.  A  life- time  would  scarcely  suffice  to 
describe  all  the  meanings  of  this  one  feature.  Every  person 
presents  a  different  combination  of  traits,  and  close  scrutiny  of 
even  a  dozen  noses  will  soon  show  the  student  of  physiognomy 
that  he  has  a  fine  field  for  INIental  Imitation  and  Analysis  if  he 
would  separate  and  then  put  together  into  one  cliaracter  the  traits 
which  this  feature  alone  reveals.  It  would  show  to  the  student 
how  certain  traits  influence  his  actions  and  how  certain  other  traits, 
discernible  in  the  nose,  modify  other  faculties  found  in  combination. 
"Nosology"  alone  is  a  great  science,  and  when  one  wishes  to 
enter  the  field  of  physiognomical  research,  with  the  view  of  teach- 
ing it,  he  must  be  a  student  of  many  otlier  sciences  before  attempt- 
ing to  expound  this  one.  A  high  knowledge  of  anatomy  and 
physiology,  evolution,  hygiene,  and  heredity  must  be  had  before 
the  crowning  study  of  all  sciences  is  attempted.  To  approach 
the  temple  of  human  science  by  any  other  route  will  result  in 
ignorance  and  failure.  I  have  shown  that  every  faculty  has  a  long 
physiological  story  pertaining  to  its  origin  and  progress,  hence 
every  good  teacher  must  be  conversant  with  such  history  in  order 
to  teach  it  in  its  entirety  and  in  order  to  understand  its  full 
import.  What  is  here  written  is  not  intended  to  discourage 
readers  from  teaching  and  imparting  to  their  children  and  friends 
what  they  have  learned  and  mastered  of  the  science.  I  am  speak- 
ing more  directly  to  those  who  would  pursue  physiognomy  as  a 
profession.  Little  children  can  and  should  be  taught  the  indica- 
tions of  signs  in  the  face  by  their  parents,  also  the  meaning  of 
outlines,  of  colors,  or  sizes,  and  tlie  different  characteristics  per- 
taining to  the  several  formations  of  bone,  muscle,  fat,  nerve,  etc. 
A  father  walking  witli  his  son  in  the  public  streets  can  utilize  the 
opportunity  and  teach  him  the  meanings  revealed  by  the  several 
shapes  of  the  shoulders,  heads,  limbs,  and  walk  of  those  before 


MENTAL   IMITATION.  505 

him,  and  thus  commence  the  education  of  this  science  in  youth,  in 
order  that  the  child  shall  grow  up  to  man's  estate  armed  with  such 
knowledge  of  his  associates  as  will  enable  him  to  cultivate  those 
characters  most  desirable  and  most  in  harmony  with  himself,  and 
avoid  those  who  would  prove  a  detriment  to  him  in  business,  society, 
or  in  marriage.  In  order  that  children  shall  not  be  slavish  imitators, 
parents  and  teachers  should  instruct  them  to  do  everything  as  nearly 
in  a  spontaneous  manner  as  possible.  They  should  urge  them  to 
tiy  experiments  after  receiving  a  few  hints  or  suggestions  from 
those  more  experienced;  yet,  to  imitate  the  nice  manners,  fine 
conversation,  graceful  walk,  and  appropriate  gestures  of  their 
associates  is  most  commendable. 

This  is  one  of  the  normal  uses  of  Imitation.  It  tends  to  im- 
provement. Reading  biography  and  imitating  the  methods  and 
habits  of  inventors  and  navigators  are  excellent  uses  of  this  pliant 
faculty.  After  reading  the  life  of  Lady  Jane  Grey  I  was  so  stim- 
ulated to  be  as  learned  as  she  in  languages  that  I  learned  in  child- 
hood the  Hebrew  alphabet,  which  I  found  at  the  head  of  the 
Psalms  in  the  book  of  "Common  Prayer;"  the  Greek  letters, 
which  I  discovered  in  a  college  text-book ;  while  the  French  and 
German  alphabets  I  learned  from  children  of  those  nationalities. 
As  I  had  no  teachers,  I  could  not  then  advance  very  far  in  this 
direction,  but  I  have  always  been  stimulated  to  mental  efforts  by 
reading  or  hearing  of  the  labors  of  others ;  hence,  biogi'aphy  is  an 
excellent  study  and  stimulus  for  children  as  well  as  adults. 

The  successful  writer  of  children's  stories  and  games  must 
have  large  Imitation  in  order  to  imitate  and  reproduce  the  feelings, 
language,  and  manners  of  the  }  oung.  I^ike  the  actor,  he  must  be 
able  to  enter  into  and  sympatliize  with  the  feelings  of  those  he 
would  depict.  Imitating  the  facial  expressions,  gestures,  and  walk 
of  any  given  character  will  produce  the  sort  of  feeling  or  senti- 
ment appropriate  to  that  gesture,  walk,  or  expression  of  that  char- 
acter. Let  one  throw  the  face  into  the  expression  adapted  to  the 
representation  of  languor,  joy,  sorrow,  rage,  or  fear,  and  it  will  be 
impossible  for  him  to  divest  himself  entirely  of  each  of  these  feel- 
ings while  thus  engaged.  Sir  Cliarles  Bell  has  remarked  this, 
and  I  have  often  made  the  experiment  myself  and  can  voucli  for 
its  truth.  Imitation  of  any  passion  or  emotion,  or  of  any  particu- 
lar character,  brings  with  it,  in  a  certain  degree,  the  feelings  of  that 
emotion  or  passion. 

Animals  of  both  high  and  low  grade  possess  the  faculty  of 
Mental  Imitation  as  well  developed  as  that  of  physical  imita- 
tion. Among  the  various  dog  tribes  some  are  trained  to  per- 
form in  public,  and  do  so  with  a  great  deal  of  skill.     Otliers  are 


506  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

bred  to  the  chase  and  use  a  great  deal  of  reason,  self-denial, 
and  analytical  power  in  adapting  themselves  to  new  conditions 
under  new  circumstances,  and  show  great  fertility  of  mental  re- 
source in  assisting  their  masters.  Birds  are  taught  to  sing  and 
whistle  and  imitate  the  notes  of  other  birds,  while  the  parrot  and 
mocking-bird  are  wonderful  examples  of  the  power  of  Mental 
Imitation  in  animals.  Ur.  Lindsay  mentions  the  case  of  a  paro- 
quet that  could  speak  several  languages,  and  swear  when  it  was 
enraged  in  both  French  and  English.  Of  ants,  it  has  been  re- 
marked by  Darwin  that  "  so  high  is  their  intelligence  that  in  many 
senses  they  may  be  ranked  with  man."  Elephants  show  a  very 
high  degree  of  both  Mental  and  Physical  Imitation,  being  trained 
to  assist  in  many  mechanical  labors  and  in  warfare,  where  they  show 
great  ingenuity.  Orangs  have  been  trained  to  imitate  human  beings 
at  table,  and  spread  their  napkin  over  their  breast,  sit  upright, 
and  take  the  cup,  fork,  spoon,  and  knife  with  all  the  dexterity  if 
not  the  grace  of  a  gentleman.  Even  fleas  have  been  trained  to 
perform  in  public,  and  small  birds  are  taught  to  draw  up  water  in 
little  shells  attached  to  /a  string  when  they  want  to  drink.  The 
fact  that  nearly  every  sort  of  animal  and  insect  possesses  both 
Mental  and  Physical  Imitation  is  well  known  to  all  who  have 
made  any  observation  of  their  habits.  Animals  are  possessed  of 
all  the  traits  which  man  exhibits,  and  surpass  him  in  some  of  them. 

SUBLIMITY. 

"Look,  then,  abroad  through  Nature  to  the  range 
Of  planets,  suns,  and  adamantine  spheres. 
Wheeling  unshaken  through  the  void  immense." — Akknside. 

Definition. — The  sense  of  grandeur  and  magnificence;  no- 
bility and  loftiness  of  character ;  exaltation ;  appreciation  of  im- 
mensity ;  love  and  perception  of  the  grand  and  sublime  in  Nature 
and  character ;  comprehension  of  broad  and  vast  schemes,  plans,  and 
systems,  whether  commercial,  financial,  governmental,  scientific,  or 
artistic;  understanding  of  the  far-reaching  power  of  God's  laws, 
as  evidenced  in  the  immensity  of  Nature.  It  is  large  in  astrono- 
mers, inventors,  mechanicians,  epic  poets,  historical  painters,  great 
orators,  and  talented  composers,  naturalists,  and  scientists. 

Its  excess  is  shown  by  an  inflated  and  extravagant  style  of 
writing  and  speaking.  It  also  leads  to  too  large  plans  in  business 
which,  unless  dominated  by  reason  and  practicality,  end  in  disaster. 

Its  deficiency  tends  to  narrowness  of  thought  and  deed,  and 
divests  the  character  of  a  sense  of  the  grand  and  heroic ;  its 
absence  is  shown  by  low,  petty,  groveling,  and  commonplace 
ideas 'and  actions.     This  class  of  minds  have  no  conception  of  the 


SUBLIMITY.  507 

majesty  of  Nature,  nor  can  they  appreciate  and  understand  the 
motiv^es  and  character  of  those  who  move  m  the  higher  reahns  of 
life. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  most  decided  facial  sign  for 
Sublimity  is  seen  in  the  peculiar  development  of  the  tip  of  the 
nose,  causing  the  outer  comers  at  the  tip  to  be  rounded  and  full 
externally  to  the  signs  for  Ideality.  Large,  full  eyes  are  a  sec- 
ondary sign,  while  symmetry  and  general  high  development  of 
the  body  and  mind  are  usually  accompanied  by  a  fair  share  of 
Sublimity. 

Description  of  Sublimity. — As  we  have  now  advanced  in 
our  investigation  of  faculties  into  the  literary  and  artistic  group, 
the  facial  signs  for  which  are  situated  in  the  lower  third  of  the 
nose,  at  and  about  the  tip,  and,  as  we  leave  behind  the  study  of  the 
merely  vegetative  or  domestic  sentiments,  we  shall  expect  to  find 
artistic,  scientific,  and  literary  signs  in  the  countenances  of  those 
whose  life-efforts  attest  the  presence  of  the  faculties  best  adapted  to 
the  creation  and  exhibition  of  such  works. 

Undeveloped  persons  and  races  reveal  a  very  slight  degree  of 
the  faculties  the  signs  of  which  are  so  prominent  here,  yet  many 
animals  exhibit  fine,  artistic,  and  mechanical  skill  in  the  building 
of  their  homes  and  nests,  as  witness  the  beaver's  dam,  the  mole's 
burrow,  and  the  wonderfully  ingenious  nests  of  birds,  spiders, 
ants,  and  bees.  By  comparing  the  talents  and  works  of  developed 
men  and  perfected  animals  with  the  works  of  undeveloped  men 
and  the  lower  animals,  we  shall  find  that  evolution  is  the  force  or 
factor  which  has  advanced  certain  races  to  such  states  of  physical  or 
physiological  and  anatomical  perfection  as  to  enable  them  to  excel 
in  thought  and  deed,  in  plan  and  performance,  those  wlio  have 
remained  at  a  much  lower  grade  of  physiological  development. 

Accordingly,  we  find  that  those  fine  constructive  traits,  the 
signs  of  which  are  seen  in  the  noses  of  the  greatest  of  the  human 
race,  are  accompanied  by  bodies  whose  structure  w^arrants  us  in 
believing  that  function  and  faculty  develop  pai'i  passu,  and  thus  it 
is  that  in  those  endowed  witli  large  Sublimity  we  observe  the  de- 
velopment of  a  fine  qualiti/  of  the  muscles,  also  a  fine  and  sensi- 
tive quality  of  the  brain  and  nervous  system,  and  this  development 
always  makes  its  impress  upon  the  nose  by  creating  greater  breadth 
at  the  tip.  The  more  we  investigate  the  science  of  physiognomy, 
the  more  we  shall  become  cognizant  of  the  fact  that  advance  of 
intelligence  is  always  registered  in  the  nasal  organ,  and  the  signs 
here  displayed  can  be  corroborated  by  reference  to  the  structure 
of  all  parts  of  the  body,  as  well  as  by  observing  the  quality  of 
the  organism.     Sublimity  being  the  exclusive  faculty  of  the  most 


508 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


developed  minds,  and  being  also  the  trait  that  is  characteristic  of  all 
those  who  are  endowed  with  the  capacity  for  comprehending  and 
reproducing  mental  and  material  pictures  of  the  vast  and  bound- 
less works  of  Nature,  we  should  naturally  expect  to  find  them 
furnished  with  bodies  and  faces  in  marked  contrast  to  those  who  are 
mean,  sordid,  servile,  miserly,  currish,  narrow,  stupid,  and  obsti- 
nate. That  there  is  a  wide  difference  in  the  nasal  appearance  of 
these  two  classes  can  be  easily  demonstrated.    Let  the  reader  place 

before  him  portraits  of  the 
most  distinguished  poets, 
painters,  actors,  heroes, 
orators,  astronomers,  phi- 
losophers, scientists,  dis- 
coverers, and  inventors  by 
the  side  of  a  similar  number 
of  sneak-thieves,  cowards, 
stupid  and  commonplace 
persons,  and  he  will  find 
that  the  bodies  and  coun- 
tenances of  the  ibrmer  are 
quite  different  in  appear- 
ance from  the  latter;  he 
will  find  that  the  structure 
of  the  bodies  of  the  former 
is  more  harmoniously  pro- 
portioned ;  he  will  observe 
that  the  face  is  more  sym- 
metrical, and,  above  all,  he 
will  discover  that  the  nose, 
particularly  at  the  tip,  is 
quite  different  in  appear- 
ance every  way  from  that 
of  the  lower  class.  The 
conclusions  which  we  draw 


Fig.  70.— sir  JOHN  FREDERICK  WILLIAM  HER- 
SCHEL.  (Astronomer.) 

Born  in  England,  1792.  Conspicuous  facial  sign 
Suhlimity,  sliown  by  roundness  and  width  of  tlie  tip  or 
the  nose.  The  law  of  tlie  straight  line,  square,  and 
curve  governs  th's  face.  In  this  great  countenance  we 
observe  general  development,  The  quality  is  very  high. 
The  signs  for  Conscientiousness,  PMrinness,  Patriotism, 
Love  of  Home,  Ijove  of  Young,  Benevolence,  Economy, 
Alimentiveness,  Sanativeness,  Self-esteem,  and  Friend- 
ship are  well  defined ;  while  the  mental  signs  in  the 
nose.  Sublimity,  Mental  Imitation,  Hope,  Analysis, 
Constructiveness,  Acquisitiveness,  Veneration,  Execu- 
tiveness,  and  Self-will  arc  uncommonly  conspicuous. 
The  faculties  which  create  mathematical  and  geometri- 
cal ability  are  also  lirge.  Observe  the  signs  for  Form, 
Size,  We'ght.  Locality,  Calculation,  OriTer,  Time,  and 
Memory  of  Events;  while  Reason  and  Intuition  are  of 
the  highest  order.  The  hair  is  corroborative  of  genius, 
being  luxuriant  and  falling  in  a  unique  and  strongly 
individualized  manner. 


from  the  above  in 


regard 


to  the  origin  of  Sublimity 
are  that  this  faculty  is  dependent  upon  an  equilibrated  and  per- 
fected development  of  the  mind  and  body.  Now,  I  do  not  use  the 
term  perfected  as  expressing  an  absolute  condition  of  perfection,  but 
in  a  relative  sense :  I  mean  that  one  class  of  those  mentioned  are 
more  advanced  structurally, — are  on  a  higher  plane  of  evolutionary 
progression  tlian  those  who  are  totally  lacking  in  this  trait. 

The  mental  phase  of  Sublimity  will  now  be  discussed.     One 
of  the  greatest  aids  to  the  scientist,  who  passes  his  time  in  project- 


SUBLIMITY. 


509 


ing  his  mental  vision  through  the  regions  of  space,  is  the  faculty 
of  Sublimity,  or  the  appreciation  of  the  grand  in  Nature  and  the 
illimitable  and  infinite  in  eternity.  This  sense  is  as  useful  to  the 
astronomer  as  to  the  poet,  and  imparts  as  much  enjoyment  to  him 
who  revels  in  the  knowledge  of  the  infinitely  great  in  this  world 
as  to  the  prophet  who  foresees  and  foretells  the  glories  of  the 
coming  of  the  Kingdom  of  Heaven.  The  difference  between 
these  two  persons  is  that  one  sees  with  the  natural  eye  through 
the  telescope,  and  the  other 
with  the  eye  of  the  mind, 
through  an  exalted  con- 
dition of  the  faculties  of 
Credenciveness,  Veneration , 
and  Sublimity.  In  the  case 
of  the  scientist  the  eye  will 
be  found  relatively  small, 
exact,  and  sheltered  under 
a  bony  ridge,  as  are  the 
eyes  of  good  mechanics ; 
while  the  eyes  of  prophets 
will  be  found  large,  bright, 
and  in  a  "fine  frenzy  roll- 
ing," as  is  often  seen  in  the 
physiognomies  of  poets  and 
religious  fanatics. 

Sublimity  gives  to  the 
character  the  love  for  the 
grand,  majestic,  and  expan- 
sive in  Nature,  and  the 
capacity  to  appreciate  or 
enact  the  noble,  heroic,  and 
elevated  in  conduct  and 
sentiment.  It  is  adapted  to 
the  comprehension  of  the 
boundless  range  and  com- 
pass of  Nature's  illimitable  space,  and  this  is  why  it  is  found  large 
in  the  character  of  astronomers,  naturalists,  and  mechanical  in- 
ventors. These  classes  of  beings  must  have  a  trait  which  enables 
them  to  comprehend  vast  and  mighty  systems  of  laws,  and  this  no 
narrow-minded  person  could  do.  iSublimity  is  a  quality  also  of 
the  patriotic  orator,  as  well  as  of  many  of  his  hearers,  whose  feel- 
ings are  aroused  to  action  by  the  sublime  utterances  of  a  Webster, 
a  Calhoun,  a  Patrick  Henry,  or  a  Pitt.  Whenever  the  earnest 
orator  is  warmed  to  his  highest  pitch  he  meets  with  a  ready  response 


Via.  71.— CHARLES  DARWIN.    (Naturalist, 
Discoverer,  and  Author.) 

Born  in  England,  1809.  Conspicuous  facial  sign, 
Sublimity.  The  law  of  the  straight  line,  sfjuare,  ana 
curve  governs  this  face.  The  signs  for  the  osseous  sys- 
tem, wliich  is  one  of  the  dominant  systems  of  this  or- 
ganism, assure  us  that  the  moral  arid  domestic  traits 
are  normal.  The  nose  is  iincomnKmly  developed,  and 
exhil)its  large  signs  for  Mental  Imitation,  Analysis, 
Ideality,  SuMlmity,  Acquisitiveness,  and  Constructive- 
ness ;  while  Veneration,  Kxecutiveness,  and  Self-will  are 
only  of  average  size.  Form  and  Size  are  very  large.  Ob- 
servation is  most  uncommonly  developed.  Locality, 
Order,  Memory  of  Events,  Reason,  and  Intuition  are  of 
the  highest  order.  The  wrinkles  of  the  forehead  reveal 
honesty,  honor,  morality,  and  genius.  Mr.  Darwin's  life 
was  characterized  by  usefulness,  patient  indiistry,  deep 
research,  love  'of  truth  and  purity,  and  a  mild,  well- 
balanced  disposition. 


510  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

from  his  listeners  and  kindles  like  emotions  in  their  minds.  AU 
faculties  have  a  dual  action, — the  one  being  executive  and  exhib- 
ited by  acting  or  doing,  the  other  being  appreciative  and  mani- 
fested by  feeling,  enjoying,  and  criticising.  While  one  can  write 
a  poem,  others  who  cannot  thus  express  tlieir  feehngs  often  appre- 
ciate and  enjoy  it  more  than  the  one  who  writes  it. 

Sublimity,  like  Ideality,  is  an  attribute  of  old  and  perfected 
races,  and  its  sign  is  quite  generally  observed  in  the  faces  of  the 
Hebrew  race.  In  them  (as  the  majority  of  them  are  commercial- 
ists)  it  assumes  the  form  of  vast  hiwijiess  enterprises^  and  when- 
ever commercialists  indicate  the  possession  of  this  faculty  they  will 
invariably  undertake  grand  schemes  for  the  acquisition  of  wealth, 
as  witness  the  Rothschilds  and  Baron  de  Hirsch,  who  have  banking 
houses  in  many  of  the  large  cities  of  Europe,  and  who  deal  on  a  large 
scale  with  governments.  Their  ideas  of  grandeur  will  be  confined, 
of  course,  to  material  tilings,  yet  when  they  evince  a  taste  for  the 
fine  arts  it  will  show  itself  in  a  love  for  oratory  and  grand  music, 
in  the  building  of  massive  structures,  and  in  the  purchase  of  mag- 
nificent works  of  art,  such  as  colossal  statuary,  paintings  that 
depict  battle-scenes  or  great  tragedies,  etc.  The  prophets  and 
poets  of  the  Hebrew  race,  those  whose  writings  express  in  the 
Psalms  of  the  Old  Testament  the  most  exalted  sentiments,  assure 
us  that  they  possessed  an  appreciation  of  the  glorious  and  stupen- 
dous works  of  God.  The  Hebrew  race  has  given  to  the  world 
some  of  its  sweetest  singers,  its  most  gifted  dramatists  and  actresses, 
its  grandest  composers,  its  noblest  philanthropists,  and  its  most 
princely  and  successful  bankers.  Its  physiognomical  peculiarities 
tell  us  that  it  is  a  developed  race,  and  the  proof  of  this  fact  is 
within  the  reach  of  all  who  can  lay  aside  prejudice  and  put  scien- 
tific demonstration  in  its  place.  Among  the  musical  composers 
of  the  race  I  may  mention  Meyerbeer,  Mendelssohn,  Sir  Julius 
Benedict,  Sir  Michael  Costa,  and  Halevy;  of  its  singers.  Pasta. 
Among  its  tragediennes,  Mdlles.  Eachel  and  Bernhardt  and  Adolphe 
Sonnental ;  of  its  writers,  the  names  of  Grace  Aguilar,  novelist ; 
Heinrich  Heine,  Spinoza,  Moses  Mendelssohn,  philosophic  writers  ; 
Emma  Lazarus,  poetess ;  Benjamin  DTsraeli,  statesman  and 
novelist;  and  Isaac  Adolphe  Cremieux,  counselor,  are  well  known. 
Among  the  great  philanthropists  the  names  of  Sir  Moses  Monti- 
fiore  and  Baron  de  Hirsch  will  ever  stand  for  all  that  is  sympa- 
thetic and  magnificently  generous.  The  race  has  developed  many 
fine  painters  and  sculptors,  among  them  Toby  Rosenthal,  painter, 
and  Moses  Ezekiel,  sculptor,  are  renowned.  Chief  among  its 
modern  orators  the  fiery  Gambetta  stands  supreme.  Its  princely 
bankers,  the  Rothschilds,  are  world-renowned. 


SUBLIMITY.  511 

These  modern  names  are  more  than  matched  by  the  host  of 
talented  Hebrews,  gifted  in  every  art  and  science,  who  flourished 
in  Spain  from  the  eleventh  to  the  fourteenth  centuries,  the  true 
"golden  age"  of  Hebrew  intellect. 

Every  true  poet  must  possess  the  sense  of  Sublimity  in  order 
to  bring  his  mind  in  unison  with  the  awful  and  majestic,  as  ex- 
hibited by  Nature  in  her  grandest  and  wildest  moods.  The  roar 
of  the  mighty  ocean,  the  rush  of  the  deadly  cyclone,  the  territic 
thunder-peal  and  vivid  lightning-flash,  must  arouse  the  poet  to 
that  degree  of  intensity  that  his  soul  is  stimulated  to  pour  forth  in 
grandest  verse  the  exalted  expressions  which  such  scenes  inspire. 
It  is  these  vast  operations  of  Nature  that  have  given  the  impulse 
to  the  inspired  writings  of  Homer,  Hesiod,  Sappho,  l)ante,  Slielley, 
and  Byron.  It  was  SubHmity  permeating  eveiy  sense  which  gave 
to  Michael  Angelo  the  power  to  portray  the  subUme  "Transfigura- 
tion of  Christ"  exhibited  in  the  Vatican.  It  was  the  same  faculty 
which  impelled  Guide  Reni  to  give  to  the  world  the  magnificent 
"Aurora,"  to  be  seen  in  the  Palazzo  Rospigliozi  at  Rome,  and  the 
spirit  of  this  sentiment  can  be  discerned  in  the  message  which  he 
sent  to  the  Cappucini  at  Rome,  with  his  celebrated  picture  of 
St.  Michael.     He  wrote  thus: — 

I  wish  I  had  liad  the  wings  of  an  angel,  to  have  ascended  into  Paradise 
and  there  to  have  beholden  the  forms  of  those  beatified  spirits  from  which 
I  might  have  copied  m}^  archangel,  but  not  being  able  to  mount  so  high  I 
was  forced  to  make  an  introi^pection  into  my  own  mind,  and  into  that  idea  of 
beauty  which  I  have  formed  in  my  own  imagination.* 

The  highest  constructive  talent  without  Sublimity  could  never 
have  guided  the  chisel  of  Praxitiles  or  Phidias,  produced  the 
Colossus  of  Rhodes,  nor  left  to  posterity  the  pyramids  and  sphynx 
of  Egypt,  and  other  gigantic  works  of  art  exhibited  in  the  old  world. 

The  sense  of  the  sublime  is  not  by  any  means  confined  to  the 
poet,  prophet,  painter,  and  scientist.  Many  persons  unknown  to 
fame  are  gifted  with  a  sense  of  tlie  majesty  and  splendor  of  art. 
Nature,  and  human  character.  Were  it  not  so,  the  poet  would 
sing  for  himself  alone,  the  painter  would  lack  appreciation,  the 
orator  move  no  audience,  and  the  scientist  would  have  solitary 
enjoyment  of  tlie  grand  truths  of  Nature  wliich  he  discovers.  All 
through  every  community  there  are  beings  whose  every-day  life  is 
tinctured  witli  this  noble  trait,  giving  them  larger  views  of  life,  of 
conduct,  and  of  moral  lieroism,  impelling  them  to  act  in  the  large 
and  noble  charities  which  disasters  by  flood,  fire,  and  famine 
originate.  Sublimity  creates  the  desire  to  be  tlie  largest  merchant 
or  manufacturer,   or  stimulates  the   deathless  ambition  of  some 

♦Painters  and  Sculptors,  Mrs.  Clement,  p.  496.    Boston,  1881. 


512     *  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

youthful  Edison,  Watt,  or  Fulton,  to  send  his  name  and  inventive 
benefactions  adown  the  stream  of  time. 

Wherever  we  find  large  Sublimity  in  combination  with  large 
intellectual  and  mechanical  faculties,  the  mind  will  be  comprehen- 
sive and  take  a  loide  range  of  thought.  Such  a  mind  was  Newton's ; 
hence  it  was  well  adapted  to  the  comprehension  and  discovery  of 
one  of  the  greatest,  if  not  the  most  important  law  of  Nature, 
viz.,  the  law  of  gravitation. 

In  the  speeches  and  writings  of  those  who  possess  a  large 
measure  of  Sublimity  we  find  often  the  most  exaggerated  and  ex- 
travagant expressions.  In  the  case  of  orators  and  poets  this  is 
quite  appropriate,  but  in  the  every-day  speech  of  private  life  such 
language  tends  to  make  one  bombastic,  inexact,  and  untrustworthy. 
Such  persons  should  endeavor  to  tone  down  their  descriptions  to 
the  plane  of  truth  and  practicality. 

The  cultivation  of  Sublimity,  where  it  is  deficient,  can  be 
attempted  by  visiting  and  viewing  majestic  scenery,  such  as  high 
mountains,  grand  waterfalls,  the  raging  ocean,  spacious  landscapes, 
listening  to  fine  orations,  inspecting  the  noblest  works  of  art,  and 
by  associating  with  those  whose  lives,  conduct,  and  conversation 
illustrate  the  faculty  of  Sublimity.  The  influence  of  locality  has 
much  to  do  with  the  development  of  this  faculty.  It  is 'larger 
relatively  in  those  who  occupy  mountainous  regions  than  in  those 
who  live  in  the  plains,  unless  they  live  near  the  ocean  and  feel 
the  influence  of  its  mighty,  rushing  waters.  This  develops  and 
strengthens  the  sense  of  infinitude,  and  imparts  more  expansive 
ideas  than  are  exhibited  by  those  who  \i\G  in  narrow  valleys  or 
flat,  level  spaces. 

Those  who  exhibit  a  large  degree  of  Sublimity  will,  as  a  rule, 
m  selecting  a  site  for  a  residence,  manifest  it  by  building  on  an 
eminence  where  they  have  a  view  of  the  surrounding  country. 
They  will  be  the  happier  and  more  contented  by  the  indulgence 
of  this  sentiment.  It  will  prevent  loneliness  and  often  supply  the 
place  of  human  companionship.  Where  this  trait  is  small  and 
the  practical  faculties  dominant,  a  convenient  place  will  be  the  one 
most  sought. 

The  combinations  of  traits  found  with  Sublimity  influence 
man  in  many  ways.  With  large  Ideality,  Language,  and  Con- 
structiveness,  a  taste  for  poetic  composition  will  be  exhibited ;  with 
large  Veneration,  he  will  bow  in  adoration  before  the  mighty 
manifestations  of  God's  power ;  with  large  Locality  added  to  large 
Sublimity,  he  will  enjoy  traveling,  and  will  make  great  efi'orts 
to  visit  the  most  noted  scenes,  such  as  the  Alps,  the  Yosemite, 
Niagara,  the  Garden  of  the  Gods,  etc.,  and  will  in  communion 


SUBLIMITY.  513 

with  such  scenes  feel  "mightily  Hfled  up"  and  overpowered  by  the 
stupendous  architecture  of  God ;  with  Human  Nature  added,  he 
will  love  to  listen  to  heroic  deeds,  and,  with  large  Conscien- 
tiousness and  Veneration,  will  enjoy  the  writings  of  the  great 
moral  and  religious  reformers,  and  will  participate  in  moral  move- 
ments for  the  benefit  of  mankind;  with  a  mechanical  mind  and 
large  Time  and  Calculation,  he  will  display  a  taste  for  astronomy, 
and,  with  Constructiveness  added,  ability  for  invention. 

The  higher  animals,  no  doubt,  share  with  men  in  a  limited 
degree  this  sentiment,  for  surely  the  fleet  deer  and  chamois  occu- 
pying the  mountain  heights  must  possess  a  higher  comprehension 
of  vastness  than  the  cattle  confined  to  a  plain  or  a  barn-yard.  The 
recognition  of  man  as  a  superior  being  on  the  part  of  our  domestic 
animals  imparts  to  them  ideas  of  superiority  akin  to  the  subhmity 
of  feeUng  which  actuates  man  in  his  belief  in  a  Deity  and  in 
hero-worship  and  in  his  veneration  for  the  great. 

The  position  of  the  facial  sign  for  Sublimity  is  significant  of 
its  office  in  the  human  mind.  Its  nearest  neighbor  is  Ideahty, 
while  Human  Nature,  Mental  Imitation,  Analysis,  Hope,  and 
Constructiveness  are  in  close  proximity,  thus  showing  the  character 
of  the  company  in  which  Sublimity  is  found.  These  faculties  are 
all  natural  allies,  and  assist  each  other. 

Subhmity  and  Ideality  grace  the  speech  and  -writings  of  all 
great  minds,  while  the  orator,  sculptor,  and  painter  are  indebted  to 
them  for  the  beauty  and  grandeur  which  distinguish  their  works, 
and  which  render  them  immortal.  The  inventor,  too,  must  needs 
have  a  large  share  of  Sublimity  in  his  composition  in  order  to  be 
able  to  comprehend  the  vast  and  complex  chain  of  laws  which 
connects  all  departments  of  Nature.  He  must  be  able  to  realize 
the  universality  of  their  application,  and  know  how  to  apply  the 
laws  of  mathematics,  chemistry,  force,  resistance,  motion,  gravity, 
equilibrium,  polarization,  pneumatics,  hydrostatics,  acoustics,  pyro- 
nomics,  magnetism,  and  electricity.  These  sciences  are  vast  and 
complex,  and  governed  by  natural  mechanical  laws,  the  principles 
of  which  must  be  understood  by  the  inventor  and  by  the  intelligent 
mechanic.  The  action  of  these  laws  extends  throughout  space, 
and  the  force  of  gravity,  together  with  the  laws  of  centripetal  and 
centrifugal  motion,  not  only  hold  the  entire  solar  system  true 
in  space,  but  are  the  controlling  principles  in  the  mechanism, 
made  by  the  hands  of  man.  It  is  thus  shown  that  in  the  invention 
of  machinery  and  in  the  application  of  the  great  mechanical  forces 
of  Nature  the  discoverer  and  inventor  must  possess  sufficient  of 
the  faculty  of  Sublimity  to  enable  him  to  comprehend  the  far- 
reaching  results  and  action  of  these  laws,  powers,  and  forces. 

83 


514  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

An  examination  of  the  physiognomies  of  the  most  celebrated 
inventors,  discoverers,  architects,  and  mechanics  will  disclose  the 
lower  third  of  the  nose  well  developed  and  the  sign  for  Sublimity 
most  decided.  How  can  it  be  otherwise,  when  we  know  that 
minds  of  the  highest  order  only  are  capable  of  comprehending  and 
applying  the  grand  principles  revealed  in  Nature's  laws?  For 
this  reason  I  claim  that  the  greatest  minds  of  the  age,  those  most 
conducive  to  a  high  civilization,  are  the  inventors,  mechanics,  and 
scientists.  They  rank  higher  than  artists,  musicians,  sculptors, 
painters,  poets,  and  actors  in  usefulness,  in  breadth  of  intellect,  in 
integrity,  and  in  the  knowledge  of  God's  immutable  and  eternal 
laws.  Their  characters  must  be  based  on  Conscientiousness  in 
order  to  be  in  harmony  with  the  truths  of  Nature,  for  one  with 
small  Conscientiousness  cannot  enter  into  the  spirit  of  the  truths 
of  Nature  to  the  extent  that  one  can  who  has  large  Conscientious- 
ness added  to  large  mechanical  abilities.  Let  the  reader  scan  the 
physiognomies  of  the  following-named  persons  and  he  will  observe 
an  excellent  development  of  the  sign  for  Sublimity,  varying  in  size 
according  to  the  several  systems  of  functions  in  combination.  The 
local  facial  sign  for  Sublimity  may  be  found  in  the  portraits  of  Sir 
Christopher  Wren,  architect;  Sebastian  Vauban,  French  civil  engi- 
neer; Benjamin  Franklin,  mechanical  discoverer;  Leonard  Euler, 
astronomer;  also  the  Herschels,  father  and  son,  astronomers; 
James  Watt,  inventor;  Richard  Arkwright,  inventor;  Dr.  Edward 
Jenner,  discoverer;  James  P.  Joule,  chemical  discoverer;  Thomas 
Alva  Edison,  electrician;  Dr.  Louis  Pasteur,  discoverer;  James  B. 
Eadds,  architect;  C.  H.  McCormick,  inventor;  John  A.  Roebling, 
civil  engineer;  Elias  Howe,  inventor  of  the  sewing-machine;  Dr. 
William  Harvey,  discoverer  of  the  circulation  of  the  blood;  Prof 
S.  F.  B.  Morse,  inventor  and  discoverer.  I  might  mention  scores 
of  others  whose  portraits  denote  the  presence  of  the  faculty  of 
Sublimity,  all  of  which  serves  to  show  that  this  trait  assists  the 
useful  and  practical  purposes  of  life,  and  is  one  distinguishing 
feature  of  developed  minds  and  bodies. 

IDEALITY. 

Definition. — Imagination,  taste,  love,  and  appreciation  of  the 
beautiful  in  art  and  Nature ;  sense  of  propriety,  neatness,  and  re- 
finement ;  love  of  perfection  ;  capacity  for  improvement  in  aesthetic 
tastes ;  desire  for  finish,  completeness,  and  thoroughness. 

Its  excess  makes  one  fastidious,  punctilious,  squeamish,  hyper- 
critical, over-nice, — more  nice  than  wise, — and  causes  loathing, 
disgust,  and  disdain  for  the  low  and  vulgar ;  gives  a  love  for  the 


IDEALITY.  515 

unreal,  creates  an  excess  of  imagination  and  gushing  sentiment, 
and  imparts  a  dislike  for  the  realities  of  life. 

Its  deficiencij  is  shown  by  boorishness,  lowness,  vulgarity, 
coarseness  of  language  and  manners,  lack  of  taste  and  imagina- 
tion, and  slight  appreciation  of  the  beauties  of  art  and  Nature. 
Those  greatly  deficient  are  wanting  in  polish  and  refinement,  and 
are  unsuited  to  the  study  of  the  fine  arts.  They  also  take  a  com- 
monplace or  utilitarian  view  of  everything,  and  some  are  charac- 
terized by  an  angularity  of  appearance,  awkwardness  of  manner, 
and  eccentricity  of  conduct. 

Facial  and  Bodilij  Signs. — The  most  reliable  and  decisive 
facial  sign  for  Ideality  is  indicated  by  tcidth  of  the  tip  of  the  nose. 
This  sign  is  relative.  Where  the  quality  of  the  subject  is  fine  and 
the  mental  system  predominant,  the  nose  does  not  present  as  great 
width  as  when  the  muscular  system  is  dominant,  {ox fineness  of  the 
brain  and  nerve  system  is  always  accompanied  by  relatively  Jess 
size  of  the  facial  signs,  particularly  of  tlie  nasal  signs.  Other  and 
secondary  signs  are  known  by  a  straight  outline  of  the  nose;  fine- 
ness of  the  texture  of  the  skin;  finely-arched,  long,  narrow,  and 
even  eyebrows ;  large,  bright,  clear  eyes ;  graceful  walk ;  elegant 
and  appropriate  gestures  ;  clear  and  sweet  intonations  of  the  voice; 
fine,  natural  manners;  aesthetic  taste  in  dress,  furniture,  adorn- 
ments, and  surroundings  ;  ideal,  poetic,  and  imaginative  language ; 
neatness  and  good  taste  in  domestic  or  other  matters,  and  love  of 
poetry,  flowers,  paintings,  statuary,  etc. 

Description  of  Ideality. — The  physiological  basis  of  Ideality 
is  found  (as  are  all  the  faculties  the  signs  of  which  are  situated 
about  the  tip  of  the  nose)  to  be  in  the  general  development  of  the 
quality  of  the  brain  and  nerve  system ;  hence,  it  is  the  distinguish- 
ing characteristic  of  those  persons  and  races  that  have  attained  by 
evolution  to  a  certain  degree  of  fineness  and  keenness  of  sensation, 
which  puts  them  en  rapport  with  the  finer  aspects  of  the  works  of 
Nature  and  of  Nature's  imitations  in  art. 

The  sign  for  Ideality  has  scarcely  a  rudimentary  appearance 
in  the  noses  of  undeveloped  races,  and  many  persons  in  civilized 
races  manifest  very  httle  sense  of  the  ideal,  the  imaginative,  and 
tasteful.  Reference  to  the  noses  of  such  will  show  either  a  sliarp, 
gimlet-like  form  at  the  tip,  or,  if  the  end  of  the  nose  be  flat,  blunt, 
and  broad,  as  with  the  negro,  the  inherited  quality  will  be  seen  at 
a  glance  to  be  of  a  low  order ;  the  sldn  and  hair  will  be  coarse, 
and  the  voice,  language,  manners,  walk,  and  gestures  will  cor- 
roborate the  face  in  its  indications.  We  are  now  dealing  with  traits 
of  quality.,  and  a  progressed  evolution  always  raises  the  nose  high 
above  the  plane  of  the  face;  therefore,  wherever   the  sign  for 


516 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


Ideality  is  found  large  the  nose  will  not  only  be  hroad  at  the  tip, 
but  it  will  be  reJatlvely  high.  No  feature  of  the  face  so  marks  the 
presence  of  mentality  of  tlie  finer  sort  as  a  nose  developed  in  its 
lower  third.  Particularly  is  this  shown  by  height  and  width,  to- 
gether with  that  peculiar  configuration  which  shows  that  the  signs 
for  Mental  Imitation,  Analysis,  Hope,  Sublimity,  and  Constructive- 
ness  are  large.  Some  ideal  noses  present  a  square-cut  appearance, 
while  others  that  have  Sublimity  large  in  combination  exhibit  a 

rounded  appearance  at  the 
sides  of  the  tip.  This  is 
more  particularly  the  form 
of  the  tip  of  the  noses  of 
those  artists  whose  sub- 
lime works  of  art,  inven- 
tion, and  discovery  have 
immortalized  them.  The 
reader  is  referred  to  the 
portraits  of  the  master- 
minds in  all  these  fields 
of  labor. 

A  secondary  base  of 
Ideality  is  to  be  found  in 
that  peculiar,  fine  quality 
of  the  muscular  system 
which  gives  fineness,  flexi- 
bility, and  sensitiveness  to 
its  motions,  and  also  that 
degree  of  flexibility  of 
joints  as  well  as  of  muscles 
which  allows  a  free  and 
easy  movement  of  all  parts, 
and  which  has  the  muscur 
lar  sense  so  developed  as  to 
aid  the  automatic  motions 
which  the  musician, painter, 
singer,  dancer,  linguist, 
actor,  elocutionist,  orator,  and  inventor  must  have  to  carry  forward 
their  work.  In  each  of  these  classes  the  muscles  must  be  so 
responsive  as  to  become  spontaneously  automatic,  and  respond 
intuitively  and  involuntarily,  as  it  were  (afler  a  certain  number 
of  repetitions),  to  the  sensations  which  call  them  forth. 

Another  secondary  base  is  found  in  the  high  development  of 
the  sexual  instinct,  which  in  its  refined  state  creates  love  of  the 
beautiful  of  the  opposite  sex  and  a  desire  to  reproduce  it  physically. 


Fig.  72.— miss  ADELAIDE  NEILSON. 

Born  in  England.  Conspicuous  facial  sign,  Ideality, 
Shown  by  the  width  of  the  tip  of  the  nose.  The  law  of 
the  straight  line  and  curve  governs  tliis  countenance. 
The  oval  chin,  dram;itic  jaw,  and  straiglit  outline  of  the 
nose  announce  artistic  power  of  a  high  order.  The  do- 
mestic traits  are  well  represented.  Tlie  Love  of  Home, 
Patriotism,  Benevolence,  Amntiveness,  Love  of  Vouiig, 
Approbativeness,  INIodesty,  and  Friendship  are  all  ap- 
parent. The  nose  reveals  the  signs  of  the  artistic  mind  ; 
here  are  grouped  in  large  mensiire  Ideality,  Mental  Imi- 
tation, Analysis,  H()i)e,  Constructiveness^  Acquisitive- 
ness, Veneration,  and  .Self-will,  all  conspicuous.  Pres- 
cience, Observation,  Form,  Size,  Color,  Locality,  Lan- 
funge,  Music,  Calculation,  Memory  of  Events,  and 
ntuition  are  large,  and  together  form  a  most  beautiful, 
artistic  face.  INuss  Neilson  was  as  beautiful  as  a  poet's 
dream,  and  whoever  has  witnessed  her  incomparable 
impersonation  of  "Juliet "  will  remember  it  as  "  a  thing 
of  beauty  and  a  joy  forever." 


IDEALITY. 


bil 


or  mentally,  by  pen,  brush,  or  chisel,  as  in  poetry,  paintings,  or 
statuary,  or  to  enact  beautiful  ideal  cliaracters  upon  the  stage.  The 
fundamental  desire  of  Ideality  is  reproduction  or  duplication  ol" 
ideal  types  or  images  of  beautiiul  men,  women,  birds,  beasts,  or 
characters.  In  tliis  way  Ideality  is  very  closely  related  to  the 
constructive,  creative  powers  of  the  sexual  system. 

Ideality,  like  all  other  human  faculties,  is  adapted  to  the 
recognition  and  enjoyment  of  the  beautiful  here  in  this  world,  and 
by  imagination  the  mind 
is  able  to  roam  to  other 
spheres  and  sing  in  tones 
of  sweetest  melody  of  the 
glories  and  splendors  of  the 
life  hereafter.  In  fact,  this 
faculty  is  adapted  to  j>e?'- 
fectlon,  and  who  can  doubt 
that  ultimate  perfection  is 
the  aim  of  a  progressive 
evolution  %  The  teachings 
of  science  point  ta  this,  and 
show  us  by  myriad  lessons 
that  this  is  the  destiny  of 
the  human  mind  and  body ; 
for  both  rise  or  fall  to- 
gether, as  I  have  shown  in 
these  pages,  and  as  all  the 
sciences  which  treat  of 
human  existence  prove,  if 
rightly  interpreted.  The 
aim  and  office  of  Ideality 
is  to  refine  and  exalt  all  the 
faculties  in  combination, 
hence  it  is  a  faculty  of  lilgh 
quality.  Ideality  can  be 
best  expressed  by  those 
who  are  keenly  sensitive 
and  able  by  virtue  of  their  sensations  to  receive  and  reproduce 
by  voice,  pen,  pencil,  brush,  and  chisel  the  impressions  derived  from 
Nature  and  character.  All  great  poets  depend  upon  the  power  of 
this  trait,  assisted  by  Language  and  Constructiveness,  to  enable 
them  to  write  the  songs  which  arouse  the  heart  of  a  nation  to  pa- 
triotic endeavor ;  to  raise  the  mind  to  loftier  aspirations  for  a  higher 
Hfe ;  to  create  the  most  ecstatic  enjoyment  of  the  beautiful  scenes 
of  Nature  which  the  poet  paints  with  his  pen  when  he  brings  up 


Fig.  73.— MR.  H.  RIDER  HAGGARD.    (Novelist.) 

Born  in  F.njiland.  Conspicuous  facial  sign,  Ideality, 
shown  bv  width  of  tlic  tip  of  tlie  nose.  Tlic  law  of  the 
straight  line  and  curve  governs  this  face.  The  basis  of 
this  gentleman's  talent,  the  vegetative  system,  is  well 
developed.  Conscience,  Firmness,  Love  of  Home,  of 
Country,  and  of  Young  are  marked.  So,  also,  are  He- 
nevoleiice.  Economy,  Alimentiveness,  Modesty,  Ajipro- 
bativeness,  Friendsliip,  Self-esteem.  Hospitality,  Pneu- 
mativeness.  and  Color  aie  manifest.  In  the  nose  the 
signs  for  Idealitv,  Sublimity,  Mental  Imitation,  Analy- 
sis, and  Construction  are  large.  Acquisition,  Venera- 
tion, Executiveness,  Reason,  and  Self-will  are  most 
apparent;  while  Form,  Size,  (Jl>8ervati()n,  Locality, 
(lalculation.  Time,  Order,  Memory  of  Events,  and  Lan- 
guage are  conspicuous.  Prescience  is  noticeable,  and  a 
good  degree  of  Intuition.  It  is  the  presence  of  so  large 
a  develoi)ment  of  the  faculties  of  Prescience,  Creden- 
civencss,  and  Ideality  that  gives  to  this  author's  writ- 
ings their  peculiarly  weird  and  stiange  character. 
Language  is  most  fluent,  and,  combined  with  the  facul- 
ties of  Form,  Size,  and  Locality  in  excess,  gives  the 
writer  power  to  visualize  the  singular  beings  which  be 
portrays  by  his  pen. 


518  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

before  our  mental  vision  the  loveliness  of  glen  and  grove,  the 
grandeur  of  the  lofty  mountain,  the  beauty  of  the  star-decked 
sky,  the  sweet  serenity  of  the  moonlit  vale,  or  the  solemn  hush  of 
the  early  dawn  when  the  "lark  at  Heaven's  gate  sings."  All  these 
the  poet,  who  is  touched  with  true  Parnassian  fire,  spreads  before 
those  who  are  responsive,  and  with  such  vividness  and  reality  as  to 
bring  these  scenes  out  before  their  enchanted  gaze  in  boldest  relief. 
Those  who  are  capable  of  appreciating  these  ideal  beauties  are  lost 
in  admiration  of  the  skill  and  genius  which,  by  a  few  strokes  of 
the  pen,  can  impart  that  supernal  enjoyment  wliicli  is  derived  from 
the  works  of  Tennyson,  Bryant,  Whittier,  Milton,  Wordsworth, 
Shelley,  and  other  great  poet-painters. 

Combe  very  correctly  expresses  the  true  use  and  function  of 
Ideality  when  he  writes : — 

It  is  a  faculty  purely  of  enjoj-ment, — one  whose  sole  use  is  to  refine 
and  exalt  and  extend  the  range  of  our  other  powers ;  to  confer  on  us  higher 
susceptibilities  of  improvement  and  a  keener  relish  for  all  that  is  great 
and  glorious  in  the  universe.* 

Ideality,  like  all  the  higher  traits,  is  not  confined  to  nobles 
or  kings,  but  finds  its  home  in  the  peasant's  cot  and  humble  dwell- 
ing as  well.  It  tells  not  only  that  its  possessor  is  refined,  but  sliows 
that  some  of  his  ancestors  belonged  to  the  "  nobility,"  for  traits  of 
quality  are  not  formed  in  a  generation ;  and  so  one  not  only  an- 
nounces his  own  character  by  what  he  says  and  does,  but  at  the 
same  time  discloses  the  prominent  tastes  of  his  ancestors,  near  or 
remote,  for  like  produces  like,  and  our  deeds  do  follow  us  to  even 
the  tenth  generation  and  beyond. 

Great  diversities  of  degree  of  this  faculty  are  exhibited  by 
diff'erent  nations.  It  is  not  so  large  in  the  English  as  in  the  French, 
nor  so  general ;  the  dress  and  manners  of  the  two  races  prove  this. 
It  is  more  universally  characteristic  of  the  Americans  than  of  the 
English,  for  education,  money,  and  opportunities  for  travel  are 
more  accessible  to  the  masses  of  the  former  country,  and  these  are 
all  potent  factors  in  the  culture  of  aesthetics.  Then,  too,  the  great 
admixture  of  liigli  races  in  America  gives  more  flexible  muscles, 
and  these  lead  to  and  assist  adaptability  to  new  conditions,  while 
the  strong  bones  combined  with  the  sturdy,  unyielding  muscles  of 
the  English  tell  directly  against  that  flexibility  so  essential  to  ideal 
improvement.  It  is  these  staunch  elements  which  make  the  English 
so  enduring,  hardy,  loyal,  overbearing,  and  immovable,  and  pro- 
duce the  set,  rigid,  brusque,  rude  manner  and  conversation  which 
Emerson  so  aptly  portrays  in  his  '-  English  Traits."     These  quali- 

*  Combe's  Lectures  on  Phrenology,  p.  219. 


IDEALITY.  510 

ties  which  make  the  glory  of  England  prevent  the  people  from 
bemg  as  tasteful,  polite,  amiable,  and  art-loving  as  the  French. 
The  national  peculiarity  of  the  structure  of  the  English  he  thus 
describes : — 

It  is  the  fault  of  their  forms  that  they  grow  stocky,  and  the  women 
have  that  disadvantage, — few  tall,  slender  figures  of  flowing  shape,  but 
stunted  and  thick-set  persons.  The  French  say  that  Englishmen  have  two 
left  hands.  They  are  round,  ruddy,  and  handsome, — at  least,  the  whole 
bust  is  well  formed,  and  there  is  a  teudenc}'^  to  stout  and  powerful  frames.* 

Of  their  immovability  he  observes: — 

He  has  stamina;  he  has  that  aplomb  which  results  from  a  good  adjust- 
ment of  the  moral  and  physical  nature,  and  the  obedience  of  all  the  i)owers 
to  the  will,  as  if  the  axes  of  his  eyes  were  united  to  his  backbone  and  only 
moved  with  the  trunk. f 

This  description  discloses  to  iis  that  the  peculiar  staunchness, 
tenacity,  integrity,  and  lack  of  Ideality  of  the  English  is  the  result 
of  their  peculiar  conformation,  possessing  short,  square  bones  and 
round  muscles,  with  a  good  dcA  elopment  of  the  vegetative  system ; 
they  lack  the  flexibility  which  long,  round  bones  and  round  muscles 
produce,  together  with  tlie  creative  and  imaginative  powers  which 
accompany  the  latter  and  which  are  peculiarly  the  endowment  of 
the  French  and  Italian,  as  well  as  common  to  all  the  Celtic  race. 
Yet  the  English  have  tlieir  compensation  for  this  lack  of  imagina- 
tion ;  they  have  the  sturdy  qualities  which  make  a  progressive 
civilization  rapid  and  thorough,  viz.,  veracity,  honor,  mutual  confi- 
dence, loyalty  to  principle,  and  all  the  sterner  traits  which  belong 
to  an  advanced  race.  Emerson  quotes  Madame  De  Stael  as  saying 
that 

The  English  irritated  Napoleon  mainly  because  they  have  found  out 
how  to  unite  success  with  honesty.J 

The  French  show  by  their  structure  that  the  possession  of  the 
finer  and  more  ornate  qualities  is  at  the  expense  of  the  more  ster- 
ling and  responsible  ones.  They  possess  a  sensitive  nervous  sys- 
tem; long,  round  bones  and  long,  round  muscles — the  combination 
which  shows  the  right  construction  for  the  fine  arts,  for  poetry, 
acting,  painting,  and  a  passion  for  war,  which  is  led  on  by  one  of 
the  dominant  traits  of  their  structure,  viz.,  Approbativeness,  and, 
this  trait  being  a  natural  one,  the  glory  of  France  is  the  true 
Frenchman's  highest  ambition.  Of  course,  honesty  is  found  among 
the  French  and  poetic  imagination  among  the  English,  but  these 
traits  are  relative,  taste,  politeness,  love  of  ornamentation,  and 

*  English  Traits,  R  W.  Emerson,  p.  7L  t  Ibid.,  p.  122. 

t  Ibid.,  p.  108. 


520  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

imagination  being  more  universally  exhibited  by  the  French,  and 
veracity,  honor,  principle,  conservatism,  rudeness,  bluntness,  and 
practicality  by  the  English  masses. 

The  faculty  of  Ideality,  strange  as  it  may  seem  to  some,  is  a 
great  aid  to  scientists  and  scientific  research,  for  the  mind  that 
would  soar  to  Parnassian  heights  in  poetry,  or  to  celestial  space  in 
astronomy,  must  be  able  with  the  mental  vision  to  see  "apparent 
pictures  of  unapparent  natures."  This  is  the  faculty  which  has 
aided  in  the  discovery  of  many  great  natural  laws,  and  the  physi- 
osrnomies  of  most  of  the  master-minds  in  invention  and  science 
exhibit  the  sign  for  Ideality  large.  AppHcable  to  this  topic 
Emerson  tells  us  that 

Plato  had  signified  the  same  sense  when  he  said  :  "All  the  great  arts 
require  a  subtle  and  speculative  research  into  the  law  of  Nature,  since  lofti- 
ness of  thought  and  perfect  mastery  over  every  subject  seem  to  be  derived 
from  some  such  source  as  this."* 

All  the  great  scientists  recognize  this  truth,  and  it  is  often 
noted  by  them  in  their  writings,  and  the  result  of  German  imagi- 
nation is  given  us  in  the  works  of  their  great  scientific  discoverers, 
who  are  the  grandest  generalizers  in  scientific  research.  The  ca- 
pacity for  generalizing  is,  as  Emerson  very  justly  observes,  "a  poetic 
sense."  It  is  indebted  to  Sublimity  for  the  vastness  of  conception, 
and  of  this  trait  the  insular  English  have  very  little.  Of  their 
science  Emerson  remarks  : — 

But,  for  the  most  part,  the  natural  science  in  England  is  as  void  of 
imagination  and  free  play  of  thought  as  conveyancing.  It  stands  in  strong 
contrast  with  the  genius  of  the  Germans,  those  semi-Greeks  who  love 
analogy,  and  by  means  of  that  height  of  view  preserve  their  enthusiasm  and 
think  for  Europe.f 

The  following  extract  from  the  writings  of  Johannes  Miiller, 
one  of  Germany's  most  gifted  naturalists  and  scientific  discoverers, 
elucidates  the  faculty  which  is  being  discussed.  He  observes 
thus : — 

The  Imagination  is  an  indispensable  faculty,  for  it  is  that  which  by 
forming  new  combinations  occasions  important  discoveries.  The  naturalist 
needs  both  the  discriminating  powers  of  abstract  reason  and  the  generaliz- 
ing power  of  the  imagination,  and  that  the  two  should  be  harmonioudy 
inter-related.  If  the  proper  balance  of  these  faculties  is  destroyed  the 
naturalist  is  hurried  into  chimerical  fancies  by  his  imagination,  while  the 
same  gift  leads  the  gifted  naturalist  of  sufficient  strength  of  reason  to  tlie 
piost  important  discoveries. | 

*  English  Traits,  R.  W.  Emerson,  p.  240. 

t  Ibid.,  TO.  253. 

X  Quoted  from  the  Evolution  of  Man,  Ernst  Haeckel,  vol.  il,  p.  107. 


IDEALITY.  521 

This  observation  of  the  great  scientist  is  most  just,  for  where 
there  is  an  excess  of  IdeaHty  the  individual  imagines  unreal,  im- 
probable, and  often  fearful  as  well  as  beautiful  ideas.  Dante,  in 
his  "  Inferno,"  shows  to  what  extent  the  imagination  can  go  in  the 
direction  of  the  horrible.  Milton,  also,  in  his  "Paradise  Lost," 
reveals  to  what  limits  the  unrestrained  exercise  of  the  imagination 
may  lead  one ;  while  the  paintings  of  the  old  masters  teem  with 
the  representation  of  demons  and  angels,  of  sprites  and  satyrs,  of 
heavens  and  hells — the  lovely  and  hideous  as  well  as  the  damned 
and  demoniacal.  Aside  from  the  immense  importance  of  the 
imagination  when  used  as  an  agent  to  beautify  and  elevate  the 
mind  and  senses,  as  is  done  by  poetry,  pictures,  and  statuary,  it 
forms  the  basis  of  the  refinements  of  our  every-day  life  and  works. 
The  domestic  woman  who  possesses  a  fair  share  of  imagination 
may  not  be  able  to  write  a  poem  nor  paint  a  picture,  yet  will  set  a 
table  with  such  taste  and  prepare  and  serve  a  meal  with  such  neat- 
ness and  fitness  of  decoration  as  will  show  that  a  sense  of  the  ideal 
has  toned  and  softened  her  nature  to  that  degree  that  coarseness 
cannot  enter  into  the  least  detail  of  her  domestic  occupations. 
Every  community  possesses  many  such  characters,  and  their  sense 
of  the  fitness  of  things,  of  propriety,  of  ornamentation,  of  nicety 
and  neatness  throws  a  charm  around  all  their  efforts.  They  are 
most  helpful  in  elevating  commonplace  acts  of  every-day  life,  and 
their  example  sheds  abroad  an  influence  which  is  truly  refining. 

There  are  many  degrees  of  this  faculty,  and  the  being  who 
possesses  little  of  this  useful  sense  is  cut  off  from  most  of  the  en- 
joyments which  Nature  and  art  alike  offer  in  such  abundance.  He 
is  also  less  useful  in  the  practical  walks  of  life,  lor  as  imagination 
gives  him  no  assistance  he  must  hence  depend  upon  teacliers,  and 
work  by  rule  and  method,  never  discovering  nor  inventing  new 
ways  and  ideas  through  the  operation  of  an  active  imagination. 

The  matter-of-fact  person  is  much  more  helpless  than  he  who 
has  even  a  fair  share  of  ability  to  imagine  how  acts  and  works  are 
performed  of  which  he  has  had  no  previous  experimental  knowl- 
edge. The  matter-of-fact  person  must  be  tanglit  all  that  he  does, 
but  one  with  a  good  imagination  can  comprehend  the  duties  of 
positions  for  which  he  has  never  been  trained,  and  can  fill  them  at 
a  moment's  notice  in  a  very  acceptable  manner. 

Imaginative  children  are  fiir  more  capable  of  self-amusement 
than  those  who  are  matter-of-flict,  for  they  will  originate  Httle  games 
and  give  birth  to  characters,  localities,  plots,  and  incidents  in  a 
very  entertaining  manner,  while  the  matter-of-fact  children  must  be 
provided  with  objects  and  assisted  by  the  suggestion  of  others  in 
order  to  make  a  game  pass  off  satisfactorily. 


52^  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Where  large  Observation  and  other  practical  faculties  are  found 
in  combination  with  a  good  degree  of  Ideality,  the  character  will 
exhibit  a  talent  of  common  sense,  with  capacity  for  filling  many 
diverse  positions  with  readiness  and  completeness.  Many  New 
Englanders  possess  this  combination,  which  the  old  ladies  term 
"  faculty," — that  is,  a  handiness  which  enables  them  without  prepa- 
ration to  perform  many  diverse  and  important  duties. 

Sharp-pointed,  gimlet-shaped  noses  belong  to  matter-of-fact 
people,  who  possess  little  refinement,  good  sense,  or  artistic  percep- 
tion, and  thus  are  deprived  of  those  enjoyments  of  Nature  and  art 
that  fill  a  large  part  of  the  life  of  the  idealist.  I  regard  such  per- 
sons with  pity,  for  they  are  poor  indeed.  It  requires  a  great  deal 
of  money  and  material  to  satisfy  the  latter  class,  for  they  cannot 
derive  a  moment's  entertainment  from  the  observation  of  the  most 
beautiful  landscape  in  the  world.  Mountains  to  them  are  only  so 
many  dirty  rocks ;  the  dewdrops,  glistening  upon  the  lawn,  are 
only  impediments  to  walking ;  Niagara,  foaming  and  dashing  in 
grandeur  down  its  depths,  only  elicits  from  them  the  criticism  of 
the  Englishman  who,  when  taken  by  a  romantic  friend  to  visit  this 
majestic  fall,  remarked:  "What's  to  'inder  it  falling'?"  Such  in- 
sensitive souls  remind  one  of  the  matter-of-fact  Peter  Bell,  of  whom 
the  poet  wrote : — 

"  A  primrose  by  the  river's  brim 
A  yellow  primrose  was  to  him — 
And  it  was  nothing  more." 

In  the  case  of  Ideality,  as  with  all  of  the  higher  constructive 
faculties,  there  are  two  ways  of  manifesting  its  presence.  One 
may  be  executive,  and  by  the  help  of  Constructiveness  be  able 
to  make  or  create  some  work  of  art  or  beauty,  as,  for  example, 
a  poem,  painting,  or  statue ;  or  he  may  be  capable  of  enacting  a 
grand  character,  such  as  Ristori  or  Salvini  impersonates,  while 
others  with  less  Constructiveness  are  capable  only  of  appreciating 
the  efforts  of  the  former,  yet  their  enjoyment  of  the  beauties  and 
excellencies  of  these  works  may  be  and  oflen  is  greater  than  that 
of  those  who  create  them ;  one  has  the  talent  of  creation^  the  other 
the  talent  of  appreciation. 

The  natural  allies  and  assistants  of  Ideality  are  Analysis, 
Constructiveness,  Mental  Imitation,  Sublimity,  and  Acquisitive- 
ness. The  imagination  requires  the  aid  of  Sublimity  to  give 
grandeur  to  the  great  imitations  of  Nature  in  her  most  majestic 
moods.  It  requires  also  the  capacity  for  separating  and  analyzing 
the  constituent  parts  of  everything  which  the  artist  would  imitate 
by  his  mental  conceptions  of  the  scenes  before  him.  Constructive- 
ness, too,  is  most  essential,  for,  without  the  skill  of  handicraft,  the 


IDEALITf.  62»^ 

power  of  manipulating  materials  by  the  flexibility  of  the  muscles, 
as  in  acting,  oratory,  singing,  playing,  and  gesture,  the  artist  would 
stop  short  at  appreciation,  and  there  would  be  no  works  of  art  con- 
structed, no  songs  sung,  no  characters  enacted, — ^lience  no  progress 
made  in  taste  and  refinement. 

Now,  we  find  that  those  who  possess  Ideality  and  Constructive- 
ness  with  Acquisitiveness  are  those  who  construct  the  fine  works 
which  ornament  our  homes  and  add  to  our  elevation  of  mind ; 
while  those  who  possess  Ideality  large,  with  small  Constructive- 
ness  and  Acquisitiveness,  are  the  appreciative  people  who  admire 
and  buy  these  works,  and  who  fill  the  opera,  theatre,  and  forum  to 
see  and  listen  to  the  grand  creations  of  poet,  painter,  actor,  and 
orator.  One  not  understanding  the  significance  of  Acquisitiveness 
might  not  see  its  relation  to  the  art-faculties.  The  artist  must 
have  the  capacity  for  acquiring  materials  and  money  to  carry  on 
his  plans,  else  he  would  make  no  effort  to  procure  money,  but 
pursue  art  without  reference  to  gain.  The  portraits  of  all  the 
great  artists  disclose  this  sign  very  large.  It  is  located  next  to 
Constructiveness  in  the  nose  and  adjoins  Ideality  and  Sublimity,  and 
is  very  near  Human  Nature.  It  is  also  most  decided  in  the  upper 
eyelid.  Let  the  reader  examine  the  portraits  of  Guide  Reni  (who 
was  said  by  his  biographers  to  be  very  avaricious  and  a  great 
gambler),  John  Flaxman,  Schiller,  Canova,  Sarah  Siddons,  Mdlle. 
Rachel,  Rembrandt  (who  was  also  very  avaricious),  Claude  Lor- 
raine, Titian,  Rubens,  Raphael,  Beethoven,  Bach,  Weber,  Handel, 
Tennyson,  Byron,  Dickens,  and  also  the  faces  of  all  creative 
geniuses,  and  he  will  find  large  Constructiveness  and  Acquisitive- 
ness. In  some  instances  this  trait  does  not  take  the  form  of  acquire 
ing  and  amassing  mcmey^  but  it  shows  its  strength  by  acquiring 
materials  for  the  work  required, — not  only  materials,  but  oppor- 
tunities and  occasions.  The  lover  of  books  seeks  to  acquire  books; 
the  lover  of  art  to  acquire  art-objects;  the  seeker  after  ideas 
searches  far  and  wide  for  them.  Had  I  pursued  dollars  as  indus- 
triously as  I  have  ideas,  and  stored  them  as  well,  I  should  now 
have  a  bank-book  instead  of  a  scientific  book.  I  can  understand 
the  greed  for  gold  by  my  own  greed  for  ideas. 

Biography  is  the  natural  assistant  of  physiognomy,  and  in 
studying  the  faces  of  the  great  and  wise  who  are  gone  we  can 
account  for  all  the  peculiarities  of  character  noted  by  their  biog- 
raphers. I  advise  my  readers  to  use  this  channel  of  knowledge  in 
connection  with  this  science,  particularly  if  they  can  find  books 
illustrated  with  portraits. 

Savage  races  show  by  their  love  of  rude  decorations  that  they 
possess  at  least  a  germ  of  the  ideal,  personal  decoration  being  one 


524  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

manifestation  of  this  trait.  The  animal  kingdom,  however,  in  every 
department  exhibits  an  affluence  of  the  decorative  phase  of  Ideahty 
in  its  show  of  bright  colors  and  beautiful  forms,  and,  as  we  reason 
logically  that  all  physical  appearances  are  accompanied  by  suitable 
mental  traits,  so  we  must  allow  that  insects,  buttei-flies,  moths,  etc., 
are  keenly  alive  to  the  beautiful  in  form  and  color,  while  birds 
show  by  their  manners  that  the  color-sense,  love  of  music,  of  form, 
and  of  atmosphere  are  pre-eminent  in  many  species.  Apropos  to 
this,  Darwin  remarks  that 

No  doubt  the  perceptive  powers  of  man  and  the  lower  animals  are  so 
constituted  that  brilliant  colors  and  certain  forms,  as  well  as  harmonious 
and  rhythmical  sounds,  give  pleasure  and  are  called  beautiful.* 

The  fact  that  birds  are  possessed  of  a  very  high  sense  of  form 
and  color  is  proved  by  the  methods  which  they  make  use  of 
to  display  to  each  other  their  beauties  of  form,  color,  and 
voice.  Of  this  sense  of  the  beautiful  in  birds  Darwin  observes 
thus : — 

Ornaments  of  all  kinds,  whether  permanently  or  temporarily  gained, 
are  sedulously  displayed  by  the  males,  and  apparently  serve  to  excite  or 
attract  or  charm  the  females.  All  naturalists  who  have  closely  attended  to 
the  habits  of  birds,  whether  in  a  state  of  Nature  or  under  confinement,  are 
unanimously  of  opinion  that  the  males  delight  to  display  their  beauty. 
Audubon  frequently  speaks  of  the  male  as  endeavoring  in  various  ways  to 
charin  the  female.  Mr.  Gould,  after  describing  some  peculiarities  in  a  male 
humming-bird,  says  he  has  no  doubt  that  it  has  the  power  of  displaying 
them  to  the  greatest  advantage  before  the  female.  It  must  be  a  grand  sight 
in  tlie  forest  of  India  to  come  suddenly  upon  twenty  or  thirty  pea-fowl,  the 
males  displaying  their  gorgeous  trains  and  strutting  about  in  all  the  pomp 
of  pride  before  the  gratified  females.* 

The  above  not  only  proves  that  the  birds  have  a  high  realiza- 
tion of  beauty,  or  Ideality,  but  that  personal  vanity  or  excessive 
Approbativeness  is  the  peculiar  attribute  of  the  7nales,  and  is 
shown  by  the  number  and  variety  of  their  numerous  extra  append- 
ages, such  as  wattles,  combs,  tufts,  sliafls  of  feathers,  etc.  This 
subject  is  treated  at  length  in  the  discussion  of  "Approbative- 
ness." 

The  dimpled  chin  is  more  commonly  seen  in  man  than  in 
woman.  Nearly  all  the  most  celebrated  poets,  painters,  actors, 
and  sculptors  exhibit  a  dimpled  chin.  This  is  a  secondary  sign 
of  Ideality,  but  a  very  important  signiiicator,  for  it  is  a  sure  indi- 
cation of  tlie  love  of  tlie  beautiful  in  the  opposite  sex  and  bears  a 
strong  relation  to  creative  aft.  It  assists  the  artist  or  poet  in 
forming  and  selecting  objects  of  loveliness  and  beauty  in  his 
ideals. 

*  Descant  of  Man,  Cliarls*  Darwin,  toI.  U,  p.  837.  t  Ibid.,  p.  83. 


HUMAN   NATURE.  525 

The  straight  oiithne  of  the  nose  is  another  sign  of  ideal 
beauty,  refinement,  taste,  and  often  of  poetic  feehng.  Wherever 
exhibited  it  will  take  one  or  the  other  of  these  forms.  Large, 
bright  eyes,  if  accompanied  by  a  skin  of  fine  texture,  reveal  a  love 
of  beauty  and  taste ;  so  also  do  regular,  arched,  narrow,  smooth, 
and  finely-delineated  eyebrows.  All  these  characteristics  are  never 
observed  in  the  faces  of  very  coarse  or  low  people.  I  have  never 
seen  a  dimple  in  the  chin  of  a  Negro,  nor  any  indications  of  one  in 
the  physiognomy  of  a  Tasmanian,  a  Bosjesman,  Papuan,  Fuegean, 
Patagonian,  North  American  Indian,  Caribe,  or  any  of  the  bar- 
barous, undeveloped  races,  proving  conclusively  that  Ideality  is 
farther  advanced  in  many  of  the  animal  tribes,  such  as  birds, 
butterflies,  and  insects,  than  in  the  former.  All  animate  nature 
presents  these  apparent  anomalies,  and  we  find  by  close  investiga- 
tion that  many  species  of  animals  exhibit  certatQ  senses  more  acutely 
than  even  the  most  advanced  races  of  men. 

Ideality  as  shown  by  the  dimpled  chin  is  a  mark  of  beauty  in 
itself,  and  is  caused  by  a  peculiar  arrangement  of  the  menti  muscle. 
All  art-signs  are  located  in  the  muscular  system,  and  beauty  of  the 
human  form  is  due  mainly  to  the  outlines  caused  by  the  pliable 
and  curving  nature  of  muscular  tissue. 

HUMAN   NATURE. 

Definition. — Intuitive  perception  of  human  character  by  the 
form,  size,  color,  motion,  and  expression  of  man ;  the  physiogno- 
mist; spontaneous  comprehension  of  physical  and  mental  con- 
ditions of  health  and  disease ;  the  natural  physician ;  capacity  for 
readily  comprehending  the  laws  and  conditions  of  animals,  plants, 
and  all  natural  objects ;  one  of  the  chief  faculties  of  the  naturalist, 
chemist,  physiologist,  astronomer,  poet,  painter,  scientist,  novelist, 
actor,  and  detective. 

An  excess  causes  one  to  be  curious,  observing,  acute,  astute, 
and  prying  into  the  habits,  thought,  and  actions  of  men  and 
animals,  and  all  things  which  manifest  character.  With  a  good 
mental  development  it  will  lead  one  to  pass  his  time  in  studying 
metaphysics,  physiognomy,  and  kindred  sciences.  No  restraint  is 
necessary  unless  one  infringes  upon  time  that  should  be  devoted 
to  more  essential  objects.  A  life-long  study,  however,  should  be 
given  to  this  branch  of  knowledge,  according  as  one's  time  and 
circumstances  permit. 

A  deficiency  makes  one  suspicious  of  motives,  and  leads  to 
disastrous  complications  in  business,  love,  and  friendship.  To 
remedy  this  natural  defect  take  lessons  in  physiognomy  of  some 
capable  teacher,  or  read  works  on  this  subject  and  commence  a 


626 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


course  of  observation  and  analysis ;  observe  the  voice  and  compare 
it  with  the  actions  and  walk ;  learn  the  meaning  of  the  forms  and 
colors  of  the  human  face,  nose,  eyes,  forehead,  and  chin,  and 
endeavor  to  suspend  judgment  of  character  until  sound,  scientific 
knowledge  reveals  their  significance. 

Facial  and  Bodili/  Signs. — The  most  prominent  sign  for  the 
faculty  of  Human  Nature  is  found  in  tlie  height  or  elevation  of 
the  tip  of  the  nose  above  the  plane  of  the  face,  causing  it  to  stand 

far  out  and  above  the  sur- 
rounding part.  It  assists 
also  in  giving  width  to  the 
tip  in  conjunction  with 
Ideality  and  Sublimity. 
Each  of  these  traits  adds 
to  the  development  of 
width  at  this  point.  Gen- 
eral size  of  the  entire  nasal 
organ  usually  accompanies 
a  f/ift^d  endowment  of  the 
faculty  of  Human  Nature. 
Fineness  of  the  texture  of 
the  skin  and  brightness  of 
the  eyes  are  also  secondary 
signs. 

Other  signs  of  this 
power  are  shown  by  width 
between  the  eyes  (Form) 
and  fullness  of  the  ethmoid 
bone  at  the  inner  comer 
of  the  eye  (Size).  Exam- 
ine the  physiognomies  of 
Aristotle,  Lavater,  Porta, 
John  Locke,  Desbarolles, 
Delsarte,  Dr.  John  Hunter, 
and  Dr.  William  Harvey 
for  the  signs  of  a  talented  degree  of  the  faculty  of  Human  Nature. 
Description  of  Human  Nature. — Says  Swedenborg: — 

If  we  cannot  read  Nature's  secret  in  her  countenance,  can  we  expect 
to  divine  it  from  her  verj'  brains  ?* 

Dissections  of  all  the  brains  in  the  universe  would  afford  us 
but  little  knowledge  of  character.  Neither  would  the  iveigJiing  of 
all  these  brains  reveal  any  natural  gifts  or  tendencies;  nor  does 

*  Animal  Kingdom,  Swedenborg,  p.  342. 


Fig,  74.— MARY  ANDERSON.     (Tkaoic  Actress.) 

Bom  In  California,  1859.  Principal  facial  sign, 
Human  Nature,  shown  by  height  of  the  point  of  tlie 
nose  above  the  plane  of  the  face.  The  law  of  the  curve 
governs  this  face.  Keenness  of  sensation  is  one  of  the 
leading  factors  in  this  cliaracter.  The  talent  for  tnigedy 
is  shown  by  the  curving  lower  jaw.  The  signs  for  Firm- 
ness, Conscientiousness,  Pneumativeness,Love  of  Home, 
and  Patriotism  are  marked.  Amativeness  and  Modesty 
in  the  upper  lip  are  large,  Approbativeness  and  Friend- 
ship in  the  cheeks  well  defined,  while  the  signs  in  the 
nose  of  Human  Nature,  Constructivencss,  Acquisitive- 
ness, Ideality,  Hope,  Analysis,  Sublimity,  Veneration, 
Executiveness,  and  Self-wiU  are  remarkably  conspicu- 
ous; so  also  are  Form,  Size,  Language,  Observation, 
Memory  of  Events,  and  Intuition,  with  the  color-sense 
sufficiently  developed  to  give  force  and  magnetism  to 
her  impersonations. 


HUMAN   NATURE. 


527 


the  exterior  form  of  the  slcidl  give  us  a  complete  knowledge  of 
character.  The  human  mind  is  made  up  of  a  series  of  faculties 
having  their  base  and  ground  of  action  in  2)Jii/sicaI  functions. 
When  these  functions  are  destroyed  partially  or  completely, 
the  mental  faculties  derived  from  tliem  are  partially  or  entirely 
destroyed;  hence,  it  must  be  patent  to  all  unprejudiced  minds 
that  in  order  to  fully  comprehend  all  the  different  phases  of 
human  character  we  must  examine  every  part  of  the  anatomy  and 
every  part  of  the  mechan- 
ism through  which  Mind 
is  alone  able  to  manifest  its 
powers. 

A  high  degree  of  the 
capacity  for  comprehending 
Human  Nature  is  found 
only  in  the  most  developed 
persons  of  the  most  ad- 
vanced, races.  This  faculty 
is  one  of  quality,  and  be- 
longs to  a  progressed  evo- 
lution. Although  a  cer- 
tain degree  of  this  trait  is 
found  in  all  races  and 
peoples,  yet  its  highest 
manifestations  are  exhib- 
ited by  such  persons  as 
Aristotle,  Porta,  Lavater, 
Socrates,  DesbaroUes,  Del- 
sarte,  and  other  gifted 
physiognomists.  Their 
countenances,  as  well  as 
their  writings,  corroborate 
the  signs  for  Human  Na- 
ture^ which  in  the  in- 
stances named  are  very 
prominent  and  noticeable. 

This  faculty,  then,  being  the  special  gift  of  highly-organized 
beings,  we  shall  naturally  look  to  a  development  of  that  feature 
which  is  the  most  distinctively  human,  viz.,  the  nose,  for  our 
proofs  of  its  existence.  Not  only  should  we  examine  this  feature 
as  a  whole,  but  we  should  closely  scrutinize  the  portion  which  is 
most  developed  in  developed  people.  Now,  the  lower  third 
of  the  nose  is  this  part,  and  in  the  physiognomies  of  all  the 
great  character-readers  of  the  world  we  find  that  the  point  of  the 


Fig.  75.- 


-WILLIAM  SHAKESPEARE.  (DRAMATIST, 
Poet,  Actok.) 


Bom  In  England,  lo&l.  Quality  of  the  highest. 
Conspicuous  facial  sign.  Human  Nature,  shown  by  tlie 
height  of  the  tip  of  the  nose  from  the  plane  of  the  face. 
The  law  of  the  straierht  line  and  curve  governs  this 
physiognomy.  The  lower  third  of  this  face  is  well 
developed  ;  the  chin  is  rounded,  the  lower  jaw  curved, — 
thus  showing  the  dominance  of  dramatic  power.  Ama- 
tiveness,  Love  of  Home,  Patriotism,  I^ove  of  Young, 
Friendship,  Approliativeness,  Color,  and  Sanativeness 
are  well  defined.  The  mental  signs  in  the  nose  are  all 
larpe.  Human  Nature,  Mental  Imitation,  Ideality, 
SuDlimitv,  Hope,  Analysis,  ( 'onstructiveness.  Acquisi- 
tiveness, Veneration,  Exccutiveiiess,  and  Self-will  unite 
to  form  a  nose  of  the  highest  cla.ss.  The  outline  of  the 
nose  is  8traight^— sign  of  poetic  or  aesthetic  capacity. 
The  signs  of  Prescience,  Observation,  Calculation, 
Form,  and  Size  are  uncomnionlv  developed,  while 
Memory  of  Events,  Reason,  and  Intuition  take  on  a 
sublime  cast. 


528  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

nose  extends  high  above  the  plane  of  the  face,  and,  as  there  is  a 
concurrence  of  this  pecuharity  in  this  class  of  minds,  we  are  justi- 
fied in  stating  that  this  is  the  most  decided  and  primary  sign  for 
this  capacity.  The  neighborhood,  too,  in  which  this  sign  is  situated 
is  another  proof  of  its  high  origin,  for  in  its  immediate  vicinity 
are  found  all  of  the  most  highly-developed  signs  of  character,  such 
as  Analysis,  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Constructiveness,  and  Mental 
Imitation.  The  logic  to  be  deduced  from  this  combination  of 
physiognomical  evidence  is  that  the  faculty  of  Human  Nature  is 
derived  from  a  high  development  of  mind  and  body;  in  other 
words,  from  a  jinelij-organized  condition  of  the  entire  mental 
mechanism,  particularly  of  the  brain  and  nervous  system.  The 
tip  of  the  nose  is  composed  of  cartilaginous  or  muscular  fibres, 
and  is  supplied  with  nerves  from  the  second  division  of  the  fifth 
pair  of  the  cranial  nerves,  which  is,  as  Dalton  states,  "  the  most 
acutely  sensitive  nerve  in  the  whole  body,"*  and  uncommon  sensi- 
tiveness of  any  part  denotes  high  organization;  in  other  words,  it 
indicates  superior  intelligence. 

Now  that  the  physiological  base  of  this  faculty  has  been  traced 
and  described,  I  shall  proceed  to  expound  some  of  its  leading 
mental  uses  and  manifestations. 

In  defining  the  scope  and  meaning  of  Human  Nature,  I 
understand  it  to  be  a  faculty  which  gives  the  power  of  discerning 
not  only  the  character  of  human  beings,  but  also  the  character 
and  condition  of  all  natural  objects,  laws,  and  truths.  It  is  mani- 
fested in  different  ways  and  degrees  by  the  various  minds  who 
exhibit  its  presence.  The  physician,  divine,  teacher,  lawyer, 
statesman,  actor,  merchant,  painter,  and  muse  all  depend  upon  its 
power  for  their  success.  The  animal-trainer  has  great  need  of  its 
power  in  training  animals  either  for  domestic  service  or  for  exhi- 
bitions. The  same  faculty  is  brought  to  bear  upon  dogs,  horses, 
camels,  elephants,  monkeys,  and  other  brutes  useful  to  man.  All 
the  higher  animals  are  good  natural  readers  of  human  character, 
as  well  as  of  animal  character;  while  trained  domestic  animals, 
birds,  insects,  and  reptiles  even  evince  great  capacity  in  this  direc- 
tion when  trained  and  permitted  to  be  the  companion  of  man. 
On  this  subject  Dr.  Lindsay  observes  thus: — 

The  dog  becomes  also  a  A-^ery  keen  and  successful  student  of  mnn's 
physiognomy.  It  carefully  scans  his  countenance  in  order  to  the  detection 
of  its  earliest  clouds  or  sunshine.  If  it  sees  its  master's  face  covered  with 
frowus,  it  infers  anger  and  expects  kicks, — an  inference  and  anticipation 
that  lead  it  quietly  to  get  out  of  the  waj'.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  it  meets 
smiles  or  laughs,  it  greets  its  master  joyously,  in  its  own  way  reflecting  and 

Dalton'8  Treatise  on  Human  Physiology,  p.  453. 


HUMAN    NATURE. 


529 


reciprocating  his  good  humor.  Sliould  tears  unexpectedly  appear,  it  offers 
sympathy  and  condolence  in  forms  as  eloquent  and  unmistakable  as  man 
himself  can  use  to  brother-man.  In  coming  b}'  such  means  to  a  conclusion 
how  far  it  lias  reason  to  fear  or  to  trust  man,  the  dog  is  very  much  on  a 
footing  with  the  child  (Darwin).* 

All  great  discoverers,  inventors,  naturalists,  musicians,  actors, 
and  dramatists  have  this  sign  well  defined,  and  find  great  need  and 
use  for  the  power  wliich  intuitive  knowledge  of  human  nature 
gives.  This  sign,  like  all  the  others  which  cluster  about  the  tip 
of  the  nose,  belongs  to 
perfected  races  and  people. 
The  undeveloped  races 
and  undeveloped  persons 
among  the  developed  races 
are  lacking  in  this  faculty, 
and  hence  they  use  Sus- 
picion, Jealousy,  Conceit, 
and  other  animal  -  like 
traits  in  place  of  this 
accurate  character-reading 
power.  All  things  in  Na- 
ture carry  tlioir  signs  of 
character  along  with  them, 
and  show  by  their  form, 
shape,  size,  color,  and  qual- 
ity what  tliey  are,  the 
rank  they  hold  in  the 
world,  and  tlieir  ability  for 
usefulness  or  for  destruc- 
tion. Nature  never  lies, 
and  if  we  fail  to  read 
correctly  it  is  owing  to 
our  tcant  of  observation 
and  acuteness,  and  no  fault 
of  Nature's.     As   soon  as 

we  have  become  fully  satisfied  that  all  things  in  Nature  proclaim 
their  character  by  their  appearance,  just  so  soon  shall  we  commence 
to  understand  her  at  her  work.  We  have  been  blessed  with  the 
faculties  of  Observation,  Reflection,  Form,  Color,  Size,  Order, 
Imagination,  Sublimity,  Human  Nature,  and  Acquisitiveness,  and 
we  find  in  Nature's  works  the  principles  of  Form,  Size,  Color, 
Beauty,  and  Sublimity  to  be  understood.  Is  there  no  meaning  and 
proof  in   this   adaptation    of  these   conditions  of  Nature  to  the 

» Mind  in  tlie  Lower  Animals,  .T.  L.  Lindsay,  M.D.,  voL  1,  p.  852. 
34 


Fig.  76.^I0HANN  KASPAR  LAVATER.    (Divine, 
Poet,  Author,  Patriot,  Physiognomist.) 

Born  in  Switzerland,  1741.  Tlie  law  of  the  straight 
line,  cnrve,  and  square  governs  this  face.  Principal 
facial  sign.  Human  Nature.  Tlie  signs  for  Conscience, 
Firmness,  I<ove  of  Home,  I>()ve  of  Young,  Patriotism, 
Benevolence,  Self-esteem,  Aniativeness,  Modesty,  Ap- 
probativeness.  Economy,  8anntiveness.  and  Friendship 
are  well  defined.  In  the  nose  the  signs  for  Human 
Nature,  Idealitv,  Analysis,  Mental  Imitation,  and  (^on- 
structiveness,  Veneration,  Executivencss,  and  Self-will 
are  very  large.  The  signs  for  Observation,  Form,  Size, 
Langua"ge,  Calculation,  Memory  of  Event*,  and  Intui- 
tion are  conspicuous.  The  logical  or  reasoning  capacity 
is  not  great.  It  is  the  face  of  an  artist,  not  a  scientist; 
hence  his  works  treat  of  physiognomy  as  an  art,  not  as 
a  science.  The  above  portrait  discloses  a  mild,  modest, 
earnest,  conscientious,  humane,  religious,  and  literary 
character. 


530  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

mental  and  moral  faculties  of  man?  If  we  can  discover  the  char- 
acter of  minerals  as  seen  in  Nature  by  their  forms,  sizes,  and  colors, 
do  you  think  that  it  was  intended  that  Man's  natural  knowledge 
of  natural  laws  and  conditions  should  stop  there"?  Prof.  Dana, 
the  celebrated  mineralogist,  discoursing  on  the  knowledge  of  char- 
acter as  exhibited  in  the  mineral  kingdom,  remarked  thus: — 

The  earth  may  be  said  to  have  cr3-stal  foundations,  and  if  there  is  not 
the  beauty  of  external  form  there  is  the  interior,  profounder  beauty  of 
universal  law.  Each  mineral,  with  but  few  exceptions,  has  its  definite  form 
by  which  it  may  be  known,  and  as  truly  as  a  cat  or  dog. 

The  proof  of  this  sign  and  its  accompanying  faculty  is  easily 
found,  for  if  we  investigate  the  lives  and  scan  the  faces  of  all  who 
discern  the  truths,  laws,  and  principles  of  Nature  we  shall  find 
the  signs  before  mentioned  quite  prominent,  and  where  we  observe 
these  signs  we  shall  find  those  who  possess  them  to  be  lovers  and 
investigators  of  the  natural  sciences — lovers  of  truth,  hence 
enabled  to  comprehend  universal  truth,  and  with  an  insatiable 
desire  to  know  the  facts  of  Nature  as  they  exist.  This  sign 
occupies  the  most  prominent  place  in  the  face,  and  its  position 
shows  its  importance.  It  is  adapted  to  the  welfare  of  humanity, 
and  those  who  possess  this  faculty  in  a  talented  degree  are  found 
in  those  pursuit^  which  tend  to  elevate  the  race  or  to  relieve  its 
distress, — such,  for  example,  as  physicians,  inventors,  reformers, 
poets,  painters,  sculptors,  actors,  naturalists  and  scientists,  physi- 
ognomists, hygienists,  and  physiologists. 

Those  who  possess  a  large  share  of  this  faculty  can  not  only 
discern  those  who  are  most  fit  to  be  the  progenitors  of  an  im- 
proved race,  but  are  also  themselves  capable  of  reproducing  superior 
types  by  reason  of  the  excess  of  this  faculty,  which  denotes  a  de- 
gree of  perfection  not  observed  in  those  who  exhibit  only  a  very 
small  amount  of  this  trait.  The  physiognomist  and  hygienist, 
physician  and  scientist  must  be  endowed  witli  a  large  measure  of 
Human  Nature  in  order  to  comprehend  the  facts  and  conditions 
appertaining  to  their  various  departments  of  research.  Doubtless  the 
lirlmary  use  of  this  knowledge  is  for  the  purpose  of  selecting  right 
partners  in  marriage,  for  we  know  that  all  primary  faculties  are 
for  the  sustentation  and  preservation  of  the  race,  while  the  primary 
use  of  all  tlie  more  developed  and  perfected  faculties  is  for  the  devel- 
opment of  mankind.  The  secondary  use  of  the  later  acquisitions  to 
the  human  mind  is  for  the  further  perfection  of  the  race  by  trans- 
mission, and  we  know  that  the  talents  and  moral  and  intellectual 
virtues  which  have  been  cultivated  from  one  generation  to  another 
are  aggregated  and  intensified  by  several  generations  of  culture. 


HUMAN   NATURE.  631 

and  are  then  transmitted  in  that  highly  speciaUzed  condition.  It 
is  by  such  course  of  action  (which  is  carried  on  in  most  cases  with- 
out reference  to  tliis  end)  that  races  of  singers,  actors,  judges,  and 
even  giants  and  dwarfs  are  created  as  distinct  types. 

It  is  a  historical  fact  that  there  were  fifty-seven  eminent  musicians  of 
the  Bacli  family  in  Germany  in  the  course  of  eight  generations,  and  hun- 
dreds of  good  musicians  who  did  not  take  rank  as  eminent.  We  find  in 
history,  also,  a  record  of  the  race  of  giants  which  Frederick  William  and 
William  II  created  by  marrying  the  tallest  women  in  the  kingdom  to  their 
guardsmen, — men  who  had  been  selected  for  their  height.* 

This  method  of  scientific  selection  is  but  rarely  attempted, 
yet  such  a  plan  for  the  improvement  of  the  race  by  design  should 
be  put  in  practice  by  all  intending  marriage.  The  advice  of  a 
good  physiognomist  or  physician  should  be  had.  The  reason  why 
we  find  so  many  perverted  specimens  of  humanity  is  explained  in 
the  following  extract : — 

In  most  cases,  however,  man  does  not  use  his  reason  and  observation 
in  a  positive  manner  for  improving  tiie  race,  but  the  process  which  we  call 
evolution,  or  progressive  development  in  man,  animal,  and  plant,  is  carried 
forward  by  what  is  denominated  "  natural  selection."  This  is  a  sort  of 
blind,  instinctive,  unconscious  manner  of  selecting  mates,  and  in  this  slOw 
method  the  races  of  all  the  departments  of  Nature  have  progressed  through 
the  ages  that  have  passed. f 

When  we  observe  so  many  vicious,  weak,  sickly-looking 
parents  endeavoring  to  rear  offspring  we  often  think  that  the  race 
must  surely  become  extinct,  and  were  it  not  for  another  circumstance 
which  we  may  say  really  acts  as  a  law  the  extinction  of  the  human 
race  would  ensue.  The  "  survival  of  the  fittest  "  is  a  term  that  the 
late  Mr.  Uarwin  has  made  popular,  and  it  is  by  the  survival  of 
the  fittest  that  the  race  is  carried  forward  slowly,  yet  surely,  by 
that  progressive  development  which  naturalists  and  physiologists 
know  to  be  an  undeniable  fact  in  Nature.  AVhen  the  laws  of  our 
physiology  have  been  so  outraged  as  to  produce  types  too  weak  to 
survive  the  period  of  childhood,  they  die  oft"  and  leave  only  those 
who  have  sufficient  mtalitt/  to  become  the  progenitors  of  a  superior 
race  or  type.  This  loeeding-ont  process,  which  acts  naturally  and 
unconsciously,  is  the  salvation  of  humanity,  and  we  shall  find,  if 
we  observe  with  the  eyes  of  science,  that  in  Nature  outraged  law 
executes  its  own  penalties.  ''  Tlie  man  who  sinneth  he  shall  die  " 
says  the  Scripture,  and  we  know  that  men  do  not  have  to  wait 
until  life  is  extinct  to  suffer  for  their  own  transgression  as  well  as 
for  the  transgressions  of  their  forefathers.     We  are  not  living  for 

»  Hereditary  (ienius.  Francis  Galton,  p.  239. 
t  The  Human  Species,  Quatrefages,  p.  253. 


532  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

ourselves  exclusively,  but  really  and  truly  for  eternity.  It  is  a 
duty — a  religious  duty — to  study  the  physiology,  anatomy,  and  hy- 
giene, as  well  as  the  physiognomy,  both  of  animals  and  men.  In 
this  way  our  knowledge  of  Human  Nature  will  be  perfected,  and 
thus  we  shall  be  able  to  assist  in  selecting  suitable  persons  to 
become  the  progenitors  of  a  higher  race,  morally,  mentally,  and 
physiologically ;  and,  since  all  experiences  are  transmitted,  our  own 
perfection  in  character-reading  may  descend  to  children  and  chil- 
dren's children  unto  many  generations.  This  is  another  use  to 
which  we  can  put  our  knowledge  of  Human  Nature.  Common 
isense,  like  Human  Nature,  is  only  inherited  experience. 

Children  while  yet  in  the  stage  of  animal  instinct  evince  a 
large  share  of  this  faculty,  as  all  mothers  can  testify  when  they 
find  their  infants,  even,  taking  advantage  of  their  love  as  well  as  of 
their  weakness  of  mind,  playing  upon  their  feelings  as  skillfully  as 
a  professor  upon  the  piano.  Now,  I  do  not  use  the  term  "  instinct " 
in  a  degraded  or  ignoble  sense,  for  it  is  in  many  ways  superior  to 
reason,  and  it  is  the  faculty  most  relied  upon  by  animals  in  their 
intercourse  with  men.  The  infant  also  relies  upon  it  entirely  until 
education  and  training  modify  it,  and  he  then  looks  to  rules,  laws, 
and  precepts  for  his  guidance  in  place  of  his  inherited  perceptions 
or  instincts;  while  partial  idiots  are  much  lower  than  infants  in 
this  sense  and  not  so  high  as  dogs  or  horses.  Savages,  too,  rely  in 
a  great  measure  upon  their  feelings  in  regard  to  approaching  others, 
while  all  the  higher  domestic  animals  possess  and  exhibit  an  in- 
stinctive perception  of  character  of  a  high^  order.  Dogs  seldom 
approach  or  endeavor  to  make  friends  with  one  who  does  not 
like  animals. 

Of  the  inanifold  and  beneficial  uses  of  the  faculty  of  Human 
Nature  I  have  scarcely  space  to  speak.  Its  possession  in  a  large  de- 
gree robs  one  of  suspicion  and  of  the  hatred  and  jealousies  founded 
on  misinterpretation  of  character  and  motives.  A  good,  true  physi- 
ognomist, one  born  such,  has  neither  jealousy  nor  suspicion  in  his 
composition.  Were  this  the  case  he  could  not  give  a  correct  ren- 
dering of  character,  for  he  would  substitute  his  suspicions  for  truths 
and  thus  falsities  and  errors  would  mark  his  renderings  of  character. 
A  lack  of  this  faculty  makes  one  narrow-minded,  and  such  persons 
are  ill-fitted  to  comprehend  the  infinite  opulence  of  Nature  or  to 
decipher  her  ethnic  hieroglyphics,  as  observed  in  the  faces  and 
forms  of  savage  races,  idiots,  and  criminals,  for  the  laws  of  unde- 
velopment  must  be  understood  as  well  as  the  laws  of  development. 
"Nature's  speaking  marvels"  in  the  characters  of  man  and  beast 
are  truly  wonderful,  yet  can  be  comprehended  by  those  who  pos- 
sess the  right  equipments  of  character,  and  no  shadowy  sophisms 


HUMAN   NATURE.  533 

will  deceive  the  naturalist  who  has  an  eye  for  truth  and  who  is  at 
once  "  a  devotee  to  facts  and  a  master  of  the  highest  abstractions," 
— such,  for  example,  as  Aristotle,  Newton,  or  Bacon.  The  graphic 
methods  which  Nature  uses  to  reveal  the  characteristics  of  plant, 
animal,  and  mineral  are  as  correct  as  numerous.  It  is  the  duty 
and  province  of  such  as  heredity  and  evolution  have  furnished  with 
natural  gifts  to  make  known  to  those  less  favored  the  signals,  em- 
blems, and  significations  of  form,  size,  color,  and  quality  which  are 
the  distinguishing  features  of  every  separate  atom,  organized  object, 
and  being  in  existence.  These  high  gifts  should  be  cultivated  and 
devoted  to  the  service  of  humanity  in  a  religious  spirit.  It  is  in 
this  spirit — the  spirit  of  truth — that  such  men  as  the  Herschels, 
Darwin,  Spencer,  Cuvier,  Linnaeus,  Lavoisier,  Count  Rumford, 
Joseph  Black,  Descartes,  Agricola,  Paracelsus,  Tycho  Brahe,  Wol- 
laston,  Faraday,  Fraunhofer,  and  the  rest  of  the  grand  army  of 
truth-seekers  have  proceeded  to  enlighten  the  world  with  the  truths 
of  God's  laws,  which  are  at  once  both  gospel  and  revelation.  The 
moral  character  of  the  scientific  classes  stands  head  and  shoulders 
above  that  of  almost  all  other  classes,  and  this  results  from  the  fact 
that  a  true  scientist's  character  must  be  built  on  truth, — on  Con- 
scientiousness,— else  he  would  be  as  incapable  of  discerning  and 
discovering  truths  as  an  artist  would  be  of  using  colors  were  he 
naturally  colorless  and  pallid.  The  principles  which  one  deals  with 
most  successfully  in  his  trade  or  profession  must  be  largely  repre- 
sented in  his  own  organism. 

The  direction  which  Human  Nature  will  take  in  its  manifesta- 
tions depends  upon  the  faculties  in  combination.  Where  the 
practical  faculties  are  dominant  and  Human  Nature  large,  the 
individual  is  capable  of  becoming  a  physician,  physiognomist, 
or  anatomist,  and,  with  large  reflective  faculties,  an  inventor. 
Those  with  Agreeability,  Language,  and  Human  Nature  large  are 
adepts  in  managing  people ;  they  are  plausible  and  persuasive,  and 
make  good  salesmen.  With  large  Approbativeness  added,  they 
have  the  combination  for  political  life ;  with  large  Locality  com- 
bined, they  evince  a  love  of  travel  and  discovery.  The  signs  for 
Human  Nature  and  Locality  are  very  conspicuous  in  the  faces  of 
Captain  Cook  and  Marco  Polo. 

All  great  artists,  orators,  poets,  and  actors  possess  large  Human 
Nature  and  Amativeness.  This  gives  the  combination  for  creative 
efforts,  especially  in  the  delineations  and  descriptions  of  human 
characters,  forms,  figures,  etc.  The  celebrated  detectives,  Fouch6 
and  Pinkerton,  disclose  Human  Nature  most  decidedly.  Talleyrand 
also  exhibits  several  of  the  signs  for  this  faculty,  and  history  tells 
us  that  he  was  an  adept  not  only  in  reading  character,  in  discerning 


534  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

motives,  but  also  that  he  had  that  most  rare  faculty, — the  capacity 
for  managing  and  using  men  at  his  will. 

The  science  of  Human  Nature  is  yet  in  its  infancy.  My  own 
contribution  gives  a  foundation-system  based  on  natural  laws.  The 
superstructure  of  accumulated  facts  must  be  the  work  of  gener- 
ations of  observers.  The  scope  of  this  science  is  not  second  to  the 
solar  system,  and  as  each  astronomer  adds  to  our  knowledge  of  its 
vastness,  so  must  good,  observing  physiognomists  leave  to  posterity 
well-demonstrated  truths  which  are  incontrovertible  and  corrobo- 
rated by  all  the  other  departments  of  science,  and  thus  rescue 
this,  the  grandest  and  noblest  of  all  sciences,  from  the  hands  of 
the  charlatan,  ignoramus,  quack,  and  pretender.  No  profession 
demands  more  purity  of  ,life,  loftier  principles,  greater  knowledge 
of  God's  eternal  laws,  than  that  of  physiognomy.  No  profession 
demands  a  more  reverent,  devout,  and  religious  spirit,  nor  one 
more  devoted  to  absolute  truth  than  this;  hence,  it  becomes  its 
professors  to  hold  the  standard  of  cliaracter  high,  and  be  their  oion 
exemplars  of  the  highest  cmiscientiousness  and  of  demonstrable 
truths. 

ACQUISITIVENESS. 

Definition. — The  desire  to  gain,  obtain,  earn,  or  win  money, 
property,  fame,  ability,  learning,  applause,  knowledge,  or  power; 
the  provider  and  commercialist.  The  direction  which  Acquisitive- 
ness will  take  depends  upon  the  other  faculties  in  combination  in 
each  individual. 

An  excess  causes  one  to  be  frugal,  stingy,  and  small  in  savings ; 
perverted,  it  imparts  a  love  for  gambling  and  games  of  chance, 
and  when  unrestrained  shows  by  dishonest  methods  of  business. 
It  gives  an  insatiable  desire  for  the  acquisition  of  property,  knowl- 
edge, power,  position,  fame,  reputation,  friends,  or  whatever  the 
dominating  traits  call  for. 

A  deficiency  causes  one  to  be  careless  of  money  or  possessions, 
and  tends  to  prodigality,  improvidence,  poverty,  ignorance,  loss  of 
reputation,  and  no  desire  for  power  and  its  advantages. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — In  the  human  face  the  most  de- 
cisive signs  for  Acquisitiveness  are  found  in  the  head,  eye,  ear, 
nose,  jaw,  and  mouth.  A  thick,  heavy  upper  eyelid,  which  discloses 
a  large  surface  while  the  eye  is  open,  giving  a  sleepy  look,  is  a 
very  noticeable  sign  of  this  trait.  This  sign  is  observed  mainly 
in  Oriental  races.  Another  sign  is  shown  by  a  fullness  and  breadth 
of  the  sides  of  the  nose  just  above  the  nostril.  The  high-arched, 
convex,  or  hooked  nose,  resembling  the  beak  of  the  bird  of  prey,  is 
another  sign  of  commercial  rapacity,  as  well  as  of  the  love  of  over- 


ACQUISITIVENESS,  5S5 

coming  one's  enemy  or  of  removing  obstacles  in  the  way  of  glory, 
fame,  or  learning.  Wide,  predaceous  jaws  and  large  mouth,  and 
head  wide  above  the  ears,  are  also  evidences  of  commercial  Acquisi- 
tiveness. Most  of  the  great  bankers,  financiers,  and  money-kings 
have  very  large  ears;  full,  round  foreheads,  and  large,  round,  stocky 
frames.  Misers,  whose  sole  aim  is  accumulation,  exhibit  a  pallid, 
thin,  dry,  wrinkled  under-lip,  and  body  bent  forward,  the  countenance 
sometimes  covered  with  fine  wrinkles,  falling  in  every  direction. 
Numerous  small  and  fine  wrinkles  all  over  the  face  and  lips  disclose 
a  life  of  petty  cares  and  small  earnings.  The  hands  of  misers,  as 
George  Combe  observes,  "go  out  at  the  sides  as  if  grasping  some- 
thing." This  is  caused  by  the  constant  effort  of  the  extensor 
muscles  of  the  hand  and  arm  in  reaching  forward  as  if  to  seize 
something.  This  movement  arises  from  the  dominant  idea  of 
getiing^  and  all  the  outward  shapes  which  the  body  and  limbs 
assume,  if  long  continued,  reveal  the  dominant  impulse  within. 

In  animals,  Acquisitiveness  is  shown  by  prominence  of  the 
middle  incisor  teeth,  narrow  mouth,  and  flexibility  of  the  muscles, 
particularly  of  the  fiexor  muscles  of  the  fore- paws.  This  descrip- 
tion applies  to  the  rodents,  such  as  the  squirrel,  rat,  etc.,  while 
predaceous  energy  is  shown  in  the  carnivorous  class  by  width 
of  jaw,  breadth  and  roundness  of  the  head,  prominence  of  the 
muscles,  broad  nose  and  nostrils,  capacious  chest,  and  strong  digest- 
ive powers.  In  the  bird  of  prey  it  is  shown  by  the  convexity  of  the 
beak,  thick  neck,  and  arching  of  the  claws,  and  powerful  muscular 
system. 

Description  of  Acquisitiveness. — The  physiological  base 
of  Acquisitiveness  is  derived  from  the  nutritive  functions;  its 
signs  in  the  mouth  and  nose  are  proofs  of  this  statement.  Its 
animal  manifestations  are  another  proof,  while  its  sign  in  the  nose, 
situated  next  to  Constructiveness,  and  assisting  to  form  the  sign 
for  the  stomach  (width  of  the  bridge  of  the  nose),  is  still  further 
evidence  of  its  purpose  and  power  in  the  human  organism.  The 
reader  will  naturally  ask  what  right  Acquisitiveness  has  to  settle 
itself  in  the  artistic  and  literary  group.  He  will  naturally  conclude 
that  this  trait  has  strayed  away  from  its  position  in  the  vegetative 
division,  and  settled  in  a  territory  not  at  all  suitable  to  such  a 
grasping,  foraging  creature  as  this  Mr.  Acquisitiveness  appears  to 
be.  On  the  face  of  it  tliis  would  seem-  to  be  a  correct  way  to  look 
at  this  faculty,  but  we  must  not  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that  the 
primary  use  of  nearly  all  the  mental  faculties  relates  to  our  bodily 
wants,  and  that  their  secondary  aspect  leads  to  the  improvement 
and  advancement  of  the  race.  Ideality  tends  to  the  evolution  of 
the  race  by  giving  man  a  love  of  the  beautiful,  and  thus  leads  him 


536 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


primarily  to  select  for  marriage  those  whom  he  conceives  to  be  the 
most  beautiful  in  order  to  reproduce  the  same  types.  This  is  the 
physical  aspect  of  this  so-called  poetic  trait.  Now,  Acquisitiveness 
in  its  primary  use,  both  in  man  and  animal,  is  devoted  to  getting, 
first,  food  for  sustenance;  second,  materials  for  clothes  and  shelter 

necessaries  of  life ;  hence,  in  man  the  signs  for  this  faculty  are 

found  in  the  mouth  and  teeth  and  in  the  grasping  flexor  muscles, 

denoting  its  animal  use  and 
purpose.  From  this  expo- 
sition of  the  primary  use  of 
the  faculty  of  Acquisitive- 
ness we  are  forced  to  the 
conclusion  that  the  visceral 
organization  is  its  primitive 
physical  base.  This  logic 
is  emphasized  by  the  fact 
that  those  men  and  ani- 
mals which  exhibit  the  most 
Acquisitiveness,  and  who 
are  most  successful  in  ac- 
quisition on  a  large  scale, 
are  those  who  possess  great 
visceral  vigor;  for  large 
mouth,  jaws,  nose,  and 
nostrils  announce  the  pres- 
ence of  great  digestive, 
respiratory,  and  circulatory 
powers;  while  broad,  flat 
heads  and  round  muscles 
tell  us  of  predaceous  en- 
ergy; hooked  noses,  of 
grasping  rapacity ;  and 
these  signs  point  to  similar 
characteristics,  whether 
found  in  rodentia,  birds  of 
prey,  or  in  the  carnivorous 
classes  of  animals. 
Its  more  developed  mental  signs  are  found  above  the  mouth, 
in  the  eyes  and  nose,  that  purely  human  feature  adjoining  Con- 
structiveness  and  in  close  proximity  to  other  well-known  char- 
acteristic and  literary  traits ;  for  the  man  who  would  build  a 
home  or  erect  a  temple,  write  a  sermon,  paint  a  picture,  construct 
a  play,  or  deliver  an  oration,  must  first  have  the  desire  to  acquire 
sufficient  material  to  carry  forward  his  project  to  a  practical  com- 


FiG.  77.— MATTHEW  VASSAR. 

(  COMMERCIALIST. ) 

Conspicuous  facial  sign,  Acc^uisitiveness,  shown  by 
fullness  of  the  nose  at  the  side  just  above  the  nostril, 
wide  jaws,  large  and  broad  ears,  wide  chest,  head  broad 
just  above  the  ears.  The  law  of  the  straight  line  and 
cube  governs  this  countenance.  This  face  denotes  Com- 
mercial Capacity  and  Benevolence  about  equally  devel- 
oped. The  solid  expression  of  the  entire  face  is  most 
striking.  The  signs  for  Conscientiousness,  Firmness, 
Patriotism,  Love  of  Home,  Economy,  Bibativeness,  Ali- 
mentiveness,  Mirthfulness,  Benevolence,  Friendship, 
Hospitality,  Self-esteem,  and  Modesty  are  well  defined. 
Amativeness  and  Love  of  Young  do  not  appear  very 
large,  for  the  reason  that  the  mouth  has  been  habitually 
drawn  together  in  the  act  of  profound  thought,  yet  both 
these  traits  are  normally  developed.  The  signs  of  Human 
Nature,  Sublimity,  Mental  Imitation,  Acquisitiveness, 
Constructiveness,  Veneration,  Executiveness,  and  Self- 
will  are  most  apparent;  Observation  is  most  decided, 
while  Language,  Locality,  Memory  of  Events,  Reason, 
and  Intuition  are  large.  Altogether  forming  the  picture 
of  an  exceedingly  well-balanced,  capable,  and  kindly 
nature. 


ACQUISITIVENESS. 


53t 


pletion,  and  this  desire  for  acquiring  materials  relates  to  Construct- 
iveness;  hence,  its  sign  in  the  nose  is  placed  next  to  the  sign  for 
building  or  constructing.  It  also  adjoins  the  sign  for  the  stomach, 
which  is  a  muscular-constructive  organ  that  assists  by  its  power 
and  action  to  huild  the  body  upon  strong  and  firm  foundations, 
and  thus  adds  to  man's  capacity  for  constructive  works  of  art  and 
literature.  The  idea  of  the  intimate  relation  between  Alimentive- 
ness,  Constructiveness,  and 
Acquisitiveness  has  been 
noticed  by  J.  Stanley 
Grimes,  the  most  original 
of  all  the  early  phrenolo- 
gists.    He  says : — 

It  is  remarkable  that  all 
the  animals  that  acquire  prop- 
erty first  make  use  of  their 
Constructiveness  to  prepare  a 
proper  store  in  which  to  de- 
posit and  preserve  it  for  future 
use.  The  beaver,  for  instance, 
makes  use  of  his  Constructive- 
ness to  gnaw  down  trees  and 
build  a  convenient  hut,  and 
afterward  acquires  bark  to 
gratify  his  Alimentiveness 
during  winter.  The  rat,  also, 
that  notoriously  thievish  ani- 
mal, first  prepares  a  nest  or 
hiding-place  by  gnawing  and 
digging  in  a  manner  nearly  as 
ingenious  as  the  beaver,  and 
then  begins  to  acquire  provis- 
ions for  the  winter.  The  same 
is  true  of  nearly  all  the  ro- 
dentia.  It  is  interesting  thus 
to  trace  the  connection  between 
the  propensities  of  Alimentive- 
ness, Constructiveness,  and 
Acquisitiveness,  and  at  the 
same  time  observe  the  manner 
in  which  they  are  chained 
together  in  the  brain.* 


Fig.  78. -JAY  GOULD.    (Financibr.) 

Bom  in  America.  Conspicuous  facial  sicn,  Ac- 
quisitiveness, shown  by  fullness  of  the  sides  of  the  nose, 
large  ears,  wide  jaws,  adjoining  the  sign  for  Construct- 
iveness. The  law  of  the  straight  line  and  curve  governs 
this  face.  Tlie  indications  of  tlie  upper  part  of  this 
physiognomy  teach  us  that  most  of  the  domestic  traits 
are  normally  developed.  The  signs  in  the  nose  show 
Sublimity,  Human  Nature,  Constructiveness,  and  Ac- 
quisitiveness to  be  large.  This  combination  enables 
him  to  form  jdans  for  the  acquisition  of  wealth.  Tlie 
deep  color  of  the  eyes,  hair,  and  complexion  shows 
power  and  intensity  of  all  the  faculties.  The  signs  for 
Veneration,  Executivenes.s,  and  Self-will  are  very  pro- 
nounced ;  Observation,  Korm,  Size,  Locality,  and  C  alcu- 
lation  are  well  defined;  I-anguage  normally  developed; 
Memory  of  Events  and  Reason  are  uncommonly  promi- 
nent. The  peculiarities  of  this  miiul  are  similar"  to  those 
of  a  chess-player,  and  it  is  this  construction  and  com- 
bination or  traits,  quality,  and  color  which  give  the 
power  for  devising  schemes  for  large  acquisition.  The 
lormation  and  luxuriance  of  the  hair  denote  great 
vitality,  and  the  nose  shows  descent  from  long-lived 
ancestry.  Were  the  lower  part  of  the  face  v'sible,  the 
signs  for  Secretiveness,  for  which  Mr.  Gould  is  noted, 
would  be  easily  seen.  A  good  physiognomist  would  be 
quite  able  to  discern  them  were  he  to  see  the  subject 
face  to  face. 


Some  of  the  animals  which  possess  both  large  Constructive- 
ness and  large  Acquisitiveness  are  noted  for  building  most  inge- 
nious and  artistic  structures  for  dwellings  and  for  defense,  such  as 
dams  and  fortifications.     These  dweUings  cannot  be  said  to  be 


•  Mysteries  of  the  Head  and  Heart,  J.  Stanley  Orimes,  pp.  57, 58.    Chicago.  • 


538  PRACTICAL  AND  SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

built  by  instinct,  as  is  claimed  for  tbe  works  of  certain  insects,  but 
show  great  originality  and  adaptation  of  new  ideas  and  plans  to 
new  and  unforeseen  circumstances,  as,  for  example,  the  beaver's 
lodges  and  dams,  of  which  the  Rev.  J.  G.  Wood  remarks  thus : — 

The  beaver  lives  in  societies  varying  considerably  in  number  and 
united  together  in  the  formation  of  works  which  ma}'  be  considered  as 
belonging  to  the  profession  of  the  engineer.* 

Among  other  animals  that  exhibit  the  acquisitive-constructive 
phase  of  liie,  and  whose  mouth  and  teeth  present  an  appearance 
similar  to  that  seen  in  many  human  beings,  I  may  mention  the 
mouse,  rat,  lemming,  mole,  musk-rat,  porcupine,  urson,  coendoo, 
capybara,  hare,  rabbit,  jerboa,  springhaas,  chinchilla,  long-eared 
squirrel,  marmot,  prairie-dog,  and  gopher.  All  of  these  animals 
are  constructive,  many  of  them  most  artistic,  as,  for  example,  the 
mole.  They  are  also  great  feeders,  with  large  Alimentiveness,  and 
very  Acquisitive, — the  rat,  for  example,  stealing  and  hoarding 
many  things  which  he  cannot  use.  Many  of  the  class  of  birds 
termed  "raptores,"  or  rapacious  birds,  among  which  are  the  mag- 
pie, owl,  vulture,  eagle,  condor,  osprey,  tailor-bird,  rifle-bird,  and 
poe-bird,  show  their  rapacious,  constructive,  and  acquisitive  traits 
by  their  hooked  beaks,  arched  claws,  and  wide  mouths,  while  the 
parrot  is  a  fine  sample  of  Constructiveness,  Alimentiveness,  and 
Acquisitiveness,  for  his  gormandizing  requires  that  he  should  lay 
claws  and  beak  on  everything  eatable  in  his  native  haunts.  His 
Constructiveness  is  of  the  highest  order,  for  his  linguistic  powers 
extend  to  the  acquirement  of  several  languages  or  portions  of 
them. 

This  exposition  of  signs  in  the  animal  leads  us  to  infer  that 
men  built  upon  the  broad  and  muscular  plan  are  the  most  ac- 
quisitive and  constructive.  Men  who  can  eat  well  and  digest 
easily  keep  up  that  degree  of  strength  and  animal  spirits  necessary 
for  the  carrying  forward  of  great  commercial  enterprises  as  weU 
as  large  architectural  projects.  De  Lesseps  at  eighty  years  of  age, 
planning  and  executing  the  immense  work  of  the  Panama  Canal, 
is  a  fine  example  of  what  good  feeding  powers  will  do  toward  the 
acquisition  and  exercise  of  great  mental  powers.  He  is  a  round 
man,  made  so  by  round  muscles. 

In  different  classes  of  persons  we  shall  find  distributed  the 
various  signs  for  Acquisitiveness.  The  commercial  classes  are  dis- 
tinguished generally  by  large  noses,  broad  and  high,  and  of  an 
even  thickness  the  whole  length,  as  is  seen  in  Elliot  C.  Cowdin, 
Matthew  Vassar,  James  Hai*per,  and  Samuel  Appleton,  together 

•  Wood's  New  Illustrated  History,  Rev.  J.  G.  Wood,  p,  156. 


ACQUISITIVENESS.  539 

with  wide,  predaceous  jaws,  or  a  large,  high,  hooked  nose,  such  as  is 
often  seen  in  the  countenance  of  the  Hebrew  merchant  and  banker. 
All  successful  commercialists  are  good  feeders  and  have  good  diges- 
tion. Many  of  the  Oriental  commercialists,  as  the  Turk,  Persian, 
and  Mongolian,  exhibit  the  heavy,  sleepy-looking  eyelid  in  combi- 
nation with  other  signs,  such  as  the  hooked  nose,  which  looks  as  if 
ready  to  "  hook  into"  the  unsuspecting  victim,  as  do  the  eagle,  falcon, 
and  hawk  when  descending  upon  their  prey.  All  through  Nature 
we  are  met  with  the  most  incontestable  evidences  that  similarity  of 
form  denotes  similarity  of  faculty;  hence,  wherever  we  observe  in 
man  or  animal  the  broad  and  arched  nose  we  shall  find  large  digest- 
ive power  giving  strength  and  desire  for  overcoming.  All  carnivo- 
rous animals,  those  who  spring  upon  and  devour  weaker  creatures, 
are  distinguished  by  wide  jaws;  thick,  compact  muscles;  social  and 
domestic  natures,  wide  noses  and  nostrils  (the  nostrils  and  nose 
of  the  lion  and  tiger  are  very  broad),  and  arched  claws  and  paws. 
Poets  and  literary  characters  usually  exhibit  Acquisitiveness 
by  a  fullness  of  the  nose  adjoining  Constructiveness,  yet  artists  and 
actors  show  the  sign  for  this  trait  both  in  the  eyelid  and  nose. 
Guide  Reni's  physiognomy  shows  both  these  signs  very  prominent. 
Benjamin  Franklin's  physiognomy  discloses  the  signs  for  Acquisi- 
tiveness in  the  upper  eyelid  and  nose,  and  in  the  general  strength 
and  well-nourished  appearance  of  the  body;  the  sign  for  strong 
stomach  (width  of  the  bridge  of  the  nose)  is  well  marked,  while 
fi*ugality  and  economy,  for  which  he  was  noted,  are  indicated 
by  the  sign  for  Economy,  below  the  chin,  as  in  the  "dewlap" 
noted  in  the  sign  for  Economy.  In  the  portraits  of  literary  char- 
acters several  signs  for  Acquisitiveness  are  often  exhibited.  Some 
of  these  signs  show  possession  of  the  desire  to  acquire  money  and 
property;  others  signify  a  stronger  love  for  the  materials  of  litera- 
ture ;  others  still,  the  accumulation  of  ideas  or  other  necessities  of 
the  profession.  De  Foe,  author  of  "Robinson  Crusoe,"  had  a  nose 
convex  in  its  outlines  and  full  at  the  sides,  thus  displaying  two 
sorts  of  Acquisitiveness.  In  Halley,  the  astronomer,  the  sign  in 
the  nose  is  large.  In  William  Penn,  also  in  John  Locke,  and  Bos- 
suet,  the  orator,  it  is  full.  Blaise  Pascal,  the  divine  and  orator,  re- 
veals three  signs,  viz.,  in  the  eyelid,  convex  nose,  and  side  of  the 
nose.  Let  the  reader  examine  the  portraits  of  Milton,  Corneille, 
Rembrandt  (who  was  noted  for  his  avarice),  Cromwell,  Lord  Chat- 
ham, Richard  Wagner,  Mdlle.  Rachel,  Wendell  Phillips,  W.  H. 
Vanderbilt,  Cyrus  Field,  Jay  Gould,  Pcrrier  (French  financier), 
and  Henry  Villard,  and  all  who  have  gained  fame,  fortune,  po- 
sition, and  learning.  In  all  such  he  will  find  some  of  the  signs  for 
Acouisitiveness.    The  faces  of  all  the  most  learned  Hebrew  divines 


540  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and  scholars  exhibit  one  or  more  signs  for  this  trait  very  decidedly. 
In  them  the  well-known  Acquisitiveness  of  their  race  is  turned  to  the 
acquirement  of  knowledge,  hence  we  must  expect  that  such  energy 
as  this  force  sets  in  action  will  result  in  extraordinary  acquirements 
of  learning.  The  works  of  Josephus,  the  ancient  historian,  and 
of  Spinoza,  modern  German  litterateur,  are  evidences  of  the  ac- 
quisitive power  of  the  Hebrew  race.  One  very  decisive  and  char- 
acteristic sign  of  Acquisitiveness  observed  in  the  attitude  of  ob- 
serving, thoughtful,  and  literary  persons,  such  as  naturalists  and 
scientists,  is  the  forward  carriage  of  the  head.  This  position  facili- 
tates observation,  and  is  the  unconscious  and  involuntary  movement 
forward  which  enables  them  to  see  and  hear  whatever  attracts  their 
attention.  So  pronounced  is  this  attitude  in  this  class  that  the 
portraits  of  many  of  them  have  been  taken  in  this  position,  show- 
ing that  it  has  become  habitual.  Observe  the  pictures  of  Sir 
Joseph  Banks  and  Captain  Cook.  This  attitude  is  probably  a 
combination  of  attention  and  Acquisitiveness,  and  signifies  both. 
Dr.  Cross  has  noticed  this  peculiarity  and  writes  of  it  thus : — 

Bending  forward  of  the  neck  indicates  earnestness  or  keenness  in 
whatever  pursuit.  Accordingly,  in  all  those  emotions  and  affections  of 
which  attention  or  concern  forms  an  ingredient,  the  neck  is  bent  forward. 
The  earnestness  represented  b}"^  the  neck  bent  forward  is  liable  to  degen- 
erate into  cunning  and  meanness  [through  excess  of  avarice,  he  should  have 
added].  All  trul}'  great  men  who  have  acted  distinguished  parts,  whether 
glorious  or  infamous,  in  the  great  drama  of  human  life,  have  the  neck  with 
all  the  senses  at  its  extremity  stretched  forward  in  all  the -eagerness  of  a 
hound  in  pursuit  of  its  prey.* 

It  will  be  noticed  that  mental  acquirement  has  some  signs 
distinct  from  those  which  denote  material  acquisition  merely. 
Now,  all  the  signs  for  mental  acquisition  are  in  the  eye  and  nose, 
and  are  accompanied  by  many  diverse  outlines  of  the  head,  while 
the  signs  for  material  acquisition  are  shown  by  a  relatively  broad, 
low  head;  wide,  predaceous  jaws;  large  mouth  and  large  ears; 
broad  nose,  often  lacking  the  development  about  the  tip  observable 
in  the  noses  of  poets  and  imaginative  characters ;  while  the  lowest, 
meanest,  and  smallest  manifestation  of  this  faculty  is  found  in 
petty  bodily  indications,  such  as  fine  wrinkles  upon  the  face  and 
hands ;  a  stooping,  bent  posture ;  small,  impoverished  body ;  hands 
flexed,  shriveled,  pallid,  and  wrinkled  ;  thin  lips,  etc.  This  latter 
class  of  signs  is  found  most  prominent  in  the  personnel  of  those 
who  are  acquisitive  on  a  small  scale, — petty  housewives,  small 
dealers,  misers,  or  those  whose  capacities  for  acquiring  are  not  so 
great  that  they  can  expend  money  on  a  large  scale,  as  this  requires 

*  An  Attempt  to  Establish  Phj'siognomy  on  Scier.tiflc  Principles,  John  Cross,  M.D.,  p.  143.    1817. 


ACQUISITIVENESS.  541 

higher  traits  than  they  possess  ;  for  a  man  who  expends  large  sums 
must  have  taste  and  judgment  in  art,  science,  or  literature,  or  he 
must  possess  social  and  domestic  faculties  on  a  large  scale,  and 
thus  love  to  put  out  money  in  these  directions.  The  character  of 
these  petty  savers  is  lacking  either  in  the  mental  or  emotional  de- 
partment ;  hence,  they  evince  but  little  desire  for  sociality,  domestic 
comforts,  or  the  refinements  of  art,  etc.,  and  they  are  thus  able  to 
add  half-pence  to  pence,  and  dispense  with  the  comforts  of  life 
without  a  pang ;  the  latter  sort  are  most  aptly  described  by  Mr.  J. 
Stanley  Grimes,  who  speaks  of  them  as  follows : — 

In  some  extreme  cases  of  voluntary  littleness  the  character  is  strongly 
marked  in  the  personal  appearance.  Alimentiveness  is  made  to  suffer ;  the 
lean,  gaunt  body  is  contracted  with  threadbare  garments  which  are  too 
small  in  all  directions ;  the  shriveled  features  sharpened  to  a  point ;  the 
upper  lip  drawn  toward  the  nose  exposes  the  incisor  teeth;  the  fingers 
crooked  to  resemble  claws;  the  body  bent  forward,  and  the  whole  figure 
and  expression  resembling  a  rat  in  a  sitting  posture.* 

Many  of  the  great  accumulators  of  the  world  are  large,  broad, 
social,  and  amative  men,  full  of  life,  with  love  of  music  and  society, 
while  nearly,  if  not  all,  of  the  petty  accumulators  and  misers  are 
small,  shriveled,  wrinkled  specimens  of  humanity,  and  exercise 
their  domestic  sentiments  in  a  very  restricted  manner  where  they 
use  them  at  all ;  they  avoid  society  for  the  reason  that  they  cannot 
ivarm  toward  any  one,  for  their  shriveled,  pinched,  and  parched 
lips  tell  us  that  the  juices  of  the  body  are  very  deficient,  and  that 
the  glands  are  lacking  in  functional  activity.  So  surely  does  each 
feature,  wrinkle,  and  attitude,  as  well  as  the  walk  and  hand,  reveal 
the  internal  condition  of  the  physiology  of  the  mind.  All  appear- 
ances in  connection  witli  the  human  body  form  a  criteria  of  physi- 
ological truth,  and  Nature  is  prodigal  of  the  signs,  signals,  and 
ethnic  characters  suited  to  the  scansorial  capabilities  of  all  grades 
and  shades  of  minds,  from  the  infant  up  to  the  genius. 

The  geometric  outline  of  the  body  and  form  of  each  feature 
and  limb  reveals  the  entire  man.  It  should  be  our  first  duty  to 
understand  thoroughly  these  signs  which  God  has  set  before  us  in 
every  department  of  Nature  in  the  most  affluent  manner.  Let 
the  reader  take,  for  example,  the  lower  lip  of  the  miser,  dry,  white, 
parched,  thin,  and  wrinkled,  and  compare  it  with  the  full,  moist, 
red,  juicy  lip  of  the  normal  or  generous  person,  and  he  will  soon 
be  convinced  that  the  comparison  of  resemblances  and  diversities 
is  an  excellent  method  for  the  study  of  physiognomy. 

Tall,  narrow-headed  people  have  relatively  less  Acquisition 
than  the  short,  round,  and  squat.     The  latter  are  given  up  to  the 

»  Mysteries  of  the  Head  and  Heart,  J.  Stanley  Grimes,  p.  60.    Ctiicago. 


542  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

pursuit  of  material  things^  while  the  former  are  more  aspiring  and 
lead  in  moral  reform,  sympathy,  benevolence,  etc.  There  is  a  great 
resemblance  between  the  beasts  of  prey,  such  as  the  tiger  and 
panther,  and  the  forms  of  many  of  the  great  financiers, — Jim 
Fiske,  of  Erie  Railroad  notoriety,  for  example.  He  was  short  and 
round,  with  wide  jaws,  large  mouth ;  broad,  low  forehead ;  heavy, 
drooping  upper  eyelid ;  broad  through  the  head  above  the  ears,  and 
had  the  expression  of  a  bull-dog.  The  Rothschilds,  tlie  celebrated 
Hebrew  bankers  of  Europe,  are  rather  short  and  broad,  with  capa- 
cious abdomens  and  wide  heads ;  low,  full  foreheads ;  large  and 
bright  eyes,  and  short,  muscular  limbs  and  hands.  This  build 
always  indicates  predaceous  energy.  All  successful  merchants  have 
a  large  share  of  muscle,  and  the  chief  characteristic  of  muscle  in 
both  man  and  animal  is  to  grasp  and  hold  on.  This  grasping  pro- 
pensity shows  in  the  human  family  by  love  of  trade  in  which  one 
profits  by  the  industry  of  another  without  himself  producing  any- 
tiling^  preying  alike  upon  the  necessities  of  producer  and  consumer, 
and  this  is  the  basis  of  the  present  commercial  system.  It  is  pre- 
cisely what  the  bird  of  prey  does  when  he  swoops  down  upon  the 
toiling  king-fisher  and  takes  from  him  by  force  the  fish  he  has 
wrested  from  the  waves  by  the  exercise  of  his  strength  and  talents. 
The  present  commercial  system  is  animal-like  and  based  on  dis- 
honesty, oppression,  and  robbery.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  "en- 
lightened self-interest"  of  the  people  coupled  with  high  ideas  of 
justice  will  sweep  away  this  system  of  injustice,  and  regulate 
the  exchange  of  products  in  such  manner  as  will  insure  the  right 
reward  to  the  producer  and  a  just  price  for  the  consumer.  The 
present  revolt  of  the  laboring  classes  tends  in  this  direction,  and 
doubtless  a  radical  change  will  blot  this  and  kindred  evils  out  of 
existence. 

Acquisitiveness  is  a  most  useful  faculty  when  not  excessive  or 
perverted.  The  Oriental  races — the  Hindoo,  the  Arab,  the  Turk, 
the  Hebrew,  and  Mongolian — possess  a  large  share  of  Acquisitive- 
ness, and  in  them  the  muscular  system  is  in  the  ascendency,  as  it 
is  in  all  the  beasts  and  birds  of  prey.  They  are  fond  of  trading 
and  gaming,  specidating,  and  lotteries.  Many  of  them  possess 
most  avaricious  dispositions,  and  prefer  to  gain  at  the  expense  of 
others'  toil. 

Many  eminent  men  exhibit  the  signs  for  Acquisitiveness. 
George  Washington's  eye  and  nose  are  both  evidences  of  the  pres- 
ence of  this  trait,  but  in  him  it  was  balanced  by  Reason,  Conscience, 
and  Benevolence  ;  hence  it  was  exhibited  in  his  character  by  a 
wise  and  prudent  administration  of  property  and  resources.  Ben- 
jamin Franklin's  "Poor  Richard's  Maxims"  relating  to  economy 


ACQUISITIVENESS.  543 

are  known  the  world  over,  and  in  his  case  Acquisitiveness  was 
balanced  by  otlier  high  traits, — Reason  and  Benevolence. 

Many  of  the  most  eminent  artists,  poets,  painters,  singers,  and  . 
writers  have  been  noted  for  large  Acquisitiveness, — not  only  for  a 
desire  to  acquire  fame  and  popularity,  but  for  a  desire  to  earn  and 
retain  money  and  property.  The  celebrated  French  actress,  Mdlle. 
Rachel,  in  her  last  illness,  it  is  said,  would  entertain  herself  for 
hours  by  tossing  up  oranges  and  gold  pieces  for  toys,  so  great  was 
her  pleasure  in  handling  gold.  Others  of  the  poetic  brotherhood 
have  shown  themselves  quite  impractical  in  money  matters ;  yet, 
as  a  rule,  all  of  the  artistic  classes  possess  a  large  degree  of  Ac- 
quisitiveness. Whether  they  make  good  use  of  their  gains  or 
invest  them  judiciously  depends  upon  other  traits  in  combination. 
Jenny  Lind  and  Patti  have  amassed  fortunes  and  invested  them 
with  prudence,  while  many  eminent  poets  have  used  their  means, 
either  inherited  or  earned,  with  care  and  forethought, — Tennyson, 
for  example, — and  the  sign  for  Acquisitiveness  is  quite  large  in  his 
nose. 

Where  Approbativeness  is  large  in  combination,  fame,  repu- 
tation, and  adulation  will  be  most  desired.  Those  with  small 
Caution,  large  Acquisitiveness,  and  small  Conscientiousness  will 
pursue  dishonest  plans  and  exhibit  a  love  of  gaming,  betting,  and 
lotteries ;  with  large  Friendship,  Acquisition,  Benevolence,  and 
small  Cautiousness  they  will  do  a  great  deal  for  friends  and  often 
go  beyond  their  depths,  and  by  signing  notes  for  friends  become 
bankrupt  and  impoverished;  with  a  large  mental  system  and 
Ideality  they  will  accumulate  books,  objects  of  art,  etc  ;  with  large 
Veneration  added  they  will  collect  old  coins,  ancient  books,  and 
antiquities  of  all  sorts ;  with  large  domestic  traits  and  small  social 
faculties  they  will  do  and  expend  more  for  the  family  and  very  little 
for  society,  and  with  large  Secretiveness  and  Caution  in  combination 
they  will  manifest  great  prudence,  care,  and  foresight  in  business. 

Acquisitiveness  is  tlie  distinguishing  trait  of  development. 
Children  and  undeveloped  races  seldom  lay  up  anything  for  future 
use.  Many  animals  are  more  prudent  and  thoughtful  for  the 
future  than  many  men  among  the  civilized  races,  for  the  squirrel, 
bee,  beaver,  rat,  and  dog  lay  by  supplies  for  the  sustentation  of 
themselves  and  their  offspring,  thus  teaching  us  that  we  are  not 
entirely  superior  to  the  lowly  beasts  angl  insects,  and  that  we  share 
with  them  the  development  of  all  mental  traits,  differing  in  degree 
but  not  in  kind.  The  more  comparisons  we  institute  among  all 
departments  of  animate  nature,  the  more  evidence  we  shall  accumu- 
late of  the  fact  that  one  mind,  one  life,  and  one  spirit  animate  the 
entire  circle  of  what  we  understand  as  existence. 


544 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 

Definitim. — The  faculty  which  gives  the  artist,  mechanic,  and 
mventor  the  capacity  for  building,  modeling,  drawing,  running 
machinery,  and  also  bestows  originality,  skill,  deftness,  knack,  and 
versatility,  and  gives  flexibility  to  the  muscular  system.  Large 
Constructiveness  gives  a  sense  of  weight  and  an  innate  percep- 
tion  of  the   laws   and  operation   of  natural   mechanical   forces ; 

assists  the  musician,  sculp- 
tor, painter,  athlete,  chess- 
player, actor,  novehst,  and 
scientist. 

An  excess,  when  not 
balanced  by  reason  and  the 
practical  faculties,  leads  to 
cliimerical  and  impractical 
inventions, — "motors"  that 
never  move, — and  to  use- 
less and  foolish  mechanical 
contrivances. 

A  deficiencjj  is  shown 
by  singular  awkwardness 
in  the  handling  of  tools 
and  in  all  constructive 
work.  With  Constructive- 
ness small,  the  character 
lacks  originality  and  spon- 
taneity, and  shows  very 
little  ability  to  write  well, 
draw,  model,  form,  outline, 
operate  machinery,  or  to 
learn  readily  the  mechan- 
ism of  the  keyboard  of  the 
piano,  or  other  musical  in- 
strument, or  any  mechan- 
ical principles ;  its  absence 
ball,  in  marksmanship,  or 


Fig.  79.— JOHN  ERICSSON.    (Eminent 
Mechanician.) 

Born  in  Sweden,  1803.  Principal  facial  sign,  Con- 
structiveness, shown  by  fullness  of  the  sides  of  the 
nose,  general  form  and  size  of  the  nose,  size  and  sliape 
of  the  forehead,  and  rounding  out  of  tlie  sides  of  the 
forehead.    The  law  of  the  straight  line,  curve,  and  cube 

governs  this  countenance.  Tlie  vegetative  system  is 
ere  well  represented.  Conscientiousness,  Firmness, 
Love  of  Home,  Patriotism,  Friendship,  Economy,  Love 
of  Young,  Sanativeness,  and  Benevolence  are  all  well 
defined.  Amativeness  is  normal,  while  Self-esteem  is 
most  uncommonly  large,  showing  the  thorough  inde- 
pendence and  dignity  of  the  man.  The  nose  is  broad  in 
the  back  the  entire  length,  and  short  relative  t  the 
length  of  the  face,  thus  showing  the  dominance  of  mus- 
cular structure.  The  signs  for  Hublimitv,  Acquisitive- 
ness, Constructiveness,  Veneration,  Executiveness,  and 
Self-will  are  exceedingly  well  developed.  The  signs  for 
Form,  Size,  Observation,  Weight,  Locality,  and  t'alcula- 
tion  are  very  large,  and  show  the  mechanical  capacities 
of  this  mind.  In  the  upper  third  of  the  face  the  signs 
for  Order,  Time,  Reason,  and  Intuition  are  immense. 
The  quality  is  of  the  highest  order. 

makes  one  very  unskillful  in  playing 
in  athletics. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  sign  for  Constructiveness  in 
the  nose  is  shown  by  fullness  of  that  feature  just  above  Acquisi- 
tiveness,  causing  it  to  be  well  rounded  out  at  the  sides  or  alse,  just 
below  the  "  bridge."  Noses  having  an  indentation  at  this  part  be- 
token a  lack  of  artistic  mechanism.  Many  other  signs  there  are 
for  this  faculty ;  as  it  is  a  muscular  trait,  signs  of  its  presence  will 


CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 


545 


be  found  all  over  the  body, — in  the  head  and  limbs,  in  the  walk, 
voice,  and  gesture.  Its  basis  being  the  muscular  system,  the 
rounded  and  curved  individual  is  its  best  representative.  Con- 
structiveness  may  be  known  by  a  rounding  out  of  the  temples,  erro- 
neously described  by  phrenology  as  an  "  organ"  at  this  point,  but 
really  caused  by  round  hones  and  round  muscles^ — the  combination 
that  gives  the  highest  capacity  for  construction.  Other  and  second- 
ary signs  are  seen  in  the  large,  full  eyes ;  arched  eyebrows,  round 
ears,  oval  face,  round  head ; 
tapering,  flexible  fingers; 
small,  rounded  wrists  and 
joints,  with  the  bones  rela- 
tively small  and  well  cov- 
ered by  muscle ;  easy, 
graceful  walk ;  beautiful, 
curved  gestures ;  mellow, 
sonorous  voice  and  playful 
disposition ;  short  and  thick 
feet,  and  arched  instep. 

Description  of  Con- 
STRUCTivENESS.  —  The  fac- 
ulty for  artistic  construction 
is  of  the  highest  order  only 
where  the  muscular  system 
predominates  over  the  bony 
system,  together  with  a 
brain  system  of  fine  qual- 
ity. Mechanical  skill  is 
of  the  highest  order  only 
where  the  bony  system  is 
in  the  ascendency.  For 
the  purposes  of  art  the  flex- 
ibility of  the  muscles  must 
be  perfect,  and,  as  bones  are 
not  flexible,  we  find  in  all 
the  artistic  classes  the  domi- 
nance of  the  muscular  system  in  conjunction  with  a  suitable  brain 
and  nervous  system.  The  great  masters  of  art,  the  most  eminent 
actors,  poets,  orators,  and  writers,  must  possess,  of  course,  more 
highly-specialized  brains  than  the  lower  classes  of  muscular  people. 
The  mere  athletes,  dancers,  singers,  musicians,  oarsmen,  riflemen, 
and  other  professional  sportsmen  do  not  require  so  well-developed 
a  brain  nor  so  sensitive  a  nervous*  system  as  the  higher  classes  of 
artists,  although  many  of  them  are  men  of  intelligence.     Many 

35 


Fig.  80.— JOHN    BUNYAN.     (Tinker,   Preacher, 
Author.) 

Principal  facial  sien,  Coiistructiveness,  shown  by  full- 
ness of  the  sides  oi  the  nose,  form  of  the  nose,  and 
rounding  out  of  the  sides  of  the  forehead.  The  law  of 
tlie  straight  line  and  curve  governs  this  face.  This  sub- 
ject worked  at  a  mechanical  trade  in  early  life,  yet 
could  neither  read  nor  write  until  he  arrived  at  manhood. 
This  nose  shows  more  literary  than  mechanical  con- 
structivencss.  The  domestic  sentiments  are  well  repre- 
sented. Love  of  the  beautiful  in  the  opposite  sex  is 
shown  by  the  dimj)led  chin,  while  F'irmness,  Conscien- 
tiousness, Patriotism,  Benevolence,  Amativeness,  Lo.ve 
of  Young,  Mirthfulness,  Modesty,  Approbativeness, 
Friendship,  and  Color  are  most  apparent.  In  the  nose 
the  signs  for  Mental  Imitation,  Iluman  Nature,  Hope, 
Analysis,  Constructiveness,  Acquisitiveness,  Venera- 
tion, Executiveness,  and  Self-will  are  conspicuous. 
Form,  Size,  Prescience,  Credenciveness,  Calculation, 
Order,  Locality,  Memory  of  Events,  and  Intuition  are 
large.  The  extraordinary  face  of  an  extraordinary  mau. 


546  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

singers  and  instrumental  musicians  have  a  fine  and  sensitive  nerv- 
ous system,  yet,  as  a  rule,  not  very  high  intellectual  gifts,  their 
work  requiring  mainly  only  the  use  of  powers  drawn  from  the  mus- 
cular system.  But  to  whichever  class  these  several  varieties  of 
artists  belong,  the  nose  will  be  rounded  at  Constructiveness ;  the 
sides  of  the  head  will  round  out,  the  fingers  will  be  tapering  and 
flexible,  and  the  entire  organism  constructed  on  the  plan  that  best 
favors  gracefulness,  ease  of  motion,  imitation,  imagination,  enthusi- 
asm, sociality,  sportiveness,  and  vocal  capacity,  and  which,  in  short, 
is  adapted  to  the  production  of  curved  motions.  Upon  due  exam- 
ination and  analysis,  we  shall  find  that  the  foundation  of  every  art 
is  the  curve,  whether  it  be  painting,  musical  instrumentation,  sing- 
ing, constructing  the  musical  cadence  of  poetry,  or  the  use  of  the 
voice  in  oratory,  elocution,  or  singing  (for  vocal  sounds  cause 
curved  loaves  of  the  atmosphere  to  impinge  upon  the  ear,  which  is 
also  constructed  upon  the  circular  plan,  both  without  and  within)  ; 
or  the  curved  motion  of  gestures,  or  the  graceful  poses  and  atti- 
tudes of  the  actor  and  orator.  Whatever  tlie  nature  of  tlie  art, 
the  abiUty  to  produce  curves  must  come  from  the  flexibility  of  the 
muscular  system,  for  they  cannot  be  produced  by  any  other  system. 
The  finest  intellect  in  the  world,  if  destitute  of  a  suitable  muscular 
development,  could  not  sing  an  air,  play  a  sonata,  paint  a  picture, 
deliver  an  oration,  nor  delineate  a  play  properly.  The  brain  of  the 
person  whose  muscles  dominate  the  bones,  it  is  logical  to  infer,  is 
composed  of  different  proportions  of  brain-elements  from  those  of 
the  brain  of  one  whose  osseous  system  is  in  the  ascendency ;  for, 
inasmuch  as  his  entire  structure — ^his  bones  as  well  as  his  muscles — 
is  more  flexible,  it  follows  that  there  must  be  more  animal  ingredi- 
ents than  mineral  in  his  entire  organism.  Every  portion  of  his 
frame  proves  this ;  even  the  hair  of  the  muscular  individual  is 
softer,  more  flexible,  and  more  easily  curled  than  that  of  a  bony 
person.  Curly  or  wavy  hair  is  rarely  or  never  seen  on  the  head 
of  an  osseous  individual,  his  hair  being,  as  a  rule,  very  straight  and 
difficult  to  wave  or  curl,  while  the  hair  and  beards  of  muscular  peo- 
ple incline  to  curl  and  wave,  and  are  singularly  lustrous,  proving 
the  presence  of  animal,  oily  secretion,  while  the  hair  of  the  osseous 
subject  is  dryer  and  not  so  glossy.  The  finger-nails,  too,  of  the 
constructive  individual  are  thinner  and  more  pliable,  while  every- 
thing connected  with  this  class  of  persons  points  to  the  greater  de- 
velopment of  gelatinous  material  rather  than  of  the  mineral.  The 
analysis  of  muscle  shows  a  large  proportion  of  gelatin, — animal 
substance, — while  a  chemical  analysis  of  bone  discloses  a  large  pro- 
portion of  the  phosphates  of  lime, — a  mineral  matter  which  gives 
to  the  bones  as  well  as  to  the  tissues  their  solidity  and  consistency. 


CONSTRUCTIVENESS.  547 

Now,  small,  round  bones  and  large,  round  muscles  (the  combina- 
tion most  frequently  observed  in  the  higher  classes  of  artists)  would 
naturally  possess  more  flexibility  than  large,  square  bones  and  flat 
muscles, — the  combination  which  characterizes  those  who  possess 
relatively  less  original  artistic  constructive  skill ;  hence  it  is  that  the 
bones  of  the  skull  of  this  class  are  more  rounding  and  the  joints  of 
the  muscular  individual  more  flexible  than  those  of  the  purely  osse- 
ous subject.  The  rounding  out  of  the  sides  of  the  head,  which  our 
phrenological  friends  would  have  us  believe  is  caused  by  brain 
development,  termed  by  them  an  "  organ,"  is,  I  think,  conclu- 
sively proved  to  be  nothing  more  than  the  bulge  produced  by  the 
combination  of  round  hemes  and  round  muscles. 

There  is  a  long  physiological  history  attached  to  every  mental 
faculty,  and,  at  the  risk  of  being  considered  dry  and  prolix,  I 
introduce  in  this  chapter  a  short  physiological  and  anatomical 
description  of  the  base  of  each  separate  mental  manifestation, 
deeming  it  only  just  to  my  readers  and  to  the  science  that  this 
should  be  intelligently  understood.  The  "Basic  Principles  of 
Form"  are  elaborated  in  the  chapter  of  that  name,  yet  it  is 
impossible  to  describe  Constructiveness  without  trenching  con- 
siderably upon  the  subject  matter  of  that  cliapter.  This,  I  think, 
will  not  be  a  disadvantage  to  the  student,  as  these  principles  cannot 
be  injured  by  repetition. 

The  construction  and  operation  of  the  muscular  system  have 
been  fully  discussed  elsewhere,  yet  it  is  apropos  to  the  present 
topic  that  a  short  description  of  the  mechanical  powers  inherent 
in  the  muscular  system  should  be  given.  It  includes  in  its  action 
the  arch,  the  pulley,  the  wedge,  the  several  lever  powers,  the  ball- 
and-socket  joint,  the  hinge, and  valve;  joints  with  a  lateral  motion, 
also  with  a  gliding  motion,  mixed  joints,  together  with  the  prin- 
ciples of  hydrostatics,  gravity,  capillary  attraction,  magnetism, 
optics,  pneumatics,  acoustics,  chemical  action,  and  mechanical 
action.  This  exposition  of  the  inherent  powers  of  the  muscular 
system  explains  lohy  those  who  possess  a  fine  endowment  of 
muscles  are  enabled  to  construct,  form,  and  fashion  whatever  has 
for  its  leading  principles  these  several  powers.  The  human 
body  is  the  highest  expression  of  architectural  skill, — the  most 
perfectly  constructed, — and  in  its  operation  combines  nearly  all  of 
the  principles  of  natural  forces,  and  these  are  nearly  all  mani- 
fested by  means  of  bones  and  muscles ;  and,  although  we  cannot 
possibly  comprehend  a  tithe  of  the  complex  operations  of  the 
systems  within  the  body,  even  with  the  aid  of  the  microscope,  we 
yet  know  that  it  is  the  perfection  of  harmony,  and  the  type  of  all 
creative^  constructive  energy. 


548  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Before  passing  on  to  the  consideration  of  the  mental  aspects 
of  Constructiveness,  I  may  mention  that  round-built,  muscular 
races  of  men  and  animals  are  more  prolific,  more  creative  physi- 
cally, than  the  square-built,  bony  men  and  animals.  To  those 
who  have  imbibed  the  notion  that  the  brain  is  all  powerful,  and 
that  it  is  the  organ  of  the  mind  exclusively, — the  organ  by  which 
men  are  able  to  carry  forward  artistic  works  of  aU  kinds, — I 
would  say  that  every  different  formation  of  man  has  undoubtedly 
a  diiferent  construction  of  brain,  not  only  as  regards  its  form  or 
shape,  but  in  regard  to  its  component  particles  and  proportions. 
Most  great  artists  have  such  a  combination  of  brain  and  muscle 
as  to  lead  us  to  say  of  them  that  they  are  "  brain-and-muscle 
men."  Other  lower  types  of  artists,  such  as  those  who  are 
athletes  merely,  without  sufficient  brain  development  in  combi- 
nation with  their  muscular  system  to  enable  them  to  plan  fortifi- 
cations, pictures,  statuary,  etc.,  may  be  considered  as  "muscular 
men"  solely;  or,  if  the  thoracic  system  is  equal  in  development, 
as  it  often  is  in  oarsmen,  ball-players,  gymnasts,  etc.,  they  may  be 
denominated  "  muscle-and-lung  men,"  for  this  method  of  termi- 
nology gives  in  a  sentence  the  dominating  forces  of  the  mind  of 
the  individual  thus  characterized ;  and  after  one  has  become  con- 
versant with  the  leading  traits  which  inhere  in  the  different 
functions,  he  will  be  able  to  say  what  are  the  mental  and  physical 
capacities  of  any  given  subject  without  even  seeing  the  person. 
By  having  a  description  of  the  dominant  functions  a  physiognomist 
would  be  able  to  read  most  of  the  character.  To  say  to  one  who 
has  read  this  work  attentively  that  a  certain  person  is  a  "brain- 
and-bone  man,"  or  a  "brain-and-muscle  man,"  or  a  "  vegetative 
man,"  or  of  a  purely  "muscular  type,"  is  to  unfold  directly  a 
great  share  of  the  character  of  the  person  thus  designated. 
Beginners,  in  investigating  the  differences  observed  in  the  several 
organ  systems  of  men  and  animals,  will  find  that  their  powers 
of  observation  and  comparison  will  be  taxed  to  the  uttermost  in 
order  to  render  a  true  and  correct  judgment.  Comparative 
anatomy  is  a  science  which  will  aid  us  in  this  most  important 
branch  of  physiognomy.  By  it  the  student  will  learn  to  dis- 
tinguish the  difference  between  the  vegetative,  the  muscular,  the 
bony,  and  the  thoracic  systems  of  men  and  animals.  Not  only 
will  he  observe  these  differences,  but  he  will  soon  learn  to  estimate 
the  degree  of  development  of  each  of  these  systems  found  in 
combination  in  each  subject.  All  these  differences  must  be 
comprehended  and  the  relativity  of  these  functions  understood 
almost  at  a  glance. 

All  persons  in  whom  the  muscular  system  predominates  can 


CONSTRUCTIVENESS.  549 

sing,  play  upon  musical  instruments,  dance,  write,  model,  draw, 
and  paint  better  than  those  whose  bones  are  large  and  square. 
There  are  many  persons  of  fine  intellectual  endowments  and 
acquirements  who  cannot  be  taught  to  practice  successfully  any 
mechanical  or  artistic  profession,  because  the  brain  system  domi- 
nates and  the  muscles  and  bones  are  not  sufficiently  developed  to 
assist  these  mechanical  efforts.  This  fact  proves  that  each  combi- 
nation of  functions  has  a  brain  which  works  in  harmony  with  its 
physiological  and  anatomical  structure.  The  mechanical  body  and 
hand  are  accompanied  by  a  square-built  mechanical  brain,  and  the 
body,  hands,  and  feet  of  an  artist  are  provided  with  the  rounding 
head  of  an  artist.  These  harmoniously  constructive  principles 
inhere  in  every  department  of  Nature's  works. 

In  the  mineral  kingdom  this  principle  is  most  wonderfully 
and  beautifully  exemplified  in  the  various  crystallizations  of  gems 
and  stones,  and  every  different  mineral  or  gem  always  assumes  a 
certain  and  definite  shape  and  color  by  which  it  is  known  from 
all  other  formations.  In  the  vegetable  kingdom,  not  a  blade  of 
grass,  or  leaf,  or  blossom,  but  testifies  to  the  creative  and  construct- 
ive power  of  the  great  Architect  of  all.  In  the  insect  world  we 
can  but  admire  the  constructive  energy  of  the  spider,  bee,  and  ant. 
These  creatures  are  all  endowed  with  a  muscular  system  which 
dominates  all  the  other  functions  in  their  organism,  and  they 
exhibit  precisely  the  same,  traits  which  characterize  human  beings 
whose  muscular  systems  are  in  the  ascendency.  They  are 
ingenious,  constructive,  mathematical,  and  geometrical,  as  witness 
the  hexagonal  cell  of  the  ant,  the  geometrically-arranged  web 
of  the  spider,  and  the  fine  adaptation  of  the  hinge-principle  in 
the  door  of  the  dwellings  of  certain  species ;  while  the  architectural 
skill  displayed  by  the  ant  is  most  wonderful,  and  is  not,  as  many 
believe,  altogether  a  matter  of  instinct,  but  is  original,  ingenious, 
and  inventive,  adapting  means  to  new  and  unforeseen  circum- 
stances. The  ant  is  in  disposition  like  muscular  men,  being  pro- 
lific, social,  domestic,  graceful,  strong,  often  cruel  or  unfeeling, 
and  fond  of  domination^  as  exhibited  in  his  slave-holding 
customs. 

The  same  constructive  talent  is  shown  by  birds,  some  of 
which  build  the  most  ingeniously-contrived  nests.  Among  animals, 
.constructive  aesthetic  talent  is  disclosed  by  those  species  that 
exhibit  relatively  the  most  muscle.  The  mole  and  beaver  are  not 
so  large  as  the  dog  and  horse,  but  are  more  muscular  relatively; 
that  is  to  say,  their  muscular  system  is  in  excess  of  the  bony. 
The  mole  constructs  a  beautiful  little  home,  built  with  five  circular 
galleries,  with  ingeniously-contrived  modes  of  ingress  and  egress. 


550  PRACTICAL   AKD   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

All  animals  that  burrow,  build,  and  construct  have  relatively  more 
muscle  than  bone.  The  movements  of  these  creatures  are  graceful, 
and  their  forms  rounded ;  the  paws  are  soft,  flexible,  round,  and 
rapid  in  movement, — quite  different  from  the  bony  limbs  and  feet 
of  the  dog  and  horse.  The  latter  are  more  moral  and  intelligent 
than  any  muscular  animal,  for  the  bony  system  is  a  higher  and 
more  substantial  system  than  the  muscular.  Mechanics  and  scien- 
tists, in  whom  the  bone  and  brain  systems  are  supreme,  are  more 
moral  than  artists,  as  a  class.  Where  muscles  predominate  we 
find  the  emotions,  particularly  the  amative  propensity,  excessive, 
and  this  does  not  tend  to  the  same  degree  of  moral  control  that  is 
exhibited  by  the  dominance  of  the  bony  system.  I  have  shown 
that  the  round  form  is  the  artistic  build ;  it  is  therefore  the  most 
suitable  formation  for  artistic  effort;  it  also  denotes  generative 
capacity,  and  love,  ardor,  enthusiasm,  imagination,  credenciveness, 
imitation,  and  constructiveness,  which  in  combination,  and  in 
excess,  are  opposed  to  that  coolness  and  self-control  which  the 
highest  morality  requires. 

One  of  tlie  most  interesting  as  well  as  the  most  difficult 
studies  of  physiognomy  is  found  in  the  endeavor  to  analyze  the 
combinations  of  systems  of  functions  observed  in  each  individual, 
and  especially  in  gifted  persons,  for  here  we  find  the  best  field 
for  discovery,  analysis,  and  verification.  The  physiognomy  of  a 
perfected  character  offers  more  to  the  mind,  and  presents  such 
arrangement  and  development  of  facial  features  as  to  delight  the 
.physiognomist.  When  I  meet  with  a  countenance  which  reveals 
to  me  the  cliaracter  of  a  highly-gifted  person,  whether  in  art, 
science,  or  domestic  traits,  I  think  I  experience  all  the  gratification 
which  an  artist  would  feel  were  he  suddenly  to  come  upon  one  of 
the  works  of  the  old  masters  in  some  unexpected  nook  or  garret. 
An  expressive  face  speaks  to  the  beholder  in  most  unmistakable 
language.  After  one  has  acquired  a  knowledge  of  scientific 
physiognomy  he  can  never  mistake  a  knave  for  an  honest  man, 
nor  a  common-faced  person  for  a  genius.  Neither  will  talent  and 
goodness  pass  him  unnoticed.  And  the  face  which  in  his  days  of 
physiognomic  ignorance  he  might  have  considered  as  plain  or 
homely  may,  under  the  full  blaze  of  physiognomical  law,  reveal 
traits  of  beauty  and  power.  Art-standards  cannot  be  relied  upon 
to  express  scientific  truths.  The  faces  of  many  of  the  most  highly 
gifted  persons  do  not  exhibit  the  sort  of  expressions  that  art  would 
term  "beautiful."  Only  the  height  of  science  and  an  application 
of  her  laws  can  unfold  to  us  the  true,  inner,  and  hidden  meaning 
of  every  thing  in  Nature.  Form  and  function,  and  function  and 
faculty,  are  synonymous  and  convertible  terms.     Given  a  certain 


CONSTRUCTIVENESS.  551 

form,  and  the  physiognomist  can  descrihe  the  physical  functions 
and  mental  faculties  which  belong  to  it,  and  which  are  always 
associated  with  it. 

I  designate  the  muscular  system  the  "artistic"  system,  in 
contradistinction  to  the  "mechanical"  system,  wliich  is  best  ex- 
hibited where  the  bones  are  slightly  in  excess  of  the  muscles.  The 
fact  is,  that  art  and  meclianism  are  both  influenced  by  some  of 
the  same  laws  and  principles,  but  artistic  construction  depends 
mainly  upon  the  flexibility  of  muscle  and  the  curves  produced  by 
muscular  movement,  together  with  the  sort  of  jn-essnre  or  touch 
imparted  by  its  action.  The  touch  of  the  fingers  of  the  finely-organ- 
ized muscular  person  upon  the  keys  of  the  piano,  upon  the  bow  of  the 
violin,  or  upon  other  stringed  or  wind  instruments,  is  far  more  mellow, 
rich,  melting,  and  harmonious  than  that  produced  by  the  large, 
square-boned  fingers  of  the  mechanic  or  scientist.  The  voices  of 
these  two  classes  exhibit  just  the  same  differences;  the  more  muscle, 
the  more  mellifluous,  sweet,  and  soothing  the  voice,  and  if  to  this 
is  added  a  good  degree  of  the  vegetative  system,  as  seen  in  the 
portraits  of  Parepa  Rosa,  for  example,  the  voice  will  give  forth  a 
quality  of  sympathy  most  touching.  The  peculiarity  of  the  curving 
nature  of  muscle  is  also  influential  in  the  rhythmic  lines  of  the 
poet  and  the  waves  of  sound  produced  by  the  voice  in  oratory  and 
singing;  also  in  the  motions  caused  by  the  gestures  of  the  actors. 
Moreover,  many  artists  work  with  tools  and  machinery  of  a  circalar 
form,  and  depend  upon  mechanism  of  this  conformation  to  produce 
like  effects  in  external  works.  Now,  the  mechanic,  having  the  bones 
slightly  in  excess  of  the  muscles,  presents  a  more  angular  appear- 
ance, and  externally  produces  work  which  is  characterized  by 
angles,  as  exhibited  in  house,  furniture,  buildings,  and  all  mechan- 
ical objects  presenting  plane  surfaces,  angles,  and  cuboid  forms.  It 
is  true  that  the  mechanical  principles  inherent  in  the  human 
organism  are  connected  mainly  with  the  muscular  and  osseous 
systems;  yet  a  preponderance  of  muscle  over  bone  makes  a  man 
an  artist,  while  different  proportions  of  these  two  systems  giving 
the  supremacy  to  the  bone  create  mechanical  ability. 

The  constructiveness  which  accompanies  an  excess  of  muscle 
gives  capacity  for  setting  up  and  running  machinery,  talent  for 
playing  and  comprehending  the  mechanism  of  the  piano,  violin, 
harp,  organ,  etc;  also,  for  becoming  expert  and  dexterous  in  the 
use  of  the  sewing-machine  or  other  running  machinery.  Where 
there  is  a  good  brain  development  in  combination  witli  the  muscular 
system,  the  mechanical  principles  will  show  in  the  construction  of 
ingenious  and  complicated  stories,  characterized  by  skill  in  the  plot, 
as  witnessed  in  the  fictions  of  Shakespeare,  Dickens,  and  Wilkie 


552  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Collins,  and  in  the  plays  of  Tom  Taylor  and  Dion  Boucicault. 
Thus  these  brain-and-muscle  men  are  artists  with  the  pen.  This 
class  of  minds  comprehend  mental  constructiveness.,  and  practice  it 
externally  by  ingenious  writings.  Henry  Ward  Beecher  and  other 
good  orators  and  divines  of  the  artistic  build  show  the  dominance 
of  this  system  by  the  fine  literary  construction  of  their  speeches 
and  sermons. 

A  slight  difference  in  the  proportions  of  these  two  systems, 
and  a  slight  difference  of  degree  in  the  brain  development^  gives  us 
an  organ-player  like  the  celebrated  Bowman,  of  Boston,  or  a  com- 
poser like  Handel,  while  other  differences  of  degree  produce  a 
Stephenson,  a  Watt,  a  Fulton,  or  an  Edison.  These  differences 
are  easily  understood  by  the  observing  physiognomist,  and  each 
individual  is  assigned  his  own  proper  place  in  art  or  mechanism 
upon  a  close  scrutiny  of  the  face,  form,  hand,  etc;  for  I  hold 
that  the  hand  is  a  mental  feature.,  and  must  be  examined  in  order 
to  give  the  most  complete  reading  of  character.  The  human  hand 
and  the  human  nose  are  more  purely  mental  than  animal  fea- 
tures, for  the  reason  that  no  animal  has  either  a  hand  or  nose  at 
all  comparable  to  the  human  hand  and  nose.  They  are  both  found 
in  a  state  of  greatest  perfection  with  the  most  perfected  persons 
and  races,  hence  entirely  distinct  from  those  of  the  savage,  idiot, 
infant,  and  undeveloped  people  generally.  The  hand  performs  the 
nicest  and  most  skillful  work  tliat  the  mind  can  invent,  and  with- 
out the  deft,  flexible,  and  perfect  hand  the  fine  mechanical  and 
artistic  plans  of  the  most  ingenious  mind  would  end  in  abstractions, 
and  man  would  be  entirely  unable,  except  by  speech,  to  prove  his 
superiority  to  the  brute  creation. 

When  the  faculties  of  Size  and  Form  are  treated  in  the  pages 
which  follow,  the  subject  of  mechanical  principles  in  their  relation 
to  inherited  forms  will  be  explained.  Although  Form  is  the  basis 
of  art  as  well  as  of  mechanism,  it  is  differently  used,  and  different 
in  its  applications  in  each  case,  as  has  been  shown. 

The  combination  of  Constructiveness  with  Language  and 
Imagination  gives  poetic  talent ;  with  large  Language,  Love  of 
Young,  Ideality,  Form  and  Size,  Self-esteem,  Firmness,  Sublimity, 
Locality,  and  Calculation,  will  give  constructive  talent  on  a  large 
scale,  such  as  engineering,  building  fortifications,  bridges,  aque- 
ducts, etc.  The  face  of  John  A.  Roebling,  engineer  and  builder 
of  the  Brooklyn  bridge,  New  York,  is  an  excellent  illustration  of 
this  combination  of  artistic-mechanical  talent. 

I  term  the  group  about  the  point  of  the  nose  the  "  artistic," 
using  it  in  its  broadest  and  most  comprehensive  sense,  including  in 
this  division  the  signs  for  Literature,  Art,  Artistic  Mechanism,  and 


VENERATION.  553 

some  of  the  faculties  used  in  the  artistic  department  of  Science,  as 
in  Analysis  and  Mental  Imitation,  Constructiveness,  etc. 

VENERATION. 

Definition.— Res])ect  for  all  persons,  places,  and  principles 
entitled  to  respect;  regard  for  the  laws  of  Nature;  submission; 
religiously  cultivated,  it  leads  to  devotion  to  God,  to  prayer,  praise, 
and  religious  observances ;  when  combined  with  literary  faculties 
it  creates  a  taste  and  respect  for  ancient  history  and  antiquities ;  it 
^ives  a  tender  regard  for  the  aged  and  deference  to  long-estab- 
lished customs,  forms  of  government,  etc. ;  those  with  large  Ven- 
eration readily  submit  to  law,  order,  customs,  proprieties,  and  offer 
reverent  and  respectful  deference  to  the  wishes  and  opinions  of 
others ;  it  assists  self-control,  and  forms  the  basis  of  the  taste  for 
collecting  old  coins,  ancient  literary  and  art  relics,  and  imparts  a 
desire  for  visiting  monuments,  pyramids,  ancient  lands,  and  races. 

An  excess  leads  to  religious  bigotry  and  fanaticism  and  im- 
moderate indulgence  in  religious  rites,  such  as  fasting  and  penance, 
and  tends  to  morbid  devotion  and  religious  mania. 

A  deficiency  makes  one  impudent,  irreverent,  disrespectful,  and 
defiant ;  creates  contempt  for  law,  custom,  propriety,  and  old  age, 
with  slight  power  for  self-control  and  inability  to  control  others; 
makes  the  bully  and  creates  low  character,  and  leads  to  disregard 
of  sacred  subjects. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — Height  of  the  nasal  bones  at 
the  part  just  below  the  bridge  is  the  most  decided  sign  for  Ven- 
eration. Width  combined  with  height  discloses  the  possession  of 
the  highest  degree  of  Veneration.  High,  thin  noses  show  less  of 
Veneration  than  those  that  are  broad  as  well  as  high.  Secondary 
signs  are  found  wherever  the  bony  system  is  dominant,  as  shown 
in  the  squareness  of  the  face,  the  bones  of  the  fingers,  and  large 
joints  generally.  Veneration  is  exhibited  by  respectful  demeanor 
and  deferential  manner  in  the  presence  of  elders  or  officials.  It 
bows  the  head  in  sacred  edifices  and  in  listening  to  excellent  dis- 
course. 

A  short,  round,  muscular  nose,  depressed  at  the  centre  and 
slightly  "pugged,"  is  the  perfect  type  of  an  impudent,  saucy,  and 
disrespectful  character.  Large,  projecting,  staring,  convex  eyes 
show  the  absence  of  Veneration. 

Description  of  Veneration. — In  proceeding  to  the  consider- 
ation of  the  group  of  signs  which  cluster  about  the  ridge  of  the 
upper  part  of  the  nose,  we  find  that  a  great  advance  in  strength  of 
character  is  made  where  this  portion  of  the  physiognomy  is  well 
developed.     The  principal  sign  for  Veneration  is  caused  by  the 


554 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


/A 


development  of  the  nasal  bones.  Its  location,  being  between  the 
executive  faculties  and  the  aesthetic  and  literary,  is  most  suggestive. 
The  philosophy  of  its  action  offers  additional  proof  of  its  osseous 
origin.  Add  to  this  the  vast  amount  of  evidence  derived  from  the 
comparison  of  low-nosed  people  with  those  having  this  sign  large, 
and  we  shall  complete  a  very  extended  chain  of  evidence,  most 
conclusive  and  utterly  incontrovertible  by  metaphysician  or  phreno- 
logian. 

Where  the  bony  system  dominates  tlie  bones  are  inclined  to 

be  long  and  often  square, 
the  joints  large,  and  the 
head  will  present  a  more 
angular  appearance  than 
where  tlie  muscular  system 
prevails.  The  head  will 
also  stand  high  above  the 
ears,  at  the  place  where 
plirenology  locates  the  "or- 
gan of  Veneration."  This 
height  is  caused  by  the 
supremacy  of  the  osseous 
system,  which  tends  to 
height,  length,  and  square- 
ness, and  not  to  round- 
ness. Veneration  is  the 
attribute  of  mechanical  and 
scientiiic  characters  rather 
than  of  the  artistic  classes; 
hence,  the  head  in  these 
classes  is  higher  in  propor- 
tion to  its  size  and  more 
angular  in  form,  while  the 
nasal  bones  are  more  prom- 
inent and  the  muscles  of 
the  nose  smaller  relatively, 
— ^all  of  which  goes  to  prove  that  the  supremacy  of  the  bony 
system  produces  the  most  Veneration.  An  examination  of  those 
animals  in  which  are  found  the  most  submissive,  deferential,  and 
respectful  traits  of  character  shows  that  the  osseous  system  is  in 
the  ascendency,  and  proves  that  the  bony  races  of  animals  are 
more  submissive  to  law  and  more  respectful  than  those  in  which 
the  muscular  system  prevails.  Compare,  for  example,  the  horse, 
the  dog,  and  the  camel,  with  their  angular,  homely,  bony,  mechani- 
cal construction  of  form,  with  the  sleek,  little  muscular  ape,  or  with 


Fig.  81.-RT.  REV.  BENJAMIN  MOORE,  D.D.  (AtT- 
THOR,  Bishop  of  thk  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church  op  New  York.) 

Born  in  New  York,  1748.    Conspicuoi\s  facial  sign, 
Veneration.    The  law  of  tlie  straight  line  and  square 

f;overns  this  face.  The  signs  of  the  domestic  and  moral 
raits  are  very  pronounced.  Conscientiousness,  Firm- 
ness, Patriotism,  Benevolence,  Love  of  Home,  Love  of 
Young,  Self-esteem,  and  Modesty  are  large,  Amative- 
ness  and  PViendship  normal,  while  the  mental  and  ex- 
ecutive powers  are  unconunonlv  developed  in  the  nose. 
Mental  Imitation,  Analysis,  Hope,  Sublimity,  Construct- 
iveness.  Veneration,  Executiveness,  and  Self-will  are 
all  very  conspicuous.  Form,  Size,  Language,  Memory 
of  Events,  and  Credencivcness  are  most  apparent. 
Altogether  a  pure  and  high-minded  and  intellectual 
character. 


VENERATION. 


555 


the  larger  tiger,  panther,  and  lion,  and  you  will  be  able  to  prove 
the  presence  of  a  large  degree  of  Veneration  in  the  former  and  none 
v)hatever  in  the  latter.  In  one  class  there  is  beauty  of  form  and 
movement,  with  irreverence,  defiance,  and  disrespect,  and  in  the 
other  less  beauty,  according  to  recognized  ideals,  but  more  re- 
spect and  submission ;  hence  more  capacity  for  instriictiati  and 
progress^  both  in  knowledge  and  structure,  as  witness  the  high 
grade  of  skill,  speed,  and  intellectual  attainments  manifested  by 
race-horses,  hunting  and  trick  dogs,  trained  camels,  and  elephants. 
The  noses  of  the  bony  ani- 
mals are  relatively  long  and 
high  as  compared  to  the 
noses  of  the  muscular  crea- 
tures. Compare,  for  ex- 
ample, the  noses  of  all  the 
carnivorous  classes,  includ- 
ing the  panther,  the  tiger, 
the  jaguar,  the  leopard, 
and  the  smaller  carnivora, 
with  the  horse,  the  dog,  the 
camel,  the  deer,  the  gazelle, 
the  springbok,  the  sheep, 
and  the  reindeer,  and  it 
will  be  observed  that  the 
noses  of  the  former  are 
relatively  shorter  and  more 
depressed*  than  those  of  the 
latter.  The  eyes,  too,  of 
the  carnivora  are  larger, 
more  prominent,  bolder, 
and  more  defiant  in  expres- 
sion than  those  of  the  do- 
mestic and  herbivorous 
classes.  Veneration  in  the 
animal  kingdom  is  shown 
by  recognition  of  man  as  a 

superior  being,  in  teachableness  and  submission  to  man's  laws, 
rules,  and  habits ;  also,  by  consideration  and  respect  for  the  nature 
and  rights  of  their  own  class  of  beings. 

In  analyzing  the  location  and  nature  of  Veneration  in  the 
human  character  we  cannot  fail  to  be  impressed  with  its  position 
in  the  physiognomy,  and  this  will  lead  us  to  examine  with  interest 
its  philosophy  and  use  in  the  human  economy.  The  faculty  of 
Veneration  belongs  to  the  most  perfected  races,  as  its  principal 


Fig.  82.— THOMAS  PAINE.  (Mechanic,  Author, 
Patriot,  Statesman,  Philanthropist.) 
Born  in  England,  17.37.  Conspicuous  facial  sign.  Ven- 
eration. The  law  ot  the  straight  liiu*,  square,  and  curve 
governs  this  face.  This  noble  countenance  is  an  excel- 
lent illustration  of  the  ai^tive  and  humane  mind  which 
Thoma.s  Paine  exhibited  in  his  life-works.  The  sign  for 
the  domestic  traits  are  manifestly  large.  C<mscience, 
Firmness,  Economy,  Patriotism,  ISenevolence,  Friend- 
ship, and  Self-esteem  are  very  conspicuous.  In  the  nose 
the  signs  for  Human  Nature,  Mental  Imitation,  Venera- 
tion, and  Executivencss,  are  very  prominent.  Self-will  is 
only  average.  Ijangnage  is  excellent.  Oliservation,  Cal- 
culation, Kea.son,  Memory  of  Events,  and  Intuition  aie 
pre-eminent.  Ilistorv  furnishes  few  characters  tu*  un- 
selfish and  as  broadly  benevolent  as  Thoma-s  Paine.  In  re- 
ligion he  would  now  be  styled  a  conservative  Unitarian, 
for  he  wrote  "I  believe  in  one  God  and  no  more."  As 
Americans  we  are  greatly  indebted  to  him  for  his  assist- 
ance in  foundingthe  Republic.  Congress  justly  rewarded 
him  for  his  magnificent  services  by  neaping  honors  upon 
him  while  alive. 


556  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

sign  shows.  What  passes  for  Veneration  in  undeveloped  races  is 
not  such  at  all,  for  they  are  incapable  of  so  elevated  a  feeling. 
Their  religious  beliefs  are  the  outcome  of  fear  and  Credenciveness, 
the  latter  trait  belonging  to  the  muscular  system,  and  exhibited 
principally  by  the  muscular  races,  as  evidenced  by  the  arched  eye- 
brows and  wide-open  eyes  of  the  "believer"  in  every  monstrous 
and  fantastic  theory  which  passes  for  religion  among  different 
races.  Credenciveness  is  the  faculty  which  breeds  wonder,  marvel- 
ousness,  and  superstition,  and  even  in  civilized  persons,  in  excess, 
leads  to  gross  superstition,  as  we  shall  find  later,  wlien  we  come  to 
consider  its  nature. 

Veneration,  as  the  description  shows,  has  a  wide  scope,  and 
enables  different  persons  to  exhibit  it  in  varying  degrees  and  in 
very  diverse  ways.  It  leads  one  to  listen  respectfully  to  ideas  and 
principles  expounded,  and  accords  respect  according  to  the  merit 
each  possesses.  It  leads  another  to  submit  by  self-control  to 
authority  and  governmental  regulations.  It  causes  another-  to  be 
tender  to  the  aged  and  considerate  to  his  associates.  It  is  large  in 
nearly  all  eminent  divines  and  commanders.  If  it  is  a  sign  of 
submission  you  will  naturally  ask  why  it  is  a  marked  trait  in  the 
character  of  commanders.  The  principle  of  command  as  well  as 
of  obedience  is  founded  in  the  compreliensioyi  of  hnv,  and  he  who 
can  best  obey  can  best  command,  for  command  implies  self-restraint^ 
and  this  is  the  very  basis  of  ability  to  control  others.  Scooped- 
nosed  persons  are  unable  to  control  themselves  and  to  behave 
with  strict  propriety.  They  must,  therefore,  be  compelled  by  the 
enforcement  of  laws  and  rules  to  behave  decorously,  and  penalties 
should  be  imposed  until  experience  has  tauglit  them  to  fear  the 
consequences.  Children  whose  noses  at  the  centre  remain  perma- 
nently depressed  are  saucy  and  impudent,  and  need  the  restraining 
power  of  discipline.  I  once  knew  such  a  child,  who  at  three  years 
of  age  was  a  terror  to  the  neighborhood ;  he  was  disrespectful  to  his 
parents,  grandparents,  and  friends,  often  slapping  them  and  showing 
an  utter  disregard  for  the  rights  and  opinions  of  his  superiors.  The 
mother,  an  exceedingly  lovely  and  intelligent  lady,  had  conceived 
the  romantic  idea  that  children  should  and  could  be  brought  up 
on  the  "  love  principle,"  as  she  termed  it.  There  are  doubtless  a 
few  children  who  can  be  thus  raised,  but  the  majority  of  human 
beings  must  be  so  trained  as  to  develop  every  facidty  of  mind,  and 
if  they  possess  much  vigor  or  force  of  character  will  need  disci- 
pline and  training.  This  must  be  done,  first,  by  playing  upon  one 
faculty  and  then  upon  another,  until  every  trait  is  touched  in  turn 
and  molded  by  the  creative  skill  of  the  mother.  The  boy  in 
question  at  last  became  so  unruly,  even  at  this  tender  age,  that  his 


VENERATION.  557 

conduct  was  insupportable.  His  parents  applied  to  me  for  advice 
and  I  soon  convinced  them  that  he  was  not  the  sort  of  child  tliat 
could  be  brought  up  on  love  alone ;  that  such  ft,  course  with  such 
a  nature  produced  contempt,  and  that  irreverent  characters  respected 
law  and  force  above  all  things.  I  advised  them  to  commence  a 
judicious  course  of  discipline  and  dismiss  their  sentimental  and 
impractical  notions  in  regard  to  training  children,  inasmuch  as 
they  had  proved  the  worthlessness  of  their  theory  after  a  fair  trial 
at  the  most  susceptible  age.  This  they  did,  and  at  seven  years  of 
age,  the  last  time  I  saw  the  boy,  he  was  gentle  in  his  manner, 
deferential  to  his  elders,  and  every  way  an  excellent  child.  In  his 
case  love  alone  would  have  ruined  him,  and  probably  would  have 
led  him  to  the  penitentiary ;  yet  he  was  conscientious,  truthful, 
and  very  intelHgent,  but  the  lack  of  Veneration  if  not  remedied 
would  have  neutralized  all  his  other  good  qualities. 

Adults  who  possess  a  "  scooped "  or  pug  nose,  or  even  a  short 
nose,  axe  unconsciousJij  impertinent^  and  make  rude,  blunt,  and 
impudent  remarks  iiyithout  intending  to  hurt  the  feelings  of  others. 
Parents  who  have  children  with  this  form  of  nose  should  take  espe- 
cial pains  to  make  them  polite  and  deferential.  Indeed,  they 
should  go  to  the  extreme  in  such  matters  in  order  to  balance  up 
this  deficiency. 

All  infants  and  young  children  exhibit  a  nose  more  or  less 
depressed  at  the  centre,  but  if  it  is  going  to  develop  upon  the 
ridge  it  will  begin  quite  early  to  rise  and  the  bones  to  harden.  But 
where  this  depression  remains  after  three  or  four  years  of  age  and 
the  character  shows  out  in  impudence  and  defiance,  a  wise  and 
rational  discipline  alone  will  correct  it.  Reasoning  with  such  as 
possess  a  fair  share  of  reflection  is  an  excellent  way.  Appeals  to 
the  affections  is  another  good  method  to  pursue  with  those  who 
are  emotional.  But  punishment  must  be  inflicted  and  force  used 
when  all  else  fails. 

There  is  no  more  useful  trait  in  the  mind  when  rightly  bal- 
anced than  Veneration,  for  it  is  the  basis  of  good  government,  law, 
order,  propriety,  politeness,  and  deference  lor  those  in  authority, 
and  for  the  opinions  of  those  who  are  experienced.  It  leads  to  the 
recognition  of  superior  excellence  in  others,  and  causes  the  young 
to  defer  to  parents,  teachers,  and  to  imitate  great  characters.  It  is 
the  foundation  of  religious  worship;  yet  many  men  with  large 
Veneration  are  devoid  of  behef  in  sectarian  creeds.  Voltaire  was 
such  a  one.  The  sign  for  Veneration  in  his  nose  was  very  large. 
George  Combe  says  of  him  that 

Voltaire's  veneration  was  manifested  in  his  sycophancy  to  kings  and 
persons  of  high  rank ;  also  in  his  sense  of  natural  religion.     He  was  called 


558  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

in  his  own  age  and  country  a  fanatic  for  erecting  a  church  at  Ferney,  which 
stands  to  this  day,  with  the  following  inscription  upon  it :  "  Erected  to  God 
by  Voltaire."* 

There  are  many  excellent  characters  who,  like  Voltaire,  pos- 
sess a  large  share  of  yiatural  religion^ — that  is  to  say,  who  are 
devout  in  their  pursuit  of  what  is  moral,  and  with  a  reverence  for 
the  truths  of  Nature,  but  not  for  man-made  creeds.  I  have  known 
many  persons  of  excellent  character,  with  large  Veneration,  who 
did  not  attend  church  nor  respect  the  opinions  of  pope,  bishop,  or 
priest,  yet  in  their  lives  were  correct  and  moral,  good  citizens  and 
parents.  Some  of  them  exhibited  the  possession  of  the  loftiest 
traits  of  character,  and  lived  up  to  very  exalted  standards. 

The  uses  of  Veneration  are  manifold.  It  is  essential  that  the 
teacher,  preacher,  foreman,  boss,  superintendent,  governor,  com- 
mander, and  civil  officer  should  possess  a  normal  degree  of  this 
elevated  trait.  Unbalanced  and  in  excess  it  creates  bigots  and 
fanatics,  causes  undue  respect  for  kings  and  conformity  to  conserva- 
tive governments,  traditions,  and  ancient  observances,  and  leads  to 
a  slavish  adoration  of  a  Supreme  Being.  Such  people  are  lacking 
in  reflection,  else  they  would  know  that  God  does  not  desire  to 
enslave  his  children,  but  rather  wishes  them  to  be  freemen — made 
such  by  knowledge  of  His  laws,  which  alone  can  free  us  from 
error  and  vice.  Veneration  is  not,  as  some  imagine,  a  slavish 
adoration  of  a  deity  or  of  a  plurality  of  deities.  That  is  a  perver- 
sion of  the  true  use  of  this  noble  faculty,  or  rather  its  use  without 
reason.  Veneration  should  always  be  moderated  by  reason  or 
subordinated  to  it,  for  without  it  it  degenerates  into  many  gross 
errors  and  superstitions.  Lecky,  in  his  "  History  of  European 
Morals,"  says : — 

Reverence  is  one  of  those  feelings  which  in  utilitarian  systems  would 
occupy  at  best  a  very  ambiguous  position,  for  it  is  extremely  questionable 
whetlier  the  great  ends  that  have  grown  out  of  it  in  the  form  of  religious 
superstition  and  political  servitude  have  not  made  it  a  source  of  more  un- 
happiness  than  happiness. 

This  idea  shows  that  it  can  be  turned  from  its  legitimate  use 
and  work  injuiy  to  whole  nations.  Still,  no  character  is  truly 
noble  or  beautiful  without  a  fair  share  of  Veneration. 

Negroes,  as  a  class,  have  little  Veneration,  and  this  gives 
them  that  ready  and  spontaneous  "sauce"  with  which  they  are  so 
generous.  Their  noses  are  exceedingly  depressed  at  the  centre, 
proving  that  the  bony  system  is  not  a  dominant  one  in  them. 
Their  religious  feelings  proceed  almost  entirely  from  an  over- 
development of  Credenciveness,  and  this  makes  them  grossly  super- 
stitious through  not  having  reason  with  which  to  balance  it.    The 

*  Combe's  Lectures  on  Phrenology,  p.  269. 


VENERATION.  559 

Mongolian  races  are,  if  possible,  more  superstitious  than  the  Negro. 
Their  noses  are  depressed  at  tlie  centre,  and  in  them  the  muscular 
system  dominates,  hence  tliey  are  more  emotional  than  reflective, 
more  changeable  than  stable,  and  show  the  predominance  of  all 
the  lower  muscular  traits.  Veneration  is  small  in  many  of  the 
Oriental  races,  or  dominated  by  the  faculty  of  Credenciveness. 
They  are  all  great  "believers,"  great  in  "faith,"  in  the  marvelous 
and  wonderful.  Their  large,  wide-open  eyes  show  that  they  have 
the  muscular  system  in  the  ascendency,  and  also  show  that  they 
have  for  ages  been  listening  to  the  recital  of  wonderful  and  im- 
probable stories  and  legends.  Their  religions  are  based  on  dogmas, 
traditions,  and  fables  as  unreal  and  improbable  as  the  "Arabian 
Nights'  Entertainments."  It  is  from  the  East  and  Orientalists 
that  our  religions,  as  well  as  most  of  our  ideas  of  fairies,  witches, 
spirits,  genii,  and  demons,  have  come ;  and  their  poems,  stories,  and 
legends  are  filled  with  descriptions  of  gorgons,  gnomes,  sprites, 
and  demons.  Color  here,  as  elsewhere  in  Nature,  shows  power. 
Accordingly,  we  find  many  Oriental  races  cruel  and  revengeful,  as 
well  as  superstitious,  amative,  imaginative,  and  licentious,  the  deep 
color  of  their  hair,  eyes,  and  complexion  intensifying  all  the  pas- 
sions and  emotions. 

In  all  undeveloped  people  and  races  an  excess  of  Credencive- 
ness, or  faith,  is  thouglit  to  be  a  religious  faculty,  whereas  it  is  only 
a  mark  of  an  unbalanced  mind  and  absence  of  practicality.  Tnie 
religion  is  shown  where  reason  and  morality  liold  tlie  balance. 

The  ability  for  logical  argument  is  one  attribute  of  this  faculty, 
and  where  the  nose  is  hroad  as  well  as  high  at  this  sign  large 
reasoning  powers  may  be  inferred,  as  well  as  capacity  for  logical 
ratiocination.  Where  tlie  nose  is  high  and  thin,  like  a  knife- 
blade,  the  ability  for  reasoning  is  only  moderate;  breadth  here,  as 
elsewhere,  makes  known  its  character.  The  portraits  of  Plato, 
WicklifFe,  Luther,  Swedenborg,  Kant,  Calvin,  Newton,  Kepler, 
John  Locke,  Benjamin  Franklin,  George  Herbert,  and  George  and 
John  Stephenson  exhibit  this  faculty  in  a  remarkable  degree.  The 
love  and  ability  for  debating  upon  laws  and  principles  are  also  the 
accompaniments  of  breadth  of  the  nose  at  the  centre.  In  the 
physiognomies  of  all  the  great  judicial  minds  of  the  world  the 
width  of  this  ])art  of  the  nose,  as  well  as  of  the  entire  nose,  is 
most  remarkable.  The  general  breadth  of  body  of  all  compre- 
hensive minds,  such  as  jurists,  naturalists,  statesmen,  inventors, 
scientists,  engineers,  and  astronomers,  proceeds  from  the  perfection 
of  their  digestive  capacity,  and  the  breadth  of  the  nose  at  the 
centre  of  the  bridge  is  the  sign  for  a  strong  stomach, — one  which 
digests  well  and   easily.     Most   of  the  above-named  classes  are 


560  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

large  eaters,  and  are  thus  able  to  assist  the  mental  processes  by 
creatmg  a  sound  physical  base  from  which  to  draw  their  mental 
strength.  The  consideration  of  great  and  broad  subjects  involves 
immense  mental  efforts,  and  sickly,  spindling,  big-headed,  thin- 
bodied  men  could  not  come  up  to  the  requirements  of  such  ques- 
tions. Accordingly,  we  observe  in  the  conformations  of  talented 
jurists  and  men  who  reason  broadly  and  profoundly  great  breadth 
of  body  and  height  and  breadth  of  nose.  Look,  for  example,  at 
the  portraits  of  Lord  Chatham,  eminent  statesman;  Lord  Mans- 
field, grand  jurist;  Buffon,  naturalist;  Liebnitz,  chemist;  Thomas 
Sydenham,  celebrated  physician;  Edward  Hyde,  Earl  of  Claren- 
don, statesman;  Lord  Brougham,  statesman ;  John  Quincy  Adams, 
statesman  and  orator;  Rufus  Choate,  jurist  and  omtor;  Daniel 
Webster,  statesman  and  orator,  and  Richard  Proctor,  astronomer. 
In  all  of  tliese  men  the  facial  and  bodily  signs  for  Veneration  will 
be  found  highly  developed. 

The  religious  beliefs  and  ceremonies  of  a  race  mark  its  grade 
of  development  mentally  as  well  as  physically.  The  highest  form 
of  religion  is  exhibited  where  morality  and  reason  hold  the  balance. 
A  correct  theology  is  essential  to  the  preservation  of  humanity,  for 
the  vast  majority  of  people  must  have  laws  to  control  them,  and 
any  system  of  ethics  which  is  founded  on  the  right  and  intelligent 
use  of  the  body  and  mind  will  tend  to  the  preservation  of  humanity 
and  to  the  perpetuation  of  an  improved  race.  Virtue  protects  while 
vice  destroys  character.  Veneration  will  teach  the  respect  due  to 
virtue.  Among  the  religious  faculties  Veneration  will  ever  hold  a 
controlling  influence.  We  must  remember  that  religion  is  a  com- 
ponent of  man  by  Nature,  and  if  we  obey  its  laws  and  cultivate 
its  sentiments  we  shall  transmit  to  offspring  a  talent  for  true 
religion ;  but  let  us  not  forget  that  compliancy  with  physiological 
and  hygienic  law  is  the  only  sound  basis  upon  which  true  religion 
can  rest.  Religion  is  exhibited  by  acts,  not  disclosed  by  beliefs. 
Sickly  sentimentalists  will  give  us  no  improved  types  of  humanity. 
The  study  of  the  natural  sciences  is  an  excellent  way  to  improve 
Veneration,  for  the  laws  of  God  are  in  these  studies  revealed  to 
the  student  in  a  most  wonderful  and  convincing  manner.  It  is  not 
possible  to  investigate  natural  laws  in  a  comprehensive  spirit  witli- 
out  becoming  convinced  that  there  is  a  great  and  wonderful  power 
guiding  and  controlling  everything. 

There  are  vast  numbers  of  persons  who  could  not  be  happy 
nor  brought  to  do  right  without  the  idea  of  a  controlling  power. 
Others  there  are  in  whom  the  osseous  and  brain  systems  are  in  the 
ascendency, — in  whom  the  facidties  of  Conscientiousness,  Venera- 
tion, and  Reason  are  paramount, — who  would  do  right  if  all  existing 


EXECUTIVENESS.  561 

laws  on  the  statute-books  were  swept  out  of  existence.  Yet  this 
class  owe  to  their  ancestors  a  developed  mental  and  moral  nature, 
who,  by  the  laws  of  evolution  and  natural  selection  have  first  built 
up  and  then  transmitted  to  their  offspring  uncommon  integrity, 
reason,  and  veneration. 

EXECUTIVENESS. 

Definition. — Capacity  for  governing;  love  of  domination;  de- 
cision, mental  force;  ability  to  perform,  consummate,  and  achieve 
plans,  purposes,  and  duties;  sense  of  thoroughness;  mental  cour- 
age, resolution.  The  jurist,  commander,  presiding  officer,  captain, 
and  superintendent  all  rely  upon  this  faculty  for  their  ability  to 
execute  and  enforce  law.  It  is  the  base  of  enterprise,  reform,  and 
vigorous  action,  and  makes  the  natural  leader. 

An  excess  causes  despotism,  undue  harshness,  and  severity  in 
executing  laws ;  and  makes  the  parent,  teacher,  and  superintendent 
too  exacting  and  overbearing. 

A  deficle)icy  creates  weakness  of  character,  with  no  ability 
for  self-control,  and  no  power  to  fill  executive  positions.  When 
quite  marked,  the  character  will  be  noted  for  inertia,  feebleness  of 
mind,  lack  of  energy  and  enterprise. 

Facial  ami  Boclily  Signs. — The  sign  for  Executiveness  is 
found  in  the  bridge  of  the  nose  just  above  Veneration.  It  is 
known  by  height  and  breadth  of  the  nasal  bones  and  development 
of  the  pyramidalis  nasi  muscle.  The  most  executive  noses  are 
long  and  broad  as  well  as  high,  with  large  nostrils,  large  mouth, 
and  large  eyes  (not  projecting). 

Secondary  signs  are  strong :  plentiful  supply  of  hair,  luxuriant 
beard,  squareness  of  the  bones;  strong,  large  hands  and  feet; 
bushy  eyebrows  and  hair. 

Lack  of  Executiveness  is  shown  by  a  small  nose  depressed  at 
this  point,  or  by  a  small,  straight  nose  and  small  mouth,  small 
hands  and  feet,  deficient  muscles,  feeble  digestion,  and  small  lungs. 

Description  of  Executiveness. — The  physiological  base  of 
Executiveness  is  traced  to  the  osseous  and  muscular  systems. 
The  location  of  its  local  sign  in  the  bony  ridge  of  the  nose  is  one 
l)roof  Its  curved  shape  where  it  is  prominent  is  evidence  of  its 
muscular  origin.  Observation  of  the  forms  of  the  most  executive 
persons  in  every  department  of  action  reveals  the  fact  that  in  them 
there  is  such  a  combination  of  bone  and  muscle  as  to  facilitate  the 
operation  of  this  faculty.  Again,  other  evidence  is  afforded  by 
the  large  size  of  the  month  and  nostrils.  These  two  signs  show 
visceral  vigor,  and  strength  of  the  lungs,  stomach,  and  heart  gives 
force  and  power  to  all  the  mental  operations.     Most  particularly  is 

36 


562 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


this  assistance  needed  by  those  who  take  command  of  perilous  and 
arduous  enterprises  and  vast  and  immense  plans  for  warfare,  com- 
merce, and  government,  or  in  engineering,  architecture,  etc. 

The  principal  facial  sign  for  Executiveness  adjoins  the  sign 
for  the  stomach,  and  hence  shows  its  near  relationship  to  that 
organ,  while  it  forms  the  highest  point  of  the  nose  and  thus  dis- 
closes its  relationship  to  the  function  of  breathing  and  to  the  devel- 
opment of  the  thorax.  Now, 
the  stomach  and  heart  are 
musctdar  organs^  and  to  the 
high  development  of  these 
organs  and  the  integrity  of 
the  bony  system  the  execu- 
tive individual  is  indebted 
for  his  physical  power.  A 
man  with  a  large,  high,  and 
broad  nose  shows  that  all 
of  these  organs  are  strong 
and  powerful.  He  there- 
fore gets  his  activity  and 
energy  from  the  develop- 
ment of  these  muscular  or- 
gans as  well  as  from  the 
entire  muscular  system,  and 
he  gets  his  stahillty  from 
large  and  strong  bones, 
while  his  directive  power 
and  intelligence  are  derived 
from  a  brain  that  is  the 
manifesting  organ  of  this 
peculiar  structure.  This 
analysis  simplifies  very  ma- 
terially the  process  of  read- 
ing character.  Formerly 
the  method  was  to  ascribe 


Fig.  83.— miss  CLARA  BARTON  (Philanthro- 
pist, Reformer,  and  President  of  the  Order 
OF  THE  Red  Cross  in  America.) 

Conspicuous  facial  sign,  Executiveness.  The  law 
of  the  stra^ht  line,  angle,  and  curve  governs  this  coun- 
tenance. The  signs  for  Conscientiousness,  Firmness 
Benevolence,  Patriotism  Love  of  Home,  Love  of 
Young,  Amativeness,  Economy,  Sanativeness,  Self- 
esteem,  and  Friendship  are  well  developed.  In  the  nose 
the  signs  for  Human  Nature,  Veneration,  Executive- 
ness, and  Self-will  are  most  decided.  Language  is  large  • 
BO  also  are  Order,  Form,  Size,  Reason,  Memory  of  Events 
and  Intuition.  The  life-work  of  this  benevolent  woman 
has  an  international  fame.  Her  principal  work  in  time 
of  war  was  on  the  battle-field,  caring  for  the  wounded 
soldiers.  Miss  Barton  has  proved  that  women  citizens 
will  not  shirk  the  duties  of  citizenship  on  the  battle- 
fleld.  She  is  an  ardent  champion  of  woman's  rights  and 
lives  up  to  herprofessions  in  this  direction  as  far  as  the 
law  permits.  The  wide,  straight  mouth  and  bright  eves 
indicate  eloquence.  The  face  as  a  whole  denotes  Integ- 
rity, Benevolence,  Sympathy,  Energy,  Ability  to  Com- 
mand, Logic,  and  Practicality. 


all  poicer  to  the  brain,  but 
the  largest  and  most  powerful  brain  in  the  world,  unsupported  by 
powerful  muscles  and  a  good  bony  framework,  could  not  take  com'- 
mand  of  a  steamship  in  a  hurricane  nor  quell  a  dangerous  mob, 
nor  perlbrm  any  act  requiring  prompt  and  heroic  conduct  or  long- 
sustained  mental  and  physical  efforts.  A  strong  visceral  organiza- 
tion is  also  essential  to  supply  the /o?-ce,  resolution,  and  courage 
wliich  commanders  require.  Accordingly,  we  find  that  men  who 
hold  important  positions,  where  courage,  decision  and  authority 


EXECUTIVENESS. 


563 


are  required,  are  broad-chested,  broad-shouldered,  and  have  a 
capacious  abdominal  system.  The  head  is  broad,  and  they  are 
altogether  built  upon  the  broad  2>lon.  A  large-brained  man  with 
narrow  shoulders,  fiat  abdomen,  small,  spindling  limbs  and  small 
hands  and  feet  could  not  command  a  steamship  nor  put  down  a 
riot,  nor  sit  for  months  in  a  crowded  court-room  passing  upon  the 
judicial  questions  involved  in  important  lawsuits.  Neither  could 
such  a  one  lead  a  vast 
pioneering  scheme  nor  com- 
mand an  army  in  the  field, 
nor  pass  hours  in  the  labo- 
ratory experimenting.  No, 
my  readers,  brain  alone  is 
not  competent  for  any  of 
these  mighty  works;  and 
when  the  eminent  meta- 
physician. Sir  W.  Hamil- 
ton, wrote 


"On  Earth  there  is  nothing  great 
but  man, 
In  man  there  is  nothing  great  but 
mind," 


he  spoke  from  the  old  meta- 
physical stand-point,  and 
not  from  a  scientific  under- 
standing of  man.  Man's 
mind  is  truly  great  only 
when  he  has  a  grand  body 
to  sustain  it.     The  men  of 


Fig.    84.— WILLIAM    H.    SEWARD.       (Teacher, 
AUTHOK,  Lawyer,  STATBasiAN,  and  Orator.) 

Born  in  New  York,  1801.  Conspicuous  facial  sign, 
Executiveness.  The  law  of  the  straight  line  and  curve 
govem.s  this  face.  The  dominant  expression  of  the  face 
i.s  Energy.  The  signs  for  Firmness,  (Conscientiousness, 
Patriotism,  Love  of  Home,  and  of  Young  are  well 
defined.  The  nose  announces  a  mind  of  the  first 
magnitude.  The  sign  for  Human  Nature  is  most 
extraordinarily  apparent,  while  Mental  Imitation,  Hope, 
' ' Ac- 


Analysis,   Sublimity,    Ideality,    Constructiveness,    ^^v.- 

ar>fir»n   \-n   fVio  ■w/nrlH  fV>ncf»       quisitiveness,  Veneration,  Executiveness,  Self-will,  and 

ttCLiUil  111  tlic  wuiiu,  muac  Observation  are  very  prominent.  Language.  Reason, 
Di/Vir*  Vimro  o rl vq n r>r>rl  fVif>  in-  Order,  Time,  and  Practicahty  are  also  well  developed, 
WHO  lidve   dUVdllCLU   Llie  hi-       forming  altogether  the  face  of  a  great   man,  whose 

terestS    of  humanity, who       Fhe  |loblf  ^^®"  a^l^iowledged  m  the  four  quarters  of 

have  assisted  most   in  the 

attainment  of  a  high  civilization,  have  possessed  good  feeding  and 
breathing  powers,  large  bones,  and  strong  muscles.  Look,  for 
example,  at  the  fine  bodily  structures  of  Hippocrates,  Aristotle, 
Socrates,  Agricola,  Francis  Bacon,  Baron  Cuvier,  Baron  Hum- 
boldt, Count  Rumford,  Sir  Moses  Montifiore,  Father  Mathew, 
John  Howard,  Abraham  Lincoln,  Farr^gut,  George  Washington, 
Daniel  Webster,  John  Bright,  D'Alembert,  Dr.  William  Harvey, 
Martin  Luther,  John  Bunyan,  and  Charles  Darwin,  and  observe  in 
each  case  that  the  signs  for  good  breathing  and  sound  digestion 
are  prominent.  Men  of  action  must  first  be  good  animals,  and 
then,  with  the  assistance  of  the  brain  and  nerves,  may  arrive  at 
distinction. 


564  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

In  all  departments  of  life's  activities  the  power  and  ability  to 
command  and  control  is  required,  and,  as  in  civilized  countries  law 
and  order  are  the  most  desirable  conditions,  the  ability  to  execute 
law  and  maiiitain  order  must  be  considered  one  of  the  most  useful 
as  well  as  one  of  the  most  eminent  traits  in  the  human  character. 
In  the  savage  races  foi^ce  or  fear  is  the  means  by  which  compli- 
ance to  rule  or  law  is  obtained,  and  very  little,  if  any,  pure  intellect 
enters  into  the  actions  of  those  who  govern ;  hence,  we  know  that 
Executiveness  is  a  faculty  of  highly-developed  character.  All  of 
the  signs  of  character  found  upon  the  ridge  of  the  nose  are  the  signs 
of  perfected  evolution,  and  he  who  is  able  to  govern  a  state,  com- 
mand an  army,  direct  a  large  body  of  workers,  or  lead  a  great 
enterprise  must  possess  the  faculty  of  self-control  in  a  large 
measure,  and  this  enables  him  to  control  others,  Tlie  local  sign 
for  Executiveness  lies  adjacent  to  the  sign  for  Veneration,  and  its 
upper  side  joins  the  local  facial  sign  for  Self-will, — a  faculty  which 
assists  in  commanding. 

Where  the  sign  for  Executiveness  is  large  it  forms  the  sort 
of  nose  denominated  the  "  Roman  nose,"  Irom  its  resemblance  to 
those  noses  observed  in  the  portraits  of  many  Roman  generals, 
statesmen,  and  orators.  There  are  many  different  degrees  of  this 
form.  Some  present  a  scarcely  noticeable  rise  above  the  straight 
outline  of  the  ridge  of  the  nose.  Where  this  slight  rise  in  its 
outline  is  present  the  disposition  is  inclined  more  to  self-control 
than  to  command  others,  and  gives  to  the  character  nobility 
and  high  aspiration,  and  shows  it  to  be  above  low  and  vulgar 
methods  of  thought  and  action.  Where  the  rise  is  still  higher 
and  broad  the  governing  ability  is  quite  apparent,  and  exhibits  the 
power  of  command  required  by  the  leader,  teacher,  foreman,  super- 
intendent, judge,  or  general.  The  ability  to  execute  law  and  to 
command  men  makes  one  bold,  resolute,  daring,  prompt,  decisive, 
and  cool  in  time  of  danger.  It  often  assumes  the  aggressive  form,  es- 
pecially when  found  in  the  physiognomies  of  military  leaders  and  of 
discoverers.  We  see  this  sign  most  conspicuously  displayed  in  the 
portraits  and  busts  of  Hannibal,  Julius  Csesar,  Charlemagne,  the 
Duke  of  Wellington,  John  Sobieski,  Amerigo  Vespucci,  De  Soto, 
Henry  Hudson,  Sir  John  Franklin,  and  in  the  faces  of  all  who 
have  become  known  to  history  for  their  ability  to  lead  large  bodies 
of  men  in  aggressive  movements  or  in  difficult  and  dangerous 
enterprises.  Many  great  naval  commanders  exhibit  this  sign  of 
character  and  possess  its  accompanying  characteristics.  In  natural 
superintendents,  foremen,  and  managers  this  trait  will  manifest 
its  presence  by  some  modification  of  this  sign,  either  small  or  large. 
Men  whose  noses  present  the  opposite  appearance,  and  are  low 


EXECUTIVENESS.  565 

and  depressed  in  the  centre,  will  never  succeed  in  positions  of 
authority.  The  physiognomy  of  Admiral  Sir  Charles  Napier  is  an 
admirable  illustration  of  Executiveness,  and  is  most  suggestive  of 
a  lion  in  its  expression.  All  of  the  courageous  and  powerful 
animals  of  the  carnivora  have  a  strong  visceral  structure  and  their 
wide  noses  and  broad,  open  nostrils  announce  great  breathing 
power,  while  their  wide  mouths  tell  us  of  fine  digestive  capacity 
and  the  large  joints  betoken  strong  bones  and  compact  muscles. 

The  more  timid  animals  are  less  powerfully  organized  in 
these  departments  of  their  natures.  Comparing  the  form  of  the 
bull-dog  with  that  of  the  greyhound  and  their  relative  courage  and 
endurance,  we  observe  that  in  the  case  of  the  bull-dog  a  physiology 
suited  to  his  disposition  is  the  cause  of  his  aggressive  spirit,  and 
that  a  lack  of  the  same  power  in  the  greyhound  is  the  cause  of  his 
timidity  and  peaceful  character.  In  one,  the  width  of  the  body 
and  nose  reveals  power,  endurance,  courage,  and  force;  in  the 
other,  the  long,  slim,  body  and  long,  narrow  nose  announce  a 
peaceful,  timid  disposition,  without  aggressive  force  of  any  kind. 

A  popular  error  ascribes  to  the  brain  nearly  all  of  the  powers 
of  the  body  and  mind,  and  conveys  the  idea  that  if  one  possess 
a  large  head  with  a  high  forehead  he  will  be  capable  of  almost 
any  mental  effort.  The  truth  is  that  a  person  with  a  large  brain, 
small  lungs,  weak  stomach,  small  abdomen,  and  small  hands  and 
feet  is  about  as  useful  as  a  "  last  year's  butterfly,"  and  heavily 
weighted  in  life's  struggle  for  existence.  I  do  not  care  how  large 
the  brain  is  or  how  high  its  quality,  a  much  smaller  brain  with 
a  good  physiological  structure  will  show  a  far  more  useful  char- 
acter. It  takes  a  good  digestion,  a  strong  heart,  active  lungs, 
and  a  fair  quality  of  bone  and  muscle  to  make  a  large  brain 
effective,  otherwise  it  is  a  positive  detriment  when  great  decision, 
valor,  energy,  and  intrepidity  are  required.  A  large  brain  is  less 
useful  than  a  large  body  with  a  small  brain.  I  do  not  mean  a  fat 
body,  but  a  strong-boned,  well-knit,  muscular  one,  with  sufficient 
adipose  tissue  to  give  warmth  and  heat,  and  this  assists  in  produc- 
ing/orce.  Steam  cannot  be  created  without  fire,  and  carbon  in 
the  human  body  creates  force  and  energy.  The  forms  of  nearly 
all  steamship  commanders  are  characterized  by  a  large  bony  system, 
powerful  muscles,  a  round  and  solid  body  of  medium  weight,  and 
a  medium-sized,  broad  brain.  The  engineers  of  steamships  are 
nearly  all  short,  broad  men,  with  broad  heads ;  short,  thick  necks ; 
large,  high,  and  broad  noses,  with  broad  chins;  and  here  we  have 
the  build  for  coohiess,  intrepidity,  courage,  instant  decision,  and 
constancy, — the  best  form  to  stay  a  panic  or  put  down  a  mutiny. 
Men  of  this  formation  of  body  are  unflinching  in  the  discharge  of 


566  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

duty,  and  are  most  reliable,  trustworthy,  and  enduring.  The  con- 
tour of  their  heads  and  bodies  indicates  intelligence  and  resolution. 
Such  a  one  is  Captain  Murrell,  who  rescued  over  seven  hundred 
persons  in  mid-ocean  from  a  ship  which  had  become  disabled  in  a 
storm.  He  received  them  into  his  own  ship  and  cared  for  them 
until  his  arrival  at  the  port  of  Philadelphia.  His  bodily  build 
corresponds  to  the  above  description,  except  that  he  is  tall  as  well 
as  broad.  To  large  Executiveness  he  adds  large  Friendship,  and 
is  chivalrous  and  tender  to  women  and  children.  He  is  a  fine  type 
of  his  class.  There  are  many  more  in  his  profession  who  present 
precisely  the  same  characteristics  of  mind  and  body. 

In  choosing  persons  to  act  as  superintendents  in  mines,  fac- 
tories, or  railroads,  or  for  business,  a  different  form  and  another 
sort  of  Executiveness  are  required.  For  these  purposes  tall,  active 
men  having  the  practical  facidtles  dominant  should  be  selected, 
with  a  mechanical  taste  and  capacity  for  criticising  machinery,  but 
not  so  large  as  to  preclude  activity;  with  moderate-sized  brain, 
good,  large  lungs,  and  strong  digestion,  and  with  the  signs  for 
Veneration  and  Executiveness  full.  A  noteworthy  appearance,  and 
one  that  I  liave  often  observed,  is  that  a  large  number  of  superin- 
tendents and  foremen  have  red  or  sandy  hair.  This  appearance  in 
such  men  is  in  accord  with  physiognomical  law.  Red-haired  people 
(if  the  hair  be  fine)  are  aspiring  and  ambitious,  as  well  as  active 
and  approbative ;  hence,  they  naturally  seek  to  be  first  in  the  occu- 
pations best  suited  to  their  peculiar  mental  and  physical  organiza- 
tion. Water  always  seeks  its  level,  according  to  a  natural  law,  and 
human  beings,  impelled  by  the  force  and  direction  of  their  leading 
traits,  gravitate  to  their  own  place  in  the  social  scale.  Men  of 
commanding  intellect  and  force  of  character  (even  in  monarchical 
countries)  will  break  through  all  trammels,  and,  surmounting 
every  obstacle  with  the  transcending  power  of  their  genius,  leap  at 
once  to  the  highest  pinnacle  of  fame.  Such  a  man  was  Michael 
Faraday,  the  physicist.  Although  born  in  poverty,  and  striving 
against  the  most  adverse  circumstances,  he  lived  to  become  the 
benefactor  of  society,  and  by  force,  fortitude,  and  industry  made  for 
himself  a  brilliant  and  lasting  fame.  Talent  and  industry  accom- 
plish marvels,  and  prolonged  industry  merely  without  great  talent 
will  achieve  great  things.  The  history  of  many  men  who  have  by 
their  own  efforts  risen  to  eminence  proves  Ihat  plodding  and  un- 
ceasing efforts  in  one  channel  oflen  lead  to  great  results.  There  is 
not  a  genius  known  to  fame  who  would  have  been  recognized  as 
such  had  he  not  added  industry  to  talent.  Read  the  life  of  Michael 
Angelo,  who  studied  anatomy  eighteen  years;    of  Titian,  who 


EXECUTIVENESS.  667 

painted  industriously  until  his  ninety-ninth  year ;  of  Mozart,  who 
died  of  overwork  at  thirty-five  years  of  age;  of  Sebastian  Bach, 
who  became  blind  from  overstiidy  and  died  aged  sixty-five  years; 
and  of  Beethoven,  tlie  greatest  of  all  musical  geniuses,  who  labored 
all  his  life  most  industriously.  Without  extended  and  consecutive 
efforts  these  men  would  never  have  been  known  to  the  world. 
Men  and  women  possessed  of  musical,  literary,  and  artistic  tastes 
require  only  leisure  to  pursue  their  studies  and  prepare  themsehes 
for  greatness,  but  the  great  aggressive  gemuses  of  the  world,  such 
as  miUtary  commanders,  founders  of  new  forms  of  government,  and 
great  inventors,  must  have  a  trill  to  force  circumstances  to  give 
them  the  necessary  opportunity  to  make  their  talent  conspicuous. 
The  energy  and  executiveness  which  men  of  great  mechanical 
talent  exhibit  in  order  to  open  the  way  for  their  inventions  are 
sometimes  greater  than  the  inventive  ability  displayed  by  their 
genius.  In  listening  to  the  recital  of  the  efforts  whicli  ('aptain 
James  B.  Eadds  made  in  striving  to  influence  legislation  and  public 
men,  in  order  to  get  his  great  improvments  and  inventions  in  en- 
gineering before  the  people,  I  was  struck  with  the  perfectly  hercu- 
lean powers  of  the  man's  will  and  executiveness.  His  physiognomy 
corroborates  all  that  my  informant  related.  All  readers  of  biogra- 
phy will  certainly  form  the  opinion  that  geniuses  and  men  of  great 
talent  owe  as  much  to  their  mijlagging  energy  and  habits  of  cease- 
less industry  as  they  do  to  their  creative  powers.  From  biography 
we  learn  that  many  if  not  most  of  the  greatest  minds  of  aU  ages 
have  sprung  from  extreme  poverty,  and  have  conquered  circum- 
stances by  the  exercise  of  a  dauntless  will.  There  are  some  men 
who,  having  a  taste  or  love  lor  science,  art,  and  mechanism,  believe 
that  if  circumstances  had  favored  their  youth  they  might  have 
brought  forth  some  great  invention,  poem,  painting,  or  musical 
composition,  but,  their  youth  having  passed  without  such  oppor- 
tunity, they  see  no  future  in  this  direction  for  them.  Of  this  class 
Francis  Galton  remarks  thus : — 

A  prodigal  nature  commonly  so  prolongs  the  period  when  a  man's 
receptive  faculties  ai'e  at  their  keenest  that  a  faulty  education  in  youth  is 
readily  repaired  in  after  life.  The  education  of  Watt,  the  great  mechani- 
cian, was  of  a  merely  elementary  character.  During  his  youth  and  manhood 
he  was  engrossed  with  mechanical  specialties.  It  was  not  until  he  became 
advanced  in  years  that  he  had  leisure  to  educate  himself,  and  yet  by  the 
time  he  was  an  old  man  he  had  become  singularly  well  read  and  widel}'^  and 
accurately  informed.  The  scholar  who,  in  the  e3'es  of  his  contemporaries 
and  immediate  successors,  made  one  of  the  greatest  reputations  as  such  that 
any  man  has  ever  made  was  Julius  Cajsar  Scaliger.  His  youth  was,  I  be- 
lieve, entirely  unlettered.  He  was  in  the  army  until  he  was  twent3'-nine, 
and  then  he  led  a  vagrant  professional  life,  trying  everything  and  sticking 
to  nothing.     At  length  he  fixed  himself  upon  Greek.     His  first  publications 


568  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

were  at  forty -seven,  and  between  that  time  and  the  period  of  a  somewhat 
early  death  he  earned  his  remarkable  reputation, — only  exceeded  by  that  of 
his  son.  People  are  too  apt  to  complain  of  their  imperfect  education, 
insinuating  that  they  "  would  have  done  great  things  "  if  they  had  been 
more  favorably  circumstanced  in  youth.  But  if  their  power  of  learning  is 
materially  diminished  by  the  time  they  have  discovered  their  want  of  knowl- 
edge, it  is  very  i)robable  that  their  abilities  are  not  of  a  very  high  order, 
and  that  however  well  they  might  have  been  educated  they  would  have 
succeeded  but  little  better.* 

In  the  amount  of  energy  displayed  in  the  character  of  different 
individuals  we  see  the  moving  cause  of  their  success  or  non-success. 
One  great  adjunct  to  Executiveness  is  found  in  a  vigorous  thoracic 
system.  The  man  who  can  hreathe  deeply  and  strongly  is  better 
equipped  for  the  race  in  life  tlian  one  whose  breathing  and  circu- 
lation are  feeble.  The  great  breathers  of  the  world — men  with 
large,  round  bodies — are  tliose  who  carry  off  the  prizes  in  all  active 
pursuits.  Energy,  Executiveness,  and  Force  are  derived  from  good 
eating  and  good  breathing  powers,  and  they  materially  assist  deep 
thinking^  as  I  have  shown  ;  and  those  parents  wlio  would  assist  the 
tliinhmg  powers  of  a  child  must  take  steps  to  improve  his  breath- 
ing powers.  If  parents  would  liave  their  sons  and  daughters 
executive,  let  them  endeavor  to  add  a  couple  of  inches  to  their 
chest-measure  instead  of  trying  to  increase  the  size  of  the  brain  by 
study,  even  supposing  that  this  method  could  accomplish  that 
result.  I  prefer  the  gymnastic  apparatus  as  a  means  to  this  end. 
My  opinion  is  that  this  apparatus  should  be  the  most  important 
accessory  to  all  schools,  particularly  of  girls'  schools.  The  mothers 
of  the  race  have  greater  need  of  deep  breatliing  and  energy  than 
the  fathers,  although  each  should  try  to  improve  the  quality  of 
both  lungs  and  muscle. 

Mr.  Galton  tells  us  that 

Each  generation  has  enormous  power  over  the  natural  gifts  of  those 
that  follow,  and  I  maintain  that  it  is  a  dut}'  we  owe  to  humanity  to  inves- 
tigate the  range  of  that  power  and  to  exercise  it  in  a  way  that,  without  be- 
ing unwise  to  ourselves,  shall  be  most  advantageous  to  future  inhabitants 
of  the  earth. f 

In  order,  then,  to  become  the  progenitors  of  executive,  ener- 
getic children  intending  parents  should  commence  a  course  of 
gymnastic  training,  develop  the  muscles  and  muscular  organs, — 
the  heart,  the  lungs,  and  stomach, — as  well  as  the  digestive  powers 
by  hygienic  diet.  In  this  manner  it  is  possible  for  a  mother 
with,  a  comparatively  low  nose  to  expand  her  lungs  and  nos- 
trils considerably,  and  thus  be  able  to  produce  children  whose 
lungs  and  nose  shall  be  an  improvement  on  her  own,  and  whose 

*  Hereditary  Genius,  Francis  Galton,  pp.  ■M,  45. 
t  Ibid.,  p.  1. 


SELF-WILL.  569 

minds  shall  be  far  more  aspiring,  ambitious,  executive,  and  com- 
manding. Form  and  function  are  allied  forces,  and  if  we  would 
possess  high  faculties  we  must  have  suitable  forms^  made  such  by 
high  functional  activity. 

Executiveness,  or  the  capacity  for  leadership,  is  not  confined 
to  man.  Many  classes  of  animals  evince  a  great  deal  of  tliis 
faculty.  Goats,  sheep,  deer,  antelopes,  and  elephants  have  their 
leaders. 

Among  children  the  bom  leader  soon  makes  his  talent  known, 
for  he  is  "captain,"  "teacher,"  or  "umpire"  of  the  games  by  gen- 
eral consent,  while  the  meek,  "sheepish"  children  follow  their 
leader  as  readily  as  does  tlie  duck  or  goose. 

The  capacity  to  lead,  command,  and  execute  is  natural  or  in- 
herited when  exhibited  in  early  life.  It  can  be  cultivated,  as  I 
have  shown,  by  exercise  of  the  muscles  and  muscular  organs. 
Its  highest  manifestation  in  combination  is  found  when  Self- 
will,  Conscientiousness,  and  Veneration  are  large.  Associated 
with  large  practical  faculties,  it  gives  taste  and  capacity  for  super- 
intending mechanical  enterprises.  In  company  with  literary  or 
art  faculties,  it  gives  tlie  disposition  to  dominate  and  enforce  ideas, 
plans,  and  purposes.  Executiveness,  in  tliose  possessed  of  large 
oratorical  powers,  gives  expression  to  bold,  resolute,  and  magnani- 
mous ideas  ;  combined  with  large  reasoning  powers.  Force,  and 
Constructiveness,  it  creates  the  aggressive,  strategic,  and  military 
commander.  It  is  always  more  powerful  in  those  who  yjossess  a 
good  degree  of  color  in  the  system.  Those  wlio  exhibit  bright 
eyes,  pale  complexions,  and  light  hair,  even  with  the  sign  of  Ex- 
ecutiveness large,  will  not  be  as  forcible  and  vigorous  in  action  as 
the  darker-colored. 

SELF-WILL. 

Definifion. — VoUtion,  spontaneous  decision,  application,  am- 
plification ;  power  for  concentrated  attention ;  self-government  by 
force  of  will;  self-confidence;  the  power  of  choosing  for  one's  self; 
strength  of  opinions ;  spmitaneons  exercise  of  one's  own  desires ; 
strength  of  will  and  ability  to  execute  it.  Distinguished  from 
Firmness  by  its  not  necessarily  being  consecutive.  Self-will  is  able 
to  bring  all  its  force  to  bear  upon  a  given  object  or  train  of  thought, 
and  as  readily  turn  all  its  power  in  another  direction.  It  also  shows 
by  force  brought  to  bear  upon  the  wills  of  others  or  externally  upon 
works  of  art,  Uterature,  mechanism,  or  other  muscular  pursuits. 
Firmness  is  more  of  an  individual  trait,  serving  to  keep  one  firmly, 
perseveringly,  and  continuously  at  one  plan  or  course  of  conduct. 

An  excess  leads  to  selfishness,  contrariness,  opposition,  dis- 
regard of  others'  rights  and  comfort,  to  tyranny  and  overbearing 


570 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


conduct.     In  work  its  excess  leads  to  prolixity  and  unnecessary 
amplification,  circumlocution,  and  detail. 

A  deficiency  causes  irresolution,  timidity,  cowardice,  vacilla- 
tion, lack  of  confidence  in  one's  own  powers,  with  no  settled  or 
strong  opinions,  beliefs,  or  convictions. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  principal  facial  sign  for  Self- 
will  is  fullness  of  the  muscle  at  the  root  of  the  nose  at  its  junc- 
tion with  the  forehead.  It  is  caused  by  the  development  of 
muscle. 

Other  and  secondary  signs  are  found  in  the  general  develop- 
ment of  the  muscular  sys- 
tem, causing  fullness  of  the 
muscles  of  the  back  of  the 
neck ;  a  curved  lower  jaw, 
as  is  seen  in  creative  artists  ; 
rounding  out  of  the  sides 
of  the  forehead  ;  large,  full, 
convex  eyes  ;  short,  round- 
ing ear  ;  thick,  round  nose ; 
short,  tliick,  muscular  hands 
and  muscular,  tapering 
fingers. 

Where  pure  Self-will 
is  lacking  the  nose  will  be 
depressed  and  narrow  at  the 
root,  and  the  entire  system 
will  exhibit  a  relative  lack 
of  muscle. 

Description  of  Self- 
will. — The  most  conspicu- 
ous facial  sign  for  Self-will 
is  exhibited  by  height  and 
width  of  the  nose  at  the 
root  or  junction  with  the 
forehead.  Inasmuch  as  the 
principal  facial  signs  for  decision  and  self-assertion  are  found  situ- 
ated in  the  muscles,  and  as  all  the  behests  of  the  will  are  operated 
mainly  by  means  of  the  muscular  system,  and  as  the  stronger  pas- 
sions and  emotions  are  performed  by  the  exercise  of  the  muscles 
and  exhibited  in  the  face  by  muscular  expression,  I  feel  justified  in 
stating  that  the  physiological  and  anatomical  base  of  this  faculty  is 
to  be  found  in  the  muscular  system.  When  we  come  to  consider 
that  the  structure  of  the  brain  is  mainly  of  a  fibroid  nature,  we  have 
in  this  circumstance  additional  evidence  of  the  large  representation 


Fig.  85.— ex-queen  NATALIE  OF  SERVIA. 
Born  in  Russia.  Principal  facial  sign.  Self-will, 
shown  by  height  of  the  nose  at  its  junction  with  the 
forehead.  The  law  of  tlie  curve  and  .straia;lit  line  gov- 
erns this  face.  In  the  lower  part  of  the  countenance 
are  observed  the  signs  for  Firmness,  Coniscience,  Love 
of  Home,  I'atriotism,  Henevolence,  .Vmativene.ss,  Love 
of  Young,  and  Self  esteem  well  developed.  The  nose 
is  long,  high,  and  Itony,  showing  a  very  positive  and 
strong  intellect.  The  signs  for  Human  Nature,  Ideality, 
Subliuiity,  Analysi.s,  ('oustnictiveness.  Acquisitiveness, 
Veneration,  Exeoutiveness,  and  Helf-will  are  most 
prominent.  Language,  Music,  Calculation,  and  Ob.fer- 
vation  are  well  detiued.  Credenciveness,  Form,  and 
Size  are  marked,  while  the  deep  color  of  the  eyes,  hair, 
and  complexion  gives  force,  intensity,  and  power  to  all 
the  social,  domestic,  and  mental  manifestations. 


SELF-WILL. 


571 


which  the  muscular  system  has  in  the  cerebral  organization.  Wlien 
it  is  considered  how  many  beautiful  and  useful  traits  are  expressed 
by  the  use  of  this  system,  it  is  not  at  all  singular  that  so  large  a 
portion  of  the  brain  should  be  composed  of  muscular  fibres,  and 
that  some  of  the  fibrous  portion  of  the  brain  should  stand  repre- 
sentative of  the  function  of  VocaUty,  as  in  language  and  singing, 
as  well  as  in  the  sense  of  Weight, — the  sense  of  pressure  and 
resistance, — faculties  which  are  entirely  dependent  upon  a  fine  en- 
dowment of  muscular  or  cartilaginous  structure.  In  order  to  trace 
the  origin  of  pure  Self-will  we  must  go  far  down  the  scale  of  organi- 
zation, and  in  the  purposive 
movements  of  the  amoeba  we 
shall  find  that  this  struc- 
tureless creature  has  the 
power  of  changing  its  shape 
at  will,  its  exciting  stimuli 
being  external  impressions 
only.  It  is  certain  that  all 
of  the  "potencies  and  pos- 
sibilities" of  the  will  are 
latent  in  the  minute  speck 
of  protoplasmic  material 
which  forms  the  human 
germ,  and  those  naturalists 
who  have  busied  them- 
selves with  tracing  the 
course  of  the  evolution  of 
the  tissues  will  find  that  all 
the  animals  and  insects 
which  have  evolved  the 
best  muscular  systems  ex- 
hibit greater  will-power, 
self-assertion,  and  more 
spontaneous  and  instantctj- 
neous  movements  and  deci- 
sion than  those  less  well 
endowed  with  this  tissue.  The  activity  and  energy  of  several 
species  of  ants,  for  example,  are  perfectly  wonderful,  and  their 
governmental  and  architectural  skill  is  due  entirely  to  their  high 
grade  and  fine  development  of  their  muscular  systems,  which 
dominate  the  other  functions.  Of  the  white  ants  it  is  observed 
that  they  possess  power  for  the  organization  of  ranks,  including 
military  fighting  squadrons,  while  their  edifices  or  constructive 
works  include  galleries  and  corridors,  magazines,  nurseries,  royal 


Fig.  86.— JOSEPH  GARIBALDI.     (STATESMAN, 
Patkiot,  General.) 

Bom  in  Italy,  1807.  t^onspicuous  facial  sign,  Self- 
will,  shown  l)y  lieight  of  the  nose  at  it.s  junction  with 
the  forehead.  The  law  of  the  straight  line,  square,  and 
cube  governs  this  conntenance.  Tlie  appearance  of  the 
upper  i)art  of  the  face  is  assuninoe  to  the  sruentific 
physiognomist  that  the  domestic  faculties  are  well  devel- 
oped, alheit  they  are  concealed  by  the  beard.  The  nose 
is  an  extraordinary  one,  and  by  its  length,  firmness,  and 
width  its  entire  length  and  general  height  above  the 
plane  of  the  face  announces  a  powerful  character.  The 
signs  for  Analysis,  Mental  Imitation,  Sulilimity,  Con- 
structiveness,  and  Acquisitiveness  are  most  conspicu- 
ous, while  the  signs  for  Veneration,  Executiveness, 
Self-will,  Observation,  Form,  Size,  Order,  Locality, 
Weight,  Memory  of  Events,  Reason,  and  Intuition  show 
the  highest  degree  of  power. 


572  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

chambers  and  halls,  offices,  ordmary  rooms  and  egg  rooms,  floors 
and  ceilings,  pillars,  and  other  appurtenances.* 

Among  the  higher  classes  of  animals  the  capacity  for  prompt 
decision  and  action  is  found  the  best-developed  among  the  car- 
nivora,  whose  muscular  systems  are  dominant.  The  action  of 
prompt  and  decisive  Self-will  is  manifested  by  the  higher  classes 
of  carnivorous  birds,  the  eagle,  condor,  and  falcon,  for  example, 
and  in  all  of  these  creatures  the  muscular  system  is  dominant. 
The  projecting  convex  eye,  the  curved  beak  and  talons,  tlie  keel- 
like breast-bone,  and  the  curved  back  alike  denote  the  supremacy 
of  the  muscles  and  the  will.  These  birds  have  the  power  for 
intense  concentration  of  all  the  faculties  at  one  time.  They  will 
hover  over  a  lake  or  field,  watching  with  all  the  intensity  of  their 
minds,  and  finally  at  a  favorable  moment  swoop  down  with  a  tre- 
mendous rush  and  seize  their  prey.  Such  spontaneous  concentra- 
tion requires  something  more  than  brain  or  nerves,  bones  or  lungs. 
Nothing  but  the  muscles  could  manifest  such  force,  promptness, 
concentration,  and  spontaneity. 

The  knowledge  which  can  be  gained  from  a  comparison  of 
animal  and  human  pliysiognomies  as  to  the  origin  of  the  "  will " 
exceeds  in  practicality  all  of  the  numerous  and  labored  metaphysi- 
cal essays  on  the  subject  which  have  been  written.  A  comparison 
of  the  signs  of  Self-will  in  the  faces  of  tlie  most  refined  races  with 
those  of  the  uncivilized  will  prove  that  a  high  grade  of  Self-will  is 
more  characteristic  of  the  higher  races  than  of  the  lower.  Its  de- 
velopment in  them  is  attended  usually  with  a  great  deal  of  mental 
force.  In  some  instances  so  great  is  this  power  for  decision  and 
self-assertion  as  to  entitle  it  to  rank  as  a  talent.  The  lowest  races 
of  human  beings  do  not  exhibit  that  development  of  the  nose  where 
the  principal  sign  for  Self-will  is  situated.  On  the  contrary,  the 
noses  of  the  aboriginal  Australians,  the  Tahitians,  many  African 
tribes,  and  many  Mongolians  and  others  disclose  very  great  depres- 
sion of  this  portion  of  the  nose.  This  comparison  of  the  civilized 
with  the  uncivilized  races  reveals  to  us  the  fact  that  Self-will  is  a 
high  faculty,  and  related  to  and  influencing  the  most  important 
traits  of  character.  Its  situation  beins:  between  the  executive  and 
mechanical  faculties  shows  that  it  is  the  pivot,  so  to  speak,  around 
which  all  these  conspicuous  traits  cluster,  and  upon  which  they  are 
dependent  for  their  power  to  illustrate  most  effectively  their 
activity.  Decision  and  self-assertion  are  among  the  most  com- 
manding powers  of  the  mind.  Look,  for  example,  at  the  portraits 
of  Garibaldi,  Julius  Caesar,  Mazzini,  Ericsson,  Humboldt,  Talley- 
rand, Tasso,  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe,  Marco  Polo,  David  Living- 

»  Miiid  in  the  Lower  Animals,  J.  L.  Lindsay,  M.D.,  vol  i,  p.  69. 


SELF-WILL.  573 

stone,  Charlotte  Bronte,  Mrs.  Hemans,  Catherine  II  of  Russia, 
Elizabeth  Barret  Browning,  Sir  Walter  Raleigli,  and  hundreds  of 
others  known  to  fame,  and  you  will  become  convinced  that  this 
is  a  trait  of  superiority. 

There  are  many  men  and  women,  whose  facial  records  prove 
them  to  be  possessed  of  large  Self-will,  whose  successful  career 
demonstrates  that  this  one  faculty  alone  has  served  to  make  their 
other  traits  conspicuous,  wliich,  without  the  aid  of  a  talented  degree 
of  Self-will  would  never  have  given  their  acts  and  works  the  atten- 
tion which  they  have  gained. 

Self-will  is  a  mental  faculty,  and  belongs  to  the  mind  of 
the  muscles.  The  plan  of  tliis  system  ascribes  to  each  faculty  a 
representation  in  the  brain,  but  disagrees  somewhat  with  the 
phrenological  method  of  localizing  signs  of  cliaracter  upon  the 
bones  of  the  cranium,  as  well  as  with  the  restricted  view  that  the 
entire  mind  is  sliut  up  in  the  skull,  and  mainly  discoverable  by 
the  conformation  of  the  hones  of  the  head. 

Many  of  the  secondary  signs  of  Self-will  are  discovered  in  the 
several  muscles  of  the  body,  most  particularly  in  the  muscles  of 
the  neck.  All  sorts  of  corroborative  signs  are  found  scattered  all 
over  the  self-willed  individual  or  animal,  for  wherever  the  back  of 
the  neck  is  full — developed  in  muscle — the  eyes  are  found  to  be 
convex  and  large,  and  this  is  a  sign  of  muscular  power,  as  observed 
in  the  bull,  whose  thick  neck  and  bulging  eyes  are  indicative  of 
strength  and  bUnd,  unreasoning  will.  Of  the  characteristics  which 
may  be  discerned  in  necks  of  the  opposite  conformation,  Dr.  Cross 
tells  us  that 

The  slender  neck  bespeaks  not  only  weakness  and  timiditj'^,  but  also 
all  the  other  qualities  which  follow  in  their  train.  The  thick  neck,  on  the 
contrary,  bespeaks  not  only  strength  and  courage,  but  also  all  the  other 
qualities  whicli  flow  from  them.  The  former  is  pliable,  alert,  and  calculated 
for  obedience.  The  latter  is  stiff  to  a  proverb,  imperious,  and  destined  to 
command.* 

An  excellent  comparison  may  be  instituted  between  the  thick 
neck  of  the  bull  and  the  long,  slim  neck  of  the  giraffe.  The 
former,  secure  in  his  abundant  strength,  makes  his  presence  known 
by  fearful  bellowings ;  while  the  latter,  timid  as  a  hare, "  has  never 
been  known  to  utter  a  sound"  (Rev.  J.  G.  Wood).  Silence  is 
one  of  the  methods  Nature  uses  to  compensate  the  giraffe  for  lack 
of  strength  and  fleetness,  silence  in  its  case  serving  to  conceal  its 
proximity  to  dangerous  neighbors.  This  correlation  of  silence 
with  weakness  will  illustrate  my  theory  of  the  law  of  compensation. 

The  facial  sign  for  Self-will  is  more  rare  in  the  physiognomies 

*  An  Attempt  to  Establish  Physiognomy  on  Scientific  Principles,  J.  Cross,  M.D.,  p.  116. 


574  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of  females  than  in  the  masculine  countenance.  Their  changeful  pur- 
suits and  long-continued  subjection  to  man  have  together  prevented 
the  development  of  any  general  and  marked  degree  of  prompt 
decision  and  self-assertion.  This  long-continued  repression  of 
Self-will  has  resulted  in  an  arrest  of  development  of  this  trait. 
Then,  too,  the  life  of  woman  in  general  is  made  up  of  constant 
changes, — of  small  occupations  or  trivialities ;  very  few,  compara- 
tively, have  the  opportunity  to  pursue  one  grand  and  continuous 
occupation.  Domestic  life,  wliich  occupies  the  attention  of  the 
majority  of  women,  is  made  up  of  as  many  as  twenty  different  and 
distinct  trades,  hence  it  subjects  women  to  constant  changes  of 
occupations  and  constant  variations  of  mental  states. 

In  the  countenances  of  those  persons  who  have  for  many 
years  made  concentrated  efforts  of  the  will  in  a  given  direction 
two  horizontal  wrinkles  across  the  facial  sign  for  Self-will  often 
appear.  Many  eminent  commanders,  both  miUtary  and  naval,  as 
well  as  superintendents,  teachers,  and  workers  in  art,  science,  etc., 
exhibit  these  wrinkles.  In  some  they  are  quite  deep ;  in  others, 
less  so;  but  wherever  observed  they  have  been  caused  by  the 
concentrated  effort  of  the  will,  and  thus  show  this  effort  in  the 
muscles  which  contribute  their  facial  record.  Phrenologians  term 
this  faculty  " Concentrativeness "  and  "Continuity,"  neither  of 
which  expresses  the  action.  It  is  true  that  it  enables  one  who  has 
it  largely  developed  to  place  his  thoughts  and  feelings  for  a  certain 
length  of  time  with  great  force  in  a  given  direction,  but  it  does 
not  give  that  continuity  of  action  and  purpose  exhibited  by  the 
faculty  of  Firmness.  This  latter  faculty,  although  drawn  many 
times  from  the  pursuit  of  its  object,  returns  again  and  again,  and 
never  withdraws  from  its  aim  until  it  is  achieved. 

Those  who  are  wanting  in  Self-will  are  measurably  deficient 
in  the  power  to  concentrate  with  force  all  their  thoughts  upon  a 
given  subject,  and  in  writing  or  speaking  wander  away  from  what 
they  had  intended  to  express.  It  is  the  same  with  the  speaker 
who,  with  perhaps  large  intellectual  acquirements  but  with  small 
Self-will,  fails  to  hold  before  his  mind  all  that  he  desires  to  express, 
simply  because  he  lacks  the  ready  force  of  will  to  use  at  that 
moment.  And  this  explanation  serves  to  show  how  Self-will  is  so 
essential  a  component  of  the  character  of  great  actors. 

This  sign  (of  wrinkles)  is  never  observed  in  childhood.  The 
former  sign  of  height  of  the  muscle  where  it  joins  the  forehead  is 
indicated  in  childhood  where  there  is  a  large  degree  of  inherited 
Self-will. 

Those  persons  who  have  been  successful  in  carrying  forward 
great  commercial  and  architectural  enterprises,  such  as  building 


SELF-WILL.  575 

railroads,  laying  cables,  erecting  bridges,  aqueducts,  and  cathedrals, 
founding  and  managing  communities  and  governments,  and  in  all 
undertakings  in  art  and  inventions  requiring  persistent  exercise  of 
the  will,  disclose  height  at  the  root  of  the  nose.  In  many  faces  in 
which  this  sign  is  large,  the  sign  for  Firmness  (another  sort  of 
will)  is  often  small  or  only  average,  and  the  chin  in  this  case  will  be 
somewhat  receding.  In  rare  instances  both  of  these  will  be  large 
in  the  same  face,  and  this  combination  gives  an  exceedingly  set, 
willful,  and  obdurate  character.  A  proper  distinction  must  be 
made  between  the  action  of  Self-will  and  Firmness^  both  of  which 
express  a  personal  force  and  reveal  a  great  deal  of  selfJiooil^ — not 
selfishness  necessarily,  for  whether  these  traits  will  result  in  selfish- 
ness depends  upon  other  faculties  in  combination.  Now,  Firmness 
is  evolved  from  the  bony  system  and  operated  by  its  action.  Will 
is  changeable,  shifting, and  spontaneous  in  its  action  and  movement; 
one  moment  in  pursuit  of  an  object,  now  against  it,  according  to 
the  impulse  received ;  while  bone  is  immovable  and  contributes  by 
its  solidity  of  structure  and  reliability  to  resist  and  overcome  by  a 
steady,  firm  pressure,  or  rather  by  its  capacity  for  quiet,  persistent 
action  to  accomplish  its  purpose.  It  is,  hence,  better  adapted  to 
the  investigation  and  expression  of  law,  rule,  and  the  truths  of 
Nature,  wliile  muscle  is,  by  virtue  of  its  flexibility  and  curving 
nature,  better  adapted  to  work  in  art  and  to  express  emotions,  as 
in  acting  and  oratory,  or  to  delineate  them  with  the  pen,  as  in 
dramatic  writing,  fiction,  and  poetry.  One  must  be  able  to  feel 
or  imagine  the  facidties  of  rage,  love,  sorrow,  or  destruction  in 
order  to  depict  them,  and  bony  people  are  not  as  emotional  and 
passionate  as  are  the  muscular  classes,  neither  have  they  as  nice 
an  apparatus  for  illustrating  passions.  Self-will,  pure  and  simple, 
does  not  require  that  one  consistent  and  persistent  course  of  action, 
either  mental  or  manual,  should  be  pursued.  It  may  be  exercised 
one  hundred  times  a  day  in  opposition  or  in  many  diverse  pursuits 
or  parts  of  a  pursuit, — now,  in  a  tempestuous  burst  of  anger; 
again,  in  as  vehement  an  expression  of  love;  now,  in  a  sublime 
flight  of  oratory,  or,  again,  in  a  long-sustained,  five-act  tragedy, 
where  all  the  passions  are  in  turn  "torn  to  tatters."  These  varied 
states  of  mind  require  muscular  force,  enthusiasm,  heat,  and  cer- 
tainly great  changeability,  for  any  dominating  passion  long  sus- 
tained would,  by  its  intensity,  wreck  the  constitution  of  the  one 
thus  exercising  it.  The  reason  why  actors  do  not  thus  make  havoc 
with  their  constitutions  is  because  they  do  not  really  and  fully  feel 
the  emotions  which  they  endeavor  to  represent.  They  only  simu- 
late the  feeling.  Then,  too,  muscle  is  not  sensitive  like  nerves;  in 
fact,  muscle  is  to  a  degree  unfeeling. 


o76  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

It  is  only  by  closely  analyzing  every  quality  and  condition  of 
a  tissue  that  we  can  arrive  at  a  true  basis  of  mind  and  mental 
action.  Each  mental  trait  has  its  own  per swial  force  and  manner 
of  expressing  itself.  Selfishness  is  more  apt  to  be  revealed  by 
those  in  whom  the  vegetative  system  is  dominant,  for  the  reason 
that  this  system  is  one  of  negative  self-indulgence  and  does  not 
bring  into  action  any  of  the  animal  powers,  such  as  the  use  of  the 
bones  and  muscles,  except  in  a  most  limited  degree,  as  in  the 
use  of  the  hands  in  reaching  for  food,  etc.;  while  the  love  of 
motion  which  inheres  in  the  muscular  system  expresses  itself  in 
art  in  some  form  or  other.  In  the  characters  of  all  the  great 
creative  artists  and  actors  Self-will  is  one  of  their  most  prominent 
traits ;  being  endowed  with  a  fine  quality  and  quantity  of  muscle, 
they  exhibit  in  their  countenances  all  the  signs  of  character 
wliicli  muscle  creates,  and  if  one  make  an  examination  of  a 
score  or  more  of  the  pliysiognomies  or  portraits  of  the  greatest 
artists  and  actors,  he  will  find  the  sign  for  Self-will  most  con- 
spicuously developed,  as  well  as  all  the  other  signs  which  are 
caused  by  the  presence  of  muscle.  Actors  most  especially  need 
the  reactive  power  of  the  muscles  to  enable  them  to  sustain  by 
a  supreme  eftbrt  of  the  will  a  cliaracter  foreign  to  their  own 
through  the  long  plays  of  the  great  masters  of  the  drama;  arid, 
when  the  long-sustained  part  is  concluded,  the  actor  must  be  able 
by  the  same  muscular  power  to  relieve  the  tension  of  one  set  of 
muscles  by  calling  into  action  quite  another  set,  and  herein  lies 
the  secret  of  the  actor's  skill. 

If  the  brain  and  nervous  system  were  called  into  play  in 
acting  to  the  extent  that  the  muscles  are,  and  the  burden  of  the 
emotions  expressed  fell  upon  the  brain  and  nerves  (supposing  the 
brain  and  nerves  competent  to  express  emotion),  the  actor  would 
scarcely  survive  the  representation  of  one  grand  drama  like 
"Elizabeth,"  "Marie  Stuart,"  "Richelieu,"  or  "Julius  Csesar." 
The  current  idea  that  the  brain  is  all-powerful  in  promoting  artistic 
eff'ort  is  wholly  erroneous,  for  without  a  fine  quality  of  the  muscles 
no  form  of  art  could  be  manifested.  It  is  true  that  a  suitable 
brain  for  judging  of  art-work  must  be  one  attribute  of  an  artist, 
but  a  love  and  appreciation  of  art  merely  may  and  often  does  exist 
with  little  capacity  for  executing  art.  Such  people  may  make 
good  art-critics,  but  cannot  carry  on  art-works  through  absence  of 
the  necessary  muscular  mechanism. 

Now,  although  muscle  gives  to  the  character  its  power  for 
exhibiting  will^  a  suitable  brain-and-bone  system  must  be  had, 
when  consecution,  imagination,  completeness,  and  amplification  are 
required;  and  this  we  observe  in  the  physiognomies  of  those  who 


SELF-WILL.  577 

have  led  the  world  in  creative  art,  invention,  and  literature,  in 
grand  material  enterprises,  and  in  scientific  discovery.  I  offer  as 
proofs  of  this  statement  the  faces  and  biographies  of  all  such 
characters  in  ancient  and  modern  times.  Physiognomy  is  rich  in 
proofs  oi'  its  basic  principles  and  theories. 

Self-will  is  so  useful  a  faculty  that  I  can  but  recommend  its 
cultivation  (when  deficient)  by  the  same  methods  which  were  used 
by  the  Greeks,  viz.,  by  gymnastic  exercises.  A  thorough  course 
of  physical  culture  will  transform  a  timid,  weak-willed  child  into  a 
character  possessed  of  a  fair  degree  of  will,  resolution,  and 
decision,  and  give  the  necessary  courage  to  say  No!  to  vicious 
companions.  Oratory  and  elocution  were  special  studies  with 
the  Greeks,  and  are  of  infinite  service  in  developing  will.  In  a 
timid  child  or  adult  a  great  deal  of  self-assertion  can  be  aroused 
by  these  studies;  besides,  they  act  as  a  stimulus  to  tlie  brain, 
carrying  a  great  deal  of  blood  to  tlie  head  by  tlie  practice  of  loud 
tones  and  the  development  of  the  lungs  by  the  several  processes  of 
physical  culture.  The  sign  for  Self-will  is  one  of  the  most  marked 
facial  peculiarities  of  the  Greek  physiognomy.  Appeals  to  the  timid 
to  "brace  up"  and  "speak  out"  are  of  sliglit  avail,  but  with  the 
assistance  of  a  well-trained  muscular  system  the  vacillating,  irreso- 
lute child  will  exhibit  quite  an  improvement  on  his  original  state. 

I  think  a  great  deal  of  wickedness  is  committed  through 
weakness  of  will — more  perhaps  through  weakness  of  some  one 
faculty  than  by  a  positivelt/  vicious  trait.  A  child  or  adult  (whose 
will  is  so  defective  as  to  be  overpowered  by  the  will  of  a  vicious 
companion)  may  not  incline  to  sin  or  vice,  but  will  often  consent 
to  it  through  the  infiuence  of  a  stronger  will. 

The  habitual  abuse  of  Self-will,  like  all  other  abnormal  mani- 
festations, leaves  its  impress  upon  the  physiognomy.  A  permanent 
scowl  is  one  mark  often  seen  in  willful  children  and  adults ; 
glaring,  disrespectful  looks,  another  mark ;  drawing  down  the  cor- 
ners of  the  lower  lip  like  a  carnivorous  animal  is  yet  another  sign 
of  unbalanced  and  unbridled  Self-will.  Self-will  may  manifest 
itself  as  selfish  will,  or  destructive,  revengeful  will  (when  revenge, 
vindictiveness,  malice,  and  spite  are  inherited) ;  these  signs  are 
found  in  the  pecuhar  appearance  of  the  outline  of  the  nostril, 
causing  it  to  turn  upward,  either  rounding  up  as  though  a  piece 
had  been  bitten  out,  and  exposing  the  interior  of  the  nostril  as  is 
the  case  in  vicious  animals,  or  else  describing  an  acute  angle  or 
acute  arch  in  the  lower  outline  of  the  wing  between  the  tip  of  the 
nose  and  the  place  of  junction  with  the  cheek.  These  several 
formations  will  be  found  figured  in  the  chapter  on  "  The  Human 
Face,"  under  "  Criminal  Noses." 

37 


678  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

These  peculiar  nasal  forms  denote  varying  degrees  of  selfish 
will,  force,  and  resistance,  and  prove  their  presence  by  acts  of  spite, 
malice,  vindictiveness,  or  deep  revenge.  These  acts  will  exhibit 
the  more  spontaneous  and  desperate  phases  where  the  color  of 
eyes,  hair,  and  complexion  is  deepest,  but  will  partake  more  of  the 
nature  of  spite  and  malice  where  the  color  is  lightest. 

In  the  race  of  life  a  good  share  of  Self-will  is  required,  yet  an 
excess  is  dangerous  and  will  defeat  all  one's  good  intentions.  In 
cases  where  there  is  too  little  the  remedy  has  been  pointed  out. 
In  order  to  check  an  excessive  manifestation  of  will  it  is  highly 
essential  that  parents  should  commence  in  earhj  life,,  and  endeavor 
by  a  suitable  diet  to  neutralize  selfishly-willful  tendencies.  Then, 
too,  the  other  traits  in  combination  must  be  leveled  up  to  balance 
this  excess.  The  aftections  must  be  cultivated,  and,  above  all,  the 
conscience  stimulated  and  reason  developed,  and  thus  by  bringing 
up  other  good  faculties  to  a  higher  activity  Sell-will  will  sink  into 
the  background  and  become  a  useful  instead  of  a  dangerous  force. 
Children  who  are  allowed  to  indulge  their  will  too  much  may 
become  criminals  of  the  deepest  dye. 

In  Nature's  great  pharmacopoeia  there  is  a  sovereign  remedy 
for  nearly  all  the  ills  tliat  flesh  is  heir  to.  Air,  water,  diet,  rest, 
exercise,  and  self-control  are  the  physicians  that  can  heal  the 
world.  Add  to  these  the  knowledge  of  the  scientific  propagation 
of  the  race,  and  we  should  soon  have  a  world  so  delightful  to  live 
in  that  we  would  prefer  to  remain  here  rather  than  risk  the 
chances  of  existence  elsewhere. 

CREDENCIVENESS. 
"Let  us  have  truth  for  authority,  not  authority  for  truth." 

Definition. — Belief  in  hearsay  evidence,  history,  tradition, 
receptivity,  biography,  and  in  the  laws  of  Nature  ;  love  of  novelty, 
and  a  desire  to  hear  the  "  news." 

An  excess  of  Credenciveness  creates  childish  credulity,  gross 
superstition,  belief  in  the  impossible,  unreal,  and  imaginary,  and 
gives  a  taste  for  fables  and  works  of  imagination ;  begets  belief 
in  dreams,  ghosts,  witches,  fairies,  demons,  sprites,  omens,  charms, 
spells,  fortuuQ-telling,  and  incantations.  It  makes  one  a  prey  to 
frauds  and  impostors,  and  gives  rise  to  belief  in  the  supernatural 
power  of  priest,  pope,  and  prophet,  which  in  the  Indian  is  shown 
by  his  confidence  in  the  "  medicine-man,"  and  in  undeveloped  races 
is  manifested  by  their  childish  and  unreasonable  beliefs  in  the 
sanctity  and  power  of  certain  objects,  animals,  and  images. 

A  deficiency  causes  skepticism  and  unbelief,  and  makes  one 
doubt  or  reject  all  evidence,  even  of  the  most  unimpeachable  sort; 


CREDENCIVENESS.  -579 

it  destroys  confidence  among  friends  and  associates,  and  causes  one 
to  be  non-progressive. 

Facial  and  BocUh/  Slgtis. — A  conspicuous  facial  record  of 
Credenciveness  is  found  in  the  height  of  the  eyebrow  above  the  eye 
at  its  inner  terminus,  also  by  a  JdgJi  arcliing  of  the  brow  at  this 
point.  In  the  Mongolian  race,  and  in  other  superstitious  races, 
the  eyebrow  at  its  inner  terminus  stands  so  far  away  from  the  eye 
as  to  leave  a  wide  space  between  it  and  the  eye,  and  seems  to  divide 
the  forehead  in  half  Another  sign  is  the  wide-open  eye,  wide- 
open  liands,  and  ears  stretching  forward.  The  mouth  in  children, 
undeveloped  persons,  rustics,  and  uncultivated  people  opens  in  as- 
tonishment and  wonder  at  anytliing  new  or  strange.  Wonder, 
amazement,  and  astonishment  relax  the  muscles,  as  evidenced  by 
opening  of  the  eyes,  etc. 

Description  of  Credenciveness. — This  ti*ait  has  been  named 
"AVonder,"  "Spirituality,"  "  Marvelousness,"  and  "Faith,"  none 
of  which  express  its  real  office  and  normal  action.  Its  real  use, 
unperverted,  is  to  give  confidence  in  Avhat  is  written  and  spoken, 
as,  for  example,  in  history,  tradition,  teaching,  oratory,  preaching, 
and  current  news.  It  is  found  most  largely  developed  in  Oriental 
races,  such  as  tlie  C'hinese,  Turks,  Persians,  Arabs,  and  Hindoos, 
as  well  as  among  other  uncivilized  tribes.  It  is  a  miiscidar 
trait  and  is  found  dominant  in  the  muscular  races  of  people,  as 
above  mentioned.  The  arching  of  the  eyebroic^  as  is  seen  in  poets, 
painters,  propliets,  seers,  and  dreamers,  is  added  proof  of  its  mus- 
cular origin.  The  wide-open  eye  is  another  sign,  for  where  the 
muscular  system  dominates,  or  is  one  of  the  controlling  systems  of 
the  body,  arching  of  the  brow  and  fullness  of  the  eye  is  observa- 
ble. Its  action  and  appearance  are  just  the  opposite  to  that  of  Ob- 
servation. This  faculty  draws  down  the  inner  comer  of  the  eye- 
brow, and  instead  of  relying  upon  hearsay  evidence  observes  for 
itself,  and  thus  substitutes  a  practical  demonstration  for  recorded 
or  verbal  description.  The  development  of  the  eye-bones  causes 
the  eyebrows  to  assume  a  horizontal  appearance,  and  this  is  the 
form  most  commonly  observed  in  practical  cliaracters,  such  as  me- 
chanics and  scientists,  who  are  so  constituted  as  to  demand  proof 
before  belief,  or  who  insist  upon  having  reasonable  evidence  of 
everything.  Where  Credenciveness  is  uncommonly  developed,  or 
where  it  overbalances  the  reason  and  practical  traits,  it  begets  a 
love  of  the  wonderful  and  superstitious,  and  those  in  whom  it  is 
large  wi-U  place  implicit  reHance  in  all  wonderful  and  improbable 
narrations,  such  as  relate  to  ghosts,  spirits,  and  "  great-snake " 
stories.  Many  persons  of  good  judgment  in  all  the  affairs  of 
evcry-day  life  will  accept  as  a  religious  belief  statements  founded 


580 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


upon    the  impossible,  and  which  truth  and  reason  show  to  be 
such. 

This  faculty  is  universal,  and  is  found  in  degrees  ranging  all 
the  way  from  its  legitimate  action^  viz.,  a  belief  in  history  and  well- 
authenticated  facts,  to  childish  credulity  and  belief  in  the  impossi- 
ble, in  fairies,  ghosts,  genii,  and  dragons.  Those  who  possess  a 
very  large  degree  of  this  trait   rely  upon  the  power  of  charms, 

omens,  incantations,  and 
lucky  and  unlucky  num- 
bers and  days;  or  believe 
in  the  sanctity  of  certain 
birds,  beasts,  and  insects. 
"  Plain  sense  will  influence 
half  a  score  of  people  at 
most,  while  mystery  will 
lead  millions  by  the  nose," 
said  Lord  Bolingbroke. 

Tlie  facial  signs  for 
this  facidty  are  conspicuous 
in  the  physiognomies  of 
Joan  of  Arc,  Bajazet,  Igna- 
tius Loyola,  and  Scliamyl,  a 
prophet  and  military  leader 
of  the  Circassians ;  also  Pope 
Alexander,  Swedenborg, 
Mohammed,  and  other 
great "  believers"  and  super- 
stitious leaders.  In  the 
faces  of  scientists  the  sign 
for  Credenciveness  is  so 
small  as  not  to  be  percep- 
tible. Why  should  we  be- 
lieve anything  without  7'ea- 
sonahh  evidence  when  the 
proof  is  so  easily  obtained'? 
The  world  is  full  of  truths 
and  is  founded  on  truth.  Were  not  the  laws  of  Nature  regulated 
by  mathematical  precision  the  world  could  not  remain  in  its 
orbit  one  minute.  If  one  make  the  pursuit  of  truths — of  demon- 
strable facts — his  great  aim,  he  will  gather  an  immense  amount 
of  the  most  interesting  knowledge ;  but  if,  on  the  contrary,  he 
pursues  myths,  fictions,  flilsities,  and  fables,  his  mind  will  resemble 
a  dust-heap, — nothing  of  any  value  will  be  found  in  it.  Truth  is 
good  enough  for  anybody  and  needs  no  spicing,  but  to  those  with 


Fig.  87.— JOANNA  SOUTHCOTT.  (Founder  of  a 
Religious  Sect,  Fanatic,  Prophetess,  and 
Impostor.) 

Born  in  England  1750.  Principal  facial  sign,  Creden- 
civeness, shown  by  height  of  the  inner  end  of  the  eye- 
brow from  the  eye.  The  law  of  the  curve  governs  this 
face.  The  domestic  faculties  are  well  defined.  Love  of 
Home,  Benevolence,  and  Patriotism  are  marked;  Love 
of  Young  verv  large  ;  Amativeness  normal ;  Conscien- 
tiousness hardly  average.  There  is  too  much  soft  tissue 
and  too  little  bone  in  this  organism  to  create  great  in- 
tegrity. Friendship,  Self-esteem,  Hospitality,  and  Ap- 
probativeness  are  large.  In  the  nose  the  signs  for  Human 
Nature,  Ideality,  Analvs-s.  Mental  Imitation,  Venera- 
tion, and  Self-will  are  well  defined.  The  region  about  the 
eyes  is  very  peculiar.  Form  and  Size  are  wonderfully  de- 
veloped. Credenciveness  Is  very  apparent.  It  was  these 
traits  which  enabled  her  to  see  visions,  which  she 
palmed  off  upon  her  followers  as  coming  from  God. 
Tlie  curve  of  the  upper  eyelid  is  abnormal  and  shows 
agreeable  deceit.  Her  Memory  of  Events  and  Language 
were  large  All  this  added  to  "a  very  magnetic  presence 
made  her  the  successful  leader  of  a'mystic  religion. 


CREDENCIVENESS. 


581 


large  Credenciveness  a  wonderful  narration  without  a  grain  of  truth 
in  it  is  more  attractive  than  the  most  demonstrable  circumstance. 

Credenciveness  has  its  uses  in  the  artistic  mind,  as,  for  ex- 
ample, in  the  works  of  poets,  artists,  and  painters,  as  it  leads  to  a 
love  of  the  wonderful  as  distinguished  from  the  beautiful  and  sub- 
lime. It  is  a  species  of  imaghiation  devoted  to  tlie  creation  and 
representation  of  a  class  of  ideas  resultmg  in  such  works  as  Dante's 
"Inferno,"  Dore's  illustra- 
tion of  the  same,  and  Poe's 
"  Raven."  It  influenced 
largely  the  works  of  Mil- 
ton, Tasso,  and  Shakes- 
peare. The  pictures  painted 
by  some  of  tlie  great  mas- 
ters of  art  prove  Creden- 
civeness to  be  one  element 
in  tlie  characters  of  artistic 
genius.  It  is  well  wrought 
out  in  the  following  gr^at 
paintings :  "  St.  George 
and  the  Dragon,"  by  Ra- 
pliael;  "St.  Micliael  Slay- 
ing Satan,"  by  Schoen ; 
"Tlie  Vision  of  St.  Ber- 
nard," by  Murillo;  "Pro- 
phecy of  the  Sybil,"  by 
Peruzzi ;  and  in  the  classic 
works  representing  "  Bel- 
lerophon  Slaying  the  Chi- 
msera,"  "  Hercules  and 
Cerberus,"  and  the  "  Lao- 
coon."  The  age  of  art  was 
replete  with  paintings,  stat- 
uary, poems,  plays,  and 
books  devoted  to  the  expo- 
sition of  the  weird,  grotesque,  miraculous,  and  impossible  acts  of 
saints  and  sinners,  as  well  as  of  satyrs,  gorgons,  and  other  unreal 
beings,  which  have  been  believed  in  by  millions  of  people.  The 
age  of  art  was  a  muscular  age  and  produced  numerous  singular 
faiths,  and  these  led  to  universal  superstition,  which  the  science  of 
the  nineteenth  century  is  slowly  yet  surely  dispelling.  We  are 
coming  up  into  the  hony  age, — the  age  of  science,  truth,  integrity, 
and  actuality;  hence,  squareness,  solidity,  and  angularity  are 
required  instead  of  curves  and  flexibility.    Bony  races  have  less 


Fig.  88.— ROBERT  SOUTHEY.    (Literator  and 
Poet  Laureate.) 

Born  in  England,  1774.  Conspicuous  facial  sign,  Cre- 
denciveness, shown  by  higli  arching  of  the  inner  end  of 
the  eyebrow.  The  law  of  tlie  curve  governs  this  coun- 
tenance. All  of  the  signs  of  artistic  talent  are  im- 
pressed in  the  numerous  curves  of  this  countenance. 
The  dimpled  chin,  the  curvilinear  lips,  the  peculiarities 
of  the  tip  of  the  nose,  the  convex  eyes,  curved  eye- 
brows, dramatic  jaw,  and  curly  hair  announce  the 
artist.  The  signs  for  Patriotism,  Love  of  Home,  Be- 
nevolence, Amativeness,  l.ove  of  Young,  Approbative- 
ness,  Modesty,  and  Self-esteem  are  well  denned.  The 
nose  exhil)its  great  intellectual  powers.  The  signs  for 
Hope,  Analysis,  Mental  Iniilation,  Ideality,  Sublimity, 


Constructiveness,  Acquisitiveness,  Veneration,  Kxecu- 
tiveness.  and  .'^flf-wilf  are  all  prominent;  while  Pres- 
cience, Credenciveness,  Color,  Korm,  Size,  Memory  of 


Events,  Music,  Mental  Order,  and  intuition  are  pre- 
eminent. The  outline  of  the  face  taken  as  a  whole  and 
of  each  feature  separately  suggests  great  originality  and 
literary  talent. 


582  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Credenciveness  than  the  muscular  races,  which  are  the  most  credu- 
lous and  confidmg,  and  most  easily  imposed  upon,  especially  by  any- 
thing that  has  a  flavor  of  the  wonderful,  romantic,  and  improbable. 
A  beggar  who  presents  himself  to  such  characters  is  always  more 
sure  of  success  if  he  relate  an  improbable,  untruthful,  or  marvelous 
account  of  himself ;  while  one  with  a  true,,  plain,  matter-of-fact 
story  would  fail  entirely  to  enhst  their  sympathies.  The  muscular 
races  exhibit  the  very  height  and  intensity  of  this  faculty.  It  shows 
in  their  mysterious,  incomprehensible,  and  impracticable  religious 
theories;  in  their  behef  in  charms,  incantations,  spells,  omens, 
oracles,  visions,  prophecies,  and  miraculous  occurrences;  and  by 
their  love  of  the  weird,  grotesque,  romantic,  sentimental,  and  im- 
aginative in  art  and  literature.  They  are  correspondingly  distin- 
guished by  the  absence  of  scientific  thouglit  or  mechanical  ability, 
of  practicality  and  accurate  observation,  and  of  all  the  faculties 
which  are  present  with  the  bony  system  ;  hence,  they  are  one  grade 
lower  in  evolution  than  the  bony  races.  Their  literature  is  charac- 
terized by  symbolism,  by  metaphoric  and  mystic  language,  such  as 
only  the  imaginative  and  superstitious  can  enjoy,  for  comprehend 
it  they  cannot.  It  is  so  overladen  with  monstrous  and  mystical 
ideas  that  no  mind  can  fathom  it,  as,  for  example,  the  Vedas  of 
the  Brahmin,  the  Zend  Avesta  of  the  Persian,  the  Koran  of  the 
Mohammedan,  and  the  mythology  of  the  Greeks,  not  to  mention 
later  literatures  ahd  religious  theories  which  contain  much  of  the 
mysterious,  absurd,  and  impossible,  borrowed  from  the  old  pagan 
religions.  This  class  of  literature  does  not  obtain  to  any  great 
extent  among  the  bony  races;  neither  do  they  believe  in  miracles, 
as  formerly ;  for  science  is  fast  explaining  by  law  what  has  long 
seemed  to  be  miraculous,  and  "  miracles,"  Renan  tells  us,  "  are 
never  performed  in  a  country  where  people  do  not  believe  in 
miracles."  As  evolution  brings  humanity  up  to  a  higher  grade 
"  Earth  outgrows  the  mystic  fancies  sung  beside  her  in  her  youth." 
Nearly  all  religious  theories  of  the  Orient,  as  well  as  a  large  part 
of  its  literature,  are  simply  stupendous  and  barbaric  nonsense,  or  a 
"  license  of  imagination"  which  logic  and  the  laws  of  Nature  can 
disprove  and  will  dispel. 

The  best  use  to  which  we  can  put  our  Credenciveness  is  to 
have  faith  in  ourselves  and  in  the  laws  of  God  as  shown  through 
the  laws  of  Nature,  for  these  laws  are  infallible,  and  Nature  has 
labeled  everything  so  plainly  that  if  we  will  but  use  our  powers  of 
ohservatio7i  instead  of  faith  and  credenciveness  we  shall  be  able  to 
demonstrate  all  that  we  need  to  know,  and  thus  we  shall  be  spared 
the  vague  uncertainties  of  the  overcredulous.  Children  who  have 
inherited  this  faculty  in  a  large  degree  will  be  fond  of  fairy  tales 


CREDENCmiNESS.  583 

and  descriptions  of  the  wonders  of  Nature.  Where  this  trait  is 
excessive  it  should  be  led  and  trained  to  a  useful  purpose,  and  his- 
tory, biography,  and  accounts  of  natural  phenomena  should  be 
substituted  ibr  the  wonders  that  these  minds  crave.  Teach  them 
facts,  but  let  them  be  presented  in  an  entertaining  manner.  I  am 
sure  that  an  investigation  of  Nature's  works  will  afford  sufficient 
scope  for  all  the  marvelousness  in  a  child's  mind.  Teach  them  the 
growth  of  the  sponge,  coral,  and  polyp ;  unfold  to  them  the  mar- 
vels and  beauties  of  the  sea-anemone,  sea-urchin,  octopus,  and 
argonaut.  Furnish  them  with  a  magic-lantern,  a  floroscope,  and  a 
microscope,  and  allow  their  youthful  minds  to  expand  in  the  light 
of  Nature's  truths,  which  are  as  marvelous  and  wonderful  as  the 
fables  of  old,  and  which  can  be  presented  to  the  minds  of  children 
in  a  manner  as  fascinating  as  are  the  fairy  tales  and  novels,  which, 
if  read  unrestrainedly  in  youth,  will  surely  bear  the  fruits  of  im- 
practicality  and  disappointment  in  age.  The  hope  of  the  world  is 
in  our  youth,  and  just  "as  the  twig  is  bent  the  tree  is  inclined;  " 
hence,  I  say,  give  to  our  youth  the  marvels  and  wonders  of  Nature 
upon  which  to  feed  the  taste  for  the  marvelous,  and  we  shall  soon 
have  a  race  of  trained  scientists  and  naturalists.  This  course, 
adopted  in  youth,  will  produce  innocent,  truthful,  and  pure-minded 
men  and  women.  I  know  of  nothing  which  so  cultivates  the  moral 
sense,  purity,  and  truth  as  the  study  of  the  natural  sciences,  and 
as  now  written  for  children  by  our  talented  authors  they  are  sim- 
plified and  made  interesting  to  any  child  not  already  coiTupted  and 
vitiated  by  a  course  of  novels  and  fairy  tales.  It  is  a  notable  cir- 
cumstance that  the  great  naturalists  and  scientists  of  the  world, 
such  as  Newton,  Humboldt,  Herschel,  Mrs.  Somerville,  Darwin, 
and  others  of  the  same  pursuits,  have  led  lives  of  such  innocence 
and  purity,  truth  and  integrity,  as  will  bear  comparison  with  tlie 
best  of  the  earth.  They  are  examples  worthy  of  imitation.  A  life- 
long study  of  the  laws  and  truths  of  God  as  shown  in  Nature 
would  seem  best  adapted  to  develop  the  sense  of  truth  and  moralitjj 
in  the  human  mind.  Scientists  and  mechanicians  present  in  their 
moral  characters  a  grade  of  integrity  not  surpassed  by  any  class. 

The  Oriental  religions  have  fostered  a  love  for  the  marvel- 
ous, and  a  perusal  of  many  of  their  dogmas,  doctrines,  and 
beliefs  is  enough  to  turn  the  head  of  a  sane  and  common-sense 
person.  The  Romish  church  was  the  great  patron  of  art  during 
its  supremacy,  and  thus  it  is  that  most  of  the  works  of  the  great 
masters  are  representations  of  its  legends,  traditions,  and  miracles, 
which  are  firmly  believed  in  by  the  devotees  of  that  faith.  Faith, 
not  evidence,  is  the  crowning  virtue  of  all  reHgions.  It  is  unfor- 
tunate for  the  human  family  that  demonstrable  truth  is  not  the 


584  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

groundwork  of  all  religions,  more  especially  as  the  works  of  God 
are  teeming  with  truth.  A  certain  degree  of  faith  and  credence  is 
essential  in  our  intercourse  with  each  other.  The  child  ought  to 
believe  in  his  parents  and  teachers,  the  citizen  in  his  rulers,  and  the 
people  in  their  moral  guides,  but  all  these  classes  should  be  able  to 
prove  and  show  by  conscientious  conduct  that  this  confidence  is  not 
misplaced.  Fortune-tellers,  astrologers,  and  so-called  prophets  de- 
pend upon  an  unbalanced  condition  of  Credenciveness  for  their 
success.  No  class  of  people  is  more  easily  duped  and  cheated  than 
they,  for  they  are  very  responsive  to  the  dominant  faculty  of 
their  own  nature.  It  is  a  law  of  human  nature  that  one  is  most 
easily  influenced  by  the  action  in  others  of  the  traits  which  are 
strongest  in  himself,  and  no  impostor,  fortune-teller,  or  prophet 
could  long  succeed  who  was  lacking  in  the  elements  of  superstition 
and  credulity.     Sir  Walter  Scott  remarked  that 

No  man  ever  succeeded  in  imposing  upon  the  public  as  a  supernatural 
personage  who  was  not,  to  a  certain  extent,  the  dupe  of  his  own  imposture. 

This  exposition  of  the  rationale  of  Credenciveness  instructs  us 
how  essential  it  is  that  we  should  possess  faculties  which  are  in 
themselves  true^ — that  is  to  say,  eyes  which  are  perfect  in  their 
mechanical  construction,  possessing  the  capacity  for  correct  vision, 
and  set  straight  in  their  orbits ;  ears  whose  structure  is  such 
as  to  receive  accurately  the  impressions  made  upon  them ;  and  a 
clear  skin,  sensitive  to  all  external  sensations  of  touch  and  tem- 
perature,— in  order  that  this  extensive  mental  sense  shall  conduce 
to  correct  feelings.  The  senses  of  scent  and  taste,  when  normal, 
assist  in  distinguishing  odors  and  flavors,  and  thus  all  of  the  so- 
called  five  senses  contribute  to  integrity,  or  wholeness  and  sound- 
ness ;  in  other  words,  triteness  of  all  the  sense-organs,  and  trueness, 
straightness,  and  rectitude  (from  the  Latin  word  rectus,  right)  must 
be  the  condition  of  all  the  senses  of  the  mind  and  body  in  order  to 
gain  correct  impressions  and  right  ideas  of  all  subjects.  Now,  these 
straight  and  true  sensations  and  ideas  proceed  naturally  and  spon- 
taneously from  straight  and  true  bodies,  and  not  from  crooked  or 
warped  bodies  or  features.  Hence,  education  as  to  trueness,  up- 
rightness, and  straightness  of  conduct  and  thought  will  not  eradi- 
cate inherited  crookedness,  but  will  no  doubt  modify  considerably 
the  tendencies  to  crooked  and  erratic  action  and  speech.  When 
one  is  able  to  perceive  and  hear  everything  correctly,  he  is  most 
liable  to  repeat  in  his  works  and  language  the  same  true  principles, 
and,  as  truth  and  straightness  are  underlying  principles  in  Nature's 
laws,  the  straighter  the  body  and  features,  the  more  nearly  correct 
will  be  his  conceptions  of  duty,  religion,  and  science.  Crooked 
muscles,  or  even  the  tendency  to  curve  easily,  is  a  childish  condi- 


CREDENCIVENESS.  686 

tion  relatively,  and  those  nations,  races,  and  individuals  who  are 
"  believers  "  in  very  marvelous  religions  are  those  that  curve  easily, 
hence  are  liable  to  have  ideas  which  are  curved,  warped,  or  askew, 
as  compared  to  the  straight  and  true  ideas  of  those  more  rectan- 
gular in  form  and  more  solid  and  reliable  in  structure,  as  are 
the  osseous  races  and  individuals.  "As  a  man  thinketh, so  is  he" 
is  true  as  regards  his  mind  and  body.  As  a  man  is  formed,  so  will 
his  thought  and  morals  partake  of  the  same  conformation.  For 
example,  an  analysis  of  the  forms  of  different  poets  and  a  com- 
parison of  their  works  corroborate  the  theory  of  straightness  and 
curvativeness.  Contrast  the  writings  and  form  of  Whittier  with 
the  writings  and  form  of  Dante.  The  former  gives  us  truthful 
yet  charming  descriptions  of  life  and  rural  scenery,  clothed  in 
rhythmic  and  melodious  language,  while  his  descriptions  are  so 
true  to  Nature  that  one  can  see  the  winding  of  tlie  brook,  hear  the 
song  of  the  sky-lark,  inhale  the  odor  of  the  new-mown  hay,  per- 
ceive the  glistening  dewdrops,  and  hear  the  murmuring  of  the 
insect  world  as  he  pictures  them  with  his  pen.  But  all  are  true, 
yet  made  ideal  and  vivid  by  the  touch  of  his  genius.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  descriptions  of  Dante,  in  his  "Vision  of  Hell,  Purgatory, 
and  Paradise,"  are  most  false  and  exaggerated,  and  deal  with  all 
sorts  of  supeniatural  personages  and  conditions.  It  is  rather  re- 
markable that  the  faculty  of  Credenciveness,  as  developed  in  most 
poets  and  painters,  outworks  in  descriptions  of  the  horrible  and 
grotesque  rather  than  of  the  beautiful  and  supernal.  The  following 
portraiture  of  a  character  in  Dante's  "Hell"  will  illustrate  his 
peculiar  phase  of  the  marvellous  or  Credenciveness  in  excess: — 

"Oh  !  what  a  sight  I 
How  passing  strange  it  seemed  to  nie  when  I  did  spy 
Upon  his  head  three  faces,  one  in  front 
Of  hue  vermilion,  th'  other,  two  with  this 
Midway  each  shoulder  joined,  and  at  the  crest 
Two  mighty  wings,  enormous  as  became 
A  bird  so  vast.     Sails  never  such  I  saw 
Outstretch'd  on  the  wide  sea.     No  plumes  had  they. 
But  were  textured  like  a  bat,  and  there 
He  flapped  i'  the  air  that  from  him  issued  still 
Three  wings  wherewith  Cocytus  to  its  depth 
"Was  frozen.     At  six  eyes  he  wept !    The  tears 
Adown  three  chins  distilled  with  bloody  foam. 
At  every  mouth  his  teeth  a  sinner  champed. 
Bruised  as  with  ponderous  engine,  so  that  three 
Were  in  this  guise  tormented."*     , 

A  mind  that  could  conceive  and  externalize  in  verse  such  a 
horrible  being  as  this  must  surely  possess  a  face  quite  different 
in  its  aspect  from  that  of  the  mild  and  serene  Quaker-poet,  Whit- 
tier, to  whom  hell,  devils,  and  monsters  are  perfectly  abhorrent. 

*  The  Vision,  Alighieri  Dante,  p.  U8. 


586  PRACTICAL  AlfD   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

A  comparison  of  the  faces  of  Dante  and  Whittier  by  the  student 
of  physiognomy  will  disclose  the  sources  of  the  different  kinds  of 
talent  exhibited  by  each. 

The  physiognomy  of  Thomas  Carlyle  contrasted  with  that  of 
John  William  Draper  is  a  study,  and  corroborates  the  wildness 
and  originality  of  Carlyle's  curious  intellect,  as  well  as  the  truth- 
loving  disposition  of  Draper.  It-  quite  justifies  Mr.  Ruskin's 
criticism  of  Carlyle  that  he  was  "  born  in  the  clouds  and  struck  by 
lightning." 

A  normal  or  balanced  amount  of  Credenciveness  enables  one 
to  receive  and  discuss  new  ideas  and  methods,  hence  is  allied  to 
progress.  Adventurers,  navigators,  and  investigators  of  new  and 
untried  principles  are  assisted  greatly  by  the  receptivity  of  their 
natures.  Announcement  of  the  discovery  of  vast  quantities  of  gold 
in  California  led  thousands  of  wonder-loving  and  adventurous  spirits 
to  that  country.  The  result  is  a  community  in  which  the  love  of  the 
marvelous  and  sentimental  is  one  very  noticeable  trait,  for  fortune- 
tellers, mediums,  patent-medicine  venders,  and  astrologers  abound, 
and  all  sorts  of  mystic  philosophies  are  entertained,  their  chief 
claim  to  consideration  being  that  they  are  novel  and  mysterious. 
Many,  too,  having  tired  of  the  mysteries  of  orthodox  faiths,  search 
about  constantly  for  some  new  and  novel  mystery. 

Mr.  J.  Stanley  Grimes  says : — 

We  frequently  see  a  spiritualist  who  does  not  believe  in  Christ,  but 
believes  in  A.  J.  Davis  ;  he  does  not  believe  in  the  Virgin  Mary,  but  he 
believes  in  Kate  Fox;  he  does  not  believe  in  the  Apostles,  but  he  believes 
in  the  Davenport  boys  ;  he  does  not  believe  that  the  omnipotent  God  could 
assume  the  human  form  to  make  communications  to  man,  but  he  believes 
that  Katie  King,  John  King,  and  any  number  of  dead  savages  can  become 
incarnate,  and  exhibit  themselves  to  believers  !* 

In  cases  of  this  sort,  the  man  who  changes  from  any  super- 
stitious religion  to  another  one  still  more  so  only  proves  that  the 
strongest  faculties  gain  strength  with  age,  and  exhibit  themselves 
accordingly. 

As  receptivity  is  one  of  the  supreme  conditions  of  childhood, 
so  is  it  one  of  the  elements  of  Credenciveness  ;  hence,  adapted  to 
the  reception  and  belief  of  what  is  heard  or  taught  in  the 
home,  school,  or  church.  The  ancient  Greeks  were  a  wonderfully 
receptive  people,  and  their  mythology  is  replete  with  wonders, 
miracles,  and  impossible  and  mystic  narrations.  They  were  also 
a  muscular  and  an  artistic  people.  Sculpture  and  oratory  reached 
their  acme  in  that  era.  They  were  a  philosophic  people,  and  phi- 
losophy is  the  childhood  of  science.    It  precedes  scientific  discovery, 

•Mysteries  of  the  Head  and  Heart,  J.  Stanley  Grimes,  p.  120.    Chicago. 


CREDENCIVENESS.  587 

and  when  it  is  based  upon  an  accurate  knowledge  of  the  laws  of 
Nature  it  is  of  great  use  in  illustrating  and  expounding  principles ; 
but,  like  the  infant,  it  cannot  stand  alone,  for  philosophy  without  a 
basis  of  truth  may  be  the  merest  nonsense :  yet  Greek  philosophy 
was  the  forerunner  of  modem  science ;  astrology  of  astronomy ; 
alchemy  of  chemistry.  These  infantile  dcAelopments  liad  their 
use  to  humanity,  and  while  their  devotees  were  looking  for  signs 
and  wonders — for  the  "philosopher's  stone"  and  the  "elixir  of 
youth  " — they  stumbled  upon  many  a  truth  whicli  the  scientific 
spirit  of  this  age  has  wrought  into  a  practical  result. 

Certain  animals  possess  and  exhibit  a  sense  of  the  marvelous, 
and  are  superstitious  in  their  own  fashion.  Dr.  Lindsay  remarks 
on  this  point  that 

Such  animals  as  the  dog  unquestionably  possess  superstition.  It  ex- 
hibits practically  a  belief  in  the  supernatural  or  preternatural.  It  expresses 
alarm  at  apparitions,  spectres,  ghosts  ;  thus,  it  has  been  described  as  regard- 
ing an  owl  as  a  ghost,  and  the  same  kind  of  ghosts  that  are  made  use  of  in 
practical  joking  or  for  more  serious  ends — for  the  intimidation  of  man,  and 
that  frighten  him — produce  the  same  effect  sometimes,  at  least,  on  the  dog. 
A  fertile  imagination  frequently  leads  the  horse  as  well  as  the  dog  to  be 
terrified  at  the  first  sight  of  perfeetl}-  harmless  objects,  animate  or  inani- 
mate, especially  when  seen  in  a  state  of  motion  and  in  comjinrative  dark- 
ness,— objects,  that  is,  which  are  simply  for  the  moment  new.  not  familiar, 
not  understood,  and  which,  therefore,  being  associated  with  supposed  dan- 
ger, inspire  timidity  or  terror  as  well  as  possibh'  a  sense  of  the  mysterious 
or  supernatural.  Bartlett  speaks  of  a  sense  of  mystery  or  of  mysterious 
dread  in  certain  animal  inmates  of  the  London  Zoological  Gardens.  In 
many  animals  under  certain  circumstances  awe  or  dread  of  the  unseen,  un- 
known, untried,  unheard  reall}^  gives  birth  not  only  to  a  feeling  of  mystery, 
but,  as  is  pointed  out  in  another  chapter,  to  genuine  delusion.* 

The  position  of  the  facial  sign  for  Credenciveness  is  most 
significant.  In  its  appearance  it  is  precisely  the  opposite  of  Ob- 
servation,— a  most  practical  faculty ;  the  former  drawing  up  the 
muscles  away  from  the  eye  in  awe  and  wonder,  and  the  latter 
bringing  the  brow  down  close  to  the  eye  in  order  that  it  may  focus 
readily  upon  the  object  under  inspection  and  thus  assist  accuracy 
of  vision.  A  wide-open  eye  will  undoubtedly  take  in  a  wider  ex- 
panse, but  will  not  take  as  accurate  and  'precipe  a  view  as  the  small 
eye  with  the  eyebrow  drawn  down  to  shade  it.  Where  the  eyes 
are  extremely  large  and  protruding,  the  character  exhibits  natural 
exaggeration  in  describing  scenes,  conversations,  etc.  Hence,  those 
thus  characterized  are  not  tlie  most  reliable  witnesses.  They  are 
given  to  gush  and  emotional  "sentimentality"  in  which  there  is 
little  reality,  and  this  gushing  emotion  ought  to  warn  us  not  to 
give  too  much  credence  to  these  wonder-eyed  believers  in  mystery. 

*  Mind  in  the  Lower  Animals,  J.  L.  Lindsay,  M.D.,  vol.  i,  p.  223. 


588  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  following  beautiful  comparison  between  superstition  and 
science  is  quite  apropos  to  our  present  subject.  I  append  it,  hoping 
it  may  give  my  readers  as  much  pleasure  as  I  have  received  from 
it:— 

Superstition  is  the  vague  dream  of  a  mighty  mind  half  awakened  from 
its  midnight  slumbers.  Science  is  the  perception  of  that  same  mind  awake 
to  all  the  realities  of  noonday.  Superstition  is  a  giant,  naked  and  ignorant, 
struggling  in  a  darkened  cavern  amid  enemies  and  friends,  whose  forms  are 
but  imperfectly  seen  and  whose  powers  and  designs  are  dreaded  but  not 
understood.  Science  is  the  same  giant,  clothed  in  modern  refinement,  amid 
the  full  blaze  of  knowledge,  with  the  press,  the  steam-engine,  and  the  tele- 
graph at  his  command,  and  clearly  perceiving  that  God  is  his  father  and  all 
mankind  his  brethren.* 

PRESCIENCE. 

"Who  taught  the  nations  of  the  field  and  wood, 
JVe«cte?i<,  the  tides  or  tempests  to  withstand?" — Pope. 

Definition. — Knowledge  of  events  prior  to  their  occurrence ; 
capacity  for  foreseeing,  foreknowing,  and  "  sensing "  events,  phe- 
nomena, and  transactions ;  the  spirit  of  prophecy,  forejudging  and 
anticipating  the  future.  It  gives  a  taste  for  discussing  a  future 
life  and  divests  one  of  the  fear  of  leaving  this  world. 

An  excess  of  this  trait  in  an  uncultivated  person  might  lead 
to  a  superstitious  belief  in  occult  or  supernatural  powers,  fortune- 
telling,  etc.  In  this  case  it  sliould  be  repressed.  It  is,  however,  a 
rare  gift,  and  usually  found  only  with  great  intellects  or  pure- 
minded  and  elevated  characters ;  hence,  it  is  seldom  misapplied. 
Many  claim  these  powers  who  do  not  possess  them,  and  practice 
fraud  and  trickery  for  gain. 

A  deficiency  is  not  to  be  regretted,  for  it  requires  great 
Conscientiousness  and  rare  judgment  to  make  the  highest  use  of 
prevision. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  region  about  the  eye  is  the 
locality  where  signs  for  seeing,  foreseeing,  insight,  intuition,  won- 
der, credenciveness,  and  all  that  class  of  traits  which  have  physical 
sight  as  their  basis  are  to  be  found.  Where  Prescience  is  large 
the  eye  at  its  inyier  corner  sets  very  far  back  under  its  bony  encase- 
ment, and  the  subject  seems  to  be  looking,  far  forward  at  something 
in  the  distance,  while  the  expression  of  the  eye  is  dreamy  and 
contemplative,  together  with  a  wistful,  mild,  and  amiable  expres- 
sion. The  faculty  of  Prescience  is  more  frequently  observed  in 
those  whose  bodies  are  spare,  skin  fine  and  clear,  limbs  thin  and 
relatively  long,  their  hands  and  fingers  thin  and  sometimes  deli- 
cately pointed.  It  is  also  found  in  varying  degrees  in  other  for- 
mations, yet  wherever  it  exists  the  sign  near  the  eye  will  declare  its 
presence. 

»  Phreno-Geology,  J.'S.  Grimes,  p.  183.    1851. 


PRESCIENCE.  589 

Description  of  Prescience. — Prescience  is  not  Spirituality, 
Credenciveness,  nor  Intuition,  although  partaking  somewhat  of  the 
nature  of  each.  It  is  an  elevated  and  refined  trait,  never  seen  in 
the  coarse  and  hrutal.  It  is  one  of  the  rare  faculties  and  not  a 
common  endowment,  for  some  possess  scarcely  a  germ  of  it,  while 
in  very  rare  instances  a  genius  in  this  direction  is  observed, — scarcely 
one  in  a  century,  however.  It  is  pre-eminently  a  poetic  trait.  (See 
the  portraits  of  Dante  and  Longfellow.) 

The  action  of  this  faculty  is  the  least  understood  of  any,  but 
sufficient  is  known  to  teach  us  that  it  is  evolved  from  a  peculiarly 
fine  organization  of  brain  and  nerves.  It  is  not  always  accom- 
panied by  large  reasoning  and  observing  powers,  yet  when  it  is  we 
have  a  first-class  scientific  mind,  such  as  Charles  Darwin  and 
Alexander  Humboldt,  or  an  artistic  one,  such  as  Milton,  Dante,  Mrs. 
Browning,  or  Raphael.  I  have  observed  its  action  in  many  indi- 
viduals in  private  life  not  noted  specially  for  any  talent,  yet  always 
refined  and  of  pure  and  noble  traits,  unspoiled  and  untainted  by 
the  world.  I  have  also  found  it  co-existent  with  ordinary  minds 
in  every  nationality,  yet  more  frequently  among  the  Scotch  or  their 
descendants  in  other  lands;  also  among  the  Scandinavians. 

There  are,  doubtless,  many  grades  of  power  and  development 
of  the  foreknowing  faculty,  and,  like  all  the  other  traits,  it  is  influ- 
enced by  those  associated  with  it.  The  sliapc  of  the  ethmoid  bone 
and  superciliary  ridge  gives  it  its  peculiar  appearance,  which  is 
quite  difterent  from  the  appearance  caused  by  a  predominance  of 
the  signs  for  Locality  and  Observation.  Prescience  is  thus  shown 
to  be  exhibited  hy  form  and  governed  by  quahty  in  its  manifesta- 
tions in  divers  persons.  Its  principal  facial  sign  is  a  little  difficult 
to  find  by  a  mere  written  description  or  by  a  picture,  yet  after 
once  seeing  its  location  and  appearance  in  the  living  subject  it  can 
be  always  readily  discerned. 

The  action  of  Prescience  is  best  observed  in  the  aged  subject, 
for  long-continued  use  of  a  faculty  makes  a  decided  impression 
upon  the  face  and  imparts  judgment  in  comprehending  it  and  in 
using  its  powers ;  to  the  aged  this  faculty  is  particularly  satisfying, 
as  it  relates  them  to  a  future  state  of  existence  as  well  as  affords 
them  glimpses  of  the  coming  of  events  before  they  occur.  It  is  thus 
a  species  of  mental  meteorology  which  can  foresee  and  predict  the 
future  occurrence  and  recurrence  of  affairs  and  events  without 
having  to  rely  upon  the  observation  of  signs,  as  does  the  meteor- 
ologist. 

The  direction  which  Prescience  will  take  depends  upon  the 
force  or  development  of  the  other  traits  in  combination.  If  the 
domestic  traits  are  dominant  or  decided  in  one  who  possesses  this 


590 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


power,  he  will  be  warned  by  presentiment  of  changes  in  his 
domestic  affairs  and  occurrences,  and  will  be  able  to  prognosticate 
the  death,  sickness,  mental  disturbances,  or  suffering  of  members 
of  the  family  at  a  distance.  If  Friendship  is  active  he  will  fore- 
know what  is  going  to  transpire  among  friends.  AVhere  the 
scientific  traits  are  supreme  Prescience  will  lead  to  the  discovery 
of  principles,  and  enable  one  to  predict  with  certainty  the  appear- 
ance of  scientific  discoveries  and  occurrences.  With  large  in- 
tellectual  powers   and   large   patriotism   combined,  it   will   lead 

to  precognition  and  almost 
to  omniscience  in  forecast- 
ing great  national  events. 
With  a  large  and  culti- 
vated intellect,  large  Cre- 
denciveness,  and  large  Lan- 
guage, the  individual  will 
write  and  prophesy  in 
spiritual  subjects,  and  fore- 
cast the  future  state  of  mind 
and  spirit,  as  did  Sweden- 
borg,  Ann  Lee,  and  other 
seers.  If  the  poetical  nature 
is  exhibited.  Prescience  will 
show  in  poetic  numbers,  as 
in  the  following  from  Long- 
fellow : — 

"  O  thou  whose  daily  life  anticipates 
The  thouirht  to  come,  and  in 
whose  life  and  round 
The   spiritual   world  preponder- 
ates,— 
Hermit  of  Amesbury  I  thou  too 
hast  heard 
Voices    and  melodies  from   be- 
yond the  gates, 
And  speakest  only  when  thy 
soul  is  stirred." 

Almost  every  person  is  acquainted  with  some  dear  old  lady 
who  foresees  and  predicts  domestic  events,  such  as  change  of 
weather,  sickness,  death,  or  disturbances  among  family  or  friends, 
just  at  or  before  the  time  of  their  occurrence,  and  later  finds 
that  those  events  transpired  just  as  she  had  stated.  It  is  remarked 
tliat  the  gift  of  Prescience  is  more  common  to  woman  than  to  man. 
This  is  owing  probably  to  her  higher  quality;  yet  there  have 
been  men  of  commanding  intellect,  combined  with  large  Prescience, 
who  have  excelled  in  predicting  and  forecasting  the  future,  and  in 
anticipating  great  events ;  such  a  one  was  Alexa,nder  Humboldt, 


Fig.  89.— ALICE  GARY.    (Reformer,  Poetess.) 

Conspicuous  facial  sign,  Prescience,  shown  by  ver- 
tical depth  of  the  inner  comer  of  the  eye.  The  law  of  the 
straight  line  and  curve  governs  this  face.  Firmness  and 
Conscientiousness  are  well  defined ;  so^  also,  are  Pa- 
triotism, Love  of  Home,  Benevolence,  Mirthfulness, 
Self-esteem,  Modesty,  Friendship,  Amativeness,  and 
Color.  In  the  nose  the  signs  for  Pneumativeness, 
Ideality,  Human  Nature,  (Iimstructiveness,  Acquisi- 
tiveness, Veneration,  and  Self-will  are  most  apparent. 
Language  is  highly  developed ;  while  Form,  Size,  Lo- 
cality, Memory  of  Events,  Creilenciveness,  and  Intuition 
are  quite  noticeable.  This  lady's  poetic  talent  was  of  a 
high  order.  Her  labors  for  woman's  advancement  and 
equality  are  lovingly  and  gratefully  remembered  by  the 
women  of  America. 


PRESCIENCE. 


591 


author  of  "Kosmos,  a  Physical  Description  of  the  Universe,"  who 
also  foretold  the  day  and  hour  of  his  death.  Swedcnbor<>-  was 
another  gifted  in  this  direction.  Charles  Wesley  also  exhibited 
previsive  power  in  a  religious  way. 

Many  accurate  predictions  in  regard  to  the  weather  are  made 
by  those  who  possess  this  gift,  and  some  have  forebodings  of 
something  sad  or  calamitous  about  to  happen,  yet  cannot  state 
what  it  will  be.  Others,  with  a  more  previsive  perspicacity, 
can  detail  accurately  the  course  of  coming  (^vents,  which  are 
justified  by  their  occurrence. 

As  humanity  emerges 
from  its  infantile  condition 
it  parts  with  many  of  its 
youthful  traits  and  takes 
on  a  more  mature  endow- 
ment. The  race,  as  a  whole, 
has  progressed  rapidly  since 
mediaeval  times ;  hence, 
all  those  traits  and  powers 
which  were  then  dominant, 
such  as  credenciveness, 
faith,  prescience,  prophecy, 
foreknowing,  foretelling, 
and  prevision  are  not  now 
as  general  as  formerly. 
Science  has  given  to  the 
world  such  positive  and 
demonstrable  methods  of 
arriving  at  results  that  the 
former  methods  have  by 
disuse  become  weakened 
and  have  gradually  ceased 
to  attract  the  attention  and 
command  the  same  con- 
sideration as  formerly. 

Prescience,  like  Intu- 
ition and  Instinct,  has  in 
some  respects  both  an  infantile  and  a  matured  nature.  It  is 
not  always  clear  in  its  foreknowledge  and  not  always  sure,  hence 
it  is  not  unerring;  yet  in  some  instances  its  predictions  and  proph- 
ecies are  scientifically  correct.  I  have  known  those  who  could 
foretell  the  result  of  an  election  or  a  trial  by  jury  with  considerable 
accuracy,  also  the  result  of  a  battle  or  campaign.  Their  predic- 
tions were  looked  upon  with  more  or  less  respect,  and  if  they 


Fig.  90.— JOHN  GREENLEAF  WHITTIER.     (Poet, 
Reformer,  Philanthropist.) 

Bom  in  Massachusetts.  Principal  facial  sign,  Pre- 
science, shown  by  vertical  clei>th  of  the  eye  at  its  inner 
corner.  The  law  of  the  straight  line  and  curve  governs 
this  face.  The  brain,  bone,  and  muscular  systems  in  the 
order  named  are  highly  developed  in  this  subject.  The 
signs  for  Firmness,  (>>nscientiousness.  Benevolence, 
Patriotism,  Love  of  Home,  Self-esteem,  and  Modesty 
are  all  well  defined.  In  the  nose  the  signs  for  Mental 
Imitation,  Sublimity,Tdeality,Constr\ictiveness,  Human 
Nature,  Cautiousness,  and"  Acquisitiveness  arc  very 
pronounced ;  while  Veneration,  Executiveness,  Sell- 
will.  Observation,  Form,  Size,  Language.Color,  Locality, 
Order,  Prescience,  Memory  of  Events.  Reason,  and  In- 
tuition are  large.  Credenciveness,  Alimentiveness,  Bi- 
bativeness,  Amativeness,  and  Ixjve  of  Voung  are  below 
the  average.  An  expression  of  ])urity,  serenity,  benevo- 
lence, and  of  mental  and  moral  power  is  stamped  unmis- 
takably upon  the  countenance  of  this  philosophic  poet, 
whose  pen  has  been  ever  bravely  used  in  the  cause  of 
the  oppressed. 


592  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

coincided  with  the  results  of  the  event  predicted  they  were  looked 
upon  as  "shrewd  guessers."  Relying  too  much  upon  these 
methods  of  anticipating  events  leads  to  fraud,  trickery,  and  delu- 
sion, for,  unless  one  knows  the  physiognomical  signs  for  this  power 
he  may  be  misled  and  humbugged  by  tliose  frauds  and  charlatans 
termed  "  fortune-tellers,"  "clairvoyants,"  etc.,  who  infest  all  large 
cities  and  thrive  off  the  too-credulous  portion  of  the  public.  The 
application  of  the  laws  of  scientific  physiognomy  in  their  case 
shows  that  science  is  for  the  purpose  of  prevision  or  fore- 
knowing, for,  by  applying  its  principles  to  the  pliysiognomy 
of  rogues  one  may,  with  certainty,  predict  that  they  are  going  to 
cheat  and  deceive, — an  instance  of  pievisive  power  not  excelled  by 
any  exhibition  of  the  faculty  of  Prescience. 

August  Comte,  in  his  "  Philosopliie  Positive,"  observes  that 
science  is  previsivfe,  and  that  by  a  knowledge  of  various  sciences 
we  can  foreknow,  foresee,  and  avert  dangers,  death,  and  calamities. 
This  is  a  strong  assertion,  yet  a  true  one.  We  now  have  the 
facilities  in  most  large  cities,  and  at  other  points,  for  foreknowing 
the  approach  of  a  storm,  sometimes  two  or  three  days  in  advance 
of  its  appearance;  also  from  which  direction  it  will  come,  and 
thus  mariners  and  others  may  take  advantage  of  these  prognostica- 
tions and  avert  disaster  and  losses. 

Our  present  knowledge  of  sanitary  science  teaches  us  how  to 
avert  epidemics  by  well-devised  systems  of  cleansing  great  cities  by 
drainage  and  the  use  of  disinfectants.  All  these  methods  are  pre- 
visive.  By  a  scientific  knowledge  of  a  man's  face  one  can  say 
with  certainty  (if  in  that  face  he  observes  the  signs  for  Friendship 
large),  "This  man  will  always  have  friends," — ^a  previsive  knowl- 
edge of  character  to  be  known  only  by  the  laws  of  Scientific 
Physiognomy.  It  is  a  settled  law  of  human  nature  that  we  re- 
ceive in  kind  that  which  we  give.  If  one  continually  extends 
friendly  offices,  hospitality,  kindness,  love,  and  amiability,  he  will, 
in  the  long  run,  receive  the  same  treatment;  but  if,  on  the  con- 
trary, he  deals  out  hatred,  malice,  deceit,  slyness,  and  treachery, 
he  will  find  those  who  will  mete  out  to  him  a  good  share  of  the 
same,  and  some  even  who  will  be  ambitious  of  excelling  him  in 
this  direction. 

As  science  advances  in  its  upward  progress,  and  discovers  laws 
and  principles  in  regard  to  mind  and  matter  heretofore  unknown, 
we  enlarge  our  ideas  of  the  possibilities  of  mental  powers,  and 
thus  many  things  which  have  appeared  "  supernatural,"  the  "  works 
of  the  devil,"  or  operations  of  the  "  black  art,"  are  now  referred  to 
as  mental  or  psychological  phenomena;  and,  although  our  knowl- 
edge of  the  occult  powers  of  the  mind  is  in  its  infancy,  yet  we  are 


PRESCIENCE.  593 

gradually  arriving  at  a  more  comprehensive  and  liberal  view  of 
what  is  obscure,  mysterious,  or  unusual  in  connection  with  the 
mental  powers  of  man.  The  liberal  and  scientific  spirit  of  the  age 
encourages  the  examination  and  discussion  of  all  subjects,  unhin- 
dered by  persecution  and  legal  penalties,  hence  it  is  probable  that 
great  light  in  the  direction  of  psychology  will  be  attained  in  this 
century.  Such  knowledge  can  come  only  by  thorough  investiga- 
tion and  research,  not  by  ignoring  phenomena,  nor  by  ascribing 
them  to  the  "devil"  or  other  suppositious  characters  and  powers; 
and,  if  we  cannot  immediately  solve  every  riddle  and  unfold  every 
mystery,  we  can  at  least  be  candid,  and  suspend  judgment  until 
the  facts  and  evidence  are  all  in  and  the  related  laws  discovered 
and  connected.  No  one  can  say  a  thing  is  impossible  until  he 
can  2^^'ov^  that  it  is  so.  Arago,  tlie  eminent  mathematician, 
conscious  of  many  mysterious  appearances  in  Nature,  exclaimed: 
"He  who  outside  of  pure  mathematics  pronounces  the  word 
impossible  lacks  prudence^''  and  I  may  add  that  he  would  also  lack 
conscientiousness,  for  to  deny  what  one  cannot  disprove  is  evidence 
of  a  total  lack  of  both  truth  and  logic.  While  not  ignoring  sin- 
gular appearances,  nor  ascribing  all  mysteries  to  fraud  or  delusion, 
one  sliould  beware  of  accepting  as  truths  the  many  singular  phe- 
nomena put  forth  as  such  by  ignorant,  vicious,  or  deluded  persons. 
"Try  all  things;  hold  fast  that  which  is  good,"  is  an  excellent 
maxim. 

Prescience,  like  all  other  mental  faculties,  is  a  fallible  trait, 
and  cannot  be  trusted  implicitly  in  every  one;  yet  when  one's  pre- 
dictions, prophecies,  or  forewarnings  have  proven  true  in  tlie 
majority  of  cases  much  stress  may  be  laid  upon  them,  and  credence 
given  to  their  prognostications.  There  are  many  and  varied  ways 
in  which  the  prescient  faculty  manifests  itself  In  some  it  appears 
in  warning  dreams,  yet  not  all  tlie  dreams  of  such  are  to  be  relied 
upon ;  in  others,  foreknowledge  and  predictions  of  tlie  approach 
of  death  are  often  found  to  be  correct.  Some  are  forewarned  of 
approaching  death  or  disasters  to  themselves  or  friends  by  appa- 
ritions, while  others,  still,  see  in  a  trance  or  in  a  cataleptic  state 
events  that  are  occurring,  or  foresee  that  which  will  occur  in  distant 
places,  and  the  results  often  confirm  their  visions. 

The  evidence  bearing  upon  the  existence  of  so-called  occult 
powers  in  large  numbers  of  persons  of  all  ages,  sexes,  and  condi- 
tions is  incontrovertible,  and  I  shall  not  deny  the  existence  of  such 
mental  powers  simply  because  I  cannot  state  their  laws  nor  clearly 
analyze  their  origin  and  operation.  I  leave  this  for  time  and  more 
fortuitous  circumstances  to  reveal.  The  history  of  all  nations, 
ancient  and  modem,  are  replete  with  accounts  of  the  prophecies, 


594  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

sibylline  utterances,  trance-visions,  and  forewarnings  of  seers, 
prophets,  poets,  clairvoyants,  spirit-mediums,  etc.,  and  these  phe- 
nomena form  so  great  a  part  of  modern  knowledge  that  he  would 
be  a  hard-headed  skeptic  who  would  doubt  the  reality  of  powers 
which  are  as  mysterious  as  they  are  abundant.  A  vast  hterature 
has  been  elaborated  in  these  days  upon  the  occult  powers  of  the 
mind,  and  societies  for  the  purpose  of  psycliical  research  are  to  be 
found  in  all  civilized  lands.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  these  associ- 
ations in  connection  with  scientific  instrumentalities  will  be  enabled 
to  throw  some  intelligence  upon  this  somewhat  obscure  subject, 
and  that  some  well-understood  laws  in  relation  to  this  entire  class 
of  phenomena  will  be  elaborated. 

The  possession  of  the  prescient  faculty  gives  to  its  possessor  a 
love  and  desire  for  a  future  life,  and  thus  robs  death  of  its  terrors. 
I  have  a  dear  friend  who  exliibits  this  trait  in  a  wonderful  manner. 
She  is  unusually  cognizant  of  any  great  suffering,  mental  trouble, 
or  sickness  and  death  in  any  member  of  her  family  at  a  distance. 
Sometimes  this  knowledge  comes  in  dreams;  sometimes  she  "feels 
it,"  as  she  says,  when  awake.  This  lady  on  one  occasion  was  very 
ill,  and  given  up  to  die.  She  derived  great  happiness  from  the  pros- 
pect, and  prepared  for  her  laying  out  and  her  funeral  services. 
She  selected  the  dresses  of  every  member  of  the  family,  the  position 
of  her  coffin  in  the  parlor,  and  named  the  hymns  to  be  sung  at  her 
funeral.  All  this  gave  her  as  much  satisfaction  as  some  would 
derive  from  the  preparations  for  a  wedding.  She  spoke  with  im- 
patience and  longing  for  the  meeting  with  friends  and  relatives 
who  had  gone  before,  and  said  to  me  that  she  was  just  going  into 
another  state,  and  felt  as  contented  about  it  as  if  she  were  prepar- 
ing to  travel  to  a  distant  part  of  the  land  to  visit  her  relatives 
there.  Every  article  for  her  entombment  was  submitted  to  her, 
and  chosen  with  taste,  and  made  up  and  laid  aside  for  her  expected 
demise ;  but  she  recovered,  and  still  keeps  all  these  articles  in  order 
that  the  same  preparations  will  not  have  to  be  again  made.  This 
aged  lady  possessed  a  most  beautiful  character,  and  one  might  well 
believe  that  such  a  character  would  not  be  afraid  of  any  fate  in 
the  future  which  destiny  might  have  in  store  for  her.  This  lady 
was  not  a  professing  Christian,  hence  her  longing  for  tlie  future 
life  did  not  come  from  a  belief  in  those  doctrines,  but  was  the 
offspring  of  the  action  of  the  faculty  of  Prescience^  which  was 
manifested  all  through  her  life  in  many  ways,  although  in  her  own 
case  they  were  not  accurate. 

The  manifestations  of  Prescience  are  different  in  each  indi- 
vidual ;  not  only  does  it  differ  in  its  mode  of  manifestation,  but 
also  in  the  degree  of  power  which  it  exhibits,  just  as  with  every 


PRESCIENCE.  696 

other  trait.  Some  have  scarcely  a  germ  of  prescient  power,  and 
such  characters  are  not  able  to  comprehend  it  in  others.  I  was  for 
many  years  a  disbeliever  in  the  reality  of  its  existence,  believing 
that  honest  people  who  professed  a  belief  in  it  were  dreadfully 
deluded ;  but  years  of  research,  aided  by  discoveries  in  Physiog- 
nomy, revealed  its  presence  in  the  human  mind,  and  by  comparison 
of  those  who  were  gifted  in  this  respect  I  was  able  to  locate  and 
describe  its  most  salient  features  and  signs  in  the  face. 

The  most  common  manifestation  of  this  trait  is  in  the  form  of 
presentiments ;  in  some  instances  they  are  faint  and  obscure,  in 
others  clear,  distinct,  and  profound.  Some  persons  are  continually 
forewarned  by  presentiments,  and  by  acting  upon  information  thus 
obtained  trouble  and  danger  are  averted.  There  are  many  persons 
who  ha^e  never  had  a  presentiment  of  coming  events,  nor  been 
warned  in  dreams,  nor  seen  visions  nor  spirits,  nor  ever  experienced 
any  form  of  so-called  supernatural  phenomena.  Such  characters 
are  usually  very  practical  persons,  hence  assistance  of  this  sort  is 
not  necessary  to  their  well-being. 

Where  the  gift  of  Prescience  is  excessively  exhibited,  it  will 
be  found  upon  analysis  to  be  the  compensation  for  the  absence  of 
some  otlier  trait  or  traits,  as,  for  example,  deficient  practicality  or 
keen  powers  of  observation ;  or  it  may  be  the  lack  of  the  elements 
of  self-defense,  and  previsive  knowledge  steps  in  and  protects  its 
possessors  from  threatened  dangers ;  it  may  compensate  for  too 
great  delicacy  of  body. 

The  faculty  of  Prescience  is  exhibited  in  various  animal  races 
in  as  many  modes  as  in  the  human  family.  Tlieir  foreknowledge 
of  approaching  storms  and  weather-changes  has  always  been  ob- 
served. It  is  suggested  that  they  have  some  peculiarity  of  the 
senses  which  is  so  acute  as  to  give  them  notice  of  slight  variations 
in  the  temperature, — too  slight  for  man's  observation.  In  regard 
to  this  peculiarity,  Dr.  Lindsay  tells  us — 

Man}'  animals  are  so  susceptible  to  atmospheric  influences  that  they 
are  sometimes  supposed  to  be  gifted  with  a  sort  of  Prescience  of  coming 
weather-changes,  such  as  rain,  wind,  cold,  heat,  or  thunder.  They  are  popu- 
larly regai'ded  as  a  kind  of  weather-prophets,  forecasters,  or  prognosti- 
cators,  superior  in  some  cases,  it  is  averred,  to  the  barometer  itself.  Among 
sensitive  animals  of  this  kind  are  to  be  mentioned  the  comnion  crow,  the 
robin  of  England  and  Canada, and  the  blackbird  of  England;  the  porcupine, 
South  American  cattle,  dolphins,  and  spiders  ;  the  swallow,  duck,  sea-mew, 
heron,  common  fowl,  and  other  birds;  the  cat,  tortoise,  dog,  swine,  and 
monkeys.    The  prairie-dog,  Gilmore  assures  us,  is  superior  to  a  barometer.* 

Again,  he  speaks  of  another  sort  of  Prescience  exhibited  by 
animals.     He  observes : — 

*  Mind  in  the  Lower  Animals,  J.  L.  Lindsay,  M.D. ,'  p.  807. 


596  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Many  animals  show  a  singular  Prescience  of  certain  classes  of  coming 
events.  Thus,  certain  birds  and  other  animals  appear  to  know  when  a  given 
district  or  country  is  becoming  infected  with  epidemic  disease,  in  which 
case  they  leave  or  avoid  the  infected  district  or  country  till  the  epidemic 
has  disappeared.  Tliis  has  been  especially  noticed  prior  to  outbreaks  of 
such  diseases  as  cholera  in  man.  In  the  autumn  of  1874  a  paragraph  taken 
from  a  German  journal  called  the  "Jardin  Zoologique,"  and  relating  to 
supposed  or  alleged  foresight  in  birds,  went  the  round  of  British  medical 
journals  and  newspapers.  It  stated  that  "  a  few  days  previous  to  the  terrible 
ravages  of  cholera  in  Galicia  in  1872  all  the  sparrows  suddenly  quitted  the 
town  of  Przemj'sl,  and  not  a  single  bird  returned  until  the  end  of  November, 
when  the  disease  had  entirely  disajjpeared.  The  same  circumstance  was 
remarked  in  Munich  and  Nuremberg.  During  the  attacks  of  cholera  at  St. 
Petersburg!!  and  Riga  in  1848,  in  Western  Prussia  in  1849,  and  in  Hanover 
in  1850,  every  swallow  and  sparrow  forsook  the  towns,  and  remained  absent 
until  the  eradication  of  the  scourge."  Other  illustrations,  varying  greatly 
in  their  character  of  apparent  foresight  or  prescience  in  the  lower  animals, 
are  to  be  found  :  1.  The  discovery  of  a  master's  thoughts  or  intentions  by 
the  dog  or  cat,  including,  for  instance,  the  discovery  of  intended  murders  or 
robberies.  2.  The  discovery  of  water-supply  in  the  desert,  steppe,  or  prairie 
by  horses,  cattle,  camels,  frogs,  baboons,  as  well  as  by  the  blacks  in  the 
central  deserts  of  Australia.  Here,  again,  the  so-called  instinct  of  the  lower 
animals  or  savage  accomplishes  that  which  too  often  baffles  all  the  intelli- 
gence of  the  white  man.  3.  The  coming  of  ships  long  before  they  are 
sighted  by  man.  Thus,  long  before  a  ship  is  sighted  off  the  coast  of  Tahiti 
she  is  signalled  b}'  the  simultaneous  crowing  of  all  the  cocks  in  the  island. 
It  is  next  to  impossible  to  attribute  the  fact  to  a  fortuitous  coincidence,  as 
it  reproduces  itself  regularly  without  any  exception, — so  regularly,  indeed, 
that  pilots,  both  French  and  native,  act  upon  this  species  of  signal  by 
putting  off  to  sea  in  their  canoes  in  search  of  the  coming  vessels,  4.  Pre- 
monitions or  presentiments  of  death,  danger,  or  misfortune,  especLally  by 
the  dog,  cat,  and  horse.  These  premonitions  include  a  forewarning  of 
coming  earthquakes  on  the  part  of  the  ox,  sheep,  and  horse,  which  take 
alarm  and  betake  themselves  to  flight  and  safety.  * 

Many  animals  show  the  presence  of  various  sorts  of  prescient 
instinct,  thus  proving  that  a  faculty  which  many  suppose  to  be 
superhuman  or  spiritual  is  possessed  in  nearly  all  its  phases  by 
some  species  of  animals.  This  should  teach  us  that  in  this  phase 
of  existence  every  faculty  is  material  and  exhibited  by  means  of  a 
material  medium^  viz.,  by  our  senses. 

In  all  ages  of  the  world  there  have  been  sibyls,  prophets, 
diviners,  seers,  and  in  these  days  they  are  termed  clairvoyants, 
spirit-mediums,  etc.  Some  are  pretenders  and  impostors.  Others 
doubtless  have  the  gift  of  seeing  and  foreseeing  what  is  hid  from 
the  less-developed  senses  of  the  majority.  It  is  the  same  with  all 
mental  gifts.  Some  have  the  faculties  of  Music,  Number,  Color,  or 
Construction  in  a  wonderful  degree,  while  others  are  greatly  lacking 
in  these  directions.  We  are  not  to  infer  that  because  some  are 
deficient  in  Prescience  all  others  are  equally  so.     This  method  of 

♦Mind  in  the  Lower  Animals,  J.  L.  Lindsay,  pp.  152, 153. 


PRESCIENCE.  597 

thinking  is  illogical,  and  not  warranted  by  fact.  It  would  be  just 
as  reasonable  for  a  man  who  could  not  distinguish  one  tune  from 
another,  and  who  disliked  music,  to  say  that  because  he  could  not 
sing  no  one  else  could,  and  that  all  the  so-called  music  was  nothing 
but  noise.  I  have  known  persons  so  destitute  of  musical  ears  as  to 
hate  music,  and  to  consider  all  singing  "  squalling "  and  piano- 
playing  "banging,"  yet  this  was  not  proof  of  the  absence  of  melody 
in  others  nor  want  of  harmony  in  the  science  and  art  of  music. 

While  recognizing  the  fact  of  the  existence  of  the  faculty  of 
Prescience  we  sliould  be  on  our  guard  against  the  pretensions  of 
would-be  diviners,  for  all  obscure  phases  of  character  present  a 
wide  field  for  the  operations  of  pretenders.  It  is  just  the  same  in 
the  remedial  science ;  there  are  quacks  and  pretenders  without 
number.  Were  it  not  for  the  aid  of  scientific  physiognomy  they 
might  continue  to  pass  for  true  physicians ;  but  science,  which  is 
unveiling,  discovering,  and  enlightening  us  in  every  direction,  will 
strip  the  mask  off  these  charlatans,  and  the  full  light  of  its  bril- 
liancy wiU  unfold  the  character  of  every  one  of  them  to  our  gaze. 

It  has  often  been  questioned  whether  the  face  of  childhood 
gives  evidence  of  traits  which  seem  to  the  ordinary  observer  to 
be  the  result  only  of  age  and  experience. 

Prescience,  like  some  other  faculties, — Amativeness,  for  ex- 
ample,— exhibits  greater  activity  after  childhood  is  passed  ;  yet  both 
of  tliese  faculties,  when  largely  inherited,  disclose  their  power  by 
unmistakable  facial  indications. 

Children  wlio  inherit  Prescience,  and  who  show  its  presence 
in  action,  are  thought  to  be  "queer"  and  given  to  "fanciful  no- 
tions," etc,  Tlie  cause  of  the  peculiar  action  on  their  part  arises 
from  the  lack  of  experience  by  which  to  properly  translate  their 
instinctive  feelings  in  this  direction  in  an  intelligible  manner. 

Prescience  is  one  of  those  faculties  which  certainly  shows  its 
greatest  power  with  advancing  age,  but  where  this  faculty  is  in- 
herited in  a  large  degree  tlie  infantile  physiognomy  will  very  early 
disclose  its  presence.  Tlie  portrait  of  "  Little  Stanley  "  is  proof 
of  the  high  development  of  prescient  power  in  infancy.  This 
beautiful  child  comes  of  poetic  and  dramatic  ancestry,  and  in  the 
.esthetic  classes  we  find  often  a  high  degree  of  the  foreseeing 
faculty.  Many  poets  and  seers  write  of  tlie  future  progress  of 
race  and  of  the  world  with  unerring,  prophetic  vision. 

The  infant  whose  portrait  adorns  page  599  will  exhibit 
(should  he  live)  great  artistic  talent. 

Although  the  face  is  that  of  an  infant  only  two  years  of  age, 
his  features  show  most  uncommon  development,  and  very  decided 
characteristics. 


598 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


The  portrait  on  this  page  is  a  very  interesting  and  instructive 
illustration  of  Prescience  in  the  adult. 

The  present  age  seems  to  be  evolving  universally  more  of  the 
higher  and  rarer  faculties  of  the  mind  ;  hence,  we  observe  in  every 
civilized  community  most  active  researcii  into  the  so-called  "occult 

forces  "  of  mind  and  matter. 

The  mind  in  its  upward 
evolutionary  progress  is  de- 
veloping those  faculties  which, 
in  action  in  former  ages,  were 
held  tt)  be  the  suggestion  of 
evil  spirits,  hence  inimical  to 
the  human  faculty.  Tlie  spirit 
ot  inquiry  which  a  move  lib- 
eral and  scientific  age  has 
fostered  offers  every  facility 
for  investigating  those  mys- 
terious phases  of  mentality 
which  were  at  one  time  luider 
the  ban  of  religion  and  of 
society,  and  which  subjected 
those  who  exhibited  them  to 
most  severe  penalties. 

these     natural 


T.  DE  WITT  TALMAGE. 
(Divine,  Lecturer,  Author,  etc.) 


Among 


Conspicuous  facial  siRii  Wesnience.    The  law  of  giftS  of   miud  ai'O  foUlld  many 
the  curve  governs  this  iihysiognouiy.      The  brain,  l  '    V,        .  U    '       •    i-.^-.r^c^i-^ 

muscle,  and  bone,  in  tbe^  order  named,  govern  this  WillCU   ai'C    nOW    Deing    ■■■''•■"■^" 
mind.    In  the  lace  of  this  celebrated   man  tliere  is  f    J      U 

much  to  interest  the  student  of  Human  Nature.    In  gateQ      Dy 
the  chin  we  observe  the  signs  for  I'onscientiou.sness, 


invest! 
the    most   learned 

the  chin  we  observe  tlie  signs  for  C'onscientiou.sness,  ^                      '    r»   ii                            'ii,     J.^ 

Firmness.Patriotism,  andLoveof  Hcmie.    The  slight  pei'SOUS    01    tlie    agC,    Wltll    tllC 

dimple  in  the  chin  shows  ajsthetic  tendencies.    In  the  •               c      t               •            xi         1 

lower  lip  Benevolence  is  well  represented.    In  the  VIOW    01     dlSCemmg     tlie    laWS 

upper  lip   Love   of  Children  and  of  pets  are  very  i   >    i              i      t      ^ i 

•'      ■     which  underhe  them. 

Their  aim  is  to  obtain, 


noticeable,  while  the  sign  for  Amativeness  in  the 


centre  of  tlie  upper  lij)  shows  not  only  that  he  has  a 

high  appreciation  of  the  opposi 

dicates  a  talented  degree  of  Creative  ability. 


balance  Self-esteem  and 
Friendship,  and  Approbation  assist  his  social" effort's 
The  intellectual  powers  are  shown  in  the  mouth, 
nose,  and  eyes.    The  mouth  and  eyes  denote  Lan- 

fuage    most  eloquent.     In  the  nose  the  signs  for 
jjj,_,:x..     c..,.i:_..:^..     T.^!^_^..-„       _„j     /, ^ ^ 

conspicuous,  as  are  also  Executiveness,  Veneration, 
and  Self-will.  Prescience  is  exceedingly  large,  while 
Intuition  and  Memory  make  up  a  most  unique  indi- 
viduality. 


esty  is  well  Shown,  and  is  needed  in  this  character  to     11    pOSSlDlC,   tllC     USe    aUCl    pUl- 

Aniativei\ess.    Hospitality,  n     ,^  •  ^  i 

~    ■     pose    ot    these    singular   and 
obscure    forces  which  cannot 

deality.  Sublimity,  Imitation,  and  Construction  are  HOW  bc  CXplaincd  tO  bc  de- 
monstrable theories ;  nor  can 
they  be  ascribed  to  the 
"devil,"   as    was    the   vogue 

during  the  "  dark  ages "  whenever  mysterious  occurrences  took 

place  which  theologians   could  not  explain, — a  short-hand   way 

of  hiding  their  ignorance  from  the  masses. 

Of  the  many  occult  human  forces  now  attracting  the  attention 

of  scientists,  hypnotism  seems  to  be  no  nearer  a  scientific  solution 

than  other  obscure  phenomena. 


PRESCIENCE. 


599 


This  force,  like  all  otiier  human  power,  seems  to  be  productive 
of  both  harmful  and  beneficial  effects.  Another  phase  of  occult 
power  is  seen  in  what  is  termed  "•  Spirit  Manifestations."  Large 
numbers  of  persons  in  every  community  claim  to  be  able  to  pro- 
duce certain  tangible  effects  and  obtain  most  astounding  informa- 
tion through  what  they  believe  to  be  "  Spirit  Power." 

As  yet,  no  laws  have  been  discovered  which  place  these 
phenomena  upon  a  scientific  basis.  There  is  no  doubt  but  that, 
as  time  rolls  on,  the  laws  necessary  to  understand  (///  mental  plie- 
nomena  will  be  known  ;  for  nothing  in  the  universe  exists  without 
underlying  and  governing 
laws.  Possibly  the  faculties 
essential  to  the  discovery  of 
these  now-hidden  laws  are 
not  evolved.  Every  day  is 
adding  to  the  achievements 
of  science,  and  it  is  not  im- 
IM'obable  that,  in  the  near 
future,  some  scientific  genius 
may  arise,  Newton-like,  and 
give  to  an  expectant  world 
the  laws  which  operate  to 
produce  the  manifold  phe- 
nomena known  as  Electrici- 
ty, Magnetism,  Spirit-power, 
Hypnotism,  Foreseeing  the 
Future  (Clairvoyance).  Mind- 
Reading,  Describing  Distant 
Scenes  and  Persons,  Thought- 
Transference  (  Telepatliy  ), 
Communicatuig  Mentally 
without  Speech,  Seeing  Appa- 
ritions, etc. 

There  is  too  much  evi- 
dence of  all  these  phenomena  to  dismiss  them  with  the  cry  of 
"  fraud."  For  myself,  I  believe  that  every  phase  manifested  by 
the  human  mind  is  intended  for  the  good  of  humanity.  The 
fact  that  we  do  not  understand  all  phases  of  mentality  does  not 
prove  their  uselessness. 

Very  few  persons  understand  the  rather-obscure  faculties  of 
Intuition,  Prescience,  Human  Nature,  etc.  Yet  in  these  pages 
the  laws  which  govern  these,  as  well  as  other  mental  faculties,  are 
explained  and  proven. 

To  such  an  extent  has  the  hitherto  obscure  and  mysterious 


LITTLE  STANLEY. 

Bom  in  New  York,  1890.  Conspicuous  facial 
sign  Trescience.  Tlie  law  of  tlie  ovoid  and  curve 
governs  this  physiognomy.  The  brain  and  mus- 
(■nlar  systems  dominate.  In  this  face  the  social  and 
domestic  f:icnlties  are  well  defined.  The  signs  for 
Modesty,  Self-esteem,  Hospitality.  liOve  of  Children, 
Digestion,  .\pprobation,  IdealitV,  Friendship,  and 
Analysis  are  large.  The  faculties  of  Veneration, 
Self-will,  and  Execntiveness  are  pronounced,  as 
are  also  Language,  Construction,  Memory,  Size, 
and  Intuition.  Altogether,  these  traits  assist  in 
making  a  marked  artistic  individuality. 


600  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

science  of  physiognomy  advanced  that  it  is  now,  by  the  methods 
herein  elaborated,  brought  even  to  the  comprehension  of  school- 
children. 

One  of  the  greatest  pleasures  in  connection  with  my  work 
in  the  field  of  physiognomy  is  instructing  children  in  its  laws  and 
tlieories.  It  is  amazing  how  easily  they  learn  how  to  discern  and 
locate  the  signs  of  character  in  the  face.  • 

The  theory  is  too  profound  for  young  children ;  but  the  prac- 
tical part  can  be  as  easily  comprehended  by  the  average  child  as 
can  tlie  localities,  forms,  and  colors  of  a  geographical  map. 

I  advise  all  parents  wlio  read  this  work  to  spend  some 
moments  each  day  imparting  to  tlicir  children  some  of  the  practi- 
cal truths  herein  contained. 

Children  are  very  susceptible  to  Form  and  Color,  and  the 
human  face  is  most  richly  endowed  witli  varied  colors,  forms,  and 
motions,  making  a  more  interesting  subject  for  study  than  a  lifeless 
map. 

It  seems  to  me  that  no  subject  can  be  made  so  fascinating  as 
the  study  of  the  human  ])liysiogiiomy. 

It  is  the  first  object  ui)on  wliich  the  eye  falls  in  infancy;  the 
last  upon  which  the  eye  looks  in  death.  All  through  life  one  is 
confronted  with  faces,  and  yet  no  preparation  is  made  in  our 
schools  for  its  study  in  youth,  at  the  age  when  this  most  essential 
of  all  studies  should  be  taught. 

I  predict  that,  within  the  next  decade,  tlie  science  of  physi- 
ognomy will  become  incorporated  with  the  regular  course  of 
study  in  our  universities  and  high  schools  generally.  It  has 
already  been  adopted  by  one  university,  and  lectures  have  been 
given  on  tliis  subject  in  the  Medical  Department  of  the  State 
University  of  California. 

I  have  never  found  any  study,  not  even  that  of  music,  more 
attractive  to  children  than  physiognomy.  As  soon  as  they  have 
learned  to  discern  the  signs  of  cliaracter  in  the  face,  and  can 
locate  them,  they  begin  to  apply  this  knowledge  to  the  faces  about 
them  witli  great  accuracy ;  and  as  they  have  no  preconceived 
ideas  in  regard  to  the  face,  as  have  most  adults,  they  learn  much 
more  readily. 

By  all  means,  instruct  the  children  in  physiognomy. 


CHAPTER  n. 

(CONTINUED.) 

The  Practical  Division  of  the  Face. 

We  are  now  about  to  take  up  the  consideration  of  the  prac- 
tical or  mechanical  group  of  faculties.  These  depend  mainly  upon 
the  peculiarities  of  osseous  and  muscular  development,  assisted  by 
their  connection  with  the  motory  and  central  nerves.  It  must  be 
borne  in  mind  that  the  facial  signs  of  the  faculties  found  clustering 
about  the  eyes,  those  of  Form,  Size,  Observation,  Locality,  and 
Weight  are  not  fully  developed  until  childhood  is  passed,  as  the 
bones  and  muscles  of  the  entire  bo(f}%  as  well  as  of  those  about  tlie 
eyes,  have  not  at  this  period  assumed  tlieir  normal  size,  form,  and 
strength.  Moreover,  some  of  these  signs  are  produced  by  develop- 
ment of  muscular  tissue,  others  by  deposition  of  osseous  material ; 
hence  we  must  connect  them  with  the  gradual  and  progressive  de- 
velopment of  those  systems  as  well  as  with  the  exercise  of  these 
traits.  In  view  of  these  facts,  it  is  absurd  to  claim  that  the  evolu- 
tion of  these  faculties  and  powers  is  due  to  brain  development 
alone.  It  is  true  that  the  brain  enlarges  jtari  posset  with  the  gen- 
eral growth  of  the  body  up  to  a  certain  age  or  stage,  but  the  pro- 
jection caused  by  bone  and  muscular  tissue  in  the  lower  part  of 
the  skull  near  the  eyes  is  not  due  to  this  circumstance.  It  is  not 
caused  by  brain  matter,  as  I  have  shown  elsewhere,  but  to  the 
growth  of  other  tissues.  Deposition  of  brain-substance  could  not 
take  place  here  at  this  point,  for  the  frontal  sinus  and  the  mus- 
cles of  the  corrnijator  snpercilii.,  the  supercihary  ridge,  the  os 
frontis  and  ethmoid  bone  ^>?'evew<  any  snch  accumulation  of  the 
brain-matter  here.  The  development  of  this  portion  of  the  head 
arises  from  the  natural  and  general  development  and  perfection  of 
the  mnscular  and  osseous  systems.,  and  these  are  tlie  systems  most 
used  in  mechanical  and  scientific  pursuits  as  well  as  in  aiding  all 
artistic  efforts.  This  evidence  is  conclusive.  Moreover,  we  liave 
the  following  evidence  from  one  of  the  early  and  most  original 
writers  on  phrenology  to  emphasize  ^yhat  is  here  stated.  It  is 
taken  from  a  work  on  Plircno-Phrenology,  p.  78,  published  in  1851 
by  J.  Stanley  Grimes,  who  observes : — 

The  bones  of  the  skull  and  of  the  face  change  by  a  regular  law  of  de- 
velopment in  all  health}'^  persons  alike,  and  nearly  in  the  same  de<?ree  in  all. 
The  hones  of  t\\Q  forehead  in  childhood  and  in  mature  age  are  very  different ; 

(601) 


602  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the  frontal  sinus  becomes  developed  ;  the  superciliary  ridge,  the  zygoma 
and  the  mastoid  and  corrugator  muscles  all  develop  and  enlarge  so  as  to  en- 
tirely change  the  appearance  of  the  head  and  induce  unskillful  observers  to 
suppose  that  the  growth  of  the  brain  has  produced  all  this  ditterence  in  the 
external  appearance.  The  brain  itself  undergoes  changes  by  the  regular 
and  natural  development  of  its  parts,  some  parts  being  more  developed  at 
certain  ages.  Whether  the  cranial  organs  are  exercised  or  not  the  head 
will  tend  to  assume  the  form  which  was  possessed  by  the  ancestors  at  the 
same  age. 

The  evidence  here  given  by  this  observer  .is  a  corroboration  of 
my  observations  of  a  Ufe-time  and  is  most  appropriate  at  this  junc- 
ture, just  as  we  are  about  to  examine  minutely  the  facial  signs  of 
those  faculties  which  have  been  erroneously  named  "mental  or- 
gans," and  said  to  be  caused  by  the  development  of  "  brain-sub- 
stance "  at  these  points.  The  signs  of  character  in  the  lower  part 
of  the  face  about  the  mouth,  chin,  cheeks,  and  nose  are  self-revealing 
and  cannot  be  called  "organs  (ft'  the  brain,"  but,  as  we  arrive  at  an 
examination  of  the  signs  about  the  forehead  and  eyes,  "unskillful 
observers,"  as  Mr.  Grimes  says,  "  might  believe  these  signs  due  to 
the  development  of  brain-matter." 

With  these  preliminary  remarks  and  an  invitation  to  closely 
inspect  the  parts  now  coming  under  investigation,  I  proceed  to  the 
description  and  analysis  of  the  facial  signs  of  the  practical  and 
mechanical  faculties  in  man  and  animal. 

FORM. 

Definition. — The  capacity  for  remembering  forms  and  shapes ; 
ability  for  spelling,  drawing,  modeling  and  (in  combination  with 
Weight)  for  carving  and  sculpture,  anatomy,  portraiture,  and  physi- 
ognomy ;  it  assists  science,  especially  in  geometry,  mineralogy, 
architecture,  mechanism,  dress-fitting,  and  pattern-making.  Form 
is  always  large  in  naturalists,  navigators,  astronomers,  actors,  and 
poets.  A  square-built  man  will  remember  and  reproduce  square 
and  angular  shapes  best,  while  the  round-built  person  will  deal 
best  with  the  circle  and  curve. 

An  excess  of  Form  might  result  in  useless  mechanism,  but,  as 
the  field  for  configuration  is  simply  illimitable,  a  large  degree  of 
this  most  useful  trait  generally  results  in  activity  of  a  useful  sort. 

De.fidency  in  Form  incapacitates  one  for  many  mechanical  and 
artistic  pursuits.  It  causes  poor  spelling  and  creates  defective 
judgment  as  to  the  form  or  outline  of  everything  in  existence. 
No  one  greatly  deficient  in  Form  should  attempt  the  study  of 
surgery,  the  making  of  machinery,  dresses,  or  art-works. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — Width  of  the  bony  structure 
between  the  eyes  is  the  facial  evidence  of  good  judgment  in  con- 


FORM.  603 

figuration  and  memory  of  the  form  or  shape  of  things  observed, 
and  of  ability  to  reproduce  form  in  art,  science,  or  mechanism. 

Description  of  Form. — The  anatomical  base  of  the  faculty 
of  Form  is  found  in  the  bony  framework  of  the  body.  This  is  so 
patent  that  one  needs  only  to  observe  the  differences  of  structure 
in  one  who  exhibits  a  large  degree  of  Form  and  one  who  is  greatly 
deficient  in  this  trait.  The  bony  system,  hke  all  other  systems, 
undoubtedly  has  its  representative  in  the  brain,  but  to  say  that  the 
width  which  is  caused  by  the  peculiarities  of  the  osseous  formation 
is  an  "organ"  caused  by  a  deposition  of  brain-matter  at  this  place 
is  a  most  palpable  absurdity.  Width  between  the  eyes  is  the  result 
of  a  xoide  construction  of  the  hones  at  this  point.  Breadth  between 
the  eyes  is  not  only  indicative  of  the  mental  power  of  memorizing 
and  reproducing  form  and  shape,  but  it  is  indicative,  first  and 
primarily,  of  the  power  of  certain  physical  functions.  Where  there 
is  breadth  between  the  eyes  the  whole  median  line  of  the  brain 
is  wider  than  where  the  bony  framework  is  contracted  at  this 
point.  Not  only  is  the  brain  wider  through  its  middle  portion,  but 
the  nose  is  wider  and  the  lungs  exhibit  more  of  a  sidewise  growth ; 
the  heart  has  more  room  within  the  ribs ;  the  pelvis  is  broader ; 
the  legs  set  farther  apart,  and  the  whole  outline  of  the  individual 
is  on  a  broader  scale  than  where  the  eyes  are  set  close  to  the  nose 
and  where  the  orbits  are  near  together. 

The  logical  person  can,  from  this  description,  readily  infer 
what  important  results  would  flow  from  a  wide  conformation  of 
the  human  body  through  its  middle  portion.  The  visceral  organs 
would  be  relatively  stronger  through  having  more  room  for  sideivise 
expansion^  and,  as  in  the  caniivora  (nottibly  in  the  lion),  a  strong 
visceral  structure  creates  vigor  of  mind  as  well  as  of  body,  so  a 
broad  human  head  on  a  broad  body  denotes  visceral  vigor,  pri- 
marily, and,  secondarily,  breadth  of  intellect.  The  nose  and  nostrils 
of  the  lion  are  broader  than  the  nose  of  any  other  beast,  and 
men  whose  noses  are  broad  between  the  eyes,  as  well  as  high, 
possess  strong  will  and  great  breadth  of  mentality  as  compared  to 
those  whose  noses  are  naiTow  between  the  eyes.  I  have  known 
many  brilliant  writers  and  speakers  who  were  narrow  between 
the  eyes,  but  were  incapable  of  breadth  and  profundity  on  any 
subject ;  they  were  poor  spellers,  too,  although  highly  edu- 
cated. 

As  all  things  in  existence  possess  form  or  shape  of  some 
sort,  the  one  most  gifted  in  this  direction  is,  therefore,  more  capa- 
ble of  becoming  universally  intelligent.  It  is  impossible  for  the 
human  mind  to  conceive  of  anything  without  form  or  shape.  Even 
those  who  claim  that  they  see  divine  or  celestial  beings  and  scenes 


604 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


always  describe  them  in  terms  of  earthly  formation.  It  is  impos- 
sible for  the  human  mind  to  imagine  anything  that  is  not  earthly 
in  its  appearance;  especially  is  this  true  when  they  come  to  deal 
with  "  divine"  forms.    Sir  Charles  Bell,  on  this  point,  writes  thus: — 

The  idea  of  representing  divinity  is  palpably  absurd.     We  know  noth- 
ing of  form  but  from  the  contemplation  of  man.* 

The  chapter  on  the  "  Basic  Principles  of  Form  "  traces  Form 
to  its  origin, — at  least,  as  far  as  the  human  mind  can  reach  out  for 

illustration.  Form,  whetlier 
exhibited  by  the  cube,  plane 
surface,  or  circle,  is  based 
on  the  sciences  of  geometry, 
mathematics,  and  architec- 
ture,— the  ruling  principles 
of  universal  form. 

Form  is  the  basis  of  all 
trades  and  professions,  for 
upon  its  principles  the 
mechanic,  artist,  engi- 
neer, surveyor,  astronomer, 
draughtsman,botanist,  anat- 
omist, actor,  musician,  op- 
tician, jurist,  and  statesman 
depend  for  the  illustration 
and  expression  of  their 
work  and  ideas.  Tliought 
has  form^  and  is  first 
shaped  in  the  mind  of  man 
ere  it  is  put  upon  paper. 
The  idea  of  the  actor  in 
regard  to  his  impersonation 
of  a  character  results  in 
gestures  and  in  attitudes  of 
the  body,  and  the  gestures 
of  the  actor,  elocutionist, 
and  orator  must  describe  curves  in  order  to  be  graceful  and  ex- 
pressive. The  musician  depends  upon  the  form  of  the  sound- 
waves which  are  carried  through  the  air  to  his  ear.  The  waves 
of  sound  are  curved  or  wave-like  as  they  pass  through  the  air, 
while  the  external  ears  of  those  who  hear  best  are  rounded 
and  the  inner  ear,  or  cochlea,  is  spiral  in  form.  The  sounds 
proceeding  from  wind  or  stringed  instruments  are  curved,  and 
all  force  of  every  sort  whatever  ha^  form  or  produces  a  certain 

*  Anatomy  of  Expression,  Sir  Cbarles  Bell,  p.  22. 


Fig.  91.— miss  HARRIET  HOSMER.    (Eminent 
Sculptor.) 

Bom  in  America.  Conspicuous  facial  sign,  Form, 
shown  by  width  between  the  eyes.  The  law  of  the 
straight  line,  curve,  and  square  governs  this  face.  The 
signs  for  Conscientiousness,  Firmness,  Patriotism,  Love 
of  Home,  Benevolence,  Approbativeness,  Love  of 
Young,  Amativeness,  Modesty,  Friendship,  Alimentive- 
ness,  Mirthfulness,  andSanativenessare  all  exceedingly 
well  defined.  Self-esteem  is  only  average.  The  artistic 
signs  in  the  nose  of  Sublimity,  Analysis,  Ideality,  Con- 
structiveness,  Acquisitiveness,  Veneration,  Executive- 
ness,  and  Self-will  are  prominent.  Form  and  Size  are  con- 
spictious,  while  Observation,  Locality,  Weight,  Order, 
(Jalculation,Meraory,  Language,  Intuition,  and  Artistic 
Reason  are  very  apparent.  Credenciveness  and  Pre- 
science are  small,  and  the  practical  or  observing  powers 
are  in  the  ascendency.  A  face  of  power,  dignity,  and 
sympathy. 


FORM.  605 

f(yrm  while  in  action.  The  undulations  of  light  and  heat,  as 
well  as  of  sound,  describe  forms.  The  earth  is  splierical  in  its 
form  as  well  as  the  primitive  cell  of  animal  and  vegetable  tissues. 
We  can  mention  nothing  which  exists  that  is  shapeless.  This 
being  the  case  it  is  readily  seen  that  a  good  form  in  man  is  most 
essential,  for  we  can  best  express  in  our  works  the  principles  which 
are  the  strongest  within  us;  hence,  well-formed,  symmetrical  people 
are  best  adapted  to  the  use  of  this  faculty  in  external  work. 
Hound-bodied  persons  use  and  express  a  different  class  of  form 
from  that  used  by  square-built  people.  Now,  square-built  people 
love  set,  square,  precise,  and  orderly  forms  and  shapes,  while  round 
people  love  and  create  objects  whicli  are  curved,  wavy,  or  circular 
in  their  conformation.  Again,  round-built,  muscular  people  make 
more  graceful  gestures  than  square-boned  people.  The  former 
dance,  skate,  gesticulate,  pose,  and  walk  with  more  ease  than 
the  latter,  hence  they  make  better  artists,  acrobats,  actors,  and 
orators  than  the  latter  class;  while  the  square-built  person  is 
better  adapted  to  trades  and  professions  requiring  order,  precision, 
and  the  use  of  angles,  right  lines,  cubes,  planes,  solids,  and 
mechanical  principles,  and  a  knowledge  of  the  relations  of  shape 
and  extension.  Round  persons  who  are  broad  between  the  eyes 
are  well  adapted  to  setting  up  and  running  machinery,  judging  of 
diameters,  weights,  and  magnitudes,  and  are  able  to  balance  well, 
climb  dizzy  heights,  and  retain  their  equipoise ;  while  square-built 
persons  are  better  judges  of  horizontals,  angles,  obliquities,  and 
perpendiculars  of  objects,  edifices,  and  machinery,  and  are  better 
able  to  build  machinery  than  they  are  to  manipulate  it  after  it  is 
built.  Those  who  possess  Form  large  and  Size  small  will  be  able 
to  reproduce  the  shape  or  outline  of  an  object,  but  will  not  so 
readily  delineate  the  size.  On  the  other  hand,  one  with  Size  large 
and  Form  small  may  be  able  to  describe  the  size  well  but  not  the 
form.  These  two  faculties  are  closely  related,  and  Size  will  be  next 
described. 

The  art  of  spelling  depends  upon  the  development  of  Form, 
so  also  does  phonography.  They  are  both  mechanical  gifts, 
depending  upon  the  degree  of  the  development  of  Form  for  their 
illustration.  Writing  is  an  art ;  hence,  round-built  people  exhibit 
the  most  beautiful  handwriting,  abounding  in  graceful  curves,  while 
tall,  square-built  persons  show  an  angular,  long-looped  hand- 
writing. Many  highly-educated  persons  cannot  acquire  a  fine 
and  graceful  handwriting  through  lack  of  the  requisite  amount  and 
quality  of  nuiscle,  for  writing,  like  gesture  and  oratory,  requires 
flexibility  of  muscle,  and  in  square-built  persons  the  bones  are 
supreme,  hence  they  cannot  bend  and  curve  easily. 


606  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  difference  in  the  "  musical  touch  "  upon  the  piano  or  other 
instrument  of  these  two  classes  of  persons  is  in  harmony  with  the 
differences  observed  in  their  formation.  Muscular  persons  produce  a 
round,  fall,  rich  tone,  while  the  more  angular,  bony  persons  give  out 
a  clear,  ringing,  resonant,  decided  tone.  In  manipulating  a  sewing- 
machine  the  operator  with  soft,  muscular  fingers  will  produce  the 
best  work,  but  the  angular  or  square-built  worker  will  best  cut  and 
fit  the  work,  yet  will  not  run  the  machine  as  easily  nor  produce  as 
artistic  work  as  the  former. 

All  great  artists  are  very  wide  between  the  eyes  and  all  pos- 
sess Size  as  well  developed  as  Form.  These  two  faculties  are 
necessarily  related,  and,  although  some  persons  possess  a  large 
deerree  of  one  and  a  small  amount  of  the  otlier,  vet  eminent  artists, 
mechanics,  naturalists,  anatomists,  etc.,  possess  both  large.  They 
are  uncommonly  large  in  the  faces  of  Baron  Cuvier,  naturalist ; 
Humboldt,  scientist ;  Sir  Astley  Cooper,  Dr.  Jenner,  Ur.  Harvey, 
physicians;  Linnaeus,  botanist;  Watt,  Fulton,  and  George  Stephen- 
son, mechanical  inventors  ;  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  discoverer ;  Hogarth, 
Titian,  Guido  Reni,  Raphael,  Fra  Bartolommeo,  Carracci,  Murillo, 
Paul  Veronese,  and  Domenichino,  artists.    Michael  Angelo  said : — 

An  artist  should  have  his  measuring  tools  not  in  the  hands,  but  in 
the  eye. 

All  great  composers  are  broad  between  the  eyes.  Music  is 
primarily  a  science.  The  art  of  music  is  the  superstructure  which 
rests  upon  a  scientific  base.  Mathematics  and  Form  are  the  me- 
chanical bases  of  music,  for  sound,  like  all  forces,  has  shape,  and 
nearly  all  the  great  composers  possess  a  large  bony  framework  with 
a  well-developed  brain,  together  with  an  excellent  muscular  system, 
while  Beethoven,  the  "  father  of  music,"  exhibits  a  square-built 
appearance.  Wagner  has  a  very  bony  face,  as  weU  as  Liszt,  Verdi, 
Weber,  and  Haydn. 

Singers  and  players,  as  a  rule,  are  more  muscular  and  round 
in  form  than  composers.  They  require  flexibility  mainly.  Less 
intellect  and  less  bone  are  required  for  the  production  of  sound 
merely.  Intellect  and  stability  are  not  the  predominating  charac- 
teristics of  singers  and  instrumentalists.  Many  of  them  exhibit 
childish  and  capricious  characteristics.  Yet  some  good  singers  ha^e 
an  average  intellect,  but  the  great  ones,  as  a  rule,  display  musical 
intelligence  mainly. 

Pliysiognomists  must  possess  large  Size  and  Form  in  order  to 
judge  of  and  retain  the  slwpes  of  persons,  faces,  and  features  ; 
hence,  we  see  both  these  faculties  large  in  the  physiognomy  of 
Locke,  Aristotle,  Cicero,  Porta,  Averroes,  Lavater,  Redfield,  and 


FORM.  607 

Walker,  and  all  the  great  minds  that  have  observed  and  written 
upon  this  subject.  It  is  an  essential  constituent  of  the  mind  of  the 
detective,  shopkeeper,  policeman,  railroad  conductor,  and  teacher. 
Form  has  been  extensively  used  in  kindergartens,  in  object-lessons, 
in  the  past  few  years.  It  is  destined  to  produce  the  most  important 
results,  developing  in  cldldren  a  taste  and  talent  lor  fashioning 
articles  upon  true  geometrical  principles.  In  these  schools  young 
children  leam  how  to  reproduce  the  form  of  the  cube,  square, 
sphere,  circle,  pyramid,  and  other  geometric  forms,  and  tlius  lay 
the  foundation  for  all  tlie  trades  and  arts  in  early  childhood.  All 
young  children  should  be  taught  to  draw  upon  their  slates  and 
allerward  cut  out  in  paper  the  outline  of  every  garment  and  the 
separate  parts  of  every  garment  that  they  wear.  Both  boys  and 
girls  should  be  trained  hi  this  method  at  home  and  at  school. 
Boys,  in  addition,  should  be  taught  to  draw  and  cut  out  the  indi- 
vidual parts  of  a  house,  a  ship,  and  all  sorts  of  machinery,  and 
draw  pieces  of  all  things  used  in  the  mechanic  arts,  in  order  that 
they  may  be  equipped  for  active  work  in  a  trade  or  profession  as 
soon  as  they  are  old  enough  to  commence  the  more  advanced 
branches  of  mechanism. 

The  basic  principles  of  Form,  as  given  in  this  work,  will  assist 
the  artist,  mechanic,  and  inventor,  and  give  physiognomists  an  in- 
fallible chart  and  compass  to  depend  upon.  These  principles 
should  be  taught  in  schools  in  connection  with  physiognomy,  as 
well  as  in  relation  to  all  object-lessons. 

Animals  possess  in  a  most  remarkable  degree  the  faculty  and  memory 
of  configuration.  As  low  down  in  the  animal  tribes  as  the  toad  there  are 
evidences  of  the  presence  of  Form  and  Size,  shown  by  its  examining  and 
testing  the  size  of  crevices  in  walls  in  relation  to  the  dimensions  of  its  own 
body ;  in  other  words,  it  takes  measurements — -makes  calculations — of  size 
and  shape.  Bees,  as  all  bee-keepers  know,  can  tell  their  attendant  from  a 
stranger.  Smuggling  dogs  distinguish  custom-house  oHicers.  Certain 
London  railway  dogs  recognize  their  own  special  friends  among  the  porters 
or  other  officers  at  the  different  stations,  making,  it  is  asserted,  no  mistakes. 
Other  dogs  frequently  distinguish  from  other  men  the  murdeier,l)urglar,  or 
thief,  the  butcher-dog  or  dog-stealer,  the  poor  beggar  or  tramp,  their  mas- 
ters' inferior  and  well-conditioned  visitors,  policemen  and  foremen,  with 
their  callings  and  their  objects.* 

Here  it  will  be  perceived  that  animals  are  guided  not  only  by 
the  shape  and  appearance  of  their  friends  and  masters,  but  have  an 
uncommon  knowledge  of  human  nature  in  a  degree  not  possessed 
by  man.  Some  animals,  like  some  men,  possess  large  Form  and 
small  Size,  or  the  reverse.  The  parrot  shows  a  decided  power  of 
recognizing  persons,  pigeons,  and   localities,  but  not  vice  versd 

*  Mind  in  tbe  Lower  Animals,  J.  Lauder  Lindsay,  M.D.,  toL  i,  p.  219. 


608  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

(Darwin) ;  while  every  one  has  seen  the  feats  of  "  learned  dogs 
and  pigs,"  which  are  very  expert  in  selecting  alphabetical  blocks 
by  their  shape  and  also  perform  many  simple  arithmetical  problems, 
— of  course,  guided  by  the  sense  of  Form  as  well  as  of  Calcula- 
tion. Animals  suffer  from  perversion  of  this  trait  just  as  do  human 
beings,  and  show  it  in  just  the  same  manner,  viz.,  by  suspicion  of 
things  but  half  perceived  in  the  twilight  or  darkness  of  the  night. 
Persons  possessed  of  large  Form,  whose  nervous  systems  have  be- 
come impaired,  are  often  great  sufferers  from  morbid  fancies, 
imagining  scenes  -of  suffering  or  violence,  in  which  they  and 
their  friends  are  actors.  With  large  Credenciveness  they  believe 
in  supernatural  appearances,  and  with  a  talent  for  poetizing  they 
can  produce  in  verse  forms,  figures,  and  landscapes  with  sur- 
prising fidelity.  Form  in  a  large  degree  is  an  especial  attribute  of 
the  poet,  and  the  works  of  all  talented  poets  teem  with  descriptions 
of  figures,  both  supernatural  and  real.  Tlie  physiognomies  of 
Byron,  Tennyson,  Longfellow,  Swinburne,  Goethe,  Schiller,  Whit- 
tier,  Burns,  Mrs.  Hemans,  Shelley,  Dryden,  and  Shakespeare  are 
uncommonly  broad  between  the  eyes,  and  Size  also  is  large,  show- 
ing that  they  had  the  power  of  visualizing  the  characters  and 
scenes  which  they  have  portrayed  in  verse. 

Chess-players  invariably  exhibit  large  Form  and  Size.  Paul 
Morphy,  Zukertort,  Steinmitz,  and  Blackburn  possess  a  phenome- 
nal degree  of  Form. 

Blackbiiru  and  Zukertort  can  play  blindfold  as  many  as  sixteen  or 
twenty  games  at  a  time,  and  win  20  per  cent,  of  them  at  least. 

The  fact  is  that  they  can  picture  in  the  mind  the  positions  of 
the  cliess-board  and  remember  the  positions  of  tbe  pieces  as  they 
are  played.  It  is  related  by  the  biographer  of  William  Blake, 
poet  and  painter,  that  he  could  paint  for  hours  the  figure  of 
a  sitter  long  after  he  had  gone.  He  said  "  he  could  see  the  per- 
son just  as  plainly  as  before  leaving."  Such  power  for  mental 
photoo'raphy  is  rare,  indeed. 

The  sense  of  visualizinsr  Form  is  not  confined  to  those  in 
civilized  life,  but  is  often  exhibited  by  barbarous  tribes.  The 
Bushmen  are  excellent  draughtsmen,  and,  according  to  recent 
travelers,  are  very  expert  in  free-hand  drawing,  and  draw  the  out- 
line of  a  giraffe  or  buffalo  with  such  unerring  precision  as  to  need 
no  correction.     Mr.  Galton  says : — 

The  Esquimaux  are  natural  geographers,  and  draw  charts  of  their 
coasts  which  accord  with  those  done  by  the  most  skilled  draughtsmen  of 
the  admiralty. 

From  this  description  of  the  faculty  of  Form  it  is  shown  that 


SIZE.  609 

it  is  adapted  to  the  knowledge  of  everything  in  existence,  and 
that  it  is  required  aUke  by  animals,  barbarians,  and  civilized  men. 
The  location  of  its  facial  sign  adjoining  the  eye  is  a  conspic- 
uous example  of  the  relation  of  faculty  with  function,  for  forms  must 
be  seen  to  be  comprehended,  and  the  eye  is  the  centre  of  the  signs 
of  seveml  practical  faculties.  The  sign  for  Size  adjoins  Form  and 
Locality,  while  the  sign  for  Observation  bounds  them  above.  All 
these  traits  icork  together^  and  arc  naturally  connected  in  their  prac- 
tical operations.  The  group  of  signs  about  the  eye  is  an  eminently 
noteworthy  one,  and  serves  to  emphasize  the  wonderful  methods 
Nature  takes  to  make  her  meanings  known  to  man.  The  grouping 
of  the  signs  in  the  face  is,  next  to  physiognomy,  the  most  wonderful 
fact  in  existence,  as  it  is  the  most  perfectly  demonstrable. 

SIZE. 

"A  dark 
niitnitable  ocean  without  bound, 

Without  dimension,  where  length,  breadth,  and  height 
And  time  and  plaCe  arc  lost ;  where  eldest  night 
And  chaos,  ancestors  of  Nature,  hold 
Eternal  anarchy  amidst  the  noise 
Of  endless  wars,  and  by  Confusion  stand  ; 
For  hot,  cold,  moist,  and  dry,  four  champions  fierce, 
Strive  here  for  mastery,  and  to  battle  bring 
Their  embryon  atoms." — Milton's  "Paradise  Lost." 

Definition. — Capacity  for  judging,  by  the  eye,  of  size,  height, 
depth,  breadth,  length,  extent,  volume,  bulk,  bigness,  magnitude, 
distances,  proportions,  perpendiculars,  plane-surfaces,  angles, 
levels,  etc. 

An  excess  of  this  faculty  could  scarcely  work  injury  to  one, 
unless  its  activity  interfered  with  business  or  pursuits  in  which  its 
function  was  not  required. 

Its  deficiency  causes  one  to  be  inaccurate  in  the  estimation  of 
proportion,  perspective,  outlines,  and  of  the  sizes  of  the  globe, 
sphere,  prism,  octagon,  triangle,  octahedron,  hexagon,  cylinder, 
cube,  and  other  geometric  figures,  while  perhaps  able  to  draw  and 
remember  their  forms. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  facial  sign  of  the  capacity  for 
remembering,  judging,  and  reproducing  the  size  of  objects  is  found 
in  the  width  or  development  of  the  ethmoid  bone, — the  bone 
which  connects  the  nose  with  the  forehead.  When  large,  it  gives 
width  between  the  inner  terminus  of  the  eyebrows  and  forms  a 
V-shape  on  the  upper  part  of  the  nose,  just  below  and  at  its  junc- 
tion with  the  forehead.  The  faces  of  all  good  artists,  mechanics, 
draughtsmen,  sculptors,  architects,  and  dress-fitters  exhibit  this 
formation. 


610 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


Description  of  Size. — The  anatomical  base  of  the  mental 
faculty  of  Size  is  found  in  the  width  of  the  ethmoid  bone.  It  can 
not  be  caused  by  brain  development  at  this  point  for  the  reason 
that  the  bones  and  sinuses  in  this  vicinity  fill  up  the  space  which 
phrenology  allots  to  the  "  organ  "  of  Size.  The  following  descrip- 
tion of  this  portion  of  the 
face  discloses  the  origin 
of  the  width  at  this  junc- 
tion : — 

On  account  of  the  frontal 
sinuses  and  of  the  diploe  the 
external  surface  of  the  skull 
does  not  by  any  means  exactly 
represent  the  internal,  but  is 
more  smooth  and  even,  and 
never  accurately  presents  emi- 
nences and  depressions  in- 
versely corresponding  to  those 
within.  To  some  extent,  liow- 
ever,  and  only  to  some,  docs 
the  external  surface  of  the 
bones  indicate  the  projections 
on  the  surface  of  the  brain. 
Wlieu  a  certain  portion  of  the 
latter  or  a  certain  group  of 
convolutions  are  very  promi- 
nent, tlie  skull  in  that  region 
will  be  prominent,  and  vice 
versa;  but  we  very  seldom 
find  distinct  external  elevations 
corresponding  to  individual 
convolutions.  The  bones,  as 
well  as  the  sinuses  at  this  por- 
tion of  the  face,  are  numerons, 


Fig.   92.— ROSALIE    BONHEUR.      (Celebrated 
Painter  OF  Nature  and  op  Animals.) 

Born  in  France,  1822.  Conspicuous  facial  sign,  Size, 
shown  by  widtli  of  the  etlunoid  bone.  The  law  of  the 
straight  line  and  curve  governs  this  face.  The  quality 
of  this  subject  is  very  fine ;  the  color-sense  of  the 
highest  order.  The  lower  part  of  the  face  is  oval,  the 
lips  curved,  the  hair  wavy.  Form  and  Size  pre-eminent; 
au  are  signs  of  the  artistic  nature.  Conscience  and  Firm- 
ness are  normal.  Love  of  Home,  Patriotism,  Benevo- 
lence, Love  of  Young,  Api)robativeness,  Friendship, 
and  Alimentiveness  are  evident ;  Amativeness  only 
about  average ;  Modesty  and  Self-esteem  well  definecl. 
The  nose  is  high,  long,  almost  straight,  and  shows  the 
s^ns  for  Human  Nature,  Mental  Imitation,  Analysis, 

Hope,  Ideality,  Constructiveness,  Acquisitiveness,  \'en-  ^    ^^      ^    ^^^^  ...v^v,    ...xv.  ^^^..^ 

eration,  Executiveiiess,  and  Self-will  large.    Language       "'"■'  "'    ""^  ...v^v,,  ...x  v.         ...^^^..^, 

isnoticeable,  while  Form,  Size,  Order,  Locality,  Calcula-        and    any  person    WllO  Will    take 

tion.    Observation,  Weight,   Memory  of    Events,   and 

artistic  judgment  and  Reason  are  well  defined.    Great 

perseverance  and  industr>;  added  to  great  talents  have 

produced  a  grand  artist  in  this  subject.     Her  great 

merit  has  met  with  due  recognition.    Of  her  it  has 

been  sa^d  :  "She  is  not  beholden  to  the  Louvre  Gallery 

nor  to  Poussin ;  she  does  but  look  at  the  clear  and 

open  face  of  Nature." 


tlie  trouble  to  dissect  a  human 
skull  and  brain  can  soon  con- 
vince himself  that  the  brain- 
substance  does  not  canse  the 
width  at  this  part,  and  which  is 


termed  an  ''  organ  "  of  the  mind 
')y  phrenologists.  The  ethmoid  bone  contributes  to  form  the  base  of  the 
•ranium,  the  nose,  and  the  orbits.  It  has  little  or  no  cellular  tissue  in  its 
comijosition,  except  in  the  christi  galli  and  in  the  turbinated  plates.  It  is 
joined  to  two  bones  of  the  cranium,  the  frontal  and  sphenoid,  and  to  eleven 
bones  of  the  face.* 

Besides  the  sinuses  and  bones  situated  within  this  small  space 
the  bnlhs  of  the  olfactory  nerves  here  find  lodgment,  as  well  as  the 
ophthalmic  division  of  the  fifth  pair  of  nerves.  The  bony  ridge,, 
denominated  the  superciliary  ridge,  or  bones  of  the  eyebrow,  so 

*  Practical  Auatoin^-,  Robert  Harrison,  pp.  393,  584. 


SIZE. 


611 


completely  hides  the  brain  that  it  is  impossible  to  make  any  esti- 
mate of  its  size  or  shape  here.  So  true  is  this  that  all  physiolo- 
gists and  anatomists  have  remarked  it,  and  Dr.  Dalton,  writing 
upon  the  peculiarity  of  the  brain-substance,  observes : — 

A  veiy  extensive  portion  of  the  cerebral  surface  remains  concealed  in 
such  a  manner  that  it  cannot 
possibly  be  subjected  to  ex- 
amination, viz.,  the  entire  base 
of  the  brain  with  the  under 
surface  of  the  anterior  and 
middle  lobes,  the  upper  surface 
of  the  cerebellum,  and  the  in- 
ferior surface  of  tiie  posterior 
lobe  of  the  cerebrum  which 
covers  it,  that  portion  of  the 
cerebellum  situated  above  the 
medulla  oblongata,  and  the  two 
opposite  convoluted  surfaces 
in  the  fissure  of  Sylvius  where 
the  interior,  and  middle  lobes 
of  the  cerebrum  lie  in  contact 
with  each  other.  The  whole 
extent,  also,  of  the  cerebral  sur- 
faces which  are  opposed  to 
each  other  in  the  great  longi- 
tudinal fissure  throughout  its 
entire  length  is  equally  pro- 
tected by  their  position  and 
concealed  from  external  exami- 
nation. The  whole  of  the  con- 
voluted surface  of  the  brain 
must,  however,  be  regarded  as 
of  equal  importance  in  the  dis- 
tribution of  the  mental  quali- 
ties ;  and  yet  it  is  evident  that 
not  more  than  one-third  or  one- 
quarter  of  this  surface  is  so 
placed  that  it  can  be  exam- 
ined b}^  external  manipulation. 
It  must,  furthermore,  be  recol- 
lected that  the  gray  matter  of  the  cerebrum  and  cerebellum  is  every- 
where convoluted,  and  that  the  convolutions  penetrate  to  various  depths  in 
the  substance  of  the  brain.  Even  if  we  were  able  to  feel,  therefore,  the  ex- 
ternal surface  of  the  brain  itself,  it  would  not  be  the  entire  co7ivolutions, 
but  only  their  superficial  edges,  that  we  should  be  really  able  to  examine. 
And  yet  the  amount  of  gray  matter  contained  in  a  given  space  depends 
quite  as  much  upon  the  depth  to  which  the  convolutions  penetrate  as  upon 
the  prominence  of  their  edges.  While  phrenology,  therefore,  is  partially 
founded  upon  acknowledged  physiological  facts,  there  are  yet  insurmounii- 
able  difficulties  in  the  way  of  its  practical  application.* 

In  the  preceding  paragraphs  I  have  offered  the  evidence  de- 
rived from  the  writings  of  two  of  the  best-known  anatomists,  as  to 

*  Dalton's  Treatise  on  Human  Physiology,  p.  429. 


Fig.   98.— LUDOVICO    ANTONIO    DAVID.      (Hi.s- 

TORICAL  AND  POKTRAIT  PAINTER.) 

Born  in  Italy,  1648.  Conspicuous  facial  sign,  Size, 
shown  by  width  of  the  ethmoid  bone  just  above  the 
sign  for  Form.  The  law  of  the  straight  line  and  curve 
governs  this  face.  Here  we  behold  all  of  the  salient 
points  of  the  artist, — curves  in  every  feature,  and  even 
in  the  hair  the  same  curvjlinear  principle  is  observed. 
The  chin  is  round  and  dimi)led,  tlie  lower  jaw  curved, 
the  mouth  exhibiting  a  "cupid's  bow"  in  the  outline 
of  the  upper  lip.  The  domestic  and  social  traits  are  all 
well  defined,  among  which  Aniativcness,  Love  of 
Young,  Love  of  Home,  Patriotism,  Friendship,  Mirth- 
fulness,  Approbativeness,  and  Benevolence  are  very 
prominent.  Color  and  Sanativeness  are  conspicuous. 
In  the  nose  the  signs  for  Mental  Imitation,  Ideality, 
Sublimity,  Constructiveness,  Acquisitiveness,  Venera- 
tion, Executiveness,  and  Helf-wiU  are  very  pronounced. 
Form,  Size,  Observation,  and  Calculation  are  excellent. 
Metnory  of  Events  and  Intuition  are  large,  while  Reason 
(of  the' artistic  sort)  is  well  developed. 


612  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the  impossibility  of  judging  of  the  shape  and  size  of  the  brain- 
matter  by  an  external  examination.  More  particularly  is  this  im- 
possibility emphasized  when  we  endeavor  to  find  the  existence  of 
a  mental  or  cerebral  "organ"  of  Size  at  the  sides  of  the  ethmoid 
hone.  The  evidence  of  our  senses  in  dissection,  as  well  as  by 
outward  observation,  shows  that  there  is  nothing  but  bones  and 
sinuses  (little  hollow  openings  which  assist  the  resonance  of  the 
voice)  at  this  place.  I  am  quite  earnest  in  my  endeavor  to  prove 
to  the  student  that  this  is  the  case,  for,  in  order  to  be  intelligent  in 
the  science  of  physiognomy,  one  must  be  able  to  trace  phenomena 
to  their  origin,  otherwise  the  knowledge  wiU  be  merely  surface- 
knowledge.  The  protuberances  observed  about  the  superciliary 
ridge  are  caused  by  hony  depasition  and  by  muscular  development, 
as  can  be  proven  in  the  local  signs  for  Weight  and  Locality. 

Now,  having  given  very  good  evidence  from  those  who  do 
not  accept  the  phrenological  theories  of  "brain  organs,"  I  next 
offer  evidence  just  as  conclusive  from  the  writings  of  George 
Combe,  one  of  the  founders  of  phrenology.     He  remarks  thus : — 

One  part  of  the  brain,  however,  does  sometimes  present  a  difficulty. 
I  refer  to  a  cavity  called  the  fi'ontal  sinus.  It  lies  above  the  nose,  and  is 
found  between  the  external  and  internal  surfaces  of  the  skull.  The  size  of 
this  sinus  varies,  but  recollect  that  it  only  interferes  with  five  organs — 
Form,  Size,  Weight,  Individuality  (Observation),  and  Locality. 

Again,  below  the  age  of  twelve  it  does  not  exist,  and,  as  the  five 
organs  before  mentioned  are  generally  very  active  before  that  age,  the  sinus 
cannot  interfere  with  our  observation  of  them  before  that  period.  The 
sinus,  therefore,  presents  no  difficulty  in  the  way  of  our  discovering  the 
functions  of  these  organs  if  we  study  subjects  below  twelve  years  of  age. 
The  opponents  conceal  these  facts.  After  this  age  it  appears,  gradually 
enlarges,  and  after  twenty  may  present  some  difficulty  to  the  observer.* 

In  a  foot-note  he  observes: — 

I  was  the  first  to  maintain  that  it  was  impossible  for  us  to  determine 
with  exactness  the  development  of  certain  convolutions  by  the  inspection 
of  the  external  surface  of  the  cranium. 

This  corroborative  evidence  from  this  gentleman  and  from  the 
others,  equally  distinguished,  is  offered  not  so  much  to  prove 
phrenology  wrong  in  some  of  its  conclusions  as  to  prove  tlie 
basic  theories  of  scientific  physiognomy  right.  The  reasoning 
of  Mr.  Combe  is  not  tenable  where  he  says  that  "as  the  frontal 
sinus  does  not  exist  below  twelve  years  of  age  it  cannot  interfere 
with  our  observation  of  these  five  'organs.'"  The  truth  is  that 
by  the  absorption  of  the  cellular  tissue  and  the  separation  of  the 
bony  plates  the  cavities  called  the  frontal  sinuses  are  formed  at  or 
about  the  age  of  puberty,  and  this  change  assists  the  resonance  of 

•Combe's  Lectures  on  Phrenology,  p.  131. 


SIZE. 


613 


the  voice  as  it  changes  from  the  fine,  soft  tones  of  childhood  to 
tlie  sonorous  and  deep  bass  of  adult  life;  and  that  is  all  the  sig- 
nificance to  be  attached  to  this  change,  except  the  further  fact 
that  complete  ossification  of  the  bones  of  the  superciliary  ridge  and 
of  the  ridge  of  the  nose  does  not  take  place  nor  cause  their  perma- 
nent and  true  form,  size,  and  solidity  until  the  age  of  puberty,  and 
in  some  cases  not  until  after  tliat  period.  Hence  it  is  that  we  are 
better  able  to  judge  of  the  size  of  the  practical  and  mechanical 
faculties  whose  local  facial  signs  are  situated  upon  and  about  the 
hones  and  muscles  of  the 
superciliary  ridge,  after  i\\Qj 
have  become  developed  by 
age  and  matured  by  the 
action  of  the  evolutionary 
process  described  above. 
The  localities^  of  many  of 
the  "perceptive"  faculties, 
as  given  by  phrenologists, 
are  correct.  Their  idea  of 
ascribing  to  brain-substance 
what  is  palpably  a  bony  or 
a  muscular  structure  is  er- 
roneous. The  whole  course 
of  the  development  of  the 
several  tissues  of  bone, 
brain,  and  muscle  also 
proves  this,  and  reveals  the 
true  origin  of  the  faculties 
of  Size  and  Form  to  be  in 
the  width  of  the  median 
portion  of  the  bony  struc- 
ture, recorded  in  and  cer- 
tified to  by  the  width  of 
the  08  frofntis  and  ethmoid 
bones  of  the  face. 

The  uses  and  function  of  the  faculty  of  Size  are  unlimited 
and  beyond  enumeration.  In  conjunction  with  Form  its  applica- 
tion is  to  every  single  atom  of  matter  in  space  and  to  every  object 
whatsoever  in  existence.  Every  thing  has  form,  consequently  has 
magnitude  or  dimensions.  All  mental  imagery  is  formed  through 
the  agency  of  these  two  dominant  faculties.  Plans  for  conducting 
a  campaign  or  a  law  case,  or  for  carrying  on  a  business,  are  aided 
by  the  faculty  of  shaping.  Every  writer  upon  any  subject  what- 
ever relies  upon  these  two  geometrical  qualities  for  carrying  out 


Fig.  94.— JOHN  LEO  GEROME.    (HISTORICAL  AND 
Portrait  Painter.) 

Born  in  France,  1S24.  Conspicuous  facial  sign.  Size, 
shown  by  great  width  lietween  the  eyes.  The  law  of 
the  straight  line  and  curve  governs  this  physiognomy. 
The  lower  division  of  the  face  discloses  tlic  signs  for 
domesticity  and  moral  power.  Firmness,  CJonscien- 
tiousness.  Benevolence,  Love  of  Home,  Patriotism, 
Approbativeness,  Economy,  and  Sanativeness  are  all 
large.  F'rom  the  form  of  the  eyes  and  general  curva- 
tiveness,  we  know  that  Love  of  Young  and  Amative- 
ness  are  normal  at  least.  In  the  nose  the  si^ns  for  artis- 
tic capacity  are  apparent.  Mental  Imitation,  Ideality, 
Sublimity,  Constructiveness,  Acquisitiveness,  Vener- 
ation, Executiveness,  and  Self-will  are  prominent, 
while  Form,  Size,  Color,  Calculation,  Observation,  and 
Locality  are  of  the  higliest  order.  Memory  of  Events, 
Language,  and  Intuition  are  well  defined. 


614  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

his  plans.  All  architects,  artists,  sculptors,  dress-makers,  carpenters, 
shoe-makers,  and  mechanics  of  every  sort  depend  upon  these  traits 
for  the  basis  of  all  they  construct.  Their  action  is  universal, 
and  illimitable.  In  combination  with  Constructiveness  they  enter 
largely  into  the  works  of  fiction,  of  poetry,  and  of  plays.  The 
writings  of  the  poets  abound  in  images  of  all  sorts,  and  some  of 
them,  as,  for  example,  Milton  and  Dante,  portray  the  figures  of 
monsters  of  horrid  mien  and  gigantic  size  in  a  manner  most  vivid 
and  graphic.  In  the  physiognomies  of  these  writers  the  signs  for 
Size,  Form,  Constructiveness,  Credenciveness,  and  Imagination  are 
very  large.  So  also  we  find  the  same  development  in  Bunyan's 
face,  as  well  as  in  Dickens'.  Taine  describes  Dickens'  character 
most  admirably,  and  quite  in  accord  with  the  principles  of  scien- 
tific physiognomy.  He  shows  that  the  power  to  form  or  visualize 
his  characters  is  one  of  his  strongest  traits,  and  he  thus  describes 
him.     He  says : — 

There  is  a  painter  in  him,  and  an  English  painter.  Never  surely  did 
a  m'md  figure  to  itself  with  more  exact  detail  or  greater  force  all  the  parts 
and  tints  of  a  picture.  If  he  is  describing  a  home,  he  will  draw  it  with 
geometrical  clearness  ;  he  will  put  all  his  colors  in  relief;  discover  a  face  and 
thought  in  the  shutters  and  the  spouts !  He  will  make  a  sort  of  human 
being  out  of  the  home,  grimacing  and  forcible,  which  attracts  our  attention, 
and  which  we  shall  never  forget.* 

A  scientific  delineation  of  Dickens'  physiognomy  shows  how 
accurately  Taine  paints  Dickens'  portrait  from  his  icorJcs.  This  is  a 
v.ery  subtle  and  philosophic  method,  and  one  which  requires  the 
best  intellect,  aided  by  the  best  intuition. 

The  capacity  for  calling  up  at  will  the  size  and  form  of  any 
object  once  seen  is  the  active  memory  of  the  twin  faculties  of  Form 
and  Size.  The  ability  to  bring  up  colors  in  all  their  vividness  be- 
longs to  the  memory  of  color ;  and  so  of  every  faculty.  Each  has 
a  memory  peculiar  to  itself,  and  this  could  not  be  unless  every 
faculty  was  a  force  capable  of  sending  out  toward  persons  and 
objects  a  2>(^dp(ible  Jiving  poioer  from  the  human  and  animal  mind. 
It  meets  with  a  response,  showing  that  the  special  faculty  in 
activity  has  thrown  outward  toward  others  in  contiguity  a  positive, 
active,  intelligent  force,  which,  like  lightning,  is  unseen,  yet  most 
decidedly  felt,  and  by  sensitive  more  keenly  than  by  coarse- 
grained men  and  animals.  The  theory  is  that  coarse  people — 
those  on  a  low  mental  grade — are  more  sensitive  to  the  stronger  and 
lower  classes  of  passions,  such  as  revenge,  hatred,  malice,  force, 
and  resistance,  than  they  are  to  the  higher  and  nobler  traits  of 
love,  sympathy,  patriotism,  and  sublimity;  the  lower  passions 
or  forces  being  more  powerful  in  their  action,  while  the  higher 

♦History  of  English  Literature,  H.  A.  Taine,  pp.  585-588. 


SIZE.  615 

ones  send  out  a  more  subtle  force,  and  can  be  better  sensed  and 
appreciated  by  the  finer  and  higher  order  of  beings. 

The  ideas  of  relative  size  change  with  age  and  with  practice 
in  judging  of  dimensions,  by  noting  discre})ancies  in  goods  or 
objects  handled.  Size  in  combination  with  Form,  Weight,  and 
Reason  give  ability  for  geometrical  studies,  while  Size,  Form, 
Constructiveness,  Ideality,  and  Mental  Imitation  give  the  talent  for 
novel-writing,  and,  with  Music  and  Time  added,  ability  for  writing 
poetry.  Add  to  these  large  Love  of  Young,  and  capacity  for 
writing  stories  and  poetry  ibr  children  will  be  developed. 

Form,  Size,  and  Weight  assist  the  sculptor,  the  dentist,  and 
the  engraver.  They  must  all  have  the  same  combination  to  enable 
them  to  imitate  forms,  and  also  to  assist  in  guaging  the  force  of 
the  bimv  of  the  chisel  and  graver.  Engravers  must  also  have  a 
good  color-sense,  else  they  will  be  deficient  in  judging  of  the  proper 
shading  of  their  pictures.  I  once  employed  a  very  superior  en- 
graver, but  he  lacked  color,  being  of  a  very  light  complexion,  and 
having  light,  sandy  hair.  It  was  with  the  greatest  difficulty  that  I 
could  get  him  to  put  sufficient  black  color  into  my  pictures;  but 
in  Size  and  Form  he  excelled,  and  engraved  portraits  (the  most 
difficult  branch  of  the  art)  with  unerring  fidelity  and  precision. 

The  botanist,  naturalist,  chemist,  physician,  and  explorer 
require  the  faculty  of  Size.  It  is  found  large  in  the  physiognomies 
of  Stanley,  Livingstone,  Fremont,  Marco  Polo,  Captain  Cook, 
Sir  Joseph  Banks,  De  Soto,  and  Hendrick  Hudson,  Linnaeus,  Des- 
cartes, Sir  Astley  Cooper,  Dr.  Pasteur,  John  Dalton,  Liebig, 
Huyghens,  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  Blaise  Pascal,  Torricelli,  Copernicus, 
and  Paracelsus.  Minds  such  as  these  men  possessed  had  the 
power  of  visualizing  the  objects  and  combinations  of  forms  which 
they  dealt  with,  and  were  thus  enabled  to  picture  in  the  "mind's 
eye"  the  inventions  and  discoveries  made  and  scenes  visited  and 
explored.  In  Galton's  work  on  "Inquiries  into  Human  Faculty," 
the  author  devotes  great  space  to  the  investigation  of  what  he 
terms  "  mental  imagery,"  the  capacity  for  which  depends  upon  the 
faculties  of  Form  and  Size  being  large,  although  I  believe  he 
nowhere  speaks  of  this  as  the  origin  and  base  of  what  he  terms 
"visualizing."  Physiognomy  proves  that  where  these  two  faculties 
are  large,  the  ability  to  reproduce  mentally  shapes  and  outlines 
is  much  greater  than  where  they  are  not  so  well  developed.  The 
following  very  just  remarks  by  Mr,  Gal  ton  are  appropriate  to  the 
subject,  and  I  quote  them  to  show  his  understanding  of  the  mental 
aspect  of  Size  and  Form.     He  observes  thus: — 

There  can,  however,  he  no  doubt  as  to  the  utility  of  the  visualizing 
faculty  when  it  is  duly  subordinated  to  the  higher  intellectual  operations. 


616  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

A  visiiul  image  is  the  most  perfect  form  of  mental  representation,  wherever 
the  shape,  position,  and  relations  of  objects  in  space  are  concerned.  It  is 
of  importance  in  every  handicraft  and  profession  where  design  is  acquired. 
The  best  workmen  are  those  who  visualize  the  whole  of  what  they  propose 
to  do  before  they  talie  a  tool  in  their  hands.  Tlie  village  smith  and  the 
carpenter  who  are  em[)loyed  on  odd  jol)s  employ  it  no  less  for  their  work 
than  the  mechanician,  the  engineer,  and  the  architect.  The  lady's  maid  who 
arranges  a  new  dress  requires  it  for  the  same  reason  as  the  decorator  em- 
ployed on  a  pahice  or  the  agent  who  lays  out  great  estates.  Strategists, 
artists  of  all  denominations,  physicists  who  contrive  new  experiments,  and, 
in  short,  all  who  do  not  follow  routine  have  need  of  it.  The  pleasure  its  use 
can  afford  is  immense.  I  have  many  correspondents  who  say  that  the 
delight  of  recalling  beautifnl  scenery  and  great  works  of  art  is  the  highest 
that  they  know ;  they  carry  whole  picture-galleries  in  their  minds.  Our 
bookish  and  wordy  education  tends  to  repress  this  valuable  gift  of  Nature. 
A  faculty  that  is  of  importance  in  all  technical  and  artistic  occupations, 
that  gives  accuracy  to  our  perceptions  and  justness  to  our  generalizations, 
is  starved  out  by  lazy  disuse,  instead  of  being  cultivated  in  such  a  way  as 
will,  on  the  whole,  bring  the  best  return.* 

The  practice  in  early  life  of  fashioning  objects  with  tools,  and 
of  drawing,  undoubtedly  develops  the  faculty  of  Size  as  well  as  of 
Form,  and  men  who  are  put  at  books  early  in  life,  and  deprived  of 
all  mechanical  employments,  suffer  deterioration  of  these  faculties. 
Then,  too,  the  mental  action  of  these  faculties,  as  well  as  the  inten- 
sity of  their  power,  changes  with  advancing  age  and  change  of 
pursuits.  In  childhood,  if  the  observing  faculties  are  keen,  and 
Form,  Size,  and  Locality  very  decided,  the  outlines  and  location  of 
every  thing  observed  will  be  remembered,  and  nothing,  however 
minute,  will  escape  the  sight  of  one  who  is  gifted  in  the  observing  or 
practical  traits ;  but  as  age  advances,  and  brings  with  it  a  develop- 
ment of  the  reasoning  powers,  the  observing  faculties  assume  a 
partially  introspective  action,  and  the  mind  works  more  interiorly^ 
hence  sees  fewer  material  objects,  and  the  individual  will  pass  by, 
unnoticed,  things  which  formerly  would  have  attracted  his  attention 
and  have  been  photographed  upon  his  memory  in  all  the  accuracy 
of  their  form,  size,  and  position  in  relation  to  other  near  objects. 

The  antagonism  between  the  power  for  visualizing  external 
material  objects  and  the  capacity  for  abstract  memory  has  been 
noted  by  Mr.  Galton,  and  on  this  topic  he  says: — 

My  own  conclusion  is,  that  an  over-ready  pei'ception  of  sharp  mental 
pictures  is  antagonistic  to  tlie  acquirement  of  habits  of  highly-generalized 
and  abstract  thought,  especially  when  the  steps  of  reasoning  are  carried  on 
by  words  as  symbols,  and  that  if  the  faculty  of  seeing  the  pictures  was  ever 
possessed  by  men  who  think  hard  it  is  very  apt  to  be  lost  by  disuse.  The 
highest  minds  are  those  in  which  it  is  not  lost,  but  subordinated,  and  is 
ready  for  use  on  suitable  occasions.  I  am,  however,  bound  to  say  that  the 
missing  faculty  seems  to  be  replaced  so  serviceably  by  other  modes  of  con- 
ception— chiefly,  I  believe,  connected  with  the  incipient  motor  sense,  not  of 
*  Inquiries  into  Human  Faculties,  Francis  Galton,  p.  U3. 


OBSERVATION.  617 

the  eyeballs  only,  but  of  the  muscles  generally — that  men  who  declare  them- 
selves deficient  in  the  power  of  seein<>:  mental  pictures  can,  nevertheless, 
give  life-like  descriptions  of  what  they  have  seen,  and  can  otherwise  express 
themselves  as  if  they  were  gifted  with  a  vivid  visual  imagination.  They  can 
also  become  painters  of  the  rank  of  Royal  Academicians.  * 

When  I  read  tlioiiglits  such  as  the  above,  which  come  so 
closely  to  scientific  analysis  of  character  and  then  just  miss  it 
through  lack  of  the  knowledge  of  scientific  physiognomy,  I  grieve 
tliat  the  writer  has  not  that  light  by  which  to  elucidate  more 
clearly  the  differences  existing  between  the  two  classes  of  persons 
of  which  he  is  writing.  His  first  paragraph  relates  to  mechanical 
men, — men  with  square,  bony  frames,  who  are  practical,  and 
seldom  develop  into  abstract  thinkers ;  never,  certainly,  to  any  great 
extent;  hence,  they  dwell  largely  all  their  lives  in  the  region  of 
the  practical,  and  visualize  the  forms  of  objects,  and  deal  with 
them  professionally,  as  in  the  mechanic  arts;  while  the  class 
alluded  to  in  the  second  paragraph  are  muscular,  roimd  men,  who 
imagine  forms  instead  of  remembering  those  once  seen,  and  these 
last  really  do  use  the  muscniar  sense  in  order  to  reproduce  their 
images  mentally,  and  can  become  painters  of  high  degree ;  and,  as 
they  are  gifted  in  imagination  chiefly  by  reason  of  the  dominance 
of  the  muscular  system,  so  they  are  able  by  voice  and  brush  to 
reproduce  vocally  and  on  canvas  the  forms  which  they,  by  means 
of  a  vivid  imagination,  see  before  them.  This  class  of  persons 
idealize  forms,  whereas  the  mechanical  class  reproduce  with  exact- 
ness the  forms  and  shapes  which  they  have  really  beheld.  When 
gifted  metaphysicians,  like  Mr.  Galton,  come  to  understand  the 
principles  of  scientific  physiognomy,  they  will  be  able  to  aid  the 
advancement  of  science  in  a  wonderful  manner.  Many  gifted 
writers  show  by  their  writings  that  they  are  grand  physiognomists, 
only  wanting  the  knowledge  of  tlie  laws  and  principles  of  physiog- 
nomy to  enable  them  to  draw  the  external  features  and  peculiarities 
of  their  characters  in  accordance  with  the  mental  analysis  which 
they  make  of  them.  George  Eliot,  Dickens,  Taine,  and  Thack- 
eray are  all  intuitive,  so  also  was  Shakespeare,  and  came  very  near 
.to  being  scientific  expounders  of  character.  The  faculty  of  »Size  is 
pre-eminent  in  all  of  them,  and  to  it  they  are  largely  indebted  for 
their  skillful  delineations  of  their  characters,  as  well  as  for  the 
plan  of  their  books. 

OBSERVATION. 

Definitio7i.  —  "The  act  or  power  of  observing  or  taking 
notice;  the  act  of  seeing  or  of  fixing  the  mind  upon  anything; 
capacity  for  close  attention ;  adherence  in  practice."     (Webster.) 

*iWd.,  p.  88. 


618 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


The  love  and  capacity  for  examining  objects  which  attract  the 
attention,  such  as  natural  phenomena,  machinery,  pictures,  books, 
plays,  spectacles,  etc.  It  is  the  faculty  which  creates  a  desire  for 
looking  at  what  transpires  about  us,  and  is  tlie  basis  of  all  material 
knowledge.  Mechanicians,  travelers,  artists,  linguists,  and  scien- 
tists, etc.,  depend  greatly  upon  its  development  for  their  knowledge. 

An  excess  of  Obser- 
vation can  scarcely  be 
harmful,  yet  if  one  allows 
Observation  to  end  in  JooJc- 
ing  merehj^  without  reflect- 
ing or  acting  upon  knowl- 
edge thus  gained,  excessive 
Observation  would  be  det- 
rimental. To  remedy  such 
want  of  balance,  the  facts 
already  observed  should  be 
put  to  some  useful  purpose 
before  searching  for  other 
facts  or  phenomena. 

Its  deficiency  may  be 
remedied  by  patient  inves- 
tigation of  all  sorts  of 
objects,  by  prolonged  scru- 
tiny, and  an  endeavor  to^^a; 
the  attention  and  thought 
upon  the  form,  size,  color, 
quality,  and  proportions  of 
objects,  and  to  note  care- 
fully the  particulars  and 
details  of  objects  and  occur- 
rences coming  under  one's 
observation. 

Facial  and  Bodily 
Signs. — The  most  con- 
spicuous facial  sign  of  the 
faculty  of  Observation  is 
situated  in  the  middle  of 
the  lower  part  of  the  forehead,  between  the  inner  terminus  of  the 
eyebrows  and  above  the  root  of  the  nose ;  when  large,  filling  out 
the  muscles  at  this  part  and  causing  the  eyebrows  to  draw  down 
in  order  to  facilitate  more  accurate  vision. 

Description  of  Observation. — The  location  of  the  facial  sign 
for  Observation  is  one  proof  of  its  muscidar  origin.     Another 


Fig.  95.— MARCUS  TULLIUS   CICERO.    (ORATOR, 
Statesman,  and  Jurist.) 

Born  in  Arpinuni,  106  B.C.  Conspicuous  facial  sign. 
Observation,  shown  by  development  of  the  muscles  of 
the  inner  terminus  of  the  eyebrows,  caused  by  approx- 
imating them  while  engaged  in  closely  scrutinizing  ol)- 
jects.  The  law  of  tlie  curve  governs  tliis  face.  The 
size  of  the  features  and  tlieir  proy)ortions  announce  an 
ambitious  and  able  mind.  In  tlie  chin  are  seen  tlie 
signs  for  Firmness,  Patriotism,  Benevolence,  and  Ijove 
01  Home  well  defined.  Alimentiveness  and  Bibative- 
ness  are  less  than  average.  In  tlie  upper  lip  Amative- 
ness,  Jjove  of  Young,  and  Mirthf  ulness  are  apparent ; 
Self-esteem  of  only  a  moderate  degree.  The  size  of  the 
mouth  and  fullness  of  the  lips  and  eyes  announce  lin- 
guistic and  oratorical  al)ility.  Tlie  nose  is  very  high 
above  the  plane  of  the  face,  and  is  long,  bony,  aiid  con- 
vex in  its  outline.  At  the  point  the  signs  for  Ideality, 
Sublimity,  Mental  Imitation,  Human  INature,  Analysis, 
Constructiveness,  Acquisitiveness,  Veneration,  Execu- 
tiveness,  and  Self-will  are  very  pronounced.  The 
region  about  the  eyes  is  remarkable  in  appearance. 
Credenciveness  is  small.  Locality  and  Observation  are 
equally  and  uncommonly  developed.  Form,  Size, 
Calculation,  Weight,  Language,  Order,  Time,  Reason, 
and  Intuition  are  pre-eminent.  The  neck  is  massive 
and  statuesque.  The  nose,  by  its  size,  indicates  large 
Pneumativeness.  His  color  was  dense,  and  this  gave 
force  and  intensity  to  all  his  faculties.  The  physiog- 
nomy altogether  announces  a  mental  colossus.  History 
corroborates  this  facial  delineation. 


OBSERVATION. 


619 


proof  is  had  in  the  fact  that  all  observation  is  made  with  the  eye, 
which  is  the  facial  representative  of  the  muscular  system.  That 
this  faculty  is  represented  in  the  brain,  as  well  as  all  other  parts 
of  the  muscular  system,  is  undoubted,  but  the  idea  that  brain- 
matter  causes  the  protuberance  seen  in  adidts  after  lon§^  and  pro- 
tracted scrutiny  of  objects  is  not  tenable.  In  childhood  the 
muscles  of  the  face  at  this 
place  are  not  greatly  de- 
veloped, but,  on  the  con- 
trary, they  are  scarcely 
noticeable.  They  become 
perceptible  only  after  years 
of  close  observation  of  the 
things  observed.  Children, 
it  is  true,  look  and  gaze 
with  curious  eyes  upon  all 
that  attracts  their  attention, 
but  they  reflect  very  little, 
if  any,  in  early  life  upon 
observations  thus  made. 
And  many  go  through  life 
looJcing,  without  any  very 
deep  impression  being 
made  upon  the  mind  by 
objects  observed  and  scenes 
visited.  The  mere  fact  of 
being  able  to  look  at  an 
object  does  not  involve 
knowledge  of  the  object 
perceived.  "  The  eye  sees 
what  it  brings  the  power  to 
see,"  and  if  one  has  not  the 
capacity  for  fixed  and  pa- 
tient attention  he  fails  to 
take  in  the  full  meaning 
and  import  of  what  he  be- 
holds. Because  children  look  and  ask  a  multitude  of  questions  about 
what  they  see  is  no  proof  that  they  observe  in  the  liighest  meaning 
of  the  term.  Their  minds  are  comparatively  empty ^  and  they  look 
and  question  for  entertainment  mainly,  and  not  always  for  the  pur- 
pose of  acquiring  knowledge ;  hence,  the  facial  record  of  Obser- 
vation does  not  appear  very  large  until  after  the  habit  of  accurate 
and  tlioughtful  observation  has  been  formed. 

Persons  with  excessive  Credenciveness   never   develop   this 


Fig.  96.— bayard  Taylor.  (Printer,  Editor, 
Diplomat,  Traveler,  and  Author.) 
Born  in  Penn.sylvania,  18*2.5.  Principal  facial  sign. 
Observation,  shown  by  development  of  the  muscle  ad- 
joining the  sign  for  Locality.  The  law  of  the  curve  and 
sphere  governs  this  physiognomy.  The  parts  of  the 
face  nearest  the  eyes  reveal  large  Observation  and 
Locality;  the  result's  of  the.se  powers  have  been  given 
to  the  world  in  many  able  hooks  of  travel  by  this 
gifted  writer.  The  domestic  nature  is  fully  developed. 
The  luxuriance  of  the  intellect  assures  us  that  it  must 
have  a  rich  basis  upon  which  to  build  so  elegant  a 
superstructure.  In  the  nose,  which  is  aquiline,  are 
all  the  signs  of  literary  power.  Hope,  Analysis, 
Human  Nature,  Sublimity,  Ideality,  Acquisitiveiiess, 
and  Constructivencss  are"  conspicuous.  Veneration 
and  Executiveness  are  very  marked,  while  Self-will 
is  manifest.  Credenciveness  and  Prescience  are  only 
average.    Localitv,  Observation,  Weight,  Order,  Lan- 

fuage.  Music,  and  Time  are  well  defined.  Memory  of 
Ivents,  Reason,  and  Intuition  are  uncommonly  large. 
A  great  deal  of  mental  force  is  apparent  in  the  outlme 
of  the  nose,  and  this  gave  power  and  emphasis  to  all 
his  efforts.  Color  was  exceedingly  well  developed,  and 
was  the  basis  of  order  and  enthusiasm,  and  permeated 
his  descriptions,  which  were  glowing,  vivid,  and  life- 
like. 


620  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

sign,  and  the  portion  of  the  space  between  the  inner  terminus  of 
the  eyebrows  and  the  eye  is  wide  and  comparatively  flat,  as  seen 
in  the  Chinese  and  other  superstitious  races  and  in  all  superstitious 
persons.  In  these  cases  it  is  Credenciveness  vs.  Observation,  or 
belief  without  evidence.  Many  of  the  signs  of  character  which 
cluster  about  the  eyes  are  mainly  representative  of  the  muscular 
system,  and  these  signs  are  caused  by  protracted  use  of  the 
eyes  and  other  parts  of  the  muscular  system,  as,  for  example, 
in  the  use  of  the  sense  of  Weight,  as  in  balancing,  by  sailors 
and  acrobats;  in  wielding  the  hammer,  as  by  blacksmiths, 
sculptors,  mechanicians,  dentists,  etc.  The  use  of  the  muscles 
in  these  directions,  in  combination  with  the  eyes  which  guide 
these  several  acts,  causes  the  muscles  of  the  face,  denominated 
the  pyramidaUs  nasi  and  corrugator  supei'dlii,  to  enlarge,  and 
in  adult  life  they  sometimes  appear  like  a  small  wen.  This  sign 
is  noticed  only  in  the  faces  of  tlie  most  continuously  observant 
and  practical  persons.  It  is  large  in  the  physiognomies  of 
Arago,  Button,  Michael  Angelo,  Fulton,  Charles  Darwin,  James 
Watt,  Professor  Morse,  George  Stephenson,  Elihu  Burritt,  John 
and  Joseph  Le  Conte,  Professor  Tynd^U,  Professor  Kirchoff",  Boer- 
haave,  Joseph  Black,  and  the  Herschels.  In  all  these  persons  the 
eyebrows  will  be  found  drawn  down  close  to  the  eyeball ;  and  in 
those  in  whom  the  bony  system  predominates  additional  assistance 
is  rendered  in  the  way  of  accurate  vision  by  the  projection  of  the 
bony  superciliary  ridge. 

The  base  of  the  faculty  of  Observation  may  be  safely  ascribed 
to  the  muscular  system,  assisted  by  the  optic  nerves.  The  peculi- 
arities of  structure  in  tlie  two  diverse  classes  of  persons,  the  ob- 
serving and  the  non-observing,  will  confirm  this  statement.  Cre- 
dencive  people  are  great  lookers,  but  it  does  not  follow  that  they 
observe ;  that  is  to  say,  they  do  not  observe  closely,"  keenly,  and 
accuratelfj,  for  the  reason  that  they  are  not  built  upon  an  observing 
plan ;  their  eyes  are  too  large,  too  wide-open  for  instant  and  accu- 
rate sight,  and  they  have  no  bony  superciliary  ridge  to  shut  off  the 
superfluous  rays,  and  thus  enable  them  to  instantly  focus  their 
vision  and  concentrate  all  their  visual  and  mental  observation  upon 
one  minute  or  infinitesimal  atom.  Hence  it  is  that  the  one  who 
is  able  to  focus  his  vision  instantly  is  capable  of  more  practical 
work  in  the  mechanic  arts  and  in  many  branches  of  science  than 
those  whose  eyes  are  too  large  and  not  shaded  by  a  projecting 
bony  brow. 

The  uses  of  Observation  are  as  many  as  there  are  things  to 
observe.  It  is  adapted  to  the  recognition  of  the  divisibility  of 
matter,  substance,  and   space;    to   the  peculiarities  of  form  and 


OBSERVATION.  621 

number;  to  mechanics,  mathematics,  and  geometry.  In  short,  it 
is  a  basic  faculty  upon  which  many  other  faculties  depend  for 
assistance  to  carry  forward  their  peculiar  operations.  Observation 
gives  the  capacity  to  comprehend  everything  in  Nature  as  a  sepa- 
rate and  distinct  entity,  and  is  required  in  literature  as  well  as  in 
the  mechanic  arts.  Navigators  and  discoverers  tind  it  most  useful, 
as  it  enables  them  to  retain  an  accurate  memory  of  the  forms, 
colors,  and  related  positions  of  scenes  visited  and  countries  explored. 
It  is  useful  to  tlie  linguist,  and  aids  him  in  the  acquirement  of 
language,  by  enabling  the  student  to  comprehend  the  separate  and 
individual  parts  of  speech,  as  nouns,  verbs,  adjectives,  and  interjec- 
tions, and  shows  him  the  relationship  they  bear  to  each  other  in 
combination.  A  man  who  possesses  large  Observation  never  loses 
a  moment's  time,  for,  place  him  where  you  will  he  employs  himself 
with  storing  his  mind  with  whatever  surrounds  him,  and  when 
needed  he  extracts  from  the  photographic  studio  in  his  mind  the 
forms,  colors,  relations,  and  positions  of  all  the  objects  which  he 
has  laid  away  for  use.  This  looking  faculty  is  a  fine  one  for  a 
traveler  to  possess.  A  real  good  looker  will  bring  back  from  a 
short  excursion  more  accurate  information  than  a  mere  gazer  will 
gather  while  making  the  "grand  tour." 

Children  should  not  only  be  encoumged  to  look  at  all  that 
attracts  their  attention,  but  shoidd  be  trained  to  describe  ivhat  they 
have  seefi,  thus  assisting  and  testing  tlie  accuracy  of  their  observa- 
tions. Their  questions  should  be  answered  with  reason  and  truth, 
and,  unless  they  talk  for  the  sake  of  listening  to  their  own  voices, 
should  not  be  suppressed,  except  in  cases  where  they  are  making 
themselves  conspicuous  at  the  expense  of  politeness  and  the  comfort 
of  those  present. 

Historians  need  to  be  good  observers  of  what  transpires  in 
government  and  the  affairs  of  the  nation,  as  well  as  lovers  of 
truthful  statement,  and  observation  of  this  sort  should  characterize 
all  who  undertake  to  treat  of  such  matters  for  the  edification  of 
posterity  by  writing  records.  The  difference  between  the  historical 
writings  of  Voltaire  and  those  of  John  William  Draper,  for 
example,  illustrates  and  corroborates  the  principles  of  scientific 
physiognomy,  as  exhibited  by  their  physiognomies.  Voltaire's  f9,ce 
shows  a  lack  of  keen  and  accurate  observation,  but  sparkles  with 
wit  and  imagination.  His  historical  works  reflect  all  the  beauties 
of  his  face  in  youth ;  they  are  brilliant  and  entertaining,  but  inac- 
curate; while  Draper's  histories  and  his  other  works  are  like  his 
face — truthful,  orderly,  solid,  accurate,  and  highly  interesting,  as 
any  one  will  admit  who  has  read  his  "  History  of  the  United  States," 
•'The   Intellectual   Development   of    Europe,"   or   the  "Conflict 


622  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

between  Science  and  Religion,"  any  one  of  which  is  nearly  as 
charming  and  delightful  in  style  and  more  accurate  in  detail  than 
any  of  Voltaire's  historical  works.  Voltaire's  histories  of  Charles 
XII  and  Peter  the  Great,  although  brilliant  and  entertaining,  are 
not  held  up  as  models  of  truth  and  exactness. 

In  analyzing  the  grade  or  quality  of  Observation  found  in 
different  persons,  great  attention  must  be  paid  to  the  peculiar  ex- 
pression of  the  eye.  In  the  portraits  of  all  the  great  naturalists, 
discoverers,  scientists,  mechanicians,  and  inventors  the  eyes  seem 
to  be  looking  fixedly  and  intelUgently  at  some  object ;  there  is  a 
knowing  look  in  them  which  the  painter  and  the  camera  have 
happily  caught.  The  habit  of  fixed  and  intelligent  attention  which 
these  classes  of  persons  have  practiced  for  years  is  transferred  to 
their  physiognomy,  and  is  most  noticeable  in  and  about  the  eye  and 
eyebrow,  more  particularly  in  the  bright,  alert,  keen,  intelligent 
expression  of  the  eye.  This  is  a  most  remarkable  circumstance, 
and  one  which  explains  a  great  deal.  The  face  is  connected  with 
all  the  nerves  of  the  special  senses  as  well  as  with  the  nerves  lead- 
ing to  all  of  the  important  visceral  structures,  hence  is  capable  of 
expressing  and  expounding  all  the  permanent  as  well  as  temporary 
feehngs  and  conditions  existing  or  active  at  every  period,  as  well 
as  those  which  have  existed  for  any  considerable  length  of  time. 
Now,  in  the  physiognomies  of  those  classes  that  do  not  depend 
upon  accurate  observation  for  the  foundation  of  their  pursuits  no 
such  expression  is  visible.  If  we  compare  the  portraits  and  coun- 
tenances of  the  former  classes  with  the  faces  and  portraits  of 
singers,  instrumentalists,  poets,  athletes,  acrobats,  elocutionists,  and 
commercialists,  generally,  we  shall  find  that  the  earnest,  penetrating, 
thoughtful  gaze  of  the  former  is  absent  in  the  latter.  The  explana- 
tion is  not  far  to  seek.  The  most  observing  classes  are  obliged  by 
the  very  nature  of  their  pursuits  (which  is  a  search  after  and  an 
application  of  the  laws  of  Nature)  to  be  as  nearly  true  to  Nature 
in  their  actions  and  descriptions  as  the  human  senses  will  permit, 
for  the  senses  are  the  avenues  through  which  the  world  comes  into 
the  human  mind.  The  more  observation  a  man  possesses,  the 
more  of  the  world  will  he  eonqiier  and  oimi.  A  blind  man  is 
almost  shut  out  from  the  world  of  form,  and  entirely  so  from  a 
knowledge  of  color.  The  deaf  lose  entirely  the  harmonies  of 
music  and  the  power  which  vocal  expression  brings.  A  man 
whose  practical  and  observing  faculties  are  greatly  deficient  has  less 
of  this  world's  knowledge  than  he  who  has  them  in  a  large 
measure;  he  is  consequently  thrown  back  upon  what  he  hears 
instead  of  what  may  be  seen  and  known  by  accurate  sight.  This 
class  of  persons  are  bound  to  become  superstitious  and  believers 


.  OBSERVATION.  623 

of  all  sorts  of  fantastic  dogmas,  while  the  observant  person  uses 
his  God-given  senses  and  relies  upon  his  power  for  seeing  and 
judging  for  himself  The  only  way  which  we  have  in  this  material 
and  mundane  sphere  of  becoming  cognizant  of  truths  as  they 
exist  and  appear  is  by  the  use  of  our  senses  primarily  and  of  our 
reason  and  conscientiousness  finally.  It  is  rational  to  infer  that 
the  stronger  and  more  perfect  these  faculties  are,  the  more  perfect 
will  be  our  knowledge  of  truths.  It  becomes  our  duty,  then,  under 
this  logic,  to  endeavor  to  build  up  our  bodies  by  an  application  of 
the  best  principles  of  hygiene,  for,  the  more  perfect  and  normal  the 
body,  the  better  equipped  will  it  be  for  the  work  of  life.  The 
mediaeval  method  of  degrading  the  body  by  filth,  fasting,  fear,  and 
flagellation,  in  order  to  create  a  saint  or  seer,  will  not  conduce  to  a 
noble  manhood  and  womanhood,  suited  to  the  work  of  redeeming 
and  civilizing  the  world ;  and  as  useful  men  and  women  are  needed 
for  this  purpose,  and  as  visionaries  are  incapable  of  aiding  these 
efforts,  we  must  therefore  reverse  the  old-time  methods  and  strive 
to  improve  the  race  by  design  and  laio. 

The  cultivation  of  the  faculty  of  Observation  is  one  of  the 
best  steps  toward  a  knowledge  of  tnith.  The  habit  of  accurate 
and  patient  observation  cannot  be  overestimated.  The  celebrated 
Newton  once  remarked,  "If  I  have  made  any  discoveries,  it  was 
owing  more  to  patient  attention  than  to  any  other  talent."  The 
great  minds  of  all  ages  bear  testimony  to  the  fact  that  the  capacity 
for  close  and  continual  observation  is  the  main  factor  in  the  lives 
of  the  great  geniuses  that  have  arisen  and  dazzled  the  world. 
Every  town  and  hamlet  in  the  country  possesses  a  lazy  genius^  who 
imagines  himself  destined  to  astound  the  world  by  the  greatness 
of  his  natural  powers,  and  yet  who  is  never  heard  of  outside  of  a 
limited  circle,  for  the  reason  that  he  lacks  patient  observation  or 
industry.  There  are  scores  of  "  mute,  inglorious  Miltons  "  of  whom 
the  world  never  hears. 

In  the  animal  kingdom  it  is  found  that  those  that  possess  the 
best  power  of  attention  are  the  most  teachable.  The  elephant, 
with  his  small,  accurate,  mechanical  eye,  can  see  and  pick  up  with 
his  proboscis  a  cambric  needle. 

Even  butterflies  Lave  been  tamed  and  taught  to  come  at  man's  call ; 
they  also  possess  most  decided  observation  of  colors,  as  do  bees  also,  with 
great  taste  for  Iritiht  ones.* 

And  with  the  talent  of  close  observation  used  in  way-find- 
ing by  beasts  and  birds  no  man  of  the  highest  powers  can  com- 
pare. The  ''  homing  "  faculty  of  the  pigeon  is  far  better  devel- 
oped  in   it   than    the    sense   of  locality   is   in    man,  while   the 

»Mind  in  the  Lower  Animals,  J.  L.  Lindsay,  M.D.,  vol.  i,  p.  6L 


624  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

observation  of  dogs  leads  them  to  understand  not  only  the  meaning 
of  man's  language  in  phrases,  and  their  own  name  when  called, 
but  they  are  observant  of  and  understand 

Looks,  facial  expression,  couutenance-clianges,  the  character  of  the  eye, 
actions  or  movements,  with  gestures  and  gesticulations ;  natural  voice-sounds 
and  their  varied  tones  or  intonations;  artificial,  musical,  and  other  sounds, 
such  as  those  made  upon  or  by  the  bell-gong,  horn,  whistle,  pipe,  bagpipe, 
lute,  drum,  or  bugle.  They  understand  comments  and  remarks  when  they 
themselves  are  spoken  of,  also  proper  names  of  persons,  places,  and  things; 
signals  of  63^6,  look,  action,  including  those  which  are  called  secret,  which 
are  preconcerted  by  and  between  and  understood  only  by  the  animal  and 
its  master.* 

I  might  fill  a  volume  devoted  to  illustrations  of  animal 
observation,  proving  that  in  common  with  man  the  highest  types 
of  each  class  are  those  which  possess  superior  powers  of  Observation 
and  capacity  for  continued  attention. 

The  cultivation  of  this  faculty  has  been  commenced  on  a 
scientific  basis  in  the  past  few  years  by  the  kindergarten  system  of 
object-teaching,  which  not  only  instructs  children  in  the  knowledge 
of  geometrical  forms,  but  also  assists  the  color-sense  by  a  use  of  all 
the  chromatic  hues.  The  latter  feature  is  most  useful  and  should 
be  taught  to  boys  especially,  inasmuch  as  they  inherit  less  of  the 
color-sense  than  females,  owing,  doubtless,  to  the  fact  that  they 
make  little  use  of  color  in  tlie  majority  of  masculine  pursuits,  also 
to  that  other  and  sad  fact — the  great  use  of  tobacco  by  men,  which 
vitiates  the  action  of  the  glands  to  that  degree  that  the  colors  are 
not  eliminated  from  the  food  nor  taken  into  the  system  by  the  lungs 
as  readily  as  by  those  who  are  not  the  victims  of  this  vice.  This 
inferiority  of  the  color-sense  has  become  a  distinctively  sex-type, 
and  is  transmitted  from  father  to  son  rather  than  from  father  to 
daughter, — so  surely  do  our  deeds  follow  us  and  live  afler  us. 
We  are  immortal  in  more  senses  than  one. 

Observation  has  its  own  especial  memory  and  recollects  best 
the  class  of  objects  which  most  attract  the  attention.  These  vary 
in  different  individuals,  as,  for  example,  one  in  witnessing  a  scien- 
tific experiment  will  be  impressed  with  certain  parts  and  be  able 
to  explain  them  clearly,  while  another  will  be  attracted  by  other 
features  of  the  experiment  and  describe  them  best. 

MEMORY   OF   EVENTS. 

"Why  should  I  write  this  down  that's  riveted, 
Screwed  to  my  memory?  " — Shakespeare. 

Definition. — The  capacity  for  remembering  historical,  political, 
social,  domestic,  and  all  passing  events ;  adapted  to  the  memorizing 

*  Mind  in  the  Lower  Aniiu^s,  J.  L,  Lindsay,  M.D.,  vol.  i,  pp.  346,  347. 


MEMORY    OF    EVENTS.  625 

of  news  of  all  sorts,  such  as  public  measures,  scientific  theories, 
experiments,  and  neighborhood  gossip,  facts,  occurrences,  and 
actions,  and  of  events  as  tliey  transpire  from  time  to  time. 

An  excess  need  not  be  guarded  against.  A  man  cannot 
know  too  much,  provided  his  knowledge  be  accurate  and  he  can 
apply  it  practically. 

A  deficiency  causes  one  to  be  unready,  unintelligent,  and 
unreliable  as  to  facts  and  occurrences. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — A  general  fullness  of  the  upper 
and  middle  portions  of  the  forehead  is  the  facial  record  of  large 
Memory  of  Events,  together  with  a  broad  and  vigorous  muscular 
and  visceral  organization.  The  last  are  secondary  and  subordinate 
signs,  but  necessary  as  establishing  a  sure  foundation  for  that 
strength  and  vigor  which  creates  and  sustains  sound  and  strong 
mental  action. 

Description  of  Memory. — Memory  of  Events  is  a  portion 
of  the  general  memory  and  is  devoted  exclusively  to  the  accumula- 
tion of  that  class  of  knowledge  which  is  named  in  the  above 
definition.  Each  faculty  and  sense  has  its  oivn  special  memwy^ 
and  each  depends  for  its  power  upon,  first,  the  natural  or  inherited 
quality,  and,  secondly,  upon  the  normal,  healthful,  and  vigorous 
condition  of  the  body.  There  is  no  special  faculty  devoted  to 
Memory.  The  ancient  metaphysicians  treated  the  Memory  of 
Events  as  if  it  were  the  entire  memory,  not  taking  into  account 
the  sense-memories  of  sight,  sound,  taste,  scent,  and  sensation,  but 
always  referred  to  "  Memory  "  as  if  it  were  a  single  and  complete 
faculty  and  seated  and  centred  in  the  brain,  where,  indeed,  the 
phrenologists  finally  located  every  single^  individual  power  of  the 
mind.  It  is  the  mission'of  scientific  physiognomy,  aided  by  evolu- 
tion, anatomy,  physiology,  and  cognate  sciences,  to  unload  this 
poor,  overtaxed  organ,  and  restore  to  its  own  rightful  domain  each 
one  of  the  misplaced  functions  and  faculties,  and  so  relieve  the 
overburdened  skull  of  the  weight  of  that  which  was  never  in  it, 
except  in  the  fancy  of  half-fledged  scientists. 

I  shall  now  commence  an  analysis  of  the  Memory  devoted  to 
the  acquisition  of  historical  knowledge, — that  is  to  say,  of  events 
as  they  transpire,  including  in  this  comprehensive  term  all  the 
current  and  passing  events  and  occurrences  of  every-day  life, 
leaving  until  later  the  discussion  of  the  other  departments  of 
Memory,  such  as  the  memories  of  scent,  form,  size,  color,  words, 
tones,  etc. 

The  automatic  action  of  Memory  of  all  the  intellectual  facul- 
ties shows  it  to  be  related  to  the  muscular  as  well  as  to  the 
nervous   systems,   for   muscles   exhibit    automatism   and    nerves 

40 


626 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


periodic  activity,  after  exercise  of  the  muscles  and  nerves  in  any 
given  direction.  Individuals  who  have  been  good  skaters  or  piano- 
players  in  youth  have  been  able,  after  years  of  abstention  from 
these  exercises,  to  resume  them  with  slight  effort.  This  result  is  due 
to  the  stored-up  memorij  of  the  automatic  action  of  the  muscles  and 
to  the  periodic  response  of  tlie  nerves  involved,  for  muscles  once 
trained  to  a  particular  work  retain  the  memory  of  the  movements 

in  their  elements,  and, 
when  these  elements  are 
exhausted  and  replaced  by 
new  tissue  derived  from 
nutrition,  they  are  replaced 
in  precisely  the  same  form 
as  those  which  had  become 
exhausted  by  the  general 
and  regular  daily  waste  of 
the  bodily  elements.  When 
Memory  begins  to  fail, 
either  by  reason  of  old  age 
or  by  disease,  it  fails  in  the 
inverse  of  its  development. 
The  intellectual  faculties 
weaken  first,  inasmuch  as 
they  were  the  last  to 
be  evolved,  and  the  sen- 
timents,— domestic  and 
social, — those  depending 
upon  the  development  of 
tlie  visceral  organs,  which 
are  first  exhibited,  such  as, 
for  example,  Amativeness, 
Love  of  Young,  Friendship, 
Benevolence,  etc.,  fail  last. 
On  this  point  Mr.  Eibot 
throws  some  light.  He 
observes  thus: — 
It  has  been  noticed  by  the  best  observers  that  the  affectional  faculties 
are  extinofuished  far  more  slowly  than  the  intellectual.  It  may  at  first  seem 
strange  that  states  so  vagne  as  those  of  feeling  and  sentiment  should  be 
more  stable  than  ideas  and  intellectual  states  in  general.  But  reflection 
shows  that  the  feelings  are  the  deepest,  the  inmost,  the  most  persistent 
features  of  our  mental  constitution,  whereas  the  intelligence  is  something 
acquired  and,  as  it  were,  external  to  us.  Considered  in  their  origin,  aside 
from  any  refined  and  complex  forms  they  may  assume,  they  are  the  direct 
and  permanent  experience  of  our  organism.  The  viscera,  muscles,  bones, — 
every  tissue  of  our  bodies  contributes  its   share  toward  their  formation. 


Fig.  97.  -  PREDERIOK  HENRY  ALEXANDER, 
BARON  VON  HUMBOLDT.  (TRAVELER,  AU- 
THOR, Scientist.) 
Born  in  Germany,  1769.  Conspicuous  facial  sign. 
Memory  of  Events,  sliown  by  fullness  of  the  upper 
part  of  the  forehead.  The  liiw  of  the  straight  line, 
curve,  and  sphere  governs  this  face.  It  rarely  falls  to 
the  lot  of  the  physiognomist  to  delineate  so  splendid  a 
countenance.  The  mouth,  chin,  nose,  eyes,  eyebrows, 
and  forehead  are  all  remarkable  in  size,  outline,  and 
in  detail.  The  chin  and  mouth  express  the  most  ami- 
able and  benevolent  feeling.  The  chin  by  its  width 
denotes  Conscientiousness, — by  its  length,  Firmness. 
The  dimple  indicates  a  love  "of  the  beautiful  in  the 
opposite  sex  and  a  generous  nature.  The  signs  for 
Love  of  Home  and  Patriotism  are  large,  so  also  are  the 
facial  representatives  of  Benevolence,  ApprobativenesG, 
Amativeness,  Love  of  Young,  Alimentiveness,  Mirth- 
fulness,  Friendship,  Sanativeness,  Color,  and  Modesty. 
In  the  nose  Sublimity,  Ideality,  Constructiveness, 
Acquisitiveness,  Veneration,  Executiveness.  and  Self- 
will  are  conspicuous.  Observation,  Language,  Form, 
Size,  and  Locality  are  most  apparent,  while  Memory  of 
Events,  Reascm,  and  Intuition  are  of  the  liighest  grade 
and  power.  This  face  gives  us  an  idea  of  what  humanity 
might  attain  to  were  high-breeding  of  the  human  race 
attempted  scientifically. 


MEMORY  OF   EVENTS. 


627 


What  are  we  hut  our  feelings  and  sentiments?  To  forget  them  is  to  forget 
ourselves.  Hence  amnesia  of  tiie  feelings  must  naturally  occur  only  at  a 
period  when  disorganization  has  gone  so  far  that  the  personality  begins  to 
break  up.  It  has  been  observed  that  idiots  often  have  no  memory  save  for 
adjectives.  The  idea  of  quality  is  the  most  stable  because  it  is  the  one ^rs^ 
acquired,  and  because  it  is  the  basis  of  our  most  complex  conceptions.* 

Now,  the  parts  of  the  organism  involved  chiefly  in  the  recep- 
tion of  the  knowledge  of  passing  events  are  the  eye  and  ear,  with 
some  assistance  from  the 
other  sense-memories,  as 
the  sense  of  scent,  taste,  and 
touch,  for  example.  In 
seeing  what  transpires  and 
in  listening  to  what  is 
going  on  the  ears  and  eyes 
are  most  active,  and  con- 
vey to  their  representative 
fibres  in  the  brain  the 
knowledge  received,  and 
here  it  is  registered  in  a 
more  or  less  permanent 
manner,  depending,  for  the 
strength  of  the  impression 
which  it  makes,  upon  the 
health  and  general  vigor  of 
the  entire  system,  or  upon 
the  peculiar  character  of 
the  natural  or  inherited 
power  of  this  particular  de- 
partment of  Memory.  Some 
persons  inherit  a  phenome- 
nal memor}%  and,  like  other 
faculties,  it  becomes  perma- 
nent and  they  are  able  to 
transmit  it  to  their  ofl- 
spring,  like  the  taste  for 
music  or  ability  to  con- 
struct or  to  paint. 

Where  the  Memory  of  Events  is  weak  it  can  be  strengthened 
by  tcming  up  the  physical  system,  and  by  slowly,  carefully,  and 
thoroughly  committing  to  memory  by  constant  repetition  or  by 
reading  attentively  such  selections  as  may  be  desired.  This 
method  is  the  best  one  for  this  purpose.  It  exceeds  all  the  so-called 
systems  of  mnemonics  in  vogue,  and  as  there  is  no  royal  road  to 

•  Diseases  of  the  Memory,  T.  H.  Ribot  (Humboldt  Library),  pp.  28-39. 


Fig.   98.— WILLIAM  HICKLING   PRESCOTT. 
(Celebrated  Linguist  and  Historian.) 

Born  in  Massachiisetts.  1796.  Principal  facial  sign. 
Memory  of  Events,  shown  by  width  and  general  develop- 
ment  of  the  upper  part  of  the  forehead.  The  law  of 
the  curve  and  sphere  governs  this  face.  In  the  accom- 
panying physiognomy  we  have  the  record  of  a  colossal 
intellect.  The  size  and  foim  of  the  nose,  without  even 
a  glance  at  the  capacious  forehead,  reveal  its  power. 
The  domestic  and  moral  traits  arc  all  normally  devel- 
oped. Firmne.ss,  Conscientiousness,  Alimentiveness, 
PatriotLsm,  Benevolence,  Love  of  Home,  Mirthfulness, 
Love  of  Young,  and  Self-esteem  are  well  defined.  The 
point  of  the  nose  stands  high  above  the  plane  of  the 
face,  showing  Human  Nature  to  be  large.  The  signs 
for  Sublimity,  Ideality,  Constructiveness.  Acquisitive- 
ness, Veneration,  Executiveness,  and  Self-will  are  un- 
commonly large.  Language,  Observation,  Prescience, 
Credenciveness,  Calculation,  Form,  Size,  Order,  Time, 
Locality,  Memory  of  Events,  Reason,  and  Intuition  are 
very  conspicuous.  This  mind,  like  that  of  Humboldt, 
was  an  immense  structure.  Mr.  Prescott  was  obliged 
to  push  his  memory  to  its  utmost  by  reason  of  his  loss 
of  sight,  and,  as  exercise  increases  capacity,  so  bis 
Memory  of  Events  acquired  a  iihenomenal  power. 


628  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

learning,  so  there  is  no  easy  flower-strewn  path  to  the  building  of 
a  good  memory;  yet  it  can  be  done, — easier,  it  is  true,  in  early 
life,  before  the  mind  has  become  engrossed  with  a  great  variety 
of  subjects. 

Individuals  in  speaking  of  Memory  are  perhaps  more  inexact 
and  confusing  than  when  speaking  of  any  other  faculty.  One 
says,  for  example,  "  Oh,  I  have  such  a  poor  memory,"  and  then 
sits  down  to  the  piano  and  astonishes  his  listeners  by  the  display 
of  his  musical  memory.  Another  says,  "  I  have  a  very  excellent 
memory,"  and  shows  uncommon  memory  for  language,  yet  soon 
discloses  the  greatest  ignorance  of  localities.  These  and  similar 
occurrences  go  to  prove  that  Memory  is  as  varied  and  numerous 
in  its  manifestations  as  there  are  faculties  to  be  affected  hy  its 
action.  One  may  possess  large  verbal  memory  and  very  little 
memory  of  color.  Another  may  display  intense  love  for  and 
memory  of  color  and  not  of  locality.  Another  may  exhibit  large 
memory  of  size  and  form  and  scarcely  any  of  color ;  all  of  which 
proves  that  each  faculty  and  every  system  of  the  body  has  its  own 
peculiar  memory.  Memory  of  Events  is  large  in  historians, 
editors,  literates,  descriptive  writers,  orators,  statesmen,  and  poli- 
ticians. The  portraits  of  Victor  Hugo,  Dean  Swift,  Prescott,  and 
Gibbon,  historians ;  Gladstone,  statesman  ;  as  well  as  the  physiog- 
nomies of  Daniel  Webster,  Baron  von  Humboldt,  Julius  Caesar, 
the  Scaligers,  Mezzofanti,  Richard  Porson,  and  Elihu  Burritt,  the 
"learned  blacksmith,"  exhibit  large  Memory  of  Events,  while 
Porson,  Burritt,  Mezzofanti,  and  Scaliger  possessed  also  marvelous 
verbal  memories  and  became  renowned  as  linguists. 

The  strongest  and  most  primitive  memory  in  man  is  the 
Memory  of  Scent  This  is  the  fi7'st  sense  used,  for  as  the  child 
enters  the  world  the  atmosphere  rushes  through  the  nostrils  and 
inflates  the  lungs ;  hence  scenting  air  is  his  first  act.  All  experi- 
ence attests  that  the  primitive  functions  of  life,  those  first  exercised, 
are  the  most  permanent  and  abiding ;  hence  it  is  that  drinking, 
being  the  first  gustatory  act,  becomes  a  more  decided  taste  than 
eating,  and  is,  in  fact,  a  more  necessary  function  than  eating. 
Man  could  live  a  life- time  upon  milk  or  other  nourishing  fluids, 
but  could  not  exist  long  upon  merely  solid  foods  without  water  or 
other  liquids. 

This  primitive  act  of  drinking  shows  why  it  is  more  difiicult 
in  adult  life  to  break  up  the  habit  of  indulging  in  drinks  such  as 
tea,  coffee,  or  stimulants,  than  it  is  to  dispense  with  certain  solid 
foods ;  whereas,  to  leave  off"  any  particular  article  of  solid  food  is 
comparatively  easy.  Abstaining  from  meat  is  not  at  all  difficult, 
although  it  is  in  a  sense  a  very  great  stimulant.     The  diet  has  a 


MEMORY   OF   EVENTS.  629 

most  decided  effect  upon  the  Memory  of  Events,  as  well  as  upon 
verbal  memory.  Exhaustion  through  lack  of  food  or  through 
sickness  has  been  known  to  permanently  impair  and  sometimes  to 
destroy  this  department  of  Memory.  Sir  Henry  Holland  relates 
his  own  experience  thus : — 

I  descended  on  the  same  day  two  very  deep  mines  in  the  Hartz  Moun- 
tains, remaining  some  hours  under  ground  in  each.  While  in  the  second 
mine,  and  exhausted  both  from  fatigue  and  inanition,  I  felt  the  utter  impos- 
sibilit}'  of  talking  longer  with  the  German  inspector  who  accompanied  me. 
Kvery  German  word  and  phrase  deserted  my  recollection,  and  it  was  not 
until  I  had  taken  food  and  wine  and  been  some  time  at  rest  that  I  regained 
them  again.* 

Psychologists  are  beginning  to  understand  the  complex  and 
varied  powers  of  Memory  and  have  learned  that  accidents  and 
illness,  as  in  the  case  of  insanity,  afford  the  richest  sources  for 
discerning  tlie  action  of  the  several  memories.  Ribot  recites  the 
following  case  of  a  gentleman,  who, 

Having  received  a  blow  on  the  head,  lost  all  he  ever  knew  of  Greek, 
his  memory  appearing  in  other  respects  to  be  intact.  This  loss  of  languages 
acquired  by  stud}'  has  often  been  noted  as  a  lesult  of  sundry  fevers.  So  as 
regards  music.  A  child  having  received  a  blow  on  the  head  was  uncon- 
scious for  three  days.  On  coming  to  himself  he  had  forgotten  all  the  music 
he  had  learned.     Nothing  else  was  lost.f 

These  examples  should  teach  parents  not  to  strike  children 
upon  the  head  nor  "  box  their  ears  "  in  punishment  for  offenses. 
There  are  other  modes  of  punishment  more  in  accord  with  sense 
and  humanity. 

The  evidence  of  the  best  writers  on  mind  points  to  the  fact 
that  memoiy  and  nutrition  are  in  direct  relation.  Ribot,  in  his 
work  on  "  Diseases  of  the  Memory,"  remarks  that  "  Memory  is 
directly  dependent  on  nutrition."  The  physique  of  many  of  the 
most  eminent  English  jurists  illustrates  this  principle.  Examine, 
for  example,  the  portraits  of  Earl  Eldon,  Lord  Thurlow,  Lord 
Mansfield,  Earl  Shaftesbury,  Lord  de  Grey,  Matthew  Hale,  Edward 
Hyde,  Earl  of  Clarendon,  and  they  will  be  found  to  exhibit  stout, 
well-nourished  bodies,  and  the  sign  for  Memory  of  Events  co- 
existent. The  same  is  true  of  all  eminent  statesmen,  judges,  and 
lawyers,  as  well  as  of  editors ;  they  must  have  and  do  possess  the 
strongest  memory  for  facts,  incidents,  occurrences,  etc.  The  com- 
plex derivation  of  this  branch  of  memory  (being  in  its  origin  both 
nervous,  visceral,  and  muscular)  gives  the  individual  power  to 
remember  events  of  which  the  visual  organs — the  eyes — take  cog- 
nizance.    If  the  region  about  the  eye  is  well  developed  it  gives 

*  Mental  Physiology.  Wm.  B.  CarpenterLM.D.,  p.  441. 

t  Diseases  of  the  Memory,  T.  H.  Ribot  (Humboldt  Library),  p.  34. 


630  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

great  practical  inclinations  to  the  character,  in  all  of  which  the  eyes 
assist.  In  listening  to  news  the  ear  and  auditory  nerves  are  con- 
cerned, and  thus  this  department  of  Memory  is  indebted  to  the 
nervous  system  and  cerebral  connections,  as  well  as  to  the  mus- 
cular powers  of  these  organs.  Fatigue,  hunger,  and  the  use  of 
narcotics  and  stimulants  are  fatal  to  Memory.  The  use  of  tobacco 
impairs  the  memory  of  color,  and  narcotics,  such  as  hasheesh, 
opium,  and  bromide  of  potassium,  injure  Memory  of  Events  as 
well  as  other  departments  of  Memory. 

The  memory  of  nouns  is  the  strongest  part  of  verbal  memory. 
Children  make  use  of  nouns  first  to  express  their  ideas,  such  as 
mamma,  papa,  dog,  cat,  man,  house,  etc. ;  later  they  use  the  qual- 
ifying power  of  adjectives. 

Memory  of  faces  is  a  department  of  the  general  memory 
which  varies  greatly  in  different  individuals,  some  possessing  an 
almost  phenomenal  power  in  this  direction.  The  late  Stephen 
A.  Douglas  exhibited  ability  of  this  sort  almost  unprecedented. 
It  is  related  of  an  old  gentleman  who  was  singularly  deficient  in 
this  memory  that,  being  in  the  company  of  his  wife  one  evening, 
he  took  her  to  be  a  lady  whom  he  had  formerly  been  in  the  habit 
of  visiting  every  evening,  and  he  would  repeat  over  and  over : 
"  Madam,  I  cannot  remain  longer ;  I  must  return  to  my  wife  and 
children." 

The  capacity  for  and  memory  of  the  adjective  element  are  most 
pronounced  in  those  having  the  muscular  system  predominant, 
while  the  bony  man  uses  nouns, — hard,  concrete,  simple  words, — 
which  include  an  entire  idea  in  a  single  word,  as,  for  example, 
home,  mountain,  horse,  etc.;  the  large-eyed,  muscular  subject 
deals  in  the  descriptive  and  ornate, — the  adjective  part  of  lan- 
guage; while  the  soft,  vegetative  individual  uses  the  softest  words, 
and  overflows  with  gush,  sentiment,  poetry,  and  "  soft  talk  "  gen- 
erally, and  all  are  in  harmony  with  his  own  soft,  fatty  structure. 
Singers  like  Parepa  Rosa,  who  was  described  by  Ole  Bull  as  a 
"  mountain  of  fat,  a  mountain  of  delight,"  use  the  most  mellifluous 
tones,  soft  and  melting ;  while  singers  in  whom  there  is  relatively 
less  fatty  tissue  brhig  forth  clear,  resonant,  ringing  tones.  The 
harmony  between  the  bodily  structure  and  artistic  and  mental 
powers  can  be  traced  indefinitely  and  almost  unlimitedly,  not  only 
in  regard  to  color,  tissue,  and  form,  but  also  in  relation  to  the 
quality  and  proportion  of  the  individual.  A  symmetrical  man  will 
be  a  good  judge  of  proportion,  while  a  very  unsymmetrical  one  is 
less  capable  in  this  respect.  A  man  full  of  fine  color  in  his  eyes, 
hair,  and  skin  has  a  stronger  memory  for  colors,  tints,  and  shades 
than  the  colorless,  pallid  person.     It  is  thus  shown  tliat  Memory 


MEMORY   OF   EVENTS.  631 

has  a  manifold  aspect  and  pertains  to  every  separate  and  distinct 
laculty,  and,  as  has  been  shown  in  Part  I,  it  inheres  in  every  atom 
of  the  physical  being,  for  "  it  is  impossible,"  as  Professor  Ribot 
remarks,  "  to  say  where  Memory,  whether  psychic  or  organic, 
ends." 

"Memory  is  not  wisdom,  a  fool  can  rote  volumes,"  and  a 
large  memory  merely  does  not  of  itself  make  a  man  wise ;  indeed, 
it  is  sometimes  the  compensation  which  Nature  makes  for  a  lack 
of  original  thought.  Tlie  best  intellects  do  not  always  possess  the 
g-reatest  memorv.  Yet,  where  a  fine  intellect  co-exists  with  a 
strong  memory,  it  forms  a  mind  of  the  first  magnitude.  Many  semi- 
idiotic  persons  have  possessed  phenomenal  memories  of  various  sorts. 
Blind  Tom  exhibited  phenomenal  music-memory,  but  was  almost 
idiotic  in  many  other  departments  of  mind ;  but  Mozart,  who  com- 
posed at  four  years  of  age  and  lived  to  manhood,  showed  the  greatest 
musical  memory  of  all  great  composers,  and  was  a  person  of  consider- 
able intelligence  in  other  branches  of  mentality,  llichard  Porson,  a 
celebrated  Greek  scholar  of  England,  was  noted  for  a  phenomenal 
language-memory,  which  Galton  termed  "  stupendous."  Nicholas 
Bidder,  of  England,  and  Zerah  Colburn,  of  our  own  country,  were 
celebrated  in  their  youth  for  most  uncommon  numerical  memory 
as  well  as  for  skill  in  calculation.  Among  historians  possessing 
powerful  memories,  I  may  mention  Grotius,  Josephus,  Macaulay, 
Prescott,  and  Gibbon.  Among  editors  Horace  Greeley  stands  pre- 
eminent for  his  marvelous  memory  of  events,  his  mind  being  a  per- 
fect magazine  of  facts,  wliile  his  reason  was  on  a  very  high  scale. 
The  uncommon  development  of  tliese  two  faculties  was  the  compen- 
sation for  absence  of  the  practical  traits,  which  in  him  were  small. 
Cardinal  Mezzofanti,  considered  the  greatest  linguist  that  ever 
lived,  could  express  himself  in  fifty-six  languages,  and  was  ac- 
quainted with  sixty-four  others.  Lord  Byron  described  him  as  "a 
walking  polyglot,  a  monster  of  languages,  and  a  Briareus  of  parts 
of  speech."  Julius  Csesar  Scaliger  was  one  of  the  most  extraor- 
dinary men  of  his  day.  He  had  a  most  comprehensive  memory  and 
a  sound  intellect,  and  endeavored  to  ascertain  the  basis  of  Memory. 
His  mother  possessed  a  remarkable  memory,  and  transmitted  it  in- 
tensified to  her  two  sons  and  a  daughter.  George  Bartholdi  Nie- 
bnhr,  an  historian  of  Roman  history,  a  Dane  (the  son  of  a  laborer 
who  also  became  eminent  by  reason  of  his  natural  energy),  pos- 
sessed a  still  greater  memory  than  his  father's,  which  was  considered 
phenomenal.  Thomas  Babington  Macaulay,  historian,  poet,  and 
essayist,  was  a  man  of  transcendent  power  of  memory  (Galton). 
Here  memory  of  events,  words,  and  ideas  is  meant.  Among  ancient 
scholars,  Marcus,  the  father  of  Lucius  Annaeus  Seneca,  exhibited  a 


632  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

prodigious  verbal  memory.  It  is  said  that  he  could  repeat  two 
thousand  words  in  the  order  in  which  they  were  spoken.  Madame 
de  Stael,  authoress  and  brilliant  conversationist,  had  a  very  retentive 
memory  and  was  a  good  reasoner.  Sir  William  Hooker,  celebrated 
botanist  of  England,  possessed  a  remarkable  memory  for  form,  color, 
and  words ;  was  made  director  of  the  Eoyal  Gardens  at  Kew.  He 
was  a  writer  on  botany.  His  talent  in  this  line  was  transmitted  to 
his  son.  Dr.  Joseph  Dalton  Hooker,  who  succeeded  him  in  the 
directorship  of  the  Royal  Gardens.  He  inherited  talents  from  his 
mother's  family  as  well  as  from  his  father.  Gottfried  Wilhelm 
Leibnitz,  mathematician  and  metaphysician,  could  repeat  in  his  old 
age  the  whole  of  Virgil.  James  Watt,  tlie  inventor,  had  a  memory 
of  mastodon  proportions,  and  was  a  clear  and  logical  reasoner. 
Watt  possessed  not  only  a  great  memory  of  events,  but  one  equally 
good  of  form  and  motion  (the  muscular  sense)  and  of  mechanical 
principles.  Most  of  the  persons  named  above  possessed  good  con- 
stitutions, and  by  keeping  up  their  powers  by  suitable  nutriment 
were  able  to  sustain  great  mental  labors  and  maintain  a  great  store 
of  ideas  upon  which  to  draw  at  their  pleasure.  The  habit  of  close 
scrutiny  is  a  great  assistance  to  general  memory,  for  by  looking 
attentively  and  infelUgentlt/ — that  is  to  say,  tlioughtfully — at  any 
scene  or  object,  it  is  photographed,  so  to  speak,  and  becomes 
a  part  of  the  mental  furnishing  of  the  mind.  Careless  lookers 
do  not  memorize  objects  as  do  the  thoughtful.  One  who  prac- 
tices upon  a  musical  instrument  mechanically,  without  fixing  his 
attention  earnestly  upon  it,  fails  to  receive  as  much  benefit  from  his 
exercise  as  he  would  were  his  entire  attention  centred  upon 
it.  The  power  lor  abstraction  is  an  excellent  thing  to  possess.  It 
inheres  in  the  muscular  system,  and  is  a  great  adjunct  to  memory 
of  several  kinds.  It  is  said  that  Horace  Greeley  could  sit  down 
amid  the  din  and  noise  of  the  Loyal  League  Club,  of  New  York, 
and  write  off  his  leaders  perfectly  unmoved  by  the  uproar 
about  him.  Tliis  gift  of  concentrativeness,  like  memory,  can  be 
cultivated ;  yet,  as  it  is  a  muscular  gift,  the  muscular  system  must 
be  cultivated  in  order  to  strengthen  it.  The  faculty  of  Self-will 
assists  one  very  greatly  in  the  act  of  abstraction. 

Memory  of  Events  is  subject  to  many  disorders,  and  some 
have  lost  this  gift  almost  entirely  by  overtaxing  it.  The  system  of 
"cramming"  in  our  public  schools,  and  for  examinations  in  all 
institutes  of  learning,  induces  a  sort  of  mental  dyspepsia,  the  re- 
sult of  which  is  in  many  cases  to  permanently  impair  the  memory 
of  events  and  otherwise  weaken  the  mental  processes. 

The  historic  evolution  of  Memory  shows  us  that  its  course  of 
development  commences  with  the  function  of  digestion,  viz.,  by  the 


MEMORY   OF   EVENTS.  633 

use  of  the  sense  of  scent  and  taste.  The  Memory  next  brought 
into  existence  is  connected  with  other  sense-organs,  viz.,  the  sense 
of  sight,  of  sound,  of  touch,  and  of  temperature  and  pressure.  The 
muscular  sense  comes  into  use  a  Httle  later,  at  about  the  third 
month,  when  the  child  commences  grasping,  and  thus  the  muscu- 
lar sense  involved  in  the  adjustment  of  the  muscles  leads  to  acts 
which  soon  become  purposive  and  infeUigenf,  involving  the  exer- 
cise of  the  faculty  of  Self-will.  It  is  after  these  faculties  have  all 
been  exhibited  and  the  foundation  of  these  memories  laid  that 
the  higher  intellectual  faculties,  such  as  speech  and  conscious 
thought,  are  developed  by  the  progressive  evolution  of  the  human 
powers.  The  memory  develops  in  precisely  the  order  in  which  the 
faculties  make  their  appearance,  and,  as  the  visceral  structures  lie 
at  the  foundation  of  our  domestic  sentiments,  our  loves  and  appe- 
tites possess  the  most  lasting  and  abiding  memories,  and  only  fail 
when  the  organs  from  which  they  derive  their  power  become  dis- 
integrated by  disease  or  old  age.  The  sense-organs  (after  these 
faculties)  exhibit  the  next  most  permanent  memories, — the  memory 
for  size,  form,  and  color,  for  sound,  motion,  and  language,  remain 
fixed  in  the  mind  in  their  numerous  manifestations  long  after  the 
liigher  powers  of  the  intellect  have  been  lost  or  become  enfeebled, 
viz.,  the  power  for  abstract  reason  and  generalization.  In  disease 
and  old  age  the  inverse  order  is  observed  in  the  weakening  of  these 
traits  and  their  associate  memories. 

There  are  not  only  great  personal  differences  in  regard  to  the 
Memory  of  E\  ents,  but  there  are  also  great  national  differences. 
The  ancient  Greeks  doubtless  possessed  the  best  verbal  memories  of 
any  nation,  ancient  or  modern.  Their  muscular  development  assisted 
this,  and  the  proofs  of  both  these  circumstances  is  further  supple- 
mented by  their  great  oratorical,  dramatic,  and  artistic  skill.  They 
depended  greatly  upon  memorizing  what  they  heard,  and  thus 
strengthened  their  verbal  memories  by  not  resorting  to  written  or 
printed  copies  of  that  which  they  wished  to  memorize.  As  sculp- 
tors they  have  never  been  excelled,  and  here  the  memory  and 
faculty  of  Form,  assisted  by  the  universal  symmetry  which  charac- 
terized them  as  a  race,  contributed  to  this  result.  The  Continental 
Europeans,  particularly  the  Celtic  races  among  them,  excel  as  lin- 
guists, for  in  them  the  muscular  is  one  of  the  dominant  systems, 
and  hence  verbal  memory  is  regnant.  The  memory  of  color  is 
also  veiy  general  among  them.  Particularly  is  this  true  of  the 
Italians  and  French,  while  among  the  Germans,  who  have  rela- 
tively less  color  than  the  former,  the  color-sense  and  color-memory 
are  relatively  inferior.  This  is  also  true  of  the  Bri tains  and  the 
Scandinavian  races.     They  are  fairer  and  possess  less  capacity  and 


634  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

taste  in  the  arrangement  of  colors,  tints,  hues,  and  shades  than  the 
darker-hued  races.  The  Americans,  being  a  mixture  of  all  races 
and  possessing  considerable  delicacy  of  the  color-sense,  exhibit 
generally  a  good  degree  of  taste  in  colors,  as  well  as  a  good  mem- 
ory of  tints,  hues,  and  shades.  Thus  we  see  that  the  several  and 
numerous  departments  of  Memory  can  be  traced  in  a  national, 
racial,  and  personal  manner,  and  compared  and  verified. 

In  animals  may  be  observed  as  many  Jcmds  of  memory  as  are 
exhibited  in  man.  They  prove  by  their  actions  that  their  love  for 
and  memories  of  color,  form,  locality,  and  individuals  is  as  strong 
as  that  in  the  human  race.  They  are  able  by  the  sense  of  touch 
(as  among  the  insect  tribes,  such  as  ants,  wasps,  bees,  etc.)  to  distin- 
guish one  another,  and  to  communicate  their  designs  and  desires. 
Of  course,  these  acts  build  up  a  memory  related  to  them.  The 
memory  of  the  walk,  voice,  gesture,  and  faces  of  their  own  and 
of  the  human  race,  has  been  attested  by  mountains  of  evidence. 
Memory  of  numbers  is  well  defined  in  some  birds  and  other  ani- 
mals. In  fact,  it  goes  without  saying  that  they  have  memory  of 
all  sorts,  for  they  possess  precisely  the  same  physiological  and 
anatomical  bases  as  human  beings,  through  which  to  create  and 
store  their  experiences,  which  later  become  memories. 

In  the  memory  of  faces  several  faculties  are  involved,  as,  for 
example.  Form,  Size,  and  Color,  for  a  human  face  is  a  complex 
combination  of  many  appearances;  but  the  more  expressive  it  is, 
the  stronger  will  be  the  impression  made  upon  the  mind  of  the 
observer.  The  presence  or  absence  of  color  in  the  human  being 
affects  very  greatly  not  only  memory  of  colors,  but  it  bears  directly 
upon  the  memory  of  all  the  sense-organs,  as,  for  example,  sight, 
hearing,  taste,  and  scent,  as  is  well-known  in  Albinos,  the  absence 
of  color  enfeebling  all  their  senses.  But  we  may  go  further  in 
tracing  the  relation  of  color  to  the  higher  intelligences,  and  can 
safely  assert  that  a  condition  of  permanent  pallor  indicates  enfeebled 
powers  of  Memory  of  Events,  as  well  as  of  other  departments  of 
Mind  and  Memory.  Color  denotes  activity  and  power,  and  one 
who  can  by  a  course  of  hygienic  living  tone  up  a  pallid  complexion 
to  that  degree  that  it  will  exhibit  a  fair  share  of  natural  color  will 
improve  all  his  faculties  in  just  that  degree. 

The  pleasures  of  Memory  form  one  of  the  most  satisfying  and 
permanent  methods  of  enjoyment  and  personal  improvement.  The 
power  to  recall  beautiful  scenes,  objects  of  art,  and  fine  colors,  as 
exliibited  in  art  and  Nature,  the  noble  expressions  of  living 
countenances  and  portraits,  as  well  as  the  grand  thoughts  of  the 
master  minds  of  literature,  all  ahke  assist  in  forming  a  mental 
storehouse  of  incalculable  value.     Nature  in  her  munificence  has 


LOCALITY.  635 

furnished  us  with  every  apparatus  for  the  purpose  of  recalling 
pleasurable  sights  and  emotions,  but  in  her  kindness  has  left  us 
destitute  of  any  apparatus  by  which  we  can  remember  and  repro- 
duce pain  and  suffering  once  experienced.  We  may  be  able  to 
recall  the  fact  that  we  have  suffered,  but  we  cannot  recall  and  live 
over  again  the  agony  and  actual  suffering  caused  by  sickness  and 
sorrow.  This  is  a  beautiful  example  of  beneficence  unparalleled 
in  Nature's  works.  Let  us,  then,  store  our  memories  with  beauti- 
ful sights,  sounds,  forms,  colors,  and  experiences,  in  order  to  draw 
at  will  upon  this  reservoir.  We  should  in  early  childhood  memorize 
fine  poems  and  sentiments  in  order  to  be  able  in  adult  Ufe  to  draw 
them  forth  for  instant  use.  Many  adults  are  unable  to  readily 
commit  to  memory  the  beautiful  poems,  speeches,  and  sentiments 
which  would  often  prove  of  infinite  service  to  them,  but,  owing  to 
the  multiplicity  of  thoughts  and  affairs  which  fill  their  minds,  they 
cannot  memorize  readily.  Parents  should  cause  their  children  to 
memorize  and  store  up  forms,  colors,  harmonies,  melodies,  and 
sentiments,  in  order  to  have  a  large  accumulation  of  useful  material 
for  use  in  after  life. 

"Lull'd  in  the  countless  chambers  of  the  brain, 
Our  thoughts  are  link'd  by  many  a  hidden  chain 
Awake  but  one,  and  lo  !  what  myriads  rise  ; 
Each  stamps  its  image  as  the  other  flies  I" — Roobbs. 

LOCALITY. 

Definition. — Capacity  for  recollecting  localities,  positions,  direc- 
tions, places  once  visited,  and  the  relative  positions  of  objects  to  each 
other.  Locality  gives  a  desire  for  traveling,  and  is  the  base  of  the 
talent  for  navigation  and  geographical  research,  map-making,  etc. 
It  is  a  dominant  faculty  in  surgeons,  anatomists,  scientists,  natural- 
ists, and  physiognomists,  and  is  essential  to  all  the  trades  and 
professions. 

An  excess  might  cause  one  to  become  a  confirmed  rambler, 
but  otherwise  could  not  be  harmful. 

A  defixdency  is  a  serious  defect  in  any  character,  as  it  lessens 
one's  power  for  practical  work,  and  makes  one  dependent  on  others 
for  finding  articles  and  localities.  Characters  thus  deficient  spend 
a  great  deal  of  time,  not  only  in  searching  out  localities,  but  fail  to 
remember  where  they  have  placed  articles,  such  as  tools,  gar- 
ments, etc. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  most  prominent  facial  signs 
of  LocaUty  are  found  just  above  the  sign  for  Weight  and  below 
the  sign  for  Memory  of  Events.  Locality  js  known  by  a  fullness 
of  the  muscles  at  this  point,  is   surrounded  by  other   muscular 


636 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


signs,  and  is  in  close  proximity  to  the  eije,  its  chief  assistant  in 
localizing  places  and  things  by  sight,  the  eye  being  also  a  muscu- 
lar feature.  This  sign  is  not  very  large  until  adult  life,  because 
the  faculty  is  not  developed  until  the  individual  has  used  the  eyes 
in  closely  scrutinizing  positions,  localities,  and  objects;  in  other 
words,  not  until  after  the  muscles  of  locomotion  and  of  sight  have 
been  called  into  cwitinuous  action,  and  after  years  of  draioing  for- 
ward the  muscles  termed 
corriigator  superciUi  to  as- 
sist the  vision  in  scanning 
objects.  The  muscles  form- 
ing this  sign  become  en- 
larged by  use,  and  some- 
times develop  a  size  as  large 
as  a  kernel  or  a  wen. 

A  long,  thin,  and  high 
nose  is  still  another  facial 
characteristic  of  Locality, 
lor  the  body  must  har- 
monize with  the  face,  and 
where  the  limbs  are  long 
and  active  the  nose  will  be 
found  to  harmonize  in 
shape.  Long-limbed  people 
are  much  inclined  to  walk 
and  visit  strange  localities 
— are  natural  travelers. 

Long-nosed  animals 
are  better  travelers  than 
short-nosed  ones,  as  witness 
the  speed  of  the  deer  tribes, 
Arabian  horse,  giraffe, 
chamois,  antelope,  and 
greyhound,  compared  with 
the  short-nosed  sheep, 
llama,  koala,  or  Australian 
bear.. 
In  giving  local  signs  it  must  be  understood  that  the  faculty 
and  power  are  general  and  diffused  through  that  system  to  whicli 
the  local  facial  sign  indicates  it  as  belonging,  as,  for  example. 
Weight  and  Locality  inhere  in  the  muscular  system,  and  show  them- 
selves in  the  face  by  muscular  development,  while  Form  and 
Size  depend  upon  the  osseous  system,  and  are  exhibited  by  bone 
development. 


FlQ.  99.— CAPTAIN  JAMES  COOK.     (MARINE  SUR- 
VEYOK,  Navigator,  and  Discoverer.) 

Born  in  England,  1728.  Principal  facial  sign,  Local- 
ity. The  law  of  the  straight  line,  curve,  and  square 
governs  this  face.  Conscientiousness,  Firmness,  Patri- 
otism, Love  of  Home,  Alimcntiveness,  Mi rtli fulness, 
Benevolence,  Economy,  Love  of  Young,  Amativeness, 
Force,  and  Modesty  are  strongly  represented  in  the 
lower  ijart  of  the  face.  The  nose  is  large,  long,  high, 
broad  on  the  back  the  entire  length,  and  shows  the  signs 
for  Sublimity,  Mental  Imitation,  Ideality,  Human 
Nature^  Constructiveness,  Acquisitiveness,  V'eneration, 
Executiveness,  and  Self-will  well  deflned.  The  signs 
about  the  root  of  the  nose  are  worthy  attention.  Ob- 
servation, Locality,  Weight,  Form,  Size,  Language 
(both  in  the  eyes  and  moiith),  Time,  Order,  and  Calcu- 
lation are  very  remarkably  developed.  Reason  is  large, 
•while  Credenciveuess  is  not  at  all  apparent.  The  look 
of  earnest  attention  sliows  that  this  character  relied 

S)on  Observation  mainly  for  his  knowledge  of  facts, 
is  peculiar  combination  of  the  practical  faculties, 
among  which  the  faculty  of  Locality  is  pre-eminent, 
abled  liim  to  make  many  great  discoveries  in  geogra 


cal  knowledge. 


geographi- 


LOCAUTT. 


637 


The  chief  bodily  signs  for  LocaHty  are  long  Umbs  and  slim 
or  medium-sized  body,  with  about  equal  degrees  of  the  muscular, 
and  osseous  systems.  Very  large,  fat  people,  with  the  vegetative 
system  predominant,  seldom  exhibit  much  of  the  localizing 
sense. 

In  the  animal  kingdom  the  high-flying  birds  and  the  fleetest 
animals  possess  the  best  locative  powers.  The  corresponding 
structure  in  the  human 
family  exhibits  similar 
powers.  Locality  is  related 
to  motion.,  and  the  muscu- 
lar system  is  tlie  principal 
system  involved  in  locomo- 
tion, and  hence  is  the  prin- 
cipal exponent  of  the  sign 
for  Locality.  A  person  who 
remained  stationary  would 
develop  only  a  limited  de- 
gree of  Locality;  his  mus- 
cular system  would  be 
correspondingly  enfeebled. 
This  illustration  serves  to 
show  how  motion,  muscle, 
and  the  sense  of  localities 
are  related  or  bound  to- 
gether. 

Description  of  liO- 
CALITY. — The  most  active 
persons  and  animals  are 
those  that  possess  the  best 
sense  of  Locality.  The  most 
inactive  are  those  that  ex- 
hibit the  least  of  this  power. 
We  are  warranted,  then,  in 
inferring  that  this  trait  bears  some  relation  to  the  motory  system ; 
and  when  we  add  to  this  inference  the  fact  that  the  local  facial 
signs  for  Locality  are  disclosed  by  muscular  development.,  as  in 
the  signs  in  the  forehead,  and  also  that  a  fine  development  of 
the  muscular  system  is  one  of  the  necessary  adjuncts  toward 
the  development  of  this  sense,  we  feel  justified  in  declaring  that 
system  to  be  the  base  of  Locality.  If  this  sense  was  derived 
from  brain  development,  purely  and  solely,  it  would  show  at 
hirth  by  a  projection  in  that  part  of  the  forehead  where,  in 
adults,  we  find  its  signs ;  but  all  the  evidence  goes  to  prove  that  its 


Fig.  100.— GEORGE  ALFRED  TOWNSEND. 
(Author,  Jouknalist,  Lecturer.) 

Principal  facial  sign,  Locality,  shown  by  develop- 
ment of  the  muscle  at  the  inner  terminns  of  the  eye- 
brow, juist  above  the  local  sign  for  Weight.  The  law  of 
the  curve  and  straight  line  governs  tins  physiognomy. 
The  domestic  nature  is  normally  represented,  and  theie 
is  .sufficient  (Conscientiousness  and  FMrmness  to  give 
rectitude  and  stability  to  tlie  character.  The  curving 
jaw  shows  dramatic  tastes.  Patrioti.sm  is  well  definea; 
so  al.so  are  Benevolence,  Friendship,  Approbativeness, 
Mirthfulness,  Pneumativeness,  Self-esteem,  Force, 
Cautiousness,  Hope,  Analysis,  Mental  Imitation,  Sub- 
limity, Ideality,  Constructiveness,  Veneration,  Lxecu- 
tiveness,  and  Self-will.  The  signs  for  OlKservation, 
Form,  Size,  l^anguage,  Memory  of  Events.  Order,  Time, 
Reason,  and  Intuition  are  well  developed.  The  color- 
sense  is  strong,  and  gives  force,  color,  and  brilliancy  to 
all  his  descriptions  of  persons  and  places. 


638  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

origin  is  muscular^  and  that  the  parts  of  the  organism  used 
.mainly  in  its  action  are  the  muscles  of  the  limbs  and  the  eye.  It 
is  true  that  the  eyes  as  well  as  the  muscles  of  the  limbs  are  con- 
nected with  cerebral  nerves,  but  these  nerves  are  not  the  chief 
agents  in  the  exercise  of  the  locative  sense.  They  assist,  but  are 
subordinate.  There  have  been  men  of  commanding  intellect  in 
certain  directions  who  were  greatly  lacking  in  this  practical  faculty. 
Brain  development  merely  will  not  give  this  sense.  There  must 
be  in  combination  a  fair  or  superior  muscular  endowment,  either 
as  regards  quantity  or  quality^  or  both. 

The  possession  of  large  powers  of  Locality  gives  a  desire  to 
move  about,  travel,  and  observe;  hence  the  greatest  travelers  have 
developed  this  trait,  and  are  therefore  able  to  describe  by  writings, 
by  pictures  or  maps,  the  countries  visited  and  peoples  and  objects 
encountered.  The  physiognomies  of  Captain  Cook,  Marco  Polo, 
Christopher  Columbus,  Hendrick  Hudson,  Sir  Martin  Frobisher, 
David  Livingstone,  Sir  John  Franklin,  and  Captains  Ross  and 
Parry  exhibit  large  facial  signs  of  Locality.  Their  portraits  show 
them  to  have  possessed  bodies  suitable  for  continuous  motion  and 
great  activity. 

The  classes  of  birds  that  are  migratory  in  their  habits  exhibit 
a  greater  degree  of  the  localizing  sense  than  those  classes  of  birds 
whose  habits  are  stationary,  as,  for  example,  the  domestic  fowls. 
The  "homing"  of  carrier-pigeons  is  due  to  their  large  locative 
sense.  The  incidents  noted  of  the  ability  which  these  birds  have 
displayed  in  finding  their  way  to  their  homes  from  long  distances 
prove  that  they  possess  a  locative  sense  superior  to  that  of  man. 

Animals,  in  the  wild  state  particularly,  exhibit  uncommon 
powers  of  Locality,  and  are  able  to  return  to  their  lairs,  dens,  and 
dams  after  long  and  extended  journeys.  Some  birds  annually 
revisit  their  old  nests  and  occupy  them,  after  having  passed  a 
portion  of  the  year  in  distant  lands.  The  migratory  nature  and 
the  localizing  faculty  are  part  and  parcel  of  one  trait,  hence 
expressed  in  muscular  symbols.  Without  migrating  from  one 
place  to  another,  one  would  have  but  little  need  of  recollecting 
places,  distances,  and  directions,  but  with  the  taste  for  travel  comes 
the  necessity  for  being  able  to  localize  and  store  up  the  memories 
of  the  places  visited  and  the  direction  and  distance  traveled. 

Not  only  is  this  faculty  useful  to  travelers  and  navigators,  but 
all  trades  and  professions  depend  upon  its  power.  It  is  indispensa- 
ble to  the  naturalist,  geographer,  astronomer,  the  mechanic,  sur- 
geon, inventor,  musician,  chemist,  shopkeeper,  and  housekeeper. 
Everything  in  existence  occupies  space  and  must  have  a  location, 
and  this  faculty  is  adapted  to  the  placing  and  memorizing  the  place, 


LOCALITY.  639 

position,  and  locality  once  observed.  It  enables  one  to  find  his 
way  through  trackless  forests,  crowded  cities,  and  over  boundless 
seas. 

Locality  assists  Order  and  really  partakes  somewhat  of  its 
nature.  If  Locality  does  not  give  the  love  for  placing  things  and 
keeping  them  placed,  it  aids  one  to  remember  ichere  they  are 
situated,  and  one  is  thus  enabled  to  find  without  eff'ort  the  road, 
city,  path,  or  object  which  he  has  once  seen. 

Surgeons  and  anatomists  require  a  fine  development  of  Locality 
to  enable  them  to  picture  to  their  "mind's  eye"  the  exact  position 
of  the  nerves,  veins,  arteries,  and  muscles  in  the  human  body. 
All  great,  natural  surgeons  possess  a  very  large  development  of  the 
muscular  system,  as  witness  their  round  heads,  bodies,  and  limbs. 
Physiognomists  also  must  have  a  fine  localizing  sense  to  enable 
them  to  correctly  place  the  local  signs  of  character,  as  well  as  to 
picture  at  will,  mentally^  the  exact  and  minute  details  of  faces 
once  inspected.  The  face  is  a  complex  object,  and  presents  a 
combination  of  forms,  sizes,  colors,  lines,  wrinkles,  elevations,  and 
depressions,  which  the  skillful  physiognomist  must  be  able  to  seize 
upon  and  "photograpli "  mentally,  and  retain  each  in  its  own  place, 
in  order  to  recollect  the  minute  details  of  faces  once  observed. 
The  signs  of  this  trait  are  very  conspicuous  in  the  physiognomies 
of  Porta,  Lavater,  Cicero,  Averroes,  Camper,  and  in  those  of  all  of 
the  best-known  physiognomists.  So  also  are  the  facial  signs  of  Lo- 
cality excessive  in  the  faces  of  all  the  great  astronomers.  Examine 
the  portraits  of  Laplace,  Galileo,  Lalande,  De  Lanbre,  the  Her- 
schels,  Harrison,  Bradley,  Leverrier,  Kepler,  Lockyer,  Olmsted, 
and  Miss  Maria  Mitchell,  and  Locality  will  in  every  instance  be 
found  well  defined.  The  life-long  habit  which  this  class  of 
observers  practice,  of  using  the  eyes  for  dose  ohservation^  and  the 
habit  of  drawing  forioard  or  approximathig  the  superciliary 
muscles,  develops  a  large  amount  of  mnscnlar  tissue  near  the  sign 
for  Weight.  The  muscles  of  locomotion  (in  which  Locality  and 
the  sense  of  Weight  come  into  activity)  are  greatly  exercised  by 
all  classes  of  travelers,  and  by  observers  in  the  sciences  and  in  the 
mechanic  arts.  The  housekeeper  should  possess  ability  to  localize 
objects  and  articles  in  the  home,  for  without  this  power  great 
confusion  would  ensue,  and  a  constant  searching  for  things  would 
be  necessary.  The  same  capacity  must  be  had  by  the  shopkeeper, 
in  order  to  facilitate  the  placing  and  finding  of  his  goods  and  wares. 
The  apothecary  and  chemist  must  have  a  fine  localizing  sense,  else 
serious  disasters  might  result.  Many  persons  exhibit  large  Locality 
and  small  Order.  The  one  is,  in  a  sense,  a  compensation  for  the 
lack  of  the  other,  and  is  really  the  only  compensation  which  Nature 


640  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

could  make  for  this  defect.  Many  persons  possess  a  large  develop- 
ment of  Locality  and  a  small  degree  of  Calculation  or  sense  of 
numbers.  Such  persons  can  find  the  way  to  places  better  by  a 
description  of  tlie  locality  than  they  can  by  the  numbers  of  the 
street  and  liouse.  Locality  in  combination  with  Constructiveness 
give  the  ability  to  remember  the  parts  of  machinery  and  to  set  it 
in  motion.  Engineers  require  large  Constructiveness,  Calculation, 
Form,  Size,  and  Locality,  and  carpenters  shoidd  possess  large 
Form,  Size,  Locality,  Calculation,  Reason,  Physical  Imitation, 
Economy,  and  Force.  Artists  should  possess  large  Color,  Form, 
Size,  Locality,  Ideality,  Constructiveness,  and  Mental  and  Physical 
Imitation.  Surgeons  should  combine  large  Locality  with  Form, 
Size,  Constructiveness,  Force,  and  Reason ;  while  the  navigator  and 
pilot  must  possess  large  Locality,  Form,  Size,  sense  of  direction, 
together  with  large  Observation  and  Calculation.  In  short, 
Locality  is  essential  to  every  person,  in  all  the  walks  of  life. 

With  Observation,  Locality,  Human  Nature,  Memory  of 
Events,  and  Form  large,  a  desire  to  travel  and  to  study  men  and 
tilings  generally  will  be  evinced ;  for,  in  order  to  make  the  most 
of  traveling,  and  to  derive  the  greatest  possible  amount  of  instruc- 
tion from  visiting  strange  countries,  a  scientific  knowledge  of  the 
liuman  face  is  liuUfipensiible.  Lavater  observes  that  "  the  traveler 
should  possess  money,  health,  and  physiognomy."  To  study  forms 
of  government,  inspect  castles,  palaces,  art-galleries,  and  great 
public  works  undoubtedly  enlarges  the  mind, — instructs  in  art  and 
architecture;  but  this  knowledge  does  not  compare  in  importance 
with  the  knowledge  derived  from  a  correct  understanding  of  the 
various  races  and  peoples  one  meets  in  an  extended  tour. 

The  study  of  geography  is  one  excellent  method  ibr  developing 
Locality,  and  children  should  be  taught  first  on  a  globe  instead 
of  from  flat  maps.  Very  young  children  can  be  taught  to  discern 
the  points  of  the  compass,  and  should  be  trained  as  early  as  four 
or  five  years  of  age  to  find  at  any  hour  of  the  day  the  direction  of 
the  points  of  the  compass  by  the  position  of  the  sun.  There  is  no 
method  of  education  which  children  enjoy  so  much  as  instruction 
out  of  doors  in  every  department  of  Nature.  In  this  way  they 
learn  faster  and  more  accurately  than  by  book-study.  Living  forma 
are  more  attractive  to  them  than  pictured  representations  of  coun- 
tries and  objects.  Indeed,  the  main  part  of  a  child's  education 
should  be  gained  out  of  doors,  whether  studying  from  books  or  by 
observation.  An  intelligent  mother  or  teacher  could  impart  more 
real  knowledge  to  a  party  of  children  in  a  single  country  excursion 
than  they  could  gain  by  a  week's  study  indoors  from  books  alone. 
In  starting  out,  let  the  points  of  tlie  compass  be  firmly  fixed  in  the 


k 


LOCALITY.  641 

mind,  and  then  have  observations  made  at  every  important  turn  in 
the  road.  This  will  cultivate  the  sense  of  Locality.  The  nature, 
form,  and  uses  of  the  several  varieties  of  trees  observed  could  be 
made  useful  in  many  ways.  The  outlay  or  topographical  features 
of  the  landscape  as  it  is  divided  up  into  hills,  valleys,  lakes,  ponds, 
etc.,  should  be  pointed  out  and  studied.  In  this  manner  children 
would  be  so  trained  to  thoughtful  observation  as  to  enable  them  to 
"  photograph  "  mentally  every  miiuite  change  in  th^  features  of  the 
countiy  observed.  The  wild  flowers  and  herbs  met  witli  could  be 
utilized,  and  a  lesson  in  practical  botany  and  medication,  as  well  as 
in  form  and  color,  could  be  drawn  from  these  living  hieroglyphics  of 
Nature.  The  forms  and  habits  of  birds,  beasts,  and  insects  met  with 
would  serve  to  illustrate  a  large  department  of  natural  history,  and 
would,  under  the  guidance  of  an  intelligent  parent  or  teacher,  make  a 
lasting  impression  upon  a  child's  mind.  Every  little  deviation  and 
turn  in  the  route  should  be  noted  down,  and  the  landmarks  made 
by  certain  trees  or  clumps  of  bushes,  and  elevations  and  depressions 
of  the  land  made  to  serve  as  points  of  observation  and  verification 
of  distance,  direction,  and  locality.  One  day  passed  in  this  manner 
in  the  forest  or  fields  with  a  class  of  children  will  afford  more 
rational  and  healthful  amusement  than  all  the  fine  parties  which 
modern  society  has  evolved  for  the  purpose,  evidently,  of  crushing 
out  of  children  all  natural,  wholesome,  childish  sentiments  and 
pleasures. 

Another  excellent  method  of  cultivating  Locality  is  by  the 
study  of  astronomy,  the  local  part  of  which  can  be  taught  by 
observation  of  the  heavens  any  clear  night.  If  taught  in  childhood, 
it  gives  a  life-long  satisfaction  and  entertainment.  Nearly  every 
one  is  familiar  with  the  location  of  the  constellation  of  the  Great 
Bear  (Ursa  Major)  or  the  "big  dipper."  Taking  this  as  a  starting- 
point,  one  can  locate  the  position  of  the  polar  star,  which  is  found 
iDy  means  of  the  "pointers"  of  the  big  dippc^r,  wliich  always  point 
toward  it.  Ursa  Minor,  the  "little  dipper,"  is  the  constellation 
in  which  the  pole-star  is  situated.  Cassiopeia,  "the  lady  in  the 
chair,"  is  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  pole  from  the  big  dipper. 
These  objects  are  the  best  known  of  the  constellations,  and  with 
the  assistance  of  a  star-map  any  parent  can  soon  locate  and  trace 
the  others,  and  by  reading  up  in  mythology  can  give  the  children 
the  legendary  history  of  all  the  constellations.  The  fanciful  names 
and  their  appended  traditions  will  interest,  fascinate,  and  amuse 
children,  and  make  a  permanent  impression  upon  their  mind,  while 
a  knowledge  of  the  relative  localities  of  the  stars  and  constellations 
will  assist  them  in  after  life  in  finding  their  way  over  oceans,  wastes, 
and  pathless  wilds.     The  stories  and  legends  attached  to  Perseus 

41 


642  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Cygnus  (the  swan),  Auriga  (the  charioteer),  Capella  (the  goat), 
Taurus  (the  bull),  Gemini  (the  twins),  Canis  Major  (the  great 
dog),  and  Canis  Minor  (the  little  dog),  the  Milky  Way,  Cancer 
(the  crab),  Leo  (the  lion),  and  all  the  other  well-known  stars  and 
constellations,  will  unfold  to  children  not  only  a  knowledge  of 
localities,  but  will  store  their  minds  with  astronomy,  mythology, 
ancient  history,  and  an  understanding  of  the  religious  beliefs  of 
former  ages.  A  few  evenings  every  season  passed  in  this  manner 
would  soon  give  a  child  a  great  store  of  practical  matters.  It  is 
most  gratifying  to  observe  the  enthusiasm  with  which  children 
enter  into  the  study  of  the  sciences  out  of  doors  and  upon  the 
living  subjects,  as  among  birds,  beasts,  and  vegetation. 

The  study  of  physiognomy  is  one  of  great  interest  to  children. 
I  have  seen  a  class  of  little  girls  interested  in  this  science  who 
were  able  to  make  out  just  and  accurate  observations  of  form, 
feature,  and  color,  as  observed  in  the  human  face,  and  who  could 
apply  many  of  the  rules  and  laws  for  distinguishing  and  localizing 
the  several  signs  of  character  in  the  face  and  body. 

Locality  is  a  universal  fact  for  the  reason  that  everything  in 
existence  is  placed,  located,  situated,  or  positioned  in  relation  to 
every  other  object  in  the  universe.  Locality,  like  Number,  is 
omnipresent,  for  the  base  of  all  things  is  Number;  all  things  may 
be  counted  and  reckoned,  hence  time  (which  has  in  it  the  element 
of  Number)  and  space  (or  position,  situation,  or  place)  are  general 
and  universal,  and  govern  and  control,  underlie  and  He  back  of 
all  matter,  materials,  and  objects. 

As  we  advance  in  our  study  of  the  higher  faculties  of  mind, 
such  as  we  are  now  investigating,  we  find  that  they  assume  very 
broad  proportions,  and  are  related  to  all  things  in  Nature,  as  well 
as  relate  man  to  all  other  material  objects,  laws,  and  principles. 
Man  is  the  embodiment  of  all  laws,  forces,  principles,  and  forms 
known,  as  shown  in  the  second  chapter.  Part  I,  but  which  are 
more  minutely  elaborated  in  the  chapter  on  "  The  Basic  Principles 
of  Form." 

In  order  to  be  in-  harmony  with  his  surroundings,  man  must 
be  able  not  only  to  recognize  the  ethnic  characteristics  inscribed  on 
the  physiognomies  of  all  races  and  people,  but  he  must  be  able  to 
comprehend  the  hieroglyphics  of  the  Infinite  inscribed  upon  every 
atom  and  object  in  the  universe.  This  knowledge  could  ordij  he 
sought  through  the  agency  of  faculties  partaking  of  the  nature  of 
the  object  or  law  investigated.  The  science  of  physiognomy  proves 
this,  for  we  know  that  a  man  wlio  possesses  a  strong  color-sense  is 
best  able  to  judge  of  colors;  that  one  with  a  musical  build  is  best 
able  to  judge  of  musical  tones   and   harmonies;  and   that  one 


THE  MUSCULAR  SYSTEM.  643 

endowed  in  the  matter  of  Form  is  most  capable  of  judging  of  shapes, 
etc.  So  one  possessed  with  a  fine  sense  of  Locahty  and  direction  is 
best  able  as  an  astronomer,  scientist,  or  geographer  to  com[)rehend 
the  immensities  of  space,  and  to  trace  with  the  eye  of  the  mind,  as 
well  as  with  the  physical  sight,  the  paths  of  worlds  through  time, 
space,  and  eternity.  In  short,  man  must  be  en  rapport  with  his  en- 
vironment, and  as  time  wings  its  onward  flight,  and  brings  about 
great  revolutions  in  Nature,  so  we  find  that  man  also,  under  the  irre- 
sistible law  of  progressive  evolution,  is  prepared  to  take  his  place, 
and  work  in  harmony  and  unison  with  the  advanced  order  of  the 
universe.  And  all  this  progress  is  by  plan,  design,  and  law  of  the 
Creative  Mind^  for  we  cannot  conceive  ol'  anything  but  mind  being 
able  to  control  such  vast  and  complex  interests,  because  we  per- 
ceive that  nothing  but  mind  is  able  to  comprehend  these  grandeurs. 
It  is  true  that  in  this  physical  state  it  is  embodied  in  a  fleshly  form 
suited  to  its  environment,  yet  the  mental  part  of  man  is  the  part 
which  takes  cognizance  of  and  applies  all  material  forces  to  liis 
needs.  When  1  say  the  "  mental  part "  of  man  I  mean  to  include 
every  sensation,  feeling,  sentiment,  faculty,  and  thought  of  which 
lie  is  capable;  they  are  all  mental  in  different  degrees  and  in 
different  ways,  and  all  together  make  up  what  is  termed  "human 
character,"  as  exhibited  in  our  present  phase  of  existence  in  time 
and  space. 

The  Muscular  System. 

WEIGHT. 

Definition. — Natural  perception  of  the  laws  of  resistance, 
gravity,  momentum,  direction,  balance,  motion,  and  weight ;  capac- 
ity for  estimating  weights  by  lifting  and  by  sight ;  ability  to  adjust 
the  muscular  mechanism  of  the  body  to  suit  shifting  positions,  as 
when  on  shipboard,  in  skating,  dancing,  using  hammers  and 
tools,  etc. 

An  excess  leads  to  excess  of  motion,  as  in  dancing,  skating, 
athletics,  and  other  sports,  and  to  speculations  uy)on  gravity  and 
futile  inventions  based  on  the  principles  of  mechanics. 

A  deficiencij  tends  to  inertia,  lack  of  force,  and  inaccuracy  in 
many  arts ;  also  feebleness  in  walking,  dancing,  athletics,  balanc- 
ing, jumping,  leaping,  and  skating.  It  causes,  also,  poor  judgment 
of  weights  and  of  the  mechanical  forces  which  are  the  propelling 
and  controlling  powers  in  running  machinery. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  most  decisive  facial  sign  of 
the  muscular  system  (next  to  the  eye)  is  the  local  sign  for  the  sense 
of  Weight.  I  might  with  perfect  accuracy  term  this  the  sign  for 
the  muscular  system,  but  as  all  have  eyes  by  which  they  can  easily 


644 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


and  accurately  estimate  the  amount  of  muscle  as  well  as  its  quality, 
and  as  every  one  does  not  possess  a  large  sign  for  the  sense  of 
Weight,  and,  again,  as  this  sign  is  not  very  conspicuous  until  after 
the  muscles  have  been  iised  continuously  in  some  mechanical  or  ar- 
tistic pursuit,  I  cannot  accept  it  as  the  principal  facial  sign  for  the 
muscular  system.  The  sign  for  Weight  is  known  by  ?i  fullness  of  the 
superciliary  muscle  at  the  junction  of  this  muscle  with  the  ethmoid 
hone  or  at  the  inner  terminus  of  the  eyebrow.     There  are  other 

facial  signs  of  the  muscular 
sense  of  Weiglit  subordi- 
nate to  these  principal  ones. 
They  are  found  in  the 
rounding  out  of  the  sides 
of  the  forehead,  full  con- 
vex eyes,  and  curving  lower 
jaw, — the  "  dramatic  jaw." 
These  are  all  signs  of  the 
dominance  of  the  muscular 
system,  and  are  representa- 
tive of  parts  which  assist 
the  sense  of  Weight  in  its 
attempts  at  muscular  ad- 
justments, as  in  posing, 
balancing,  climbing,  play- 
ing instruments,  skating, 
and  in  the  use  of  mechani- 
cal tools  and  machinery. 
The  shape  of  tlie  limbs, 
hands,  and  feet  are  also 
indices  of  the  sense  of 
Weight.  Arms  and  legs 
that  are  well  rounded  show 
a  greater  degree  of  the 
muscular  sense  of  Weight 
than  very  thin,  bony  ones, 
or  those  which  are  greatly  lacking  in  muscle.  Hands  tliat  are 
muscular,  with  tapering  fingers  and  oval  nails,  announce  the 
presence  of  this  sense.  The  body  most  favorably  constructed  for 
the  active  use  of  this  faculty  is  one  in  which  the  bony  system  is 
square,  with  limbs  long  rather  than  short,  and  the  muscles  round 
and  dominating  the  bones. 

Description  of  Weight. — The  proofs  as  to  which  system  is 
the  base  of  the  sense  of  Weight  are  so  numerous  and  so  easily 
observed  that  the  bare  mention  of  them  will  suffice  to  demonstrate 


Fig.  101.— FRANCOIS  JEAN  DOMINIQUE  ARAGO. 
(Distinguished  Mathematician,  Astron- 
omer, AND  Scientist.) 

Born  in  Spain,  1786.  Conspicuous  facial  sign.  Weight, 
shown  by  muscular  development  at  tlie  junction  of  the 
brow  and  nose.  The  law  of  tlie  straight  line,  curve, 
and  sphere  govei-ns  this  face.  The  signs  for  Con- 
science, Firmness,  Patriotism,  and  Love  of  Home  are 
large.  Benevoleni'e,  Love  of  Young,  Modesty,  Mirtii- 
fulness,  Approbativeness,  Alimcntiveness,  anil  Friend- 
ship are  conspicuous.  The  sign  for  Modesty  is  well 
defined,  while  Amativeness  is  normal.  The  length  of 
tlie  nose  announces  Claution  ;  in  it  the  signs  for  Human 
Nature,  Sublimity,  Analysis,  Constructiveness,  Acquis- 
itiveness, Veneration,  and  Self-will  are  very  iiro- 
nounced ;  Observation,  Locality,  Weight,  Form,  Size, 
Color,  and  Calculation  are  marked,  while  Language, 
Memory  of  Events,  Reason,  and  Intuition  are  pre- 
eminent. Credenciveness  and  Prescience  are  only 
slightly  manifested. 


WEIGHT. 


645 


that  the  muscular  system  is  (with  slight  assistance  from  the  ner- 
vous meclianism)  the  main  source  of  this  sense,  which  promotes  in 
a  most  supreme  manner  the  hundreds  of  complicated  movements 
of  the  muscles  which  are  necessary  in  the  pursuit  of  every  trade 
and  many  professions.  Suppose,  for  illustration,  that  a  man  could 
be  born  and  exist  witli  a  mere  thread-like  trace  of  a  muscular 
system  and  with  a  large  brain  of  fair  quality,  capable  of  clear 
thinking  and  susceptible  of  education  from  books,  his  hands  would 
be,  of  course,  very  small 
and  feeble,  his  limbs  use- 
less for  extended  locomo- 
tion, and  he  would  be 
utterly  unable  to  be  taught 
any  art  or  trade,  owing  to 
want  of  muscular  develop- 
ment. This  fine,  large  brain 
might  think  out  good  or 
even  grand  thoughts,  but 
he  would  not  be  able  to 
play  an  instrument  well, 
fill  a  tooth,  make  a  chair, 
play  ball,  or  dance,  row, 
skate,  or  swim  skillfully. 
If  to  this  otherwise  good 
brain  and  physique  a  fair 
share  of  muscle  could  be 
added  he  might  perform  all 
of  these  acts.  The  mus- 
cular mechanism  in  com- 
bination with  the  bony 
frame-work  is  the  source 
of  external  motion,  of  the 
activity  of  the  members  of  the  body,  and  of  the  movements  of  the 
trunk. 

One  portion  of  the  muscular  system — the  heart — is  the  centre 
and  source  of  all  internal  motion.  The  heart  is  also  a  purely  mus- 
cular organ.  The  heart  once  set  in  motion  by  vital  processes 
creates  the  motive  power  (by  its  periodic  contractions  and  rhythmic 
motions)  by  which  the  lungs,  liver,  and  all  other  organs  are  kept 
at  work.  The  circulation  of  the  blood  is  the  principal  business  of 
the  heart.  This  circulation,  by  sending  the  blood  to  the  brain, 
gives  it  power  to  think,  and  by  carrying  blood  to  all  parts  of  the 
body — to  the  bones  as  well  as  to  the  muscles — it  gives  them  the 
power  to  move  and  act. 


Fig.  102  —MARCO  POLO.  (Celebkateb  Traveler 

AND  AUTHOK.) 

Bom  in  Venice,  1250.  Conspicuous  facial  sign, 
Weight.  The  law  of  the  straight  line  and  curve  gov- 
erns this  face.  The  signs  for  many  of  the  domestic 
traits  are  hidden,  yet  a  very  good  judgment  can  be 
formed  from  those  that  are  visible.  Alimentiveness, 
Sanativeness,  Friendship,  and  Benevolence  are  large. 
Conscientiousness  and  Firmness  are  well  defined.  In 
the  nose  the  signs  for  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Analysis, 
Hope,  Constructiveness,  Acquisitiveness,  f  neumative- 
ness,  Veneration,  Executiveness,  and  Self-will  are 
large.  The  signs  for  Observation,  Form,  Size,  Order, 
Weight,  and  Locality  are  conspicuous;  also  Calcula- 
tion, Memory,  Reason,  and  Intuition.  Credenciveness 
and  Prescience  are  small. 


646  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  elements  of  motion,  of  density,  of  gravity,  and  of  force 
are  all  inherent  in  the  muscular  system.  Motion  is  the  primary 
principle  in  the  muscular  tissue,  and  motion  is  the  base  of  all  the 
sense-organs,  as  is  proven  by  the  tremors  of  the  nervous  tissue 
while  in  the  process  of  transmitting  to  and  from  the  brain  the  in- 
telligence of  which  tlie  sight,  hearing,  etc.,  have  become  cognizant. 
Looking  and  moving  the  eye  from  one  point  to  anotlier  is  a  mode 
of  motion ;  so,  also,  putting  the  ear  on  stretch,  as  in  listening, 
sets  vibrating  delicate  muscular  fibres  as  well  as  nerves.  Talking 
is  also  produced  by  motions  of  the  muscles  involved  in  the  act  of 
speaking,  and  vocal  sound  is  motion  through  the  atmosphere. 
Curving  is  the  essential  property  of  muscles  as  well  as  of  motion 
primarily,  as  in  the  splierical  form  of  tlie  earth  and  in  the  rotatory 
motion  of  the  solar  system,  for  any  object  which  produces  contin- 
uous motion  must  be  circuloid  in  form. 

Memory  in  many  departments  is  unconscious  registration  in 
tlie  muscles  of  the  motions  which  they  automatically  reproduce 
after  continued  exercise,  as  in  singing,  playing  instruments,  danc- 
ing, etc.  So  the  major  part  of  memory  is  dependent  upon  the 
motions  made  by  the  muscles  of  the  eye,  ear,  hand,  body,  and 
limbs.  Memory,  in  fact,  in  all  cases  is  made  conscious  to  us 
through  motions  of  the  nervous  or  muscular  fibres ;  and  all  mo- 
tions carry  with  them  the  element  of  weight  or  force,  and  mus- 
cular beings  are  most  susceptible  to  the  impressions  made  by  force, 
motion,  movement,  density,  and  weiglit,  because  their  own  muscu- 
lar powers  are  organized  upon  the  mechanical  principles  which 
include  all  of  the  laws  of  these  forces.  For  proof,  investigate  the 
science  of  sound ;  consider  its  action  and  form  through  the  atmos- 
phere ;  it  is  wave-like  or  curved  in  its  passage  through  the  air, 
and  the  sound-waves  are  propagated  with  force  through  the  air 
toward  the  ear,  which  in  its  outline  is  curved.  The  internal  parts 
of  the  ear  present  a  wonderful  array  of  curved,  convoluted,  or  cir- 
cular tubes,  as  seen  in  the  cochlea.  Now,  these  muscular  fibres 
and  pipes  are  capable,  with  the  assistance  of  the  auditory  nerves, 
of  distinguishing  the  pitch  or  force  of  every  sound  which  the  ear 
receives,  and  the  most  perfectly-constructed  ears  are  those  most 
capable  of  recognizing  differences  in  the  degrees  of  force  ;  while 
the  most  musically-constructed  ears  are  most  capable  of  judging 
of  the  pitchy  force.,  and  qucdity  of  musical  tones,  showing  that  the 
ear,  like  the  eye,  has  in  its  construction  all  the  elements  of  organi- 
zation which  sound  and  light  possess  and  exhibit.  Thus  it  is 
shown  that  the  undulations  of  light  are  curvilinear,  else  they  could 
not  be  propagated  through' the  air.  Sound  is  ^ho  ciirved  in  its 
form^  and  is  thus  able  to  move  through  the  atmosphere  at  a  high 


WEIGHT.  647 

rate  of  speed.  The  eye  is  circular.  The  ear  is  of  the  same  sliape 
in  many  parts  of  its  structure,  and  both  are  suppUed  with  muscular 
fibres  which  are  capable  of  the  movements  resulting  in  resonance 
and  elasticity,  as  is  the  air  itself  The  motions  of  air,  sound, 
and  light  are  forces  which  assume  forms  and  exhibit  force  or 
resistance,  and  hence  weight.  The  organs  and  members  of  those 
in  whom  the  muscular  is  one  of  the  dominant  systems  are  found  to 
be  the  best  adapted  to  judge  of  the  phenomena  of  light,  sound, 
motion,  weight,  force,  resistance,  etc.  An  examination  of  the  most 
eminent  mechanicians  and  physicists  is  proof  positive  of  this. 
Look,  for  example,  at  the  portraits  of  Helmholtz,  Wollaston, 
Humboldt,  Faraday,  John  Dalton,  Hofmann,  Bernard  Palissy, 
Roger  Bacon,  Joseph  Black,  Thomas  Young,  Descartes,  and 
Newton,  and  there  will  be  found  in  each  subject  all  the  signs  of  a 
fine  development  of  the  muscular  system.  It  is  true  that  each  of 
these  persons  possessed  an  excellent  brain  and  nerve  system,  yet 
without  equally  good  muscular  powers  they  would  have  been 
unable  to  exhibit  in  their  works  those  principles  of  the  natural 
phenomena  which  they  discovered,  elaborated,  and  wrought  out. 

The  sense  of  Weight  is  used  first  in  infancy  with  the  first 
attempts  at  grasping.  The  infant's  first  attempt  at  clutching  a 
finger  is  almost  convulsive,  and  with  no  perception  of  how  much- 
force  to  use  in  holding  on  to  it,  but  after  repeated  attempts  he  finds 
that  less  force  is  necessary,  and  the  grasp  is  considerably  relaxed. 
Later,  the  sense  of  Weight  comes  actively  in  use  in  balancing  the 
body  in  the  attempts  to  rise  and  walk,  and  so  continues  by  vocal 
exercise,  and  in  adjusting  the  eye  to  different  focuses  and  the  ear 
to  tones  of  different  degrees  of  power. 

The  pitch  of  the  voice  in  talking,  shouting,  and  singing  is  due 
to  the  sense  of  Weight, — of  force  or  resistance  of  the  air  and  muscles 
combined, — and  is  a  purely  muscular  exercise.  Here  it  is  shown 
how  motion  (tlie  motion  of  the  vocal  muscles)  is  related  to  the 
muscular  system. 

Persons  with  a  good  sense  of  balance  are  not  so  liable  to  sea- 
sickness as  where  this  faculty  is  weak.  One  who  can  easily  adjust 
his  movements  to  the  ever-shifting  motions  of  the  vessel  will  be 
able  to  overcome  the  tendency  to  nausea,  providing  his  liver  be 
active  and  normal. 

Li  adult  life  the  various  trades  aftd  professions  develop  the 
nicer  and  finer  elements  of  this  sense,  as  in  sculpture,  architecture, 
engineering,  dentistry,  and  metal-working.  In  playing  instruments 
this  sense  is  most  particularly  called  into  action,  owing  to  the  deli- 
cacy and  precision  of  touch  required  in  the  degrees  of  force  neces- 
sai*y  to  produce  musical  effects,  ranging  from  forte  to  'pianissimo. 


648  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  sculptor  must  also,  with  equal  precision,  be  able  to  strike 
with  just  the  right  amount  of  force  or  weight  upon  his  chisel 
in  order  that  only  certain  quantities  of  the  marble  be  cleft.  His 
ability  is  the  result  of  an  inherited  organization  suited  to  his  work, 
then  perfected  by  use  and  cultivation.  Thorwaldsen,  Canova, 
Giacomo,  Alessandro,  and  all  sculptors  of  the  highest  merit  ex- 
hibit the  facial  signs  for  Weight,  as  well  as  many  of  its  bodily 
signs. 

In  the  setting  up  of  machinery  the  mechanician  must  have  an 
innate  perception  of  the  mechanical  powers  and  forces,  and  by 
education  must  learn  the  theory  and  philosophy  of  the  laws  of 
force,  which,  when  once  understood,  teacli  him  that  the  "  centrifu- 
gal force  of  a  revolving  body  increases  according  to  the  square  of 
its  velocity."  He  must  also  understand  the  laws  of  resistance, 
friction,  gravity  and  gravitation,  the  law  of  the  various  lever 
powers,  the  pressure  of  the  screw  and  power  of  the  crank,  pulley, 
wheel,  and  axle,  and  all  their  combinations.  In  the  sciences,  his 
senses  must  be  so  fine  and  practiced  tlmt  he  will  be  able  to  weigh 
the  ethers  and  gases  and  comprehend  tlie  amounts  of  force  ex- 
hibited in  the  expansion,  liquefaction,  vaporization,  and  incandes- 
cence of  heat,  for  heat  is  "  an  immaterial  force,  resulting  from 
vibrations  in  the  molecules  or  atoms  of  matter,"  and  vibrations 
produce  motions  and  of  course  assume  forms  (abstract),  like  a  ges- 
ture, or  the  path  of  a  projectile  through  space.  These  are  both 
curvilinear  in  their  passage  through  tlie  air,  and  curve  toward  the 
earth  through  the  mechanical  law  of  attraction  or  universal  gravi- 
tation discovered  by  Sir  Isaac  Newton. 

Astronomers  require  a  natural  comprehension  of  the  laws  of 
distance,  time,  force,  motion,  and  equilibrium.  Most  of  the  emi- 
nent astronomers,  such  as  Struve,  the  Herschels,  Halley,  Olmsted, 
Leverrier,  iVdams,  Airy,  Donati,  Piazzi,  Mitchell,  and  Olbers,  ex- 
hibit combinations  in  which  tlie  muscular  and  brain  systems  are 
dominant.  The  principles  of  time,  of  mathematical  computation 
in  regard  to  distance,  density,  and.  the  geometrical  properties  of 
form,  they  derive  from  high  quality  of  the  brain  system ;  but  the 
senses  of  weight,  ponderosity,  mechanical  construction,  and  orbital 
motion  are  derived  from  the  fine  development  of  the  muscular 
system.  Of  course,  the  muscular  system  has  its  representation  in 
the  brain,  and  a  large  representation  it  must  indeed  possess  when 
we  come  to  consider  how  large  a  share  of  life's  works  is  due  to 
muscular  movements.  Many  astronomers  are  round,  muscular 
-men,  others  square-built,  each  individual  exhibiting  the  branch  of 
the  science  in  accord  with  his  own  bodily  form.  In  the  faces  of 
Herschel,  Leverrier,  Halley,  and  others,  the  signs  for  Sublimity, 


WEIGHT.  649 

Imagination,  Con  struct! veness,  Analysis,  and  Calculation  are  all 
conspicuous,  and  these  are  muscular  signs  whose  associated  faculties 
inhere  in  the  muscular  system. 

The  dentist  must  be  able  by  the  sensitiveness  of  his  muscular 
mechanism  to  gauge  the  force  of  his  instruments  with  great  accu- 
racy and  certainty  of  touch  in  order  to  remove  minute  particles 
from  the  teeth.  The  blacksmith,  who  is  really  a  sculptor  in  iron, 
must  be  trained  to  comprehend  the  laws  of  heat,  as  in  the  expan- 
sion and  density  of  the  material  employed.  He  must  also  shape 
hjj  the  eye  with  unerring  precision  the  form  of  the  metal  on  his 
anvil.  He,  too,  must  in  a  pre-eminent  manner  understand  the 
degree  of  power  or  weight  he  requires  to  bear  upon  his  materials 
in  order  to  produce  the  desired  effect.  In  other  departments  of 
action  a  nice  sense  of  the  laws  of  force,  motion,  weight,  balance, 
and  resistance  must  be  had  in  order  to  assist  the  efforts  of  the  car- 
penter, mason,  and  builder,  as  in  the  construction  of  spires,  bridges, 
roofs,  etc.,  and  in  engineering.  In  the  planning,  designing,  and 
construction  of  such  works  as  the  Eddystone  lighthouse,  the  bridge 
over  the  Missouri  River,  the  Mississippi  jetties,  etc,  the  mechanician 
has  to  call  into  play  all  these  mechanical  forces  and  many  other 
principles  as  well.  The  portraits  of  James  Eadds,  who  built  the 
latter,  and  of  John  Smeaton,  who  constructed  the  former,  disclose 
the  signs  for  Weight  as  well  as  other  mechanical  traits.  Civil 
engineers  as  well  as  architects  use  the  sense  of  Weight  in  planning 
the  structures  which  they  build.  The  laying  of  railroads,  grading 
canals,  erecting  elevators,  boring  artesian  wells,  building  bridges, 
docks,  pumps,  aqueducts,  churches,  towers,  spires,  and  cathedrals, 
building  and  running  engines,  fortifications  and  shops,  necessitate 
a  knowledge  of  the  laws  of  force  and  resistance,  momentum,  co- 
hesion, attraction,  gravitation,  equilibrium,  and  weight.  All  these 
laws  have  motion  as  their  elementary  principle,  and  all  motion  has 
form  as  its  elemental  base,  and  form  and  number  are  bases  of  all 
things  in  existence. 

The  faces  of  all  eminent  sculptors  reveal  Nature's  graphic 
signs  of  the  allied  mechanical  faculties.  In  a  lower  class  of  artists 
the  facial  sign  of  Weight  and  Balance  is  also  present.  It  is  seen 
in  acrobats, — those  who  are  skilled  in  leaping  and  balancing  upon 
the  trapeze, — as  well  as  in  slack-  and  tight-  rope  dancers,  skaters, 
horseback  riders,  and  velocipedists,  who  must  be  able  to  estimate 
their  centre  of  gravity  and  adapt  tlie  degree  of  inclination  to  their 
velocity  and  the  resistance  to  be  overcome.  All  these  classes  re- 
quire a  natural  as  well  as  cultivated  sense  of  Weight,  and  must  be 
able  to  spontaneously  adjust  all  tlieir  movements  to  the  require- 
ments of  their  position.     Oarsmen,  swimmers,  ball-players,  and 


k 


650  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

sailors  exercise  this  sense  until  it  becomes  instinctively  and  is  really 
a  "  sixth  sense."  The  muscular  sense  should  be  classed  with  the 
so-called  five  senses,  and  be  termed  the  "  sixth  sense." 

The  sense  of  weight  is  useful  to  weavers  and  spinners.  Doubt- 
less this  sense  is  of  great  importance  to  the  spider,  which,  in  weav- 
ing its  geometrical  web,  requires  the  aid  of  such  a  faculty.  The 
muscular  system  is  dominant  in  the  spider  family,  hence  it  is  that 
they  show  so  much  constructive  and  artistic  ability  and  produce  so 
many  mechanical  contrivances,  as  they  do  in  the  hinge-door  nests 
and  in  the  perfect  geometrical  proportions  of  the  web  woven  by 
one  species  of  the  Araclmida^  which  use  bits  of  gravel  to  steady 
their  webs  and  construct  their  nests  by  different  methods  to  suit 
different  localities,  showing  that  "  blind  instinct "  is  not  the  con- 
trolling force  in  this  case,  but  that  reason,  geometrical  foresight 
and  insight,  mechanical,  practical,  and  scientific  powers  on  a  large 
scale  are  used,  and  all  without  a  "  large  brain  "  to  assist  their  grand 
architectural  efforts.  Their  sense  of  calculation,  too,  must  be  very 
great,  as  witness  tlie  precision  with  which  they  proportion  the  dis- 
tances between  the  warp  of  their  webs  and  the  accuracy  of  the 
spaces  which  they  observe  in  the  weaving  of  the  woof.  The 
weaver,  like  the  spider,  must .  be  able  to  "  sense "  pressure  and 
weight  in  the  manipulations  of  his  threads,  fibres,  and  weights ; 
a  keen  sense  it  must  be,  too,  which  enables  one  to  work  with  such 
fine  materials.  The  sense  of  weight,  distance,  time,  momentum, 
resistance,  and  height  is  manifested  in  a  remarkable  manner  by 
many  animals.  Dr.  J.  Lauder  Lindsay  cites  the  following  in- 
stances : — 

111  various  ways  certain  animals  show  that  they  can  correctly  calculate 
or  estimate  space  or  distance,  including  height.  The  hoi'se,  for  instance,  in 
I  lie  steeple-chase  or  hurdle-race  calculates  hurriedly  the  height  of  the  fence 
lie  is  about  to  leap.  The  dog  does  the  same  when  he  is  invited  to  jump 
til  rough  a  loop  for  a  bit  of  bread.  The  lion  and  other  carnivora  estimate 
both  height  and  distance  in  their  contemplated  spring  upon  their  prey. 
Certain  fish  are  called  shooting  or  archer-fish  from  their  precision  of  aim  in 
bringing  down  flies  on  the  wing  by  squirting  at  them  drops  of  water,  the 
nicest  calculation  of  the  intervening  space  as  well  as  of  the  size  of  their  prey 
being  involved.  They  learn  by  experience  to  make  due  allowance  for  the 
refraction  of  light  by  water,  to  use  their  natural  weapon,  the  syringe,  in 
the  operation  of  squirting,  and  to  employ  water  as  an  effective  kind  of  shot, 
missile,  or  projectile.* 

The  elephant  makes  similar  use  of  his  trunk  as  a  syringe  or 
liydropult,  and  of  water  as  a  projectile,  while  it  also  estimates  dis- 
tance, in  the  occasional  punishment  of  his  human  tormentors. 
Certain  animals  also  form  their  own  estimates  of  weight,  resistance, 
impetus,  or  momentum,  and  size.     The  elephant  must  calculate 

*  Mind  in  the  Lower  Animals,  J.  Lauder  Lindsay,  M.D.,  p.  -161  et  seq. 


WEIGHT.  651 

weight  or  resistance  in  judging  of  the  degree  of  strength  it  must 
put  forth  to  move  a  timber-log.  The  ant  probably  makes  a  simi- 
lar calculation ;  when  meeting  with  a  large,  Jieavy,  dead  beetle  it 
calls  in  the  aid  of  its  fellows  to  roll,  carry,  or  push  it  to  its  nest. 
The  same  animal  shows  its  knowledge  of  dimension,  of  length  and 
breadth,  of  the  smallest  diameter  of  an  object,  in  the  conveyance  of 
booty  or  in  the  dismembering  of  prey.  Horses,  mules,  and  camels 
measure  or  estimate  the  size  as  well  as  weight  of  their  loads,  so  as 
to  judge  of  the  possibility  of  their  passing  through  forest-openings, 
gates,  or  doors,  or  of  their  ability  to  bear  them  with  comfort. 
Dogs,  at  least,  calculate  and  make  allowance  for  the  rapidity  and 
strength  of  currents  of  rivers  and  tides.  Thomas  Wood  describes 
a  miller's  dog  that,  to  save  a  drowning  small  one,  ran  to  the  side 
of  a  certain  river  till  he  got  well  below  the  drowning  dog,  then  he 
sprang  into  the  river,  and  so  exactly  had  he  calculated  the  rapidity 
of  the  river  and  his  own  speed  that  he  intercepted  the  little  dog 
and  brought  it  safely  to  land. 

In  watching  the  operations  of  ants,  I  have  myself  seen  them 
proceed  to  the  opening  of  their  nests  with  a  bit  of  straw  several  times 
the  length  of  their  bodies,  and,  finding  upon  trial  that  they  could  not 
enter  with  it  "head  first,"  they  did  precisely  wliat  a  carpenter 
would  do  with  a  plank  under  similar  circumstances,  viz.,  they 
backed  down  with  it. 

Mechanics  of  all  classes  use  the  sense  of  Weight  constantly, 
and  almost  unconsciously  and  automatically  at  times.  Metal- 
workers learn  by  experience  to  estimate  by  sight  the  weight  of 
materials  in  use.  Carpenters  do  the  same.  .  Plumbers,  after  ex- 
perience, understand  the  force  of  a  given-sized  stream  of  water, 
and  the  makers  of  mechanical  instruments  and  contrivances  soon 
learn  to  estimate  the  force  and  momentum  of  the  wheels  and 
pulleys  which  they  manufacture.  Very  complex  principles  enter 
into  many  mechanical  machines,  which  must  be  comprehended  ex- 
actly by  those  who  operate  them,  and  those  who  think  that  me- 
chanics are  common-minded  and  inferior  in  intellect  underrate 
them  greatly. '  The  man  who  can  construct  and  operate  a  complex 
machine  is  quite  intelligent  enough  to  take  a  prominent  place  in 
government,  and  for  my  part  I  should  like  to  see  a  government 
managed  by  skillful,  practical,  intelligent  mechanics,  for  I  consider 
the  mechanic  classes  superior  in  morals  and  practicaUty  to  all 
others. 

We  may  search  through  the  whole  range  of  the  universe,  and 
we  shall  find  that  the  laws  of  weight,  balance,  force,  resistance, 
and  momentum  are  universal  in  their  effects,  and  are  part  of  the 
mental  construction  of  all  animals  in  degrees  suited  to  their  wants. 


652  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

We  find  in  the  vegetable  kingdom,  even,  that  this  law  obtains,  and 
trees  whose  spread  of  branches  is  great  have  corresponding  spread 
or  depth  of  root  to  balance  or  hold  them  in  position.  The  giant 
roots  of  the  Sequoia,  or  the  mighty  Banyan,  illustrate  this  princi- 
ple. The  same  law  holds  our  little  planet  true  in  its  orbit;  it 
affects  the  motions  of  the  tides  and  winds;  in  short,  it  is  a  uni- 
versal law  and  universal  in  its  effects  upon  every  object,  animate 
or  inanimate,  and  upon  every  particle  and  atom  of  matter.  "  All 
is  contained  in  the  least." 

The  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  upon  our  bodies  and  our 
power  of  resisting  its  weight  are  manifestations  of  a  universal  law 
of  weight  and  resistance,  and  thus,  look  where  we  may  throughout 
Nature's  broad  domain,  this  principle  is  ever  at  work. 

LANGUAGE. 

Definitiwi. — The  capacity  for  using  language  in  a  precise, 
suitable,  fluent,  or  eloquent  manner;  tlie  talent  for  acquiring, 
speaking,  aud  writing  foreign  languages,  dialects,  words,  phrases, 
idioms,  etc. ;  ability  to  construct,  translate,  and  learn  the  grammar 
of  languages. 

An  excess  makes  one  voluble,  wordy,  verbose,  and  causes  one 
to  chatter,  prattle,  gabble,  babble,  gossip,  tattle,  etc. 

A  dejicienc}/  is  shown  by  marked  reticence,  by  difficulty  in 
expressing  the  thoughts  in  suitable  language. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — Large,  full,  bright,  convex  eyes; 
fullness  under  the  eyes ;  rounding  out  of  the  head  above  the  tem- 
ples ;  full  lips,  full  cheeks,  full  throat ;  wide  mouth  and  chest ; 
large  nostrils;  high  and  broad  nose;  wide  nostrils,  and  length  from 
the  point  of  the  nose  to  the  tip  of  the  chin,  with  vertical,  lateral, 
and  perpendicular  width  of  the  concha  of  the  external  ear ;  round- 
ing head,  jaws,  body,  and  limbs ;  small  joints,  and  fingers  inclining 
to  taper. 

Lach  of  linguistic  ability  is  known  by  small,  receding  eyes,  and 
angular,  spare,  bony  body,  with  very  slight  muscular  development, 
small  mouth,  thin  lips,  and  hollow  cheeks ;  small  nose  and  nostrils, 
flat  chest,  and  undeveloped  ears. 

Description  of  Language. — The  eye  is  the  feature  which  dis- 
closes the  amount  of  muscle  in  the  entire  organism.  It  is  hence 
the  facial  indication  of  the  power  for  motion,  and  the  muscles  are 
the  principal  agents  of  the  motive  mechanism.  Now,  language  is 
produced  by  the  motions  of  the  vocal  cords,  tongue,  lips,  and  ear. 
1  do  not  by  this  statement  mean  to  imply  that  the  ear  as  a  whole 
moves,  but  certainly  sound  is  a  mode  of  motion,  and  the  vibrations 
of  the  atmosphere  which  convey  sound  to  the  ear  are  motions  of 


LANGUAGE.  653 

the  atmoapTiere^  and  describe  wave-like  or  curved  forms  as  they 
pass  through  the  air  to  the  ear,  and  are  received  by  a  curved  ap- 
paratus within  the  skull;  and  there,  acting  upon  muscles,  bones,  and 
fluids  of  the  ear,  affect  the  nervous  mechanism  of  the  auditory 
nerves  and  impart  little  tremors  or  vibrations  to  the  nerve  which 
connects  the  auditory  nerves  with  the  brain,  "and  there,"  as  Pro- 
fessor Tyndall  remarks,  "announce  themselves  as  sounds."  Thus 
it  is  shown  that  language,  as  well  as  light  and  color,  is  only  a  mode 
of  motion.  Indeed,  we  may  set  it  down  as  a  universal  law  that 
motion  is  the  basis  of  all  tilings  in  Nature.  This  is  proven  when 
we  come  to  analyze  their  methods  of  action  by  tracing  them  to 
their  origin.  Not  only  is  it  true  that  language  is  dependent  upon 
the  motions  of  the  speaking  and  auditory  apparatus  for  its  power 
of  expression,  but  all  modes  of  communication  known  to  man  are 
by  motions  or  movements. 

The  sign-languacje  of  the  deaf-mute,  the  gestures  of  barbarous 
people  when  they  meet  and  do  not  understand  each  other's  lan- 
guage, the  gestures,  poses,  and  attitudes  of  the  actor  and  orator, 
the  movements  of  the  hands  in  writing,  all  depend  upon  motions 
which  are  visible  to  the  naked  eye ;  but  what  shall  I  say  of  the 
countless  motions  within  the  body  that  are  essential  to  the  results 
which  we  find  in  spoken  or  written  language  *?  The  rhythmic  and 
periodic  movements  of  the  heart  (a  great  muscular  organ,  related 
to  time  by  its  periodic  movements) ;  the  microscopic  movements 
within  the  corpuscles  of  the  blood ;  the  double  and  triple  circula- 
tion of  the  blood  itscll'  as  it  comes  through  the  several  organs, 
veins,  arteries,  glands,  and  tubes ;  the  minute  dynamic  forces  of 
the  nervous  mechanism  involved  in  all  the  motions  of  the  subtle 
processes  of  the  molecular  forces  in  cellular  construction,  all  tell 
us  in  a  language  most  unmistakable  that  motion  is  the  basis  of  all 
life,  and  that  it  is  essentially  so  of  the  forces  which  produce 
language, — written,  spoken,  or  symbolized. 

The  periodic  movements  of  the  heart  produce  natural  pauses 
which  are  regular  and  rhythmic  in  their  action.  The  consensus 
between  the  action  of  the  heart  and  lungs  and  their  movements 
in  inspiration  and  expiration  prove  that  the  pauses  in  language 
are  regulated  in  their  action  by  motions  of  infinitesimal  minute- 
ness, as  well  as  by  those  which  are  visible. 

I  have  introduced  this  little  description  of  the  source  of 
language  in  order  that  my  readers  may  be  quite  certain  that  it  is 
the  muscular  development  of  the  eye  wliich  reveals  the  linguistic 
capacity  of  the  individual, — that  it  is  not  an  "  organ  "  of  the  brain 
pushing  out  the  eyeball,  but  tliat  the  faculty  of  language  is  greatest 
where  the  muscular  system  is  best  developed  and  most  capable  of 


654 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


^€.. 


rapid,  continuous,  and  automatic  motions  of  the  entire  muscular 
apparatus.  This  pecuhar  property  of  the  muscular  system  will  be 
noted  when  we  arrive  at  the  discussion  of  Music. 

The  mouth  is  the  most  mobile  and  flexible  of  all  the  facial 
features.  The  muscles  of  the  eye,  the  larynx,  and  vocal  cords  are 
tlie  most  flexible  portions  of  mechanism  within  the  body,  and  are 
susceptible  of  high  cultivation  and  of  automatic  action ;  hence,  the 
entire  speaking  apparatus  is  eminently  adapted  to  the  expression 

of  the  emotions,  for,  as  I 
have    shown,  the    motions 
are  created  and  exhibited 
by  the  action  of  the  softer 
tissues   of   the    body;    the 
elasticity  and  resonmice  of 
the    muscular     system     is 
therefore  well  suited  to  the 
expression  of  the  feelings^ 
hot)  I    by   the    use   of    the 
voice,   pen,    gestures,   and 
signs.    Thought  can  be  ex- 
ercised by  the  motions  or 
vibrations  of  the  cerebral 
structure  alone,  but  its  ex- 
pression, in  any  manner  or 
form  must  be  by   motions 
of  the  muscles^  as  in  speak- 
ing,  writing,  signaling,  or 
acting  by  pantomime,  etc. 
The  certainty  of  the  con- 
nection between  the  size  of 
the  muscles  of  the  eyeball 
and   the   general   develop- 
ment of  the  entire  muscu- 
lar system,  and  its  relations 
to    the    motions    essential 
to  the  production  of  tone, 
vocal  sound,  and  language  once  established  in  the  mind  of  the  stu- 
dent, he  has  a  firm  and  sure  foundation  upon  which  to  continue  his 
investigation  into  the  several  kinds  and  degrees  of  the  expression  of 
I^anguage,  as  exliibited  by  different  individuals  and  different  races. 
What  we  term  the  "  faculty  of  Language  "  is  really  a  combi- 
nation of  several  faculties.     Vocality,  or  the  ability  to   speak  as 
simply  as  the  babbling  infant,  is    the   most  elementary  form  of 
human  expression,  but  the  capacity  to  express  words  intelligibly 


Fig.  103.-MADAME  ANNE  GERM AINE  de  STAfiL. 
(Eminent  French  Authokkss.) 
Born  in  Paris,  1766.  Principal  facial  sign.  Language, 
shown  by  size  and  form  of  the  mouth,  lips,  and  eyes. 
The  law  of  the  straiglit  line  and  curve  governs  this  f.ace. 
The  presence  of  the  curve  in  every  feature  discloses  the 
artistic  capacities  of  this  uiiiid.  Mhe  was  an  artist  with 
her  pen.  Phe  s  gns  for  all  the  domestic  and  social  vir- 
tues are  well  detincd.  Patriotism.  Benevolence.  Mirth- 
fulness,  Love  of  Home,  Love  of  Young.  Amativeness, 
Approbativeness,  Sanativeness,  Color,  Modesty,  and 
Self-esteem  a-e  prominent.  In  the  no.se,  which  is 
straight,  the  signs  for  literary  ability  are  apparent. 
Ideality,  Sublimity,  Analysis,  Constructiveness,  Mental 
Imitation,  Veneration,  and  Self-will  are  very  pro- 
nounced. Form,  Size.  Language,  Calculation,  Locafity, 
Memory  of  Events,  and  Intuition,  together  with  high 
quality,  made  a  fine  character.  Napoleon  feared  her 
truthful  pen  and  voice  more  than  he  did  a  foreign  army. 
He  found  one  French  woman  whom  he  could  neither 
crush  nor  silence.  Her  works  are  numerous  and  char- 
acterized by  brilliancy,  power,  and  beauty. 


LANGUAGE. 


655 


involves  the  power  for  thought,  hence  of  construction.  Here 
we  have  the  combination  of  Constructiveness  (a  purely  muscular 
faculty)  and  Thought  (also  a  purely  mental  faculty).  If  Language 
expresses  the  emotions  of  the  speaker,  the  glands  are  involved, 
and  show  Love,  Sympathy,  Mirth,  Approbation,  Love  of  Young, 
Hospitality,  Friendship,  etc.  If  it  express  the  creative  power, 
such  as  Imagination,  Mental  Imitation,  Sublimity,  or  Human 
Nature,  the  muscles  and  nervous  mechanism  assist.  Hence,  we 
are  led  to  observe  the 
combination  of  faculties 
and  functions  involved  in 
the  production  of  intelli- 
gent language,  and  this 
teaches  us  that  mere  talk 
does  not  constitute  the 
highest  form  of  vocal  ex- 
pression ;  we  must  be  able 
to  feel  deephj  or  tli'mk 
clearly  in  order  to  converse 
well,  and  thus  it  is  that  tlie 
language  used  by  an  indi- 
vidual will  be  in  accord 
with  his  bodily  constitu- 
tion, aided  by  education  or 
impeded  by  neglect.  If  lie 
have  an  excess  of  the  vege- 
tative system,  he  will  use 
the  selfishly-emotional  parts 
of  Language;  if  he  exhibit  a 
good  degree  of  the  vegeta- 
tive system,  combined  with 
a  fair  share  of  the  muscular 
system,  he  will  express  him- 
self upon  subjects  of  art  or 
mechanism;  if  tlic  square, 
bony  form  is  in  the  ascendant,  he  will  use  nouns  mainly,  with 
clear,  distinct,  solid  words;  with  a  good  quality  of  brain  added,  he 
will  develop  a  taste  for  mechanics  and  science,  and  talk  upon  these 
subjects.  Without  education,  man  will  use  naturally  the  words 
and  language  wliich  accord  with  his  peculiar  conformation.  With 
education,  he  will  improve  upon  this,  and  his  range  of  language 
will  be  more  extended,  yet  his  personal  foimation  will  control 
and  characterize  his  speech  and  writings,  so  true  it  is  that  form 
guides,  governs,  and  dominates. 


Fig.  IW.— NOAH  WEBSTER.    (Teacher,  Lawyer, 
Editok,  Lexicographer.) 

Rom  in  Connecticut,  17.58.  Conspicuous  facial  sign, 
Ijanguage.  Tlie  law  of  the  straight  line,  curve,  and 
square  govcrn.s  this  face.  The  .signs  for  Conscientious- 
ness, Firmness,  Economy,  Patriotism,  Ijove  of  Home, 
Sanativeness,  Anprobativene.'is,  F'rieiul.ship,  Aliment- 
iveness,  Mirthfuiness,  Love  of  Young.  Modesty,  and 
Amativeness  are  exceedingly  well  developed  and  of 
a  refined  cast.  The  signs  in  the  nuuith  and  eyes  for 
lyanguage  are  uncommonly  well  defined.  The  "nose  is 
one  of  the  first  class,  broad  on  its  back  the  entire  length. 
The  signs  for  Human  Nature,  Analysis,  Ideality,  Sub- 
limity, Con.structiveness,  Acquisitiveness,  Veneration, 
Executiveness,  and  Self-will  are  very  large.  The  eyes 
and  the  region  about  them  are  remarkable.  Observa- 
tion, Form,  Size,  Prescience,  and  Calculation  are  highly 
developed;  while  Memory  of  Events.  Kea.son,  ancfln- 
tuition  are  pre-eminent.  The  manner  in  which  the 
hair  grows  is  noteworthy.    A  truly  noble  physiognomy. 


656  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Color  has  also  a  controlling  influence  upon  Language,  for  the 
dark-complexioned  man  will  make  more  use  of  color-terms  in  his 
writings  and  speech  than  the  pallid  or  fair  subject,  and  the  several 
varieties  and  grades  of  color  exliibited  by  different  persons  will  be 
also  revealed  in  their  writings.  The  difference  between  the  works 
of  Tennyson  and  Swinburne,  for  example,  are  proofs  of  this 
proposition.  Tennyson  has  a  dark  complexion  ;  his  hair  and  eyes 
are  also  black  or  brown,  while  Swinburne  is  fairer,  and  paints  his 
scenes  in  more  delicate  hues.  Each  uses  color-terms  in  accord 
with  his  peculiarities  of  color.  Thus  Form  and  Color  influence 
Language.  Construction  also  assists,  and,  as  we  have  seen  formerly, 
thought  and  feeling  exert  their  quota  of  influence  upon  our 
Language. 

The  homogeneousness  of  Nature  as  exhibited  in  man's  organ- 
ism makes  it  possible  for  the  keen  pliysiognomist  to  know  by  the 
contour  of  a  man's  head,  face,  nose,  brow,  or  fingers,  even,  which 
class  of  words  he  Avill  use  most.  The  square,  bony  man  will  use 
the  noun  part  of  Language, — good,  simple,  strong  Saxon ;  his 
fingers  and  finger-tips  and  nails  will  be  more  angular  and  inclined 
to  squareness  than  the  adjective  person,  whose  fingers  will  be 
inclined  to  taper,  and  will  exhibit  oval  nails,  while  arches  and  ovals 
will  be  found  in  his  features,  limbs,  and  outlines.  Charles  James 
Fox  said:  "Give  me  an  elegant  Latin  word  and  a  homely  Saxon 
word,  and  I  will  always  choose  the  latter ; "  and  his  forehead  was 
square.  Every  primary  part  of  speech  finds  its  representation  in 
the  five  primary  and  elementary  forms  of  man,  and  each  form  will 
be  characterized  by  the  use  of  the  class  of  words  which  are  in 
accord  with  such  form.  The  vegetative  structure,  being  selfish 
and  emotional,  will  express  itself  in  domestic  and  emotional  terms ; 
the  thoracic  class,  in  hopeful  and  aspiring  language,  full  of  courage, 
daring,  resolution,  and  progress.  The  muscular  class  will  use 
forcible,  strong,  vehement,  passionate  language,  and  if  refined  and 
educated  will  affect  the  most  artistic,  affectionate,  sarcastic,  witty, 
and  descriptive  language;  while  the  brain  and  nerve  class  will 
use  the  class  of  words  Avhich  are  in  consonance  with  the  form  of 
their  brain.  If  the  brain  be  rounding  the  adjective  and  verb 
element  will  be  used,  but  if  the  bram  be  angular  the  noun  or 
Saxon  element  will  be  used,  mostly. 

Now,  by  this  method  of  analysis  we  can  account  for  the  great 
variety  of  style  observed  in  the  writing  and  speeches  of  orators  and 
literates.  The  elegance  and  ornateness  of  the  works  of  Addison 
harmonize  with  his  straight,  artistic  nose,  yet  are  not  remarkable 
for  their  allusions  to  color,  nor  are  they  remarkable  for  ardor,  for 
he  was  relatively  fair.     The   speeches   of  Gambetta   were  fiery, 


LANGUAGE.  657 

vehement,  forcible,  clear,  and  most  decided,  characterized  by  short, 
pithy,  concrete,  lucid  sentences.  His  forehead  was  square  and 
receding,  giving  the  practical  and  noun  element  to  his  language ; 
his  color  was  dense;  he  had  very  black  hair  and  eyes  and  red 
cheeks  and  lips;  hence  his  impetuosity,  fervor,  and  enthusiasm. 
The  impassioned  sentiments  to  which  he  gave  utterance  were 
caught  up  by  his  listening  auditors,  and  thus  by  one  of  Nature's 
fine  and  subtile  chromatic  laws  he  was  enabled  to  sway  them  by 
the  force  evolved  from  his  color,  and  carry  his  audience  with  him 
wheresoever  he  would.  Do  you  think  a  soft,  round,  vegetative, 
colorless,  limp,  boneless  individual  could  have  done  this"?  The 
liardness  of  his  bony  structure  gave  weight  and  solidity  to  his 
thoughts,  as  well  as  squareness  and  honesty.  It  also  imparted 
the  practical,  clear,  truthful,  concrete  quality,  while  his  color  by 
its  chemical  and  calorific  properties  enabled  him  to  electrify  and 
magnetize  his  hearers. 

In  order,  dear  readers,  to  understand  the  wonderful  mechan- 
ism of  the  mind,  we  are  obliged  to  comprehend  something  of 
scientific  law  and  to  base  our  observations  upon  analysis  of  all 
the  sciences.  It  will  not  do  to  ascribe  all  of  man's  power  to  the 
size  of  his  skull  and  to  "  cerebral  organs,"  which  demonstration  now 
shows  are  made  of  bone  and  muscle;  neither  can  we  charge  the 
brain  with  possessing  the  force  and  energy  which  the  well-colored 
individual  displays,  although  the  color  in  the  individual  certainly 
makes  the  brain  more  vigorous,  as  it  does  all  the  tissues.  It  is 
said  that  Dr.  Gall  discovered  the  "organ"  of  Language  by 
observing  that  his  fellow-students  whose  eyes  were  large  and  full 
exhibited  the  greatest  memory  of  words  and  talent  for  learning 
languages,  and  so  jumped  to  the  conclusion  that  an  "organ"  of  tlie 
brain  was  pushing  out  the  eye,  while  any  one  can  see  that  it  is  the 
size  of  the  eleven  muscles  of  the  eyeball  which  causes  the  eye  to  be 
large.  Dr.  Gall,  in  this  judgment,  was  true  to  the  law  of  his  own 
formation ;  his  brain  was  large  and  particularly  full  in  front,  and 
with  this  formation  he  would  naturally  lay  great  stress  upon  the 
brain  and  ascribe  to  it  great  powers.  He  was  an  excellent  anato- 
mist, and  I  wonder  that  he  overlooked  this  fact;  but,  I  suppose 
that  in  the  order  of  destiny  he  was  waiting  for  a  physiognomical 
Columbus  to  come  along  and  discover  it.  He  has  done  the  world 
a  great  service,  but  no  scientist  in  the  field  of  human  science  can 
discover  the  ivho/e  of  human  nature,  any  more  than  one  astronomer 
can  discover  all  that  is  to  be  known  of  the  heavenly  bodies.  We 
each  add  our  quota  according  to  our  light,  and  pass  on.  Recent 
discoveries  by  Dr.  Ferrier  and  other  anatomists  prove  that  certain 
areas  of  the  brain  are  representative  of  certain  faculties,  but  the 

42 


658  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

area  back  of  the  eyeball  is  not  the  area  where  Language  is  repre- 
sented in  the  cerebral  structure.  It  is  the  facial  sign  for  the 
faculty  of  Language^  hy  reason  of  its  excessive  muscular  develop- 
ment and  its  connection  ivith  the  muscular  system. 

The  faculty  which  most  distinguishes  man  from  the  brute 
creation  is  human  speech,  and  human  language  exists  to-day  in 
tlie  world  in  every  degree  of  development  possible,  from  the  gut- 
tural utterances  of  the  babe,  idiot,  and  undeveloped  races  to  the 
most  expressive,  elastic,  and  polished  speech  of  the  most  eloquent 
races.  Comparison  of  the  mouth,  eye,  and  ear  of  the  most  unde- 
veloped races  with  the  same  features  in  the  most  civilized  and 
polished  peoples,  together  with  a  comparison  of  their  several  lan- 
guages, shows  them  to  have  evolved  progressively  in  the  exact 
ratio  of  their  physiological  formation  and  quality  as  a  race.  More 
particularly  is  development  advanced  as  the  muscular  system  has 
become  perfected, — a  fact  which  philologists  have  apparently  over- 
looked. Let  the  reader  procure  a  work  on  ethnology,  and  compare 
the  features  involved  in  the  production  and  reception  of  tone  in 
some  of  the  native  AustraUan  races  or  the  Digger  Indians  with 
those  of  the  Caucasian  races,  and  he  will  see  a  notable  difference 
in  the  eyes,  mouth,  and  ear,  as  well  as  in  all  those  parts  of  the 
body  which  assist  Language.  The  chest  in  the  Australian  is 
sunken,  the  throat  thin,  the  nose  flat,  the  eye  small,  and  all  the 
muscles  deficient  in  size  and  quality.  Their  language  is  monosyl- 
labic and  guttural,  and  has  no  terms  to  express  such  sentiments  as 
love,  justice,  mercy,  and  the  like  emotions.  The  oral  and  aural 
formation  is  little  above  that  of  the  orang-outang,  for  their  mouth, 
eye,  ear,  and  nose  are  scarcely  human.  Other  races,  such  as  the 
Mongolian,  disclose  in  the  formation  of  their  physiognomies  the 
infantile  condition  of  their  language;  which  all  goes  to  prove  that 
by  analyzing  races,  physiologically  and  physiognomically,  we  can 
arrive  at  a  just  estimate  of  their  grade  in  the  faculty  of  Language. 

The  ancient  Greeks,  by  virtue  of  their  superior  development  of 
the  muscular  system,  evolved  the  most  expressive  and  elastic  of  all 
languages.  Their  orations  have  never  been  excelled,  and  much  of 
their  power  was  due  to  the  perfection  of  the  language,  as  well  as 
to  the  flexibility  of  the  muscles  of  the  vocal  cords,  larynx,  mouth, 
tongue,  and  lips.  This  nation  sought  the  perfection  of  the  human 
form  by  the  encouragement  and  exercise  of  those  games  which 
tended  to  the  highest  development  of  the  muscular  system.  The 
Olympian,  Nemean,  and  Isthmian  games  were  national  and  univer- 
sal throughout  ancient  Greece,  and  were  maintained  at  the  expense 
of  the  government.  They  were  considered  sacred  by  the  people, 
and  the  victors  had  special  honors  paid  to  them,  which  in  some 


LANGUAGE.  659 

instances  descended  to  their  children.  The  ancient  Greeks  excelled 
in  written  and  spoken  language;  also  in  gesture,  attitude,  and 
gracefulness.  They  liad  large,  full  eyes,  rounded  limhs,  and  all  the 
signs  of  the  dominance  of  the  muscular  system.  The  quality  of 
the  muscles  had  direct  bearing  upon  the  fluency  of  language.  The 
shape  of  the  mouth,  lips,  cheeks,  chin,  throat,  and  nose  are  all 
concerned  in  vocal  expressions.  If  the  mouth  be  large,  and  the 
lips  full  and  red,  the  language  will  be  copious  and  fluent;  with  a 
good  brain  system  to  produce  thought;  and  with  culture,  oratorical 
ability  will  be  manifested.  A  large  mouth,  without  fine  or  good 
inherited  quality,  will  gabble  rather  than  converse,  for  conversation 
presupposes  thought.  A  small  mouth  with  thin  lips  indicates 
Secret! veness ;  so  also  do  small  eyes.  A  large  mouth  with  thin 
lips  will  not  exhibit  as  much  talkativeness  as  one  with  large,  full 
lips.  Crooked  mouths  which  are  congenital,  and  not  the  result  of 
accident,  are  not  trustworthy,  and  will  not  exhibit  as  great  degree 
of  truthfulness  and  fidelity  as  straight  mouths.  Crooked  eyes 
evince  the  same  untruthful  proclivities,  ranging  all  the  way  from 
plausibility  and  amiability  to  positive  falsehood,  depending  upon  the 
amount  of  their  deflection  from  a  straight  line.  Many  of  the 
most  refined  and  truthful  persons  in  the  world  exhibit  eyebrows 
which  tend  downward  at  the  outer  corners;  in  them  it  denotes 
agreeability,  but  where  this  appearance  exists  with  coarse  quality, 
and  the  muscular  system  is  dominant,  natural  untruthfulness  will 
be  observed.  Those  who  possess  large,  full  eyes  and  full  lips,  with 
large  mouth  and  good  quality,  are  natural  speakers  and  elocution- 
ists, and,  with  a  good  brain-form,  orators.  These  signs  are  present 
in  the  physiognomies,  portraits,  and  busts  oi'  all  the  celebrated 
orators  of  ancient  and  modern  times.  Large-eyed  people  having 
the  muscular  as  one  of  the  dominant  systems  possess  also  other 
muscular  traits,  such  as  Constructiveness  and  Imagination.  They 
are  hence  adapted  to  the  acquisition  of  foreign  languages,  and  can 
become  excellent  writers,  if  educated.  Many  uneducated  persons 
with  large  Language  and  good  quality  have  excelled  in  literature 
of  the  imaginative  and  dramatic  sort.  Of  this  number  1  may 
mention  Susanna  Centlivre  and  Miss  Elizabeth  Inchbald,  English 
dramatic  authors,  who  possessed  only  a  meagre  amount  of  the 
rudiments  of  education.  Their  portraits  show  large  and  full  eyes, 
arched  eyebrows,  oval  face,  full  lips,  and  dark  hair.  Bright  eyes, 
if  full  and  wide-open,  denote  linguistic  ability,  and  belong  to  keen, 
vivacious,  brilliant  minds,  full  of  sentiment,  with  power  to  express 
it  by  voice  and  pen. 

Madame  de  Stael's  eyes  were  of  this  class,  and  her  writings 
speak    for  themselves.     Her  conversation  was  bright,  witty,  and 


660  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

interesting,  but  as  she  desired  to  monopolize  the  conversation  she 
often  proved  tedious.  Had  she  lived  in  these  days  she  could  have 
put  her  surplus  linguistic  abilities  to  use  in  platform  oratory,  in 
which  she  would  have  shone.  Many  persons  are  gifted  in  expres- 
sion whose  eyes  appear  to  be  small  because  the  brow  projects  so 
far  as  to  prevent  their  size  being  apparent.  Such  persons  belong 
to  the  observing  classes,  and  can  describe  well  what  they  see. 
Where  the  eyes  appear  small  and  the  language  is  fluent,  one  should 
examine  the  mouth,  lips,  cheeks,  throat,  ear,  and  nose  for  corrobo- 
rative signs,  for  all  these  are  concerned  in  the  expression  of 
Language.  Small-mouthed  persons  rarely  talk  on  large,  profound, 
and  weighty  subjects,  for  size  of  the  mouth  is,  in  a  certain  sense, 
proportioned  to  the  capability  of  the  intellectual  powers.  Such 
mouths  chatter  and  twitter  like  birds,  and  use  a  great  deal  of 
pretty  small-talk,  but  are  never  eloquent,  for  the  small  structure  of 
such  mouths  prevents  the  copiousness  and  volume  essential  to  true 
eloquence. 

The  several  degrees  of  brightness  of  the  eye  reveal  the  several 
degrees  of  force  of  Language.  The  color  also  is  indicative  of 
power  of  expression.  Eyes  that  are  large  and  scintillating,  which 
flash  and  gleam  with  emotion,  are  dramatic  and  tragic,  particularly 
if  they  are  black  or  brown.  Eyes  which  are  large  and  luminous 
are  those  which  look  into  the  things  of  eternal  life ;  they  are  afliec- 
tionate,  spirituelle,  and  intuitive.  This  last  quality  is  present  when 
the  eyes  are  large  and  flat,  rather  than  convex.  The  subjects 
which  engage  their  attention,  and  upon  which  they  converse,  are 
sentimental,  religious,  and  metaphysical.  Veiy  small,  beady,  black 
eyes  are  very  secretive  and  passionate.  Thin  lips,  with  small  or 
medium-sized  mouth,  are  also  secretive,  and  are  characteristic  of 
miserly  or  saving  habits,  especially  if  wrinkled. 

An  orator  must  possess  a  wide,  straight  mouth,  height  of  the 
roof  of  the  mouth,  full  lips,  full  cheeks,  large  or  medium-sized 
eyes,  high  nose  its  entire  length,  and  width  of  nostrils.  Height 
of  the  nose  and  capacious  air-passages  are  necessary  to  give  sono- 
rousness and  resonance  to  the  voice.  The  wide  mouth  is  neces- 
sary to  assist  volume,  for  when  the  orator  becomes  aroused,  and 
gives  vent  to  a  terrific  outburst  of  invective,  of  sarcasm,  or  of  im- 
passioned feeling,  he  must  have  room  and  scope  for  its  expression. 
A  small  mouth  would  not  be  competent  in  this  emergency.  Tht> 
lips  must  be  full  to  assist  articulation  and  give  force  and  power  to 
the  enunciation.  Full  lips  also  show  a  certain  development  of 
character,  without  which  no  man  can  be  an  orator.  They  disclose 
Amativeness,  or  love  of  the  opposite  sex,  which  is  the  very  foun- 
dation of  all   high  manliness  and  womanliness,  and,  as   shown 


LANGUAGE.  661 

elsewhere  in  this  book,  is  the  basis  of  all  mentally-creative  states, 
such  as  artists  and  orators  require  for  their  efforts.  Full  lips  also 
reveal  other  characteristics  equally  essential,  for  in  the  lower  lip 
is  tlie  sign  for  Benevolence  and  in  the  upper  lip  the  sign  for  Love 
of  Young.  All  these  faculties  must  the  man  of  feeling  possess. 
An  orator  might  deliver  the  most  lofty  and  intellectual  oration,  yet 
if  he  lacked  the  melting  tenderness  of  emotion  he  would  be  utterly 
unable  to  arouse  the  feelings  of  his  auditors,  or  sway  them  at  his 
will.  And  in  the  portraits  of  all  the  great  orators, — in  those  of 
Burke,  Fox,  Erskine,  Curran,  Sheridan,  Pitt,  ('lay,  Calhoun, 
Webster,  and  in  the  busts  of  Cicero,  Demosthenes,  ^schines,  and 
others,  the  domestic  traits  are  very  prominent  and  of  a  refined  cast. 
A  speaker  must  feel  and  exhibit  the  faculties  and  emotions 
which  he  wishes  to  arouse,  and  he  cannot  do  this  unless  he  pos- 
sess them.  An  audience  never  responds  to  simulated  feeling, 
neither  is  it  as  responsive  to  pure  intellect  as  it  is  to  appeals  to  our 
common  nature,  to  our  domestic  ties  and  affections,  and  love  of 
native  land ;  and  herein  lay  the  great  power  exhibited  by  the  Irish 
orators,  Grattan  and  Curran.  Of  the  last  mentioned,  Charles 
Phillips,  his  biographer,  says : — 

He  had  a  swai'thy  complexion  and  his  eye  glowed  like  a  coal  of  fire. 
His  countenance  was  singular]}'  expressive,  and,  as  he  stood  before  a  jur}', 
he  not  only  read  their  hearts  with  a  searching  glance,  but  he  gave  them 
back  his  own  in  all  the  fluctuation  of  his  feelings,  from  laughter  to  tears. 
His  power  lay  in  the  variety  and  strength  of  his  emotions.  His  own  feelings 
were  warm  and  easily  touched.* 

"There's  a  clmrm  in  delivery,  a  magical  art, 
That  thrills  like  a  kiss  from  the  lip  to  the  heart ; 
'Tis  the  glance,  tlie  expression,  the  well-chosen  word, 
By  whose  magic  the  depths  of  the  spirit  are  stirred. 
The  smile,  ti»e  mute  gesture,  the  soul-stirring  pause, 
The  eyes'  sweet  expression  that  melts  while  it  awes. 
The  lips  soft,  persuasion  its  musical  tone  ; 
Oh  1  such  were  the  charms  of  tliat  eloquent  one." 

In  this  verse  the  poet  has  unconsciously  mentioned  all  the 
salient  points  of  true  oratory,  viz.,  the  lips,  eyes,  facial  expres- 
sion, magnetism,  sympathy,  smiles,  gesture,  harmony,  enthusiasm, 
silence. 

A  man  who  could  only  exhibit  brilliancy  of  intellect  in  speak- 
ing would  resemble  a  glittering  iceberg, — calm,  cool,  great,  and 
emotionless.  In  the  case  of  Curran,  his  swarthy  color  gave  force 
and  intensity  to  his  language.  It  was  the  same  with  Daniel 
Webster, — "  Black  Dan,"  as  he  was  termed.  Many  other  great 
orators  were  dark  and  full  of  color  and  power,  but  all,  without 
exception,  had  a  wide,  straight  mouth,  full  cheeks,  a  large  nose 

*  Oiators  and  Statesmen,  D.  A.  Harstaa,  p.  238. 


662  PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and  nostrils,  and  good  length  from  the  tip  of  the  nose  to  the  point 
of  the  chin,  together  with  width  of  the  cavity  of  the  ear  in  its  three 
dimensions,  horizontal,  vertical,  and  perpendicular.  All  great 
philologists,  lexicographers,  and  famous  linguists  present  specifi- 
cally most  of  these  signs.  The  countenance  of  Noah  Webster,  the 
author  of  "  Webster's  Dictionary,"  is  a  fine  illustration  of  the 
faculty  of  Language.  To  full  eyes  he  adds  all  the  other  signs  of 
large  Language,  viz.,  a  wide,  straight  mouth,  full  lips,  a  straight 
nose,  full  cheeks  and  lips,  curving  lower  jaw,  and  a  rounding, 
muscular,  slightly  dimpled  chin.  His  brain  development  was  of 
the  finest  quality  and  his  forehead  was  squared  at  the  temples, 
thus  indicating  the  rectitude  and  squareness  of  his  mental  processes. 
History  records  instances  of  men  wlio  hax^e  exhibited  most  extra- 
ordinary power  in  acquiring  language.  Of  Marcus  Annseus 
Seneca  it  is  related  that  he  could  repeat  two  thousand  words  in 
the  order  in  wliich  he  heard  them.  He  was  also  gifted  as  an 
author  and  rlietorician.  Julius  Caesar  Scaliger  and  his  son,  Joseph 
Justus,  possessed  most  wonderful  verbal  memories  and  were  great 
linguists.  August  Wilhelm  von  Schlegel  was  master  of  many  lan- 
guages and  translated  the  "  Bhagavad-Gita,"  a  Sanskrit  classic, 
into  Latin.  Richard  Person,  a  most  gifted  linguist  and  Greek 
scholar,  attributed  his  extraordinary  power  of  memory  to  his  habit 
of  writing  everything  which  he  wished  to  memorize.  He  told  a 
friend  that  he  recollected  nothing  which  he  had  not  transcribed 
three  times  or  read  at  least  six  times,  adding  that  any  one  who 
would  take  the  same  trouble  would  acquire  the  same  powers.  His 
proficiency  in  arithmetic  also  was  such  that,  at  nine  years  of  age, 
he  could  extract  cube  roots  in  his  head.  He  could  recite  "  Jack 
the  Giant  Killer  "  or  half  a  book  of  Milton  with  the  same  facility. 
He  was  considered  the  greatest  verbal  critic  of  modem  times. 

He  was  able  to  express  himself  in  fifty-six  languages,  and  was  ac- 
quainted with  sixty-four  others.  He  wrote  nothing  of  importance  relative 
to  an}'  one  of  them.* 

His  mind  was  more  of  a  storehouse  than  a  manufactory.  An 
intellect  which  has  the  capacity  to  acquire  many  languages  and 
write  originally  is  indeed  a  first-class  mind.     Such  were 

Humboldt,  Niebuhr,  Ben  and  Samuel  Johnson,  authors;  Euler,  math- 
ematician ;  Gibbon,  the  historian;  Hugo  de  Grotius,  statesman;  Henry 
Hallam,  historian  ;  Claude  Adrian  Helvetius,  univei'sally  accomplished  and 
a  materialistic  philosopher;  Andre  Marie  Ampfere,  mathematician,  elec- 
trician, and  philologist ;  Count  de  Buffon,  naturalist;  Oiaus  Celsius,  botan- 
ist and  Orientalist, — a  great  student  of  Eastern  languages;  Albert  von 
Haller,  an  exceedingly  precocious  and  rickety  child,  but  very  laborious  and 
possessed  of  a  remarkable  memor}'^  for  languages  and  facts.     To  these  we 

*  Gallon's  Hereditary  Genius. 


LANGUAGE.  663 

may  add  the  names  of  Hiij-gens,  the  Herschels,  Arago,  Napoleon  Bonaparte, 
whose  memory  was  prodigious,  and  Lessing,  a  German  litterateur.* 

The  acquisition  of  Language,  like  all  other  traits,  can  be  cul- 
tivated to  a  great  degree,  and  persons  lacking  in  the  expression  of 
different  parts  of  speech  may  overcome  this  defect  by  writing  a  list 
of  adjectives,  nouns,  interjections,  or  wliatever  part  of  speech  they 
most  lack,  and,  by  placing  tliem  before  them  while  writing,  may 
soon  become  familiar  with  a  great  variety  of  words.  I  am  obliged 
to  keep  constantly  before  me  a  list  of  adjectives  suited  to  the  topic 
of  which  I  am  treating  in  order  to  supplement  my  natural  deficiency 
of  the  adjective  element. 

The  combinations  of  faculties  which  are  found  with  large 
Language  determine  the,  style  and  direction  which  talented  people 
Avill  take  in  writing  or  speaking.  Those  with  large  l^anguage, 
large  Love  of  Young,  Constructiveness,  Ideality,  and  Mirthfulness 
will  write  well  for  and  of  children.  Charles  Dickens'  physiognomy 
is  an  illustration  of  this  combination ;  so,  also,  is  Miss  liOuise 
Alcott's  face  characterized  by  similar  traits.  Those  who  combine 
high  Quality  and  large  Sublimity,  Comparison,  Human  Nature, 
Observation,  and  Memory  of  Events,  and  good  domestic  traits, 
exhibit  fine  oratorical  powers ;  those  with  a  fine  and  strong  brain 
system,  together  with  large  Observation,  Memory  of  Events,  and 
small  Secretiveness,  large  Ideality,  and  fine  reasoning  powers,  make 
good  journalists  ;  with  Executiveness  added,  can  both  write  for  and 
manage  a  newspaper  or  periodical ;  with  large  Language,  Ideality, 
Mental  Imitation,  Amativeness,  Self-will,  Analysis,  Human  Nature, 
and  Secretiveness  large,  they  can  become  actors ;  with  large  Form, 
Size,  Constructiveness,  Memory  of  Events,  and  Comparison,  and 
fair  degree  of  Language,  they  can  easily  learn  to  speak,  read,  and 
translate  foreign  languages.  Many  persons  possess  the  capacity  for 
writing  and  expressing  themselves  well  by  the  pen,  and  yet  lack 
fluency  in  conversation.  This  class  of  persons  have  relatively  small 
eyes,  but  possess  good  verbal  memory,  Constructiveness,  Amative- 
ness, Reason,  and  either  Imagination  or  other  traits  to  assist  these 
efforts.  I  am  convinced  that  every  primary  part  of  speech  is  rep- 
resented in  the  physiognomy  as  well  as  in  the  brain.  I  have  not 
as  yet  located  them,  but  can  judge  by  the  peculiarities  of  the  face 
under  observation  which  parts  of  speech  will  be  most  used. 

Lavater,  in  his  observations  upon  Language,  shows  that  he 
understood  the  value  of  the  mouth  and  ears  as  indications  of  elo- 
quence, expression,  and  linguistic  talent ;  but,  lacking  the  neces- 
sary physiological  knowledge,  he  was  unable  to  analyze  and  trace 
the  source  of  these  faculties.     Many  of  the  most  gifled  orators 

*  Beeton's  Biographical  Dictionary. 


664  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

have  been  obliged  to  overcome,  by  most  patient  and  laborious 
efforts,  certain  defects  of  Nature  in  order  to  become  speakers.  It 
is  said  that  Demosthenes  was  afflicted  with  stammering,  yet  by 
untiring  perseverance  and  by  speaking  with  small  pebbles  in  his 
mouth  he  overcame  this  defect  and  was  the  most  powerful  and 
eloquent  orator  of  ancient  times. 

Curran's  voice  was  so  bad  and  his  articulation  so  hesitating  that  he 
received  the  name  of  "  Stutterinu;  Jack  Curran."  His  manner  was  awk- 
ward, his  gestures  constrained  and  meaningless,  and  his  whole  appearance 
calculated  to  produce  laughter.  All  these  faults  he  overcame  by  severe 
and  patient  labor.  Long  after  his  first  attempts,  some  one  speaking  to  him 
of  his  eloquence,  said  :  "  It  must  have  been  born  with  you."  "  Indeed,  my 
dear  sir,"  replied  Curran,  "  it  was  not.  It  was  born  three  and  twenty  years 
and  some  months  after  me."  Meaning  by  this  that  his  discipline  had 
onl}^  then  enabled  him  to  reveal  his  native  powers  of  expressing  oratory.* 

Orators,  elocutionists,  actors,  and  lawyers  require  large  verbal 
memory,  and  by  constantly  taxing  it  they  increase  its  powers.  The 
muscles  of  any  part  of  the  body,  more  particularly  the  muscles  of 
the  speech,  become  automatic,  as  one  might  say,  in  their  move- 
ments and  expressions,  and  phrases  once  learned  follow  each  other 
spontaneously,  just  as  do  the  notes  of  a  musical  air  once  learned. 
In  this  performance  the  automatism  of  both  ear  and  vocal  organs 
are  involved,  and  are  susceptible,  as  I  have  shown  in  the  pre- 
ceding illustrations,  of  being  cultivated  to  great  perfection  from 
very  defective  conditions.  The  ability  to  speak  foreign  tongues 
does  not  involve  great  mentality.  The  faculty  of  singing  requires 
very  little  power  other  than  muscular  capaciti/^  together  with  a 
suitable  physiological  and  anatomical  construction  of  the  throat, 
mouth,  and  ear.  It  is  true  that  the  singer  requires  an  emotional 
nature  in  order  to  put  softness  and  sympathy  into  his  tones,  but 
very  little  tlioiiglit  of  any  subject  outside  of  musical  judgment  is 
required,  and  the  acquisition  of  tone-material. 

Animals  possess  methods  of  communication  by  audible 
language  and  expression  of  sounds  by  chirping,  croaking,  whistling, 
singing,  barking,  bellowing,  and  in  numerous  other  ways,  which 
are  just  as  useful  to  them  in  their  grade  of  evolution  as  is  man's 
perfected  speech  to  him.  All  the  higher  animals,  after  domestica- 
tion, comprehend  the  meaning  of  many  human  expressions,  tones, 
intonations,  and  inflections.  They  comprehend  man's  desires,  and 
co-operate  most  intelligently  with  him  in  his  labors.  No  animal 
has  the  gift  of  human  Language.  One  cause  of  this  is  tliat  they 
have  not  a  suitable  laryngeal,  nasal,  and  aural  formation ;  the  roof 
of  the  mouth  is  too  low  in  all  the  higher  apes,  as  in  some  idiots, 
thus  showing  that,  as  evolution  advances  a  race,  the  physiologi- 

*  Orators  and  Statesmen,  D.  A.  Harsha,  p.  232. 


MUSIC.  665 

cal  and  anatomical  structure  advances  with  it.  Animals  have  no 
7ieed  of  human  expression,  for  their  limited  pathway  through  life 
is  such  that  a  greater  part  of  our  Language  would  be  useless  to 
them ;  and  yet,  I  think,  no  one  has  ever  become  greatly  attached 
to  a  pet  dog  or  horse  without  wishing  a  thousand  times  that  it 
could  converse  with  him.  I  must  confess,  I  have  often  longed  to 
hold  converse  with  my  horses  and  dogs,  and  have  felt  great  sorrow 
at  their  limited  powers  in  this  direction.  Their  physiognomies 
are  most  expressive.  Particularly  is  this  the  case  with  dogs,  which 
feel  all  the  emotions  that  excite  us,  for  they  express  love  of 
young,  of  the  opposite  sex,  hatred,  revenge,  grief,  sorrow,  jealousy, 
friendliness,  benevolence,  mirth,  trickery,  acting  by  gestures,  looks, 
and  capers,  and,  as  they  cannot  show  all  these  emotions  to  us  by 
speech.  Nature  has  given  them  lithe,  flexible  bodies  and  expressive 
eyes  and  singular  motions,  as  well  as  a  tail  with  which  they  can 
show  shame,  fear,  joy,  and  other  feelings. 

I  advise  my  readers  to  make  a  study  of  ethnographical  physi- 
ognomy, and  compare  the  facial  and  other  appearances  of  different 
races,  in  relation  to  the  signs  of  Language  shown  by  each.  But 
of  one  thing  I  am  sure:  they  will  in  all  cases  find  the  most 
talented  linguists,  speakers,  orators,  and  elocutionists  in  those  races 
and  individuals  who  possess  the  best-developed  and  finest  muscular 
systems,  fine  qaality  always  serving  as  a  test  of  superiority. 

MUSIC. 

Definition. — The  love,  genius,  and  capacity  for  producing 
musical  tones  by  the  voice  or  upon  an  instrument;  ability  to  sing 
and  play  music  without  instruction ;  a  sense  of  melody  and  rhythm 
as  in  speaking,  conversing,  and  in  poetical  composition,  related  to 
the  movemients  of  the  earth  and  to  the  pulsations  of  the  heart  and 
other  organs;  the  talent  for  musical  composition. 

An  excess  of  the  musical  sense  cannot  be  considered  detri- 
mental, for  where  it  amounts  to  genius  its  possessor  can  make  a 
most  practical  use  of  his  art  and  give  happiness  to  thousands;  it 
need  not  be  suppressed. 

A  deficiency/  of  the  faculty  of  rhythm  and  music  is  a  very 
great  detriment,  and  efforts  should  be  made  in  early  life  to  improve 
this  natural  defect.  This  can  be  done  by  training  the  child,  first, 
by  causing  it  to  attend  to  the  quality  and  pitch  of  natural  sounds 
as  emitted  by  animals  and  birds,  and  then  by  training  its  ear  and 
voice  in  vocal  and  musical  sounds.  Many  apparently  hopeless 
cases  have  been  greatly  improved  by  a  systematic  course  of  training. 
Knowledge  and  recognition  of  sounds  and  tones  is  most  essential 
in   many  professions.     The   character  is   more   harmonious   and 


666 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


symmetrical  in  conjunction  with  a  good  degree  of  musical 
ability.  One's  safety  often  depends  upon  knowledge  of  sounds, 
and  a  keen  ear  is  necessary  in  the  use  of  the  telegraph  and  some 
surgical  instruments. 

Facial  and  Bodihj  Signs. — The  most  conspicuous  facial  signs 

of  the  presence  of  the  musical  faculty  are  found  in  the  mouth, 

ear,  tongue,  teeth,  lips,  cheeks,  nose,  chin,  and  eye.     The  signs  in 

the  eye  are  secondary;    the  other  signs  are  primary  and  belong  to 

N  the  apparatus  which  emits 

and  receives  musical  and 
vocal  tones  and  sounds. 
Musical  capacity  is  large 
in  those  who  exhibit  a 
large  mouth  or  one  of  aver- 
age width  ;  full,  red  lips ; 
rounding  cheeks ;  short, 
round,  soft,  muscular,  or 
cartilaginous  nose;  a  chin 
well  developed  in  regard 
to  length,  height  of  the 
roof  of  the  mouth,  relative 
length  of  the  face  from  the 
tip  of  the  nose  to  the  point 
of  the  chin,  and  fullness  of 
the  forehead,  where  are 
located  the  frontal  sinuses. 
The  fullness  at  this  point 
shows  that  the  cavities  of 
the  sinuses  are  large  and 
hollow,  and  this  peculiarity 
of  formation  assists  reso- 
nance of  tone,  acting  upon 
the  principle  of  the  drum. 
The  ear  must  be  rounding 
in  form,  and  the  concha  of 
the  auricle  or  shell  of  the  ear  in  all  good  musicians  exhibits  verti- 
cal, lateral,  and  perpendicular  development.  Most  musical  ears 
have  many  flutings  and  convolutions,  and  are  of  all  sizes,  from  the 
tiny,  round,  pink  ear,  resembling  a  sea-shell,  to  the  large,  round, 
and  long  ear  seen  upon  the  head  of  some  organists  and  other  instru- 
mentalists. E.  M.  Bowman,  an  eminent  Boston  organist,  possesses 
very  large,  rounding  ears;  he  is  also  of  a  large,  round  build,  and 
well  illustrates  the  musical  form.  Professor  Willis  writes,  in  regard 
to  the  ear,  as  follows : — 


Fig.  105.-ANNIE  LOUISE  GARY.     (VOCAUST.) 

Born  in  Maine,  1846.  Principal  facial  sign,  Music, 
shown  by  the  round  ear,  pendent  lobule,  large  mouth  ; 
full,  red  lips;  full  cheeks:  short,  thick,  muscular 
nose ;  length  from  the  tip  oi  the  nose  to  point  of  the 
chin ;  full,  round  throat,  curved  iaw,  broad  and  high 
thorax,  rounding  head  and  body.  The  law  of  the  curve 
governs  this  physiognomy.  In  this  face  are  all  the 
signs  for  first-grade  vocal  ability.  The  domestic  and 
social  faculties  are  decidedly  developed.  Patriotism, 
Love  of  Home,  Benevolence,  Love  of  Young,  Appro- 
bativeness.  Hospitality.  Friendship,  Modesty,  Color, 
and  Self-esteem  are  very  apparent.     The  nose  at  its 

goint  shows  the  signs  for  Ideality,  Analysis,  Hope, 
ublimity,  Constructiveness,  Acquiiiitivcness.  and  Self- 
will  large;  these  faculties  are  used  mainly  in  connec- 
tion with  music  and  language,  and  not  in  literature. 
The  signs  for  Form,  Size,  Language,  Credenciveness, 
Memory  of  Events,  and  Intuition  are  conspicuous. 


MtJSlC. 


667 


The  rounded,  well-formed  ear,  that  sets  forward  and  outward  instead 
of  being  flat  on  the  head,  is  a  good  sign  of  musical  taste,  if  not'  of  talent. 
The  voice,  however,  depends  upon  the  structure  of  the  vocal  organs  and  the 
knowledge  of  using  them.* 

Lavater,  too,  understood  the  ear  to  be  an  indicator  of  musical 
and  oratorical  talent.  He  speaks  of  "eloquent  ears,  and  the  ears 
of  a  musician."  Anotlier  observer  gives  as  a  sign  of  talent  for 
singing  "a  heavy,  pendent  lobule "  of  the  lower  part  of  the  ear. 
This  sign  is  confirmed  by 
reference  to  the  ears  of  all 
the  great  prima  donnas, 
bassos,  and  tenors,  while 
those  who  are  instrumental- 
ists merely  do  not  exhibit 
this  formation. 

The  eye  of  all  musi- 
cians, more  especially  of 
singers,  is  large,  bright, 
rounded  or  convex,  the  eye- 
brows curved,  and  the  gen- 
eral shape  of  the  outline  of 
the  face  is  oval  or  rounded. 
The  chin,  cheeks,  and  the 
corners  of  the  mouth  of 
many  musicians  display 
dimples ;  the  head  is  round 
or  roiinding. 

The  bodily  signs  of  the 
presence  of  musical  ability 
are  shown  by  rounding  body 
(caused  by  the  dominance 
of  the  muscles) ;  high, 
arched  chest;  full,  round- 
ing, or  oval  face ;  round 
throat,  round  arms  and 
legs,  arched  feet ;  tapering, 
dimpled  fingers;  small  and 
rounding  j  oints.  The  m  usi- 
cal  structure   is,  in    short, 

built  upon  a  system  of  curves,  ovals,  ovoids,  and  roundness  gener- 
ally of  every  part. 

Description  of  Music. — Motion  is  the  basis  of  form,  and 
form  and  motion  are  the  bases  of  musical  sounds.     INIusical  sounds 


*=^^«-^ 


Fig.  106.— LUDWIG  VAN  BEETHO  VEN.    (MusiCAI. 

COMPOSEK.) 

Born  in  Germany,  1770.  Principal  facial  signs, 
Constructiveness  and  iVIusic.  The  law  of  the  straight 
line,  curve,  and  square  governs  this  physio>rnoiny. 
This  face  shows  constructive  genius  in  every  feature ; 
even  the  hair  in  its  manner  of  growth  and  position 
denotes  inventive,  original,  individualized  capacity. 
The  squareness  of  the  forehead  indicates  both  rectitude 
and  scientific  powers.  The  C()m])ositions  of  this  great 
genius  reveal  the  presence  of  both  these  traits.  The 
dimpled  chin  and  curved  "dramatic  jaw"  disclose  dra- 
matic ability.  The  nose  is  broad  on  the  back  its  entire 
length.  The  signs  for  love  of  the  beautiful  in  the  oppo- 
site sex.  Patriotism,  Benevolence,  and  Coii>>c  ence  are 
large  ;  MIrthfulness,  Love  of  Young,  and  Aniativeness 
normal.  In  the  nose  the  s'gns  for  Ideality,  Sublimity, 
Mental  Imitation,  Analysis,  Acquisition,  Constructive- 
ness, Venerat  on,  and  .Self-will  are  of  the  higliest  order. 
Language,  Color,  Form,  Size,  Observation,  I'rescience, 
Calculation,  Locality,  Reason,  Memory  of  Events,  and 
Intuition  are  pre-eminent.  The  expression  denotes 
great  capacity  for  prolonged  attention  and  the  pover 
of  abstraction.  This  uneqiialed  musical  genius  repre- 
sents the  scientific  side  of  Music  in  his  wondeiful 
compositions,  and  is  well  named, — "The  father  of 
Music." 


*  A  Treatise  on  Hnmaa  Nature,  A.  R  Willis,  p.  624.    Chicago. 


668 


PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


are  produced  by  the  elasticity  of  the  air  and  muscles,  hence  the 
muscular  system  is  the  one  best  adapted  to  produce  musical  effects, 
whether  by  the  voice  or  by  playing  upon  reed,  wind,  or  string  in- 
struments; thus,  motion,  elasticity,  and  resonance  are  the  basic 
elements  of  sound,  yet  all  are  resolvable  into  motion  and  mathe- 
matics as  primary  agents.  The  voice  of  man  has  also  three  prop- 
erties, viz.,  force,  pitch,  and  quality.  In  their  ultimate  analysis 
they  are  also  found  to  be  derived  from  motion,  i.e.,  the  movements 

of  the  air,  and  primarily 
from  the  movements  of  the 
earth  thro\igh  space. 

The  motions  produced 
in  the  atmosphere  by  the 
sound  of  the  musical  tones 
of  the  voice  or  of  a  wind 
instrument  are  curved,  and 
reach  the  ear  (itself  a 
curved  or  rounded  organ 
both  within  and  without), 
where  they  are  taken  up  by 
the  nerves  and  carried  to 
the  brain,  and  there  become 
conscious  sound. 

Music  being  the  uni- 
versal expression  of  emo- 
tions, both  animal  and 
human,  is  based  on  uni- 
versal law.  Music  is  gen- 
erally classed  with  the  arts. 
One  expression  of  it,  as  in 
singing,  is  an  art  purely, 
yet  its  basis  lies  deep  down 
in  universal  scientific  law. 
It  is  connected  with  the 
very  foundation  of  the  uni- 
verse, and  stands  related  to  the  great  chain  of  complex  laws  of 
astronomy,  through  the  laws  of  number,  motion,  form,  resonance, 
elasticity,  harmony,  melody,  time,  space,  and  rhythm,  thus  giving 
to  the  poetic  term  "  tlie  music  of  the  spheres "  a  practical  and 
scientific  meaning.  Many  forms  of  musical  expression  are  exhib- 
ited in  the  insect  and  animal  kingdoms,  but  are  best  displayed 
and  more  musical  where  the  muscular  is  one  of  the  dominant  sys- 
tems, for  no  other  portion  of  the  animal  structure  is  adapted  to  or 
capable  of  expressing  sound  or  tone,  either  musical  or  unmusical. 


Fig.  107.— ETELKA  GERSTER.    (Vocalist.) 

Born  in  Hungary,  1857.  Principal  facial  sign. 
Music.  The  law  of  the  straight  line  and  Curve  governs 
this  face.  The  domestic  nature  is  highly  developed,  as 
well  as  the  artistic  phase  of  character.  The  dramatic 
jaw,  rounding  chin,  and  size  and  form  of  the  nose 
announce  high  dramatic  qualities.  The  ear  is  a  musical 
one,  and  by  its  numerous  convolutions  shows  high 
development  of  mind.  The  signs  for  Patriotism,  Con- 
science, Love  of  Home,  Love  of  Young,  Amativeuess, 
Friendship.  Modestv',  Benevolence,  Mirthfulness,  Ap- 
probativeness,  and  Color  are  prominent.  In  the  nose 
tlie  signs  for  Human  Nature,  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Con- 
struction, Acquisition,  Mental  Imitation,  Hope.  Analy- 
sis. Veneration,  and  Self-will  are  pre-eminent.  Lan- 
guage, Form,  Size,  Observation,  Location,  Calculation, 
Memory  of  Events,  and  Intuition  are  large.  It  is  the 
portrait  of  an  incomparable  artist,  a  devoted  wife  and 
mother,  a  gentle,  lovely  woman. 


MUSIC. 


669 


The  elements  of  sound  are  motion,  curves,  resonance,  elasticity,  as 
in  the  air ;  or  as  found  in  muscle,  strings,  or  reeds,  or  other  material 
capable  of  tension,  as  in  the  drum-head ;  or  by  resonance,  as  in 
reeds,  pipes,  and  the  cavities  of  the  drum,  banjo,  horn,  whistle, 
etc.  The  lungs  of  men  and  animals,  and  the  frontal  sinuses  in 
man,  as  well  as  the  nasal  cavities,  are  analogous  to  the  hollow 
cavities  of  the  violin,  horn,  drum,  reeds,  etc.  In  all  of  these  in- 
struments the  ruling  elements  are  elasticity  and  a  form  suited  to 
the  production  of  sonorous 
vibrations.  Now,  the  forms 
of  all  musical  instruments 
are  either  round  or  curv- 
The  musical  sounds 


mg. 

of  the  voice  are  also  curved. 
On  this  point  let  me  quote 
Dr.  Dal  ton.  He  remarks : — 

The  form  produced  in  the 
atmosphere  by  the  ogans  of  the 
voice  in  singing  is  a  curve  or  a 
wave-like  succession  of  im- 
pulses or  tremors,  which  are 
carried  forward  through  the 
atmosphere  from  the  voice  to 
the  ear,  and  are  there  received 
by  a  rounding,  external  organ 
(the  auricle  or  shell  of  the  ear), 
thence  carried  through  the 
meatus,  a  round  cliannel,  to 
the  drum  or  tympanum,  a 
resonant  membrane  stretclied 
across  the  cavity  of  the  meatus, 
which  receives  the  sonorous 
vibrations  that  have  been  col- 
lected by  the  external  ear  and 
conducted  inward  by  the  exter- 
nal auditory  meatus.  Behind 
the  viembrana  tympaui  is  the 


Fig.  108.— AUQURTE  EMU,  Wn^HELMIJ. 
(Composer,  Violinist.) 

Bom  1845.  Conspicuous  facial  sign,  Music,  shown  by 
the  supremacy  of  the  muscular  system  ;  also  by  a  short, 
round,  muscular  nose,  rounding' ear,  and  length  from 
the  tip  of  tlie  nose  to  the  point  of  the  chin.  In  this  face 
the  signs  for  the  domestic  traits  are  manifest.  Firm- 
ness and  Conscience  are  normal.  Love  of  Home,  of 
Country,  and  of  Voung,  with  Benevolence,  Modesty, 
Friendship,  Alimentiveness,  Pneumativeness,  are  highly 
manifested.  The  round  chin  and  curving  jaw  announce 
artistic  capacities.  Cautiousness  and  (,'reden<;ivenes8 
are  not  conspicuous.  The  color-sense  is  well  defined. 
In  the  nose  the  signs  for  Hope,  Analysis,  Ideality,  Sub- 
limity, Mental  Imitation^  Human  Nature,  Constr'uctive- 
ness,  Acquisitiveness,  Veneration,  Kxecutiveness,  and 
Self-will  are  all  well  defined,  the  latter  giving  ability  for 
musical  lea<lership.  The  facilities  of  Observation, 
Ijocality,  Form,  Size,  Calculation,  Memory  of  Events, 
Time,  Order,  and  Musical  Reason  are  marked. 


cavity  of  the  middle  ear  or  the 

cavity  of  the  tympanum.  This  cavity  communicates  posteriorly  with  the  mas- 
toid cells,  and  anteriorly  with  the  pharynx  by  a  narrow  passage  running  down- 
ward, forward,  and  inward,  called  the  Eustachian  tube.  A  chain  of  small 
bones — the  malleus,  incus,  and  stapes  (the  mallet,  anvil,  and  hn miner,  so 
called  on  account  of  their  resemblance  to  these  implements) — is  stretched 
across  the  cavitj^  of  the  tympani  and  forms  a  communication  between  the 
membrana  tymi)ani  on  the  outside,  and  the  membrane  closing  the  foramen 
ovale  in  the  petrous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone.  All  the  vibrations  ac- 
cordingly which  are  received  by  the  tympanic  membrane  are  transmitted  by 
the  chain  of  bones  to  the  membrane  of  the  foramen  ovale.  The  tension  of 
the  membrane  is  regul.^ted  by  two  small  muscles,  the  tensor  tympani  and 
stapedius  muscles,  which  arise  from  the  bony  parts  in  the  neighborhood 


670  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and  are  inserted  respectively  into  the  neck  of  the  malleus  and  the  head 
of  the  stapes,  and  which  draw  these  bones  forward  and  backward  upon 
their  articulations.  Behind  the  membrane  of  the  foramen  ovale  lies  the 
lahyriyith  or  internal  ear.  This  consists  of  a  complicated  cavity,  excavated 
in  the  petrous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone,  and  comprising  an  ouozd  central 
portion  of  the  vestibtde^  a  double  spiral  canal,  the  cochlea,  and  three  semi- 
circular canals,  all  communicating  by  means  of  the  common  vestibule.  All 
parts  of  this  cavity  contain  a  watery  fluid,  termed  the  perilymph.  The  ves- 
tibule and  semicircular  canals  also  contain  closed  membranous  sacs,  sus- 
pended in  the  fluid  of  the  perilymph,  which  reproduce  exactly  the  form  of 
the  bony  cavities  themselves  and  communicate  with  each  other  in  a  similar 
way.  The  sacs  are  filled  with  another  watery  fluid,  the  endolymph,  and  the 
terminal  filaments  of  the  auditory  nerve  are  distributed  upon  the  mem- 
branous sac  of  the  vestibule  and  upon  the  ampullae  or  membranous  dilations 
at  the  commencement  of  the  three  semicircular  canals.  The  remaining 
portion  of  the  auditory  nerve  is  distributed  upon  the  septum  between  the 
two  spiral  canals  of  the  cochlea.* 

The  entire  operation  of  hearing  is  thus  shown  to  be  carried 
forward  and  perfected  by  motions  which  produce  a  series  of  curves^ 
ovoids,  or  round  forms,  caused  by  the  action  of  muscle,  air,  nerve, 
and  liquids,  which,  as  Professor  Tyndall  has  explained,  carries 
sound  by  tremors  or  shivers.  These  tremors  are  curved  or  wave- 
like impulses  and  produce  wavy  motions.  No  other  form  could 
produce  musical  sounds,  nor  could  musical  sounds  create  any  other 
forms  except  those  which  were  curved,  ovoid,  or  rounding.  Now, 
all  these  motions  are  in  harmony  with  the  curvilinear /orvTi  of  the 
earth  and  of  its  motion  or  pathway  through  the  heavenly  spaces. 
The  form  in  the  air  which  the  sound  of  the  human  voice  causes 
when  blown  through  a  French  horn  is  nearly  circular,  modified  to 
some  extent.  This  is  abstract  form^  the  same  as  is  a  gesture  or 
the  flight  of  birds  tlirough  the  air,  or  the  form  which  a  projectile 
takes.  All  these  are  forms  as  much  as  though  they  left  an  imper- 
ishable shape  after  them.  They  all,  however,  assume  curvihnear 
forms  through  the  air. 

The  ear  is  the  most  intricate  and  wonderful  organ  of  the  body 
and  transcends  in  delicacy  the  operations  of  the  eye.  On  this  point 
Professor  Tyndall  remarks  that 

Light,  like  sound,  is  excited  by  pulses  or  waves,  and  lights  of  different 
colors,  like  sounds  of  different  pitch,  are  excited  by  different  wave-vibrations ; 
hut  in  the  width  of  perception  the  ear  exceedingly  transcends  the  eye,  for. 
while  the  former  ranges  over  eleven  octaves,  but  little  more  than  a  single 
octave  is  possible  to  the  latter.  The  quickest  vibrations  which  strike  the  e^'e 
as  light  have  only  about  twice  the  rapidity  of  the  slowest,  whereas  the  quick- 
est vibrations  which  strike  the  ear  as  a  musical  sound  have  more  than  two 
thousand  times  the  rapid  it}'  of  the  slowest.f 

The  keenness  of  hearing  is  shown  to  far  exceed  the  keenness 

*  Dalton's  Treatise  on  Human  Phvsiologv,  pp.  506,  507, 
t  Op  Sound,  Prof.  John  TyndaU,  p.  75.      ' 


MUSIC.  671 

of  sight.  Scientific  demonstration,  with  the  aid  of  most  ingenious 
and  deHcate  instruments  has  disclosed  the  following  facts.  Pro- 
fessor Tyndall  says : — 

The  human  ear  is  limited  in  its  range  of  hearing  musical  sounds.  If 
the  vibrations  number  less  than  sixteen  a  second  we  are  conscious  of  only 
the  separate  shocks;  if  they  exceed  thirty -eight  thousand  a  second  the  con- 
sciousness of  sound  ceases  altogether.  The  range  of  the  best  ear  covers 
about  eleven  octaves,  but  an  auditory  range  limited  to  six  or  seven  octaves 
is  not  uncommon.* 

The  superior  power  of  the  sense  of  hearing  to  that  of  sight 
is  well  illustrated  in  pathognomy.  It  is  well  known  that  in  many 
acute  cases  of  sickness  the  sense  of  hearing  becomes  quickened 
and  intensified  to  a  painful  degree,  and  cases  are  related  of 
the  sense  of  hearing  having  become  so  sensitive  as  to  enable  the 
patient  to  detect  the  step  of  friends  upon  the  threshold,  while  the 
attendant  was  perfectly  unconscious  of  their  approach.  The  eye, 
on  the  contrary,  in  most  disorders  loses  its  power,  and  often  be- 
comes enfeebled  for  a  long  time  afler  the  disorder  has  ceased. 

The  eye,  being  less  complex  in  its  structure  than  the  ear,  is 
better  understood  by  anatomists.  The  ear,  being  much  more  com- 
plicated in  its  structure,  has  in  some  respects  eluded  the  researches 
of  the  scientists.  A  fine  idea  of  its  structure,  as  now  known,  is 
obtained  from  the  description  given  by  Professor  Tyndall.  He 
observes : — 

There  is  in  the  labyrinth  of  the  ear  a  wonderful  organ,  discovered  by 
Marchese  Corti,  which  is  to  all  ai)pearances  a  musical  instrument,  with  its 
cords  so  stretched  as  to  accept  vibrations  of  different  periods,  and  transmit 
them  to  the  nerve-filaments  which  traverse  the  organ.  Within  the  ear  of 
men,  and  without  their  knowledge  or  contrivance  this  lute  of  three  thousand 
strings  (according  to  Kolliker  this  is  the  number  of  fibres  in  Corti's  organ) 
has  existed  for  ages,  accepting  the  music  of  the  outer  world,  and  rendering 
it  fit  for  reception  by  the  brain.  Each  musical  tremor  which  falls  upon  this 
organ  selects  from  its  tensioned  fibres  the  one  appropriate  to  its  own  pitch 
and  throws  the  fibre  into  unisant  vibration, and  thus,  no  matter  how  compli- 
cated the  external  air  or  tone  may  be,  these  microscopic  strings  can  analyze 
and  reveal  the  constituents  of  which  it  is  composed.f 

The  physiological  basis  of  music  in  the  human  being  is  found 
mainly  in  the  muscular  system,  but  it  derives  great  assistance  from 
the  reproductive  system,  the  principal  organs  of  which  in  both 
male  and  female  are  muscular.  All  great  singers,  tmtJiout  exception^ 
exhibit  the  sign  for  Amativeness  in  the  upper  lip  very  well  defined. 
It  is  one  of  the  signs  which  give  redness  and  fullness  to  the  lip, 
and  thus  adds  beauty  to  it.  They  also  exhibit  large  signs  of  Love 
of  Young.     This  is  a  predominating  trait  in  great  singers,  and  all 

*  On  Sound,  Prof.  John  TjmdaU,  p.  84.  t  iWd.,  p.  329. 


672  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

are  known  for  their  extreme  love  of  children  and  of  petg,  many  of 
whom  they  carry  about  with  them  on  their  travels.  Patti  has  her 
little  dogs  and  paroquets,  and  Di  Murska  caused  great  trouble  to  her 
managers  by  reason  of  the  assorted  menagerie  of  birds  and  beasts 
which  she  insisted  upon  having  with  her  upon  her  operatic  tours. 

The  voice  undoubtedly  originated  from  the  sexual  system,  and 
evolution  has  perfected  it  to  the  degree  found  in  the  most  skillful 
singers  and  orators.  Darwin  has  treated  at  length  this  idea,  and 
any  one  familiar  with  tlie  lives  and  habits  of  singers  and  musicians 
will  be  able  to  trace  the  power  of  their  highly-wrouglit  emotional 
natures  to  the  love  and  tenderness  derived  from  the  development 
of  their  domestic  traits.  The  magnetic  capacity  which  great  singers 
exhibit  in  their  musical  performances  is  produced  partly  by  the 
fine  quality  of  the  muscular  system  and  partly  from  the  fine  devel- 
opment of  the  sexual  system.     On  this  point  Mr.  Darwin  remarks: 

The  capacity  and  love  for  singing,  though  not  a  sexual  character  in 
man,  must  not  be  p<M.ssed  over.  Although  the  sounds  emitted  by  animals  of 
all  kinds  serve  many  purposes,  a  strong  case  can  be  made  out  that  the  vocal 
organs  were  primarihj  used  and  perfected  in  relation  to  the  propagation  of 
the  species.  Insects  and  some  few  spiders  are  the  lowest  animals  which 
voluntarily  produce  any  sound,  and  this  is  generally  effected  by  the  aid  of 
beautifully  constructed,  stridulating  organs,  which  are  often  confined  to  the 
males  alone.  The  sounds  thus  produced  consist,  I  believe  in  all  cases,  of 
the  same  note  repeated  rhythmically,  and  this  is  sometimes  pleasing  even  to 
the  ear  of  man.  Their  chief,  and  in  some  cases  exclusive,  use  appears  to  be 
either  to  call  or  to  charm  the  opposite  sex.  The  amphibians  are  the  lowest 
vertebrates  which  breathe  air,  and  many  of  these  animals,  namely,  frogs  and 
toads,  possess  vocal  organs  which  are  incessantly  used  during  the  breeding 
season,  and  which  are  often  more  highly  developed  in  the  male  than  in  the 
female.  The  male  alone  of  the  tortoise  utters  a  note,  and  this  onh^  during 
the  season  of  love ;  male  alligators  roar  or  bellow  during  the  same  season. 
Every  one  knows  how  largely  birds  use  their  vocal  organs  as  a  means  of 
courtship ;  and  some  species  likewise  perform  what  may  be  called  instru- 
mental music.  In  the  class  of  animals  with  which  we  are  here  more  par- 
ticularly concerned,  the  males  of  almost  all  the  species  use  their  voices 
during  the  breeding  season  much  more  than  at  any  other  time,  and  some  are 
absolutely  mute  excepting  at  this  season.  Music  affects  every  emotion,  but 
does  not  of  itself  excite  in  us  the  more  terrible  emotions  of  horror,  rage,  etc. 
It  awakens  the  gentler  feelings  of  tenderness  and  love,  which  readily  pass 
into  devotion.  We  can  concentrate,  as  Dr.  Seaman  observes,  greater  inten- 
sity of  feeling  in  a  single  musical  note  than  in  pages  of  writing.  Love  is 
still  the  commonest  theme  of  our  songs. 

All  these  facts  with  respect  to  Music  become  to  a  certain  extent  in- 
telligible, if  we  may  assume  that  musical  tones  and  rhythm  were  used  by 
the  half-human  progenitors  of  man  during  the  season  of  courtship,  when 
animals  of  all  kinds  are  excited  by  the  strongest  passions.  In  this  case, 
from  the  deeply-laid  principle  of  inherited  association,  musical  tones  would 
be  likely  to  excite  in  us,  in  a  vague,  indefinite  manner,  emotions  of  a  long- 
past  age.* 

\        *The  Descout  of  Man,  Charles  Darwin,  vol.  ii,  pp.  315-321. 


MUSIC.  673 

A  study  of  the  evolution  of  man  is  the  only  method  by  which 
we  can  gain  insight  into  the  origin  of  our  faculties  and  emotions. 
I  think  that  any  one  who  has  listened  to  the  grand  songs  of  Patti, 
Neilson,  Scalchi,  Nevada,  Galassi,  Ravelli,  or  any  other  great 
singer,  will  have  no  difficulty  in  analyzing  the  feelings  which  stir 
them.  The  predominating  emotion  will  be  love  or  tenderness,  a 
primitive  trait  arising  from  a  primitive  source;  refined,  it  is  true,  by 
the  high  organization  of  the  human  family,  yet  breathing  always 
the  same  spirit  of  love  and  magnetic  attraction.  By  analysis,  we 
shall  find  many  qualities  present  in  the  singer  which  at  first  glance 
are  unnoticed.  Indeed,  many  fine  physical  qualities  are  requisite 
to  make  a  great  singer,  more  particularly  as  the  capacity  for 
singing  requires  very  little  mental  development,  but  more  of  the 
finer  physiological  powers;  hence,  the  signs  for  singing-ability  are 
mainly  observed  in  the  mouth,  lips,  tongue,  larynx,  and  ear.  A 
singer  must  possess  a  fine  quality  of  muscle,  both  as  regards  flexi- 
bihty  and  resonance;  a  suitably-constructed  throat,  chest,  and 
diaphragm ;  large  waist,  full  chest,  strong  stomach ;  good  digestive 
powers,  shown  by  full  lips,  broad  nostrils,  full  cheeks,  and  good-sized 
mouth ;  the  eyes  large  and  bright,  for  brightness  of  the  eye  indicates 
a  high  qualif?/  of  the  muscles,  as  well  as  sensitive  nerves,  and  a  good 
singer  needs  sufficient  sensitiveness  of  the  nervous  system  to  enable 
him  to  hear  and  imitate  accurately  the  finer  gradations  of  tone. 

The  entire  system  must  be  built  upon  the  curved  or  arched 
pattern.  The  eyebrows  must  be  arched  in  order  to  give  room  for 
the  wide-open,  muscular  eyeball;  the  roof  of  the  mouth  (the  soft 
palate)  must  be  highly  arched,  the  cheeks  rounding,  the  lower 
jaw  well-rounded,  and  chin  slightly  forward  to  assist  volume,  and 
there  must  be  relative  length  from  the  tip  of  the  nose  to  the  point 
of  the  chin,  thus  affording  dimensions  which  are  requisite  for 
giving  forth  powerful  and  sonorous  tones,  viz.,  width,  height,  and 
depth  to  the  interior  of  the  mouth.  The  cavity  of  the  auricle  of 
the  ear  must  also  possess  the  same  dimensions,  while  within  the 
ear  we  find  that  the  three  semicircular  canals  are  so  placed  as  to 
describe  the  same  geometrical  positions.  Dalton  observes  on  this 
head : — 

It  has  been  thought  to  be  the  office  of  the  semicircular  canals  to  deter- 
mine the  direction  from  which  the  sonorous  impulses  are  propagated.  This 
opinion  was  based  upon  the  curious  fact  that  these  canals,  always  three  in 
number,  are  placed  in  such  positions  as  to  correspond  with  the  three  differ- 
ent directions  of  vertical  height,  lateral  extension,  and  longitudinal  exten- 
sion (for  one  of  them  is  nearly  vertical  and  transverse,  another  vertical 
and  longitudinal,  and  the  third  horizontal  in  position).  The  sonorous  im- 
pulses, therefore,  coming  in  either  of  these  directions,  would  be  received  by 
only  one  of  the  semicircular  canals  perpendicularly  to  its  own  plane,  and 

43 


674  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

an  intermediate  direction,  it  was  thought,  might  be  appreciated  by  the 
combined  effect  of  tlie  impulse  upon  two  adjacent  canals.* 

The  round  form  observed  in  singers  and  musicians  denotes 
harmoniously  constructed  organisms.  A  musician  must  be  har- 
moniously proportioned  in  order  to  produce  harmony  in  his  works. 
A  good  musician  never  exhibits  an  angular,  bony,  scrawny,  mis- 
shapen body  nor  disproportionate  features.  It  is  true  that  most 
singers  have  a  very  short  nose,  but  that  is  characteristic  of  the  pre- 
dominance of  the  muscular  system,  the  same  as  is  a  small,  round 
head,  and  therefore  harmonious  and  proportioned  to  that  peculiar 
development.  Musicians  are,  as  a  rule,  graceful  in  their  movements, 
owing  to  the  flexibility  of  the  muscles,  which  in  all  cases  predomi- 
nate over  the  bones,  for  muscle  must  take  command  of  the  bones, 
and  all  art  is  dependent  upon  the  flexibility  of  the  muscidar  system. 
It  is  impossible  to  express  any  emotion  with  a  hard  material  like 
bone ;  only  muscle  is  competent  to  produce  curves,  and  the  larynx 
and  vocal  cords  must  possess  the  power  of  easily  curving  into 
every  gradation  of  form,  "  from  the  fissure  to  the  true  circle." 

The  great  physicist,  Helmholtz,  has  made  many  most  inter- 
esting experiments  in  sound.  He  has  shown  that  melodious,  musi- 
cal tones  produce  regular,  curved,  or  wavy  forms,  while  harsh 
sounds  cause  angular  and  irregular  forms.  So  one  science  con- 
firms another,  and  the  student  of  physiognomy  will  find  that  each 
science  corroborates  all  other  sciences,  if  only  the  basis  of  each  be 
sound  and  correct.  We  can  sum  up  the  system  of  curves  as  fol- 
lows: Rounded  men  and  women  produce  musical,  melodious  sounds. 
Angular  men  and  women  produce  unmusical,  angular,  harsh,  and 
irregular  sounds.  Impressions  made  by  rounded  instruments,  such 
as  string  or  wind,  cause  musical  tones  and  curved  forms.  Sounds 
made  by  angular  instruments  create  harsh  and  disagreeable  tones 
and  angular  and  irregular  forms.  Professor  Helmholtz  constructed 
an  apparatus  by  which  he  could  throw  upon  a  screen  the  forms 
induced  by  the  agitation  of  the  air,  which  was  produced  by  play- 
ing upon  a  variety  of  instruments  and  implements. 

A  finely-organized  nervous  system  is  another  requisite  in  sing- 
ing or  playing,  for  the  musician  must  be  able  to  express  sympathy, 
and  the  coarse-grained  performer  cannot  do  this ;  hence,  fineness, 
sensitiveness,  and  refinement  are  essential  factors  in  all  really  good 
or  great  singers  and  players.  These  conditions  are  the  endowment 
of  all  the  best  musicians. 

A  capacity  for  sensuous  enjoyment  and  expression  is  an  essen- 
tial component  of  the  musician,  and  those  who  can  best  express 
this  sentiment  exhibit  it  largely  in  their  own  physical  make-up. 

•Daltoa's  Physiology,  p.  510. 


MUSIC.  676 

A  large  share  of  the  vegetative  system  is  essential  to  the  ex- 
hibition of  this  quality.  In  combination  with  the  muscular  system 
it  gives  softness  and  mellowness  to  the  tones,  and,  as  the  vegeta- 
tive system  is  the  domestic  system  par  excellence^  so  soft,  melodious 
tones  will  be  given  forth  by  such  singers  as  Alboni  and  Materna. 
Any  one  who  listened  to  the  soft,  melting  tones  which  issued  from 
the  lips  oi'  Parepa  Rosa,  and  contrasted  them  with  the  great  mass  of 
soft  adipose  tissue  which  she  exhibited,  will  not  have  far  to  go  to 
seek  the  cause  of  that  mellifluous  tone  and  sensuous,  emotional 
power  which  this  charming  woman  breathed  into  her  songs.  She 
was  eminently  domestic,  an  estimable  wife,  and  a  great-souled, 
sympathetic  artist. 

Most  great  musicians  possess  round  bones  as  well  as  round 
muscles,  and  this  peculiarity  of  structure  assists  gracefulness  of 
gesture,  motion,  and  attitude,  as  witnessed  in  the  grand  lyric 
artists.  It  also  favors  instrumentation.  The  roundness  of  the 
bones  acting  in  conjunction  with  round  muscles  assists  the  manipu- 
lation of  instruments  of  all  sorts.  This  formation  is  shown  by 
very  small  joints,  hidden  by  muscle,  and  often  creates  dimples  at 
the  wrists,  knuckles,  chin,  and  cheeks,  and  also  produces  very  full 
eyes  and  an  oval  face. 

Where  the  bones  are  square  and  the  muscles  round,  the  wrist- 
joints  are  more  pronounced,  as  well  as  the  finger-joints  more  promi- 
nent, of  course.  This  combination  will  manipulate  an  instrument 
differently  and  produce  entirely  different  musical  effects  than  the 
first-mentioned  combination.  Each  musician  sings  and  plays  in  an 
individualized  manner,  dependent  upon  his  physiological  structure, 
each  individual  performing  according  to  his  bodily  build  and  giv- 
ing forth  a  style  of  tone  in  consonance  with  the  presence  or  absence 
of  the  many  qualities  essential  to  true  musical  greatness.  There 
is  a  vast  amount  of  difference  in  performers  in  regard  to  the 
amount  of  the  faculty  of  touch  or  weight.  Some  performers  only 
tinkle  and  others  bang,  while  another  class,  with  a  sensitive  ear, 
graduate  their  force  with  such  nicety  as  to  produce  the  finest  musi- 
cal effects.  The  ability  to  use  force  to  any  great  extent,  as  in 
organ-playing  and  in  wind  instruments,  is  found  best  developed 
with  those  who  are  round  and  strong.  All  the  most  talented 
cornet-players  are  large,  round  men.  Many  organists  are  also 
similarly  constructed,  while  the  two  most  eminent  violinists,  Ole 
Bull  and  Paganini,  were  built  like  a  violin-bow,  very  tall,  thin,  and 
straight,  yet  with  the  muscles  in  excess  of  the  bones.  Pathos  and 
melting  tenderness  are  found  in  company  with  an  organism  well 
developed  in  the  vegetative  as  well  as  in  the  muscular  system, 
together  with  a  fine  quality  of  the  nervous  system. 


676  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  muscles,  re-inforced  by  the  nerve-centres,  or  gangUa,  and 
the  action  of  the  glands,  particularly  the  glands  related  to  the 
sexual  system,  are  all  instrumental  in  producing  fine  vocal  effects, 
whether  by  oratory  or  by  singing.  The  singer  does  not  need  in- 
tellectual power  for  his  purpose,  yet  does  require  a  fine  nervous 
organization  to  give  keenness  to  the  auditory  nerve.  He  also  re- 
quires a  high  and  fine  quaUty  of  muscle,  and  this  must  be  inherent  ; 
it  cannot  be  evolved  by  gymnastics,  yet  every  quality  can  be 
strengthened  and  sustained  by  athletic  sports.  The  capacity  for 
singing  or  playing  well  is  tlms  shown  to  require  mainly  a  suitable 
bodily  organization,  with  but  small  amount  of  pure  intellect. 

It  is  true  that  the  grand  lyric  artist  must  have  dramatic  in- 
stincts well  cultivated,  but  this  is  mainly  a  muscular  trait.  The 
singer  who  interprets  character  does  not  need  the  same  degree  of 
the  knowledge  of  Human  Nature  and  Analysis  that  the  great  tragic 
actor  requires,  for  acting  with  singing  is  less  intellectual  in  its 
nature,  and  does  not  necessitate  the  high  mental  gifts  that  are 
involved  in  the  presentation  of  "  King  Lear,"  "  Othello,"  "  Marie 
Antoinette,"  or  "  Phedre,"  for  example ;  but,  in  place  of  these, 
it  is  essential  that  the  singer  should  be  able  to  arouse,  charm,  mag- 
netize, and  electrify  an  audience  by  the  innate  quality  of  the  voice, 
which  proceeds  from  a  suitable  bodily  organization  and  is  not  at  all 
dependent  upon  brain  organization,  or,  in  other  words,  it  is  not  at 
all  an  intellectual  process ;  and  this  analysis  of  the  requisites  of  a 
great  singer  or  player  gives  us  an  insight  into  the  rationale  of  the 
relatively  childish  capriciousness  of  most  great  singers,  both  male 
and  female.  It  gives  us  the  clue  to  their  strong  domestic,  affec- 
tional,  and  amative  natures,  which,  unrestrained,  lead  them  to  be 
as  capricious  and  tickle  in  their  love-affairs  as  they  are  in  keeping 
their  business  engagements.  Managers  of  opera  companies  have 
a  rather  hard  task  at  times  in  their  endeaAors  to  harmonize  the 
differences  brought  about  by  the  jealousies  and  child-like  quarrels 
of  their  companies ;  yet,  as  the  muscular  system  is  one  of  change, 
they  very  soon  get  these  amiable  children  into  another  mood,  and 
tluis  soothed  they  are  as  happy  and  joyous  as  larks, — these  sweet 
song-birds  whose  mission  it  is  to  delight  and  make  happy  thou- 
sands less  gifted.  The  following  in  regard  to  singers  I  clip  from 
the  WeeMy  Argonaut  of  San  Francisco.  It  illustrates  the  preced- 
ing statement ;  also  the  one  which  ascribes  to  musicians  a  large 
share  of  Love  of  Young : — 

Every  one  of  the  opera  troupe  departed  this  eitj'^  accompanied  by  a 
new  small  dog  and  a  l)irfl.  The  dogs  were  of  many  breeds, — English  png, 
Japanese  pug,  and  Chihuahua  pug, — hut  every  one  liad  a  paroquet.  It  was 
the  manager's  great  paeilicator.    When  any  one  got  obstreperous,  as  singers 


MUSIC.  677 

will,  he  presented  him  or  her  with  one   of  a  stock  of  paroquets  brought 
secretly  from  Mexico.     Abbej'  is  a  great  manager. 

A  good  ear  for  sound  is  of  incalculable  importance  in  many 
of  the  most  practical  callings.  The  physician  requires  a  keen, 
sharp  e&r  in  order  to  hear  with  accuracy  the  beat  of  the  heart;  in 
examinations,  also,  for  detecting  diseased  conditions  of  the  lungs 
by  the  use  of  a  stethoscope,  etc.  The  telegraph  and  telephone 
operator,  too,  needs  a  finely-organized  auditory  apparatus  to  assist 
him  in  his  work.  There  are  many  fine  electrical  instruments  now 
in  use  which  demand  accuracy  of  hearing,  and  so  the  organ  of 
sound  is  a  most  precious  legacy,  looked  at  from  an  artistic- 
emotional,  as  well  as  from  a  scientific  and  practical,  stand-point. 

There  are  other  faculties  which  go  to  make  up  the  perfect 
musical  structure.  Form  and  Size,  as  well  as  Acquisitiveness,  are 
found  well  developed  in  all  good  or  great  musicians.  Acquisitive- 
ness is  essential  in  many  ways.  Inasmuch  as  the  muscular  system 
in  the  ascendant  is  a  playful,  pleasure-loving,  changeable  system, 
those  thus  characterized  would  be  as  children  without  means  to 
live  upon,  did  not  Nature  provide,  by  her  compensatory  action,  for 
this  peculiarity  of  disposition,  by  giving  these  children  of  Art  a  love 
not  only  for  acquiring  praise,  popularity,  and  fame  (and  this  causes 
them  to  study  in  order  to  excel),  but  also  a  love  for  acquir- 
ing money.  Many  of  our  most  illustrious  song-birds  are  rich  in 
this  world's  goods,  and,  if  report  be  true,  have  an  ardent  love  for 
accumulation.  This  is  a  wise  compensation,  for  were  they 
deficient  in  this  storing-up  faculty  they  would  soon  come  to  want. 
Form  and  Size  enable  tliem  to  pose  and  attitudinize,  and  also 
assist  them  in  sight-reading.  The  muscular  system  gives  the 
capacity  for  deciphering  hieroglyphics  and  symbols,  hence  these 
traits  are  of  great  value  to  those  who  are  obliged  to  use  notes, 
signs,  or  symbols  professionally,  as  do  singers  and  telegraph  oper- 
ators, archaeologists,  etc.  Our  safety  in  many  instances  depends 
upon  the  perfection  of  the  auditory  organs,  for  sound,  as  well  as 
sight,  contributes  to  man's  safety,  as  well  as  to  his  pleasure. 

The  early  age  at  which  the  musical  sense  makes  its  appear- 
ance is  an  evidence  of  its  infantile  rank  among  the  arts  and 
sciences.  The  precocity  of  musical  geniuses  who  have,  at  the  age 
of  infancy  nearly,  astonished  the  world  witli  their  playing  is  proof 
of  the  spontaneity  of  the  performance  wliich  we  ascribe  to  genius. 
Musical  talent  is  always  the  outcome  of  generations  of  musically- 
inchned  ancestors.  No  great  genius  in  music  has  ever  appeared 
whose  ancestors  were  not  good  musicians.  When  this  talent 
appears  as  genius,  as  in  Mozart,  who,  at  four  years  of  age,  played 
in  public  in  a  creditable  manner  and  composed  concertos  at  five 


678  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

years  of  age,  it  is  simply  the  inheritance  transmitted  from  musical 
ancestors^  quickened  by  some  prenatal  circumstance^  which  has 
sensitized  the  nervous  system,  and  this  together  with  the  transmitted 
musical  aggregation  which  a  long  line  of  musical  ancestors  has 
sent  alon"-  down  the  stream  of  time  combine  to  render  the  efforts 
of  such  prodigies  spontaneous  or  instinctive, — of  the  nature  and 
likeness  of  breathing  or  any  other  purely  mechanical  or  spon- 
taneous act. 

A  case  in  point  of  the  tendency  to  transmit  musical  talent  is 
nowhere  better  exemplified  than  in  tlie  celebrated  Bach  family  of 
Germany,  which  included  the  celebrated  Sebastian  Bach.  Of  this 
family,  eight  generations  were  more  or  less  musical,  and  fifty- 
seven  were  eminent  in  musical  art.  Sebastian  Bach  was,  himself, 
direct  ancestor  of  about  sixty  of  the  best-known  organists  and 
church  composers  of  Germany.     (Gal ton.) 

Musical  expression  requires  fewer  intellectual  endowments 
than  the  other  arts  or  sciences.  The  reason  of  tliis  has  been 
explained  in  the  previous  pages.  What  musicians  have  to  acquire 
is  tone-material  and  symbol-images,  and  the  faculty  for  these  is 
inherent  in  the  muscular  system.  No  thought  or  intellectual 
process  is  called  into  play  in  order  to  exhibit  their  actions,  or  to 
acquire  the  material.  Composers,  however,  require  a  far  liigher 
organization  of  mind  than  mere  singers  and  players,  for  they  deal 
loith  the  scientific  aspect  of  Music,  as  well  as  its  art  side ;  they  are 
creators  and  must  possess  a  grander  individuality,  for  the  con- 
struction of  Music  requires  great  inventive  powers,  Constructive- 
ness,  arithmetical  and  mathematical  calculation,  and  oth^r  high 
intellectual  traits,  which  involve  the  reasoning  faculties.  The 
physiognomies  of  Wagner,  Mozart,  Handel,  Haydn,  Beethoven, 
and  all  the  great  composers  reveal  traits  of  a  very  high  order. 
Beethoven  stands  at  the  head  of  all  the  composers,  and  his 
physiognomy  is  the  noblest  of  all,  for  it  approaches  more  a  rectangle 
than  the  others.     Of  him  his  biographer  said: — 

His  hand  swept  the  whole  range  of  expression  with  unfaltering  mas- 
tery. Beethoven  seems  to  have  been  so  affluent  in  great  conception,  so 
lifted  on  the  wings  of  his  tireless  genius, so  austere  in  artistic  morality ^t\mt 
he  stands  for  the  most  part  above  the  reproach  deservedl}^  borne  by  his 
brother-composers.  Beethoven's  morals,  as  well  as  his  music,  was  of  a 
higher  character  than  that  of  many  of  the  other  great  composers,  and  in 
his  composition  he  was  more  honorable,  for  many  of  his  contemporaries 
incorporated  the  music  of  their  predecessors  into  their  use,  while  Beethoven 
relied  more  upon  his  own  unaided,  spontaneous  genius  and  imagination.* 

I  believe  that  the  squareness  of  his  bony  system,  which  is  well 

*  German  Composers,  p.  134.    Appletou  &  Co.,  New  York. 


MUSIC.  679 

defined  in  his  forehead  and  shoulders,  had  a  great  influence  upon 

his  conduct,  causing  it  to  be  square  and  honest  Weber,  one  of 

Germany's  greatest   composers,  bears    testimony  to   Beethoven's 
square  formation,  in  the  following  words: — 

The  square,  cyclopean  figure,  attired  in  a  shabby  coat  with  torn 
sleeves,  everybody  knows;  his  noble,  austere  face  is  seen  in  numerous 
prints.  The  square,  massive  head,  with  the  forest  of  rougli  hair ;  the  strong 
features,  so  funereal  with  the  marks  of  passion  and  sadness ;  the  whole 
expression  of  the  countenance  as  of  an  ancient  prophet.* 

In  the  faces  of  all  the  great  composers  we  find  the  signs  for 
Constructiveness,  Imagination,  Analysis,  Amativeness,  Love  of 
Young,  Self-esteem,  Self-will,  Reason,  Time,  Calculation,  Order, 
Veneration,  Hope,  Human  Nature,  Imitation,  Sublimity,  Appro- 
bativeness,  and  other  high  faculties.  In  order  to  be  able  to 
express  and  excite  great  emotions,  and  to  arouse  the  higher  feel- 
ings, it  is  necessary  that  the  composer  possess  similar  powers. 
Accordingly  we  find,  in  the  physiognomies  of  all  the  most  eminent 
musicians,  poets,  and  orators,  the  signs  for  all  of  the  nobler  quali- 
ties of  mind. 

Music  is  a  great  auxiliary  to  civilization  and  refines  the 
emotions  and  sentiments.  Singers,  by  their  vocal  efforts,  assist 
humanity  in  stimulating  love,  devotion,  religion,  patriotism,  imagi- 
nation, and  other  useful  traits.  Music  does  not  cultivate  the  baser 
passions,  such  as  hatred,  revenge,  terror,  etc.,  but  can  be  used  to 
soothe,  elevate,  and  refine.  Music  is  of  incalculable  importance  in 
the  training  of  children ;  hence,  every  household  and  school  should 
endeavor  to  provide  good  music  for  the  little  ones.  Characters  in 
which  the  musical  sense  is  greatly  lacking  are  in  some  way  inhar- 
monious, and  are  to  that  extent  defective. 

To  sum  up,  we  find  that  musicians  need,  first,  a  suitable  mus- 
cular endowment;  next,  a  fine  and  sensitive  nervous  system. 
Singers  require  a  suitably-constructed  throat,  mouth,  and  chest ; 
a  strong  stomach  ;  a  fine,  sensitive  ear  shaped  for  receiving  musical 
sounds,  and  great  good  health  (for  the  voice  reveals  and  is  affected 
by  every  gradation  and  perturbation  of  pathognomonic  states). 

,The  signs  for  musical  ability  are  so  numerous  and  so  con- 
spicuously placed,  that  the  student  will  have  little  difl^culty  in  dis- 
covering them.  Let  him  place  the  pictures  of  twenty  or  thirty 
of  the  most  eminent  musicians  before  him,  and  seek  the  signs 
herein  given,  and  he  will  be  astonished  at  the  uniformity  of  the 
signs  of  Music  which  appear  on  the  faces  of  so  many  diverse  indi- 
viduals of  all  nationalities. 

*  Ibid.,  p.  3. 


680  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


The  Mathematical  Division  of  the  Face. 

All  the  faculties  and  powers  which  relate  to  or  assist  in  mathe- 
matical computation  and  demonstration  are  found  in  the  upper  or 
third  division  of  the  face,  as  exhibited  in  the  outline  cut  on  page 
288.  This  attribute  pervades  all  things,  and  shows  the  divisibility 
of  substances,  space,  and  time.  Mankind  would  be  like  the  blind 
groping  in  daylight  without  this  power  of  computing,  numbering, 
and  demonstrating  the  numerical  divisibility  of  all  things  in  Nature. 
Statistics,  surveying,  navigation,  weighing,  measuring,  and  all 
business  transactions  involving  calculation  and  accounting,  come 
under  the  action  of  this  department  of  the  mind.  Time  in  music, 
rhythm  in  poetry,  the  periodicity  and  revolution  of  the  heavenly 
bodies,  the  succession  of  the  seasons,  and  the  quantitative  particles 
of  matter,  are  all  subject  to  the  laws  of  mathematics.  So  much 
of  one  element,  another  quantity  of  a  different  constituent,  and  a 
third  proportion  of  some  other  substance,  gas,  acid,  or  ether,  go 
to  form  every  atom  of  organized  life  or  matter  of  which  the  senses 
can  take  cognizance.  There  is  no  doubt  that  the  pulsations  of 
the  heart  and  the  natural  accentuation  of  speech  are  subject  to 
mathematical  law.  Indeed,  there  seems  to  be  a  law  of  correspond- 
ence throughout  all  Nature,  by  which  the  laws  of  all  departments 
are  correlated  and  act  in  unison  with  each  other. 

If  the  motions  of  the  planets  and  the  duration  of  the  seasons, 
with  all  their  sequences,  are  subjects  of  mathematical  law  and 
demonstration  ;  if,  in  short,  every  atom  of  every  kind  whatever  is 
regulated  and  governed  by  this  all-pervading  law  of  numerical 
certainty,  why  is  it  not  reasonable  to  conclude  that  man's  life,  its 
duration  and  pathway  or  orbit  through  time  and  space,  are  also 
matters  of  law,  coming  naturally  and  necessarily  under  the  law  of 
mathematical  certainty,  and  susceptible  of  demonstration  like  every 
other  atom,  or  organization  of  atoms,  in  the  universe  %  You  may 
say  that  this  is  but  a  restatement  of  what  is  called  "the  law  of 
destiny."  I  do  not  object  to  that  term,  if  it  be  so  understood  as 
to  include  scientific  law  as  the  basis  of  the  destination  of  all  created 
matter.  I  do  not  give  out  this  idea  as  based  on  a  settled  law  of 
Nature,  because  I  cannot  substantiate  it  by  well-demonstrated 
facts ;  but  reasoning  from  all  the  analogies  of  Nature, — from  the 
harmony  that  I  observe  attending  all  her  operations,  and  from  the 
co-ordination  of  all  her  forces, — I  believe  that  mathematical  law  may 
be  the  basis  of  the  duration  of  our  allotted  time  here.  Its  univer- 
sality of  application  is  simply  unlimited ;  yet  easily  demonstrated, 
by  all  who  will  investigate  natural  phenomena. 


TIME.  681 

Sir  John  Herschel  says : — 

It  is  a  character  of  all  the  higher  laws  of  Nature  to  assume  the  form 
of  a  precise  quantitative  statement.  The  law  of  gravitation  expresses  the 
exact  mathematical  decrease  of  the  gravitating  force  with  the  increase  of 
the  distances.  Chemistry  is,  in  a  most  prominent  degree,  a  science  of  quan- 
tity. Astronomy  likewise  builds  on  mathematically-expressed  relations  : 
the  satellite  revolving  around  its  primary  describes  equal  areas  in  equal 
times,  and  the  squares  of  these  periodic  times  are  as  the  cubes  of  the  dis- 
tance. In  the  vegetable  kingdom  two  is  the  number  ruling  in  the  flower- 
less  plants,  three  in  the  endogenous,  and  five  in  the  exogenous.  There  is  a 
mathematical  law  also  governing  the  relative  number  of  petals,  sepals,  and 
stamens,  and  the  growth  of  leaves  around  the  stalk.  In  animal  life  the 
mollusk  forms  a  perfect  geometric  curve,  and  proportions  the  size  of  its 
whorls  to  the  distance  between  them;  and  in  the  higher  animals  it  is  dis- 
covered, as  in  the  number  and  size  of  the  vertebrae,  the  number  of  teeth, 
etc.,  the  same  fact  of  a  quantitative  principle  prevailing  everywhere  while 
yet  in  subordination  to  special  laws  of  function  or  mode  of  life. 

TIME. 
Comprised  in  the  Five  Systems  of  Functions. 

"The  mysteries  of  God  are  revealed  in  Space  and  Time,  through  Form  and 
Motion.  They  are  Qoncentrated  in  Rhythm,  which  is  vibration  or  swing  of  matter 
through  equal  spaces  and  in  equal  times." — Delsarte. 

"In  all  motions  the  central  element  is  time,  and  all  motions  are  rhythmical  or 
have  measurable  forms  or  limits,  and  when  these  are  reached  they  tend  to  repeat 
themselves  or  return  to  equipoise.  The  smallest  of  these  forms  are  the  waves  of  the 
forces,  and  the  largest  are  the  paths  of  the  cosmical  bodies." — Book  op  Wisdom. 

Definition. — Movement,  periodicity,  rhythm,  harmony,  the 
time-telling  and  time-keeping  faculty ;  promptitude,  regularity, 
exactness  in  keeping  engagements ;  precision  in  walking ;  auto- 
matic movements  of  the  body  and  limbs  in  marching  and  beating 
time  to  music;  capacity  to  comprehend  the  periodicity  of  the 
movements  of  the  earth  and  heavenly  bodies,  as  in  astronomy  and 
in  the  manufacture  and  use  of  scientific  instruments ;  related  to 
the  motions  of  machinery,  also  to  the  physical  habits  of  digestion, 
sleeping,  waking,  breathing,  speaking,  and  singing ;  adapted  to  a 
knowledge  of  passing  time,  as  in  the  succession  of  the  seasons, — 
of  years,  months,  days,  minutes,  and  seconds ;  rhythmic  time  regu- 
lates the  pulsations  of  the  heart  and  lungs,  also  the  movements  in 
dancing  and  waltzing,  and  governs  the  pauses  and  sentences  in 
oratory,  as  well  as  the  cadence  or  measure  of  poetry.  Time  is  the 
regulator  of  the  flow  of  the  sap  and  juices  of  vegetable  life,  and 
causes  the  recurrence  of  the  seasons  by  the  yearly  revolution  of 
the  earth  on  its  axis.  The  faculty  of  Time  gives  the  ability  to  tell 
the  time  of  day  or  night,  instinctively,  without  reference  to  a  time- 
piece. 

An  excess  of  this  faculty  causes  one  to  be  exact,  fussy,  pre- 
cise and  overprompt  in  keeping  engagements  and  in  exacting  the 


68^ 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMl^. 


same  of  others.     It  tends  to  form  the  habit  of  constantly  beating 
time  to  every  rhythmic  sound,  as  in  the  ticking  of  a  clock,  etc. 

A  deficiency  makes  one  careless  in  regard  to  keeping  appoint- 
ments and  in  observing  set  times  and  seasons  ;  causes  an  irregular, 
shambling  gait ;  prevents  precision  in  music  and  dancing ;  creates 
unskillfulness  in  the  use  of  automatic  instruments  and  the  manipu- 
lation of  machinery. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  sources  of  Time  within  the 

human  organism  are  so 
many  and  so  diverse  that 
I  have  decided  to  give  the 
general  signs  and  follow 
with  a  classification  of  them 
as  they  are  revealed  by  the 
peculiarities  of  the  human 
form  and  systemic  mech- 
anism. 

The  general  signs  by 
which  we  may  distinguish 
the  presence  of  the  faculty 
of  Time  .  are  shown,  first, 
by  a  predominance  of  the 
brain  system,  a  pear-shaped 
or  ovoid  face,  small  chin, 
thin  cheeks,  relatively 
small  nose,  and  thin  lips — 
brain  system  predominant. 
Second,  by  squareness  of 
the  face  and  forehead,  an- 
gular head,  square  shoul- 
ders, and  squareness  of  the 
bones  of  the  entire  body — 
osseous  system  predomi- 
nant. Third,  by  roundness 
of  the  face,  head,  body, 
limbs,  and  entire  form — 
muscular  system  predomi- 
nant. Fourth,  by  a  fine  development  of  the  thoracic  system,  shown 
by  a  high,  arched  chest  and  a  sharply-defined,  receding  forehead ; 
high  and  large  nose;  bright  eyes;  lively  gait — thoracic  system  domi- 
nant. Fifth,  by  supremacy  of  the  vegetative  system :  this  is  shown  by 
a  preponderance  of  soft,  fatty  tissue  all  over  the  body ;  full,  globular 
cheeks ;  large  mouth  ;  slow  motions  ;  dull,  sleepy  eye ;  slow  pulse ; 
feeble  mental  power,  and  childish  facial  expression.     All  of  these 


Fig.  109.-SIR  ISAAC  NEWTON, 

COVERER.) 


(Physicist,  Dis- 


Born  in  England,  1642  (O.  S.)  Conspicuous  facial 
sign,  Time,  shown  by  spherical  form  of  heatl,  and  rect- 
angularity  of  the  face,  and  right-angled  appearance 
of  all  the  features.  The  law  of  the  straight  line, 
square,  and  sphere  governs  this  face.  The  brain  system 
is  domuiant,  the  bony  system  ranking  second,  and  the 
vegetative  powers  normal.  The  sign  for  Conscientious- 
ness is  largely  represented,  and  assisted  this  character 
in  comprehending  those  laws  and  truths  of  Nature 
which  he  discovered.  Firmness  is  large ;  Alimentive- 
ness,  average  ;  Benevolence,  well  defined:  Pneumative- 
ness.  Color,  Love  of  Young,  Patriotism,  Love  of  Home, 
Modesty,  and  Friendship,  conspicuous ;    Self-esteem, 


small.    The  nose  is  high,  long,  broad,  and  bonv.    The 

In  ■     ■■  "■   "■     ■ 

cnu 
tion,  Executiveness,  and  Self-will  are  of  the  first  order ; 


'^ 


signs    for    Analysis,    "Mental     Imitation,     Sublimity, 
Iileality,    Construct! vene^s,    Acquisitiveness,    Venera- 


while  Form,  Size,  Language,  Weight,  Calculation, 
Locality,  Observation,  Memory  of  Events,  Reason, 
Time,  Order,  and  Intuition  are  prominent.    This  por- 


trait discloses  a  character  of  the  first  magnitude,  and  is 
that  of  a  moral,  religious,  and  scientific  man 


TIME. 


68S 


sorts  of  time  are  found  combined  in  various  ways  and  in  varying 
degrees.  When  thus  combined  they  will  exhibit  some  of  the  pecu- 
liarities of  each  system,  and  thus  one  individual  is  able  to  make 
use  of  several  kinds  of  time  in  his  trade  or  profession. 

Description  of  Time. — The  phase  of  time  exemplified  by  the 
predominance  of  the  brain  system,  or  ovoid  form,  gives  ability  for 
astronomy  and  for  those  geometric  calculations  upon  which  Time 
is  dependent.  It  also  includes  the  reasoning  and  logical  processes 
essential  to  the  comprehen- 
sion of  vast  and  complex 
systems  of  laws  which  are 
concerned  in  the  move- 
ments of  the  planetary 
system, — the  basis  of  time. 
The  intellect  discovers  laws 
through  the  faculties  of 
Comparison  and  Causality, 
and  originates  new  methods 
and  systems  of  computing 
and  calculating  time  and 
motion. 

The  sort  of  time  which 
is  originated  and  exhibited 
by  the  osseous  or  bony  sys- 
tem is  in  accord  with  the 
square  form,  which  is  pre- 
cise, rectangular,  practical, 
prompt,  and  conscientious, 
hence  adapted  to  the  use 
of  time  in  the  manufacture 
and  manipulation  of  scien- 
tific instruments  which  re- 
quire accuracy  and  which 
execute  rhythmic  move- 
ments, and  in  the  con- 
struction and  use  of  ma- 
chinery in  which  the  mechanical  principles  of  the  laws  of  gravity 
and  circuloid  motion  are  dominant.  It  also  gives  the  tendency 
to  the  practical  application  of  time  as  an  element  in  scientific 
instruments,  in  surveying,  in  mensuration,  and  other  mechani- 
cal pursuits,  in  the  use  of  the  stethoscope  and  other  instruments 
required  in  medical  treatment.  This  sort  of  time  tends  to  prompt- 
ness in  meeting  engagements,  causes  precision  in  walking,  making 
the  steps  exact  and  uniform  in  length.    It  gives  the  faculty  of  being 


Fig.  no.— miss  MARIA  MITCHELL.  (Astkonombb, 
Discoverer,  Mathematician.) 


Born  in  Massachusetts,  1818.  Facial  siffn,  Time, 
shown  by  a  general  rectangulaiity  of  the  face.  The 
law  of  the  straight  line,  square,  and  cube  governs  this 
physiognomy.  In  this  countenance  are  to  be  found  all 
the  elements  of  scientific  greatness;  therefore  all  of 
the  more  reliable  traits  of  character.  Firmness  and 
Conscientiousness  are  large  ;  Economy,  Patriotism, 
Love  of  Home  and  of  Young,  Benevolence,  Amative- 
ness.  Self-esteem,  and  Modesty  are  singularly  promi- 
nent. The  wide  mouth  and  full  eyes  .show  linguistic 
capacity.  The  long,  wide,  and  bony  nose  discloses  indi- 
cations of  scientific  talent.  The  signs  in  it  of  Analysis, 
Ideality,  Sublimity,  Mental  Imitation,  Constructive- 
iiess.  Acquisitiveness,  Veneration,  Executivencss,  and 
Self-will  are  highly  developed.  The  width  of  the  bridge 
of  the  nose  denotes  logical  ability.  Size,  Form,  Weight, 
Locality,  Calculation,  Memory  of  Events,  and  Intuition 
are  conspicuous.  This  lady  was  for  twenty-five  years 
Professor  of  Astronomy  in  Vassar  (College.  She  also 
made  many  important  astronomical  discoveries. 


684 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


able  to  tell  the  time  of  day  or  night  hy  the  sense  of  passing  time. 
The  osseous  system,  by  virtue  of  its  angular  construction,  is  con- 
spicuous by  its  ability  to  use  time  as  related  to  divisions,  whether 
by  the  yearly  or  diumal  motions  of  the  earth,  or  by  the  use  of  in- 
struments or  machinery  which  divide  time  into  exact,  set,  precise 
periods,  in  contradistinction  to  that  sort  of  time  which  is  rythmic 
in  its  smoothly-revolving  motion,  as  with  a  circular  body.     The 

former  would  deal  best  with 
machinery  in  which  co*;- 
wheels  were  used,  while  tlie 
latter — the  muscular  form 
— would  deal  best  with  the 
wheels  of  a  watch  or  revolv- 
ing machinery  with  bands 
and  pulleys.  The  square- 
boned  form,  allied  to  a  fine 
and  large  brain  system,  is 
the  combination  observed 
in  most  astronomers,  sur- 
veyors, architects,  natural- 
ists, and  inventors.  Ex- 
amine, for  example,  the 
physiognomies  of  Rudolph 
Virchow,  Charles  Darwin, 
C.  H.  M.  McCormack, 
Schleiden,  Bunsen, .  Sir 
William  Herschel,  Pasteur, 
Arago,  John  Draper,  Edi- 
son, and  Count  de  Lesseps. 
Squareness,  regularity,  pre- 
cision, and  a  capacity  for 
comprehending  the  trutlis 
of  Nature,  and  natural  law 


Fig.  lU.-SIGNOR  I.UIGI  ARDTTI.    (Musical  Com- 

POSKK  AND  LONDUCTOB.) 

Born  in  Piedmont,  1825.  Conspicuous  facial  sign, 
Time,  shown  by  tlie  roundness  of  tlie  face,  liead,  eves, 
and  ears.  The  law  of  tlie  curve  governs  tliis  face.  I'his 
entire  organism  is  fasliioned  upon  the  curvilinear  plan, 
and,  associated  witli  large  Executiveness,  affords  the 
right  build  for  musical  leadersliip.  Tlie  chin  and  lower 
jaws  are  curved  in  true  aitistic  form.  Love  of  Homo 
and  of  Country  are  well  defined ;  so  idso  are  Firmness, 
Benevolence,  Approbativeness,  Friendship,  Aliment- 
iveness.  Hospitality,  Mirthfubiess,  Color,  Hanativeness, 
and  Force.  In  the  nose  the  signs  for  Human  Nature, 
Mental  Imitation  Analysis,  Ideality,  Constructiveness, 
Acquisitiveness,  Veneration,  and  Executiveness  are 
manifest.  Form,  Size,  Language,  Music,  Memorv  of 
Events,  and  Intuition  are  quite  noticeable.  The  (Quality 
is  fine,  and  the  amount  ot  Color  in  the  organism  gives 
force  and  tone  to  his  compositions,  power  in  leadership, 
and  enthusiiism  to  whatever  he  engages  in. 


must  be  present  in  order  to 
comprehend  abstract  and  absolute  truth,  and  this  talent  is  best 
displayed  by  squareness  of  the  entire  osseous  system  in  com- 
bination with  a  brain  that  can  reason  logically  from  cause  to  effect. 
A  certain  degree  of  each  of  these  sorts  of  time  is  essential  to  a 
high  development  of  this  faculty,  as  more  than  one  phase  is  re- 
quired for  all  high  calculations.  The  elements  of  roundness  an; I 
squareness,  for  example,  are  needed  to  demonstrate  geometry,  ele- 
mentary or  analytical. 

A  round,  muscular  body  and  head  and  oval  face  will  exhibit 
the  sort  of  time  which  requires  smooth,  gliding,  rhythmic  motion, 


TIME. 


685 


as  in  the  melody  of  music,  the  flowing  cadences  of  poetry ;  in  ro- 
tary, gUding  movements,  as  in  waltzing ;  and  in  the  periodic  revo- 
lutions of  the  motions  exhibited  in  athletic  sports,  as  in  gymnastics, 
ball-playing,  rowing,  and  in  acrobatic  exercises.  Those  who  ex- 
hibit this  form  enjoy  time  marked  by  musical  instruments,  and  as 
this  system  is  usually  accompanied  with  a  good  musical  ear  it  can 
be  turned  to  account  in  te- 
legraphy, in  the  use  of  elec- 
trical instruments  requir- 
ing a  keen  ear  for  periodic 
and  mechanical  sounds.  In 
combination  with  a  good 
brain  and  nerve  system, 
ability  for  musical  composi- 
tion is  exhibited ;  also,  sur- 
gical talent  and  the  ability 
to  manufacture  and  manipu- 
late fine  and  complicated 
machinery,  such  as  chro- 
nometers, watches,  and 
other  instruments. 

The  sort  of  time  which 
is  inherent  in  the  thoracic 
system  is  exhibited  by  the 
regular  periodic  movements 
of  the  heart,  the  lungs,  the 
stomach,  the  diaphragm, 
the  circulation,  and  the 
pulse.  This  phase  of  Time 
is  related  also  to  the  peri- 
odic movements  of  the 
body,  as  in  breathing,  walk- 
ing, speaking,  singing,  ora- 
tory, etc.,  and  to  the  peri- 
odicity of  that  part  of  the 
process  of  digestion  which 
is '  performed  by  the  stomach  and  intestines,  and  which  causes 
regular  contractions  of  the  muscles  during  stomach  digestion, 
termed  "peristaltic  motion."  The  thorax  co-operates  with  the 
motive  apparatus,  the  muscles  and  bones ;  also  with  the  emotions, 
and  enables  the  orator,  the  singer,  the  musician,  and  actor  to  ex- 
press their  feelings  in  a  forcible  and  energetic  manner,  and  to  render 
their  songs,  speeches,  and  music  with  correctness  of  time  and  rhyth- 
mic flow.     AU  great  or  good  speakers  exhibit  a  fine  development 


Fig.  U2.— PATRICK  S.  GTLMORE.    (MUSICIAN  AND 
Musical  Conductor.) 

Born  in  Ireland.  The  principal  facial  signs  are 
Time,  Music,  and  Executiveness.  The  law  of  the 
straight  line  and  curve  governs  this  face.  To  great 
musical  ability  this  subject  coml)ines  large  Executive- 
ness, shown  by  height  of  the  nose  at  the  sign  for 
Executiveness,  also  bv  its  large  size  and  width.  The 
signs  for  Time  are  well  marked, — the  rounding  of  the 
head,  cheeks,  chin,  jaws,  and  ears  shows  the  presence  of 
muscular  time,  while  the  large  nostrils  and  arched  chest 
show  the  sort  of  time  that  inheres  in  tlie  thoracic 
system ;  these  two  kinds  of  Time,  combined  with  Music 
in  the  degree  which  this  subject  illustrates,  produce 
the  ability  for  leadership  in  the  direction  of  musical 
companies,  as  in  bands  orchestras,  etc.  The  chin  shows 
average  F'irmness,  and  Conscientiousness.  Love  of 
Home  and  of  Country  are  well  defined ;  so,  also,  are 
Self-esteem,  Friendship,  Henevolence,  Alimentiveness, 
Aniativene.ss.  Mirtbfulness,  Color,  Pneumativeness, 
Resistance,  and  Approl)ativeness.  In  the  nose  tlie  signs 
for  Ideality,  Hope,  Acquisitiveness,  Constructiveness, 
Veneration,  Executiveness,  and  8elf-will  are  marked. 
F'orin  and  Hize  are  large.  Language  well  defined. 
Weight,  liocality,  Calculation,  Meniorv  of  Events, 
Intuition,  and  musical  judgment  are  large. 


686  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of  the  thoracic  system,  and  an  arched  form  in  the  chest  and  nose 
more  especially.  It  is  this  system  that  regulates  the  pauses  in 
conversation  by  ro-ordinating  articulation  with  respiration. 

The  kind  of  time  displayed  by  the  vegetative  system,  or 
globose  form,  is  infantile,  and  is  analogous  to  the  form  of  the 
earth  before  it  took  on  its  present  defined  shape,  and  began  peri- 
odic revolutions  and  exact  motion.  It  is  also  analogous  to  the 
fluid,  watery  condition  of  the  primitive  earth,  and  also  of  man  in 
embryo,  while  he  is  living  an  embryotic  or  fluid  life.  As  an  infant 
he  exists  upon  fluids,  and  pays  no  attention  to  any  kind  of  time 
except  in  his  physical  habits,  and  these  are  not  marked  by  any  great 
degree  of  regularity ;  hence,  the  vegetative  system  and  form  ex- 
hibit less  of  the  time-keeping  faculty  than  the  other  systems,  be- 
cause it  is  less  well  adapted  to  the  purpose.  Time  in  vegetative 
individuals  is  expressed  more  in  a  purely  physical  manner  than  in 
any  other  way.  The  element  of  Time  in  the  vegetative  system  is 
manifested  by  the  periodicity  of  gestation  and  menstruation,  also 
by  that  part  of  the  digestive  process  performed  by  the  intestines. 
The  function  of  assimilation  is  almost  always  in  a  state  of  activity 
in  this  portion  of  the  digestive  tract,  for  the  intestine  is  the  func- 
tional and  form-anologue  of  the  primitive  animal,  the  gastrula,  and 
this  function  in  all  low  animal  forms  is  always  in  a  state  of  activity, 
and  the  periods  of  absorption  and  digestion  are  not  at  all  precise 
and  defined,  as  with  more  highly  developed  animals  that  subsist 
mainly  upon  solids ;  hence,  those  persons  whose  bodies  contain 
more  fluid  than  solid  material  are  unable  to  observe  exact  and 
periodic  movements  of  the  body  and  mind,  for  fluids  are  shifting 
and  unstable,  as  are  the  vegetative  men  and  aquatic  animals.  The 
higher  muscular  and  osseous  animals  are  excellent  observers  of 
time  and  rhythmic  motion  as  naturalists  have  observed.  The 
bladder,  the  kidneys,  and  the  numerous  glands  are  included  in  the 
vegetative  department  of  the  body.  The  action  of  all  these 
organs  is  not  as  periodic  nor  as  exact  as  are  the  movements  of  the 
heart,  the  stomach,  and  lungs;  hence,  where  the  vegetative  system 
is  dominant  in  an  individual.  Time  in  all  its  phases  will  be  more 
feebly  manifested  than  in  the  other  systems.  The  effect  of  an  ad- 
mixture of  the  vegetative  system  with  the  muscular  is  to  soften  the 
tones  of  the  voice  and  to  modify  somewhat  the  play  of  the  emo- 
tions, but  Time  must  have  the  assistance  of  a  material  which  is 
susceptible  of  regular  automatic  movements^  like  miiscle^  and  this 
property  liquids  do  not  possess.  The  globose  form  shown  by  the 
primitive  cell  in  animal  and  vegetable  tissue  is  characteristic  of  the 
forms  of  vegetative  people,  of  the  form  of  their  head,  forehead, 
cheeks,  eyes,  hands,  and  body,  and  this  form  is  the  typical  form  of 


TIME. 


687 


undeveJopmenf,  whether  ot  the  earth,  the  vegetable  cell,  or  the  in- 
fant or  vegetative  adult.  Not  nntil  organisms  have  arrived  at  a 
certain  degree  of  stahlUty  and  coherence^  by  the  process  of  evolu- 
tion, are  they  capable  of  precise^  2Jeriodic  movements,  and  conse- 
quently are  not  capable  of  observing  time,  and  this  accounts  for 
the  lack  of  the  observance  of  set  time,  of  the  lack  of  promptness 
and  pimctuality  in  the  vegetative  classes  of  beings.  All  matter  such 
as  fluids,  which  are  not  capable  of  moving  as  are  solid  bodies, 
observe  molecular  motion 
merely,  and  the  glandular 
system,  which  is  part  of 
the  vegetative  system,  keeps 
up  unceasing  action  and 
movement  in  the  exercise 
of  its  functions,  an  instance 
of  motion  without  precise 
periodic  limit  or  law.  The 
main  exhibition  of  time  ex- 
hibited by  vegetative  people 
is  the  promptness  which 
they  show  in  appearing  at 
table  and  in  going  to  sleep. 
In  order  to  fully  com- 
prehend the  scope  and 
meaning  of  the  faculty  of 
Time,  we  must  not  only 
trace  it  to  its  physiological 
source  in  the  human  organ- 
ism, but,  going  farther,  we 
must  examine  briefly  the 
manner  in  which  Time 
manifests  itself  primarily, 
and  analyze  its  elements. 
The  principal  element  in 
Time  is  motion,  —  that 
which  is  caused  by  the 
movements  of  our  solar 
system.  The  rotatoiy  mo- 
tion of  the  planet  upon  which  we  exist  produces  rounded  forms 
in  almost  every  organized  thing  in  existence ;  hence  the  effect 
which  the  progress  of  time  has  upon  the  human  system  is  to 
curve  or  round  the  body,  the  head,  the  eyes,  and  limbs  of  man  and 
other  objects.  This  curving  or  rounding  is  in  harmony  with  the 
shape  of  the  earth  itself,  which  is  spherical.     A  ronnding  form  is 


Fig.  113. -miss  IDA  WILLIAMS. 
Fat  Lady.") 


("The  Diamond 


Born  in  Ohio,  1865.  Weight,  406  pounds.  This  face 
lllnstrates  the  vegetative  or  feeblest  phase  of  Time. 
The  law  of  the  globe  or  sphere  governs  this  subject.  It 
is  plainly  discernible  that  one  endowed  with  such  an 
enormous  weight  of  adipose  tissue  would  be  wholly  in- 
adapted  to  keep  time  in  marching  or  to  be  prompt  and 
punctual  in  btisiness  or  precise  in  habits.  This  organi- 
zation shows  the  sort  of  time  best  adapted  to  repose,  to 
physical  life,— to  eating,  drinking,  and  sleeping.  This 
subiect  possesses  an  amiable,  mirthful  disposition.  All 
of  the  vegetative  faculties  and  functions  are  well  devel- 
oped. Benevolence,  Love  of  Home,  of  Country,  and  of 
\  oung  are  manifest.  Alimentivencss  and  Bibativeness 
are  very  large,  while  the  social  side  of  her  nature  is 
equallv  conspicuous.  The  signs  for  Approbativeness, 
Friendship,  and  Mirthfulness  are  very  noticeable. 
Color  ana  Modesty  are  well  marked.  The  sterner 
faculties,  such  as  Firmness,  Conscience,  and  Self- 
esteem,  are  not  largely  developed,  while  Cautiousness 
and  Pneumativeness  are  bolow  the  average.  Were  her 
breathing  powers  greater  she  would  accumulate  less  fat. 
The  nose  shows  artistic  tastes  of  an  ordinary  sort, 
among  which  Music  is  dominant. 


688  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the  only  one  which  could  move  forward  smoothly  by  the  impetus 
of  its  own  shape,  and  revolve  in  a  circle  and  return  periodically  to 
the  same  position  in  space.  Throw  a  ball  and  it  describes  an  arc 
of  a  circle  invariably.  It  follows  a  geometric  law,  and  describes 
the  form  of  a  curve  through  the  air.  Now,  in  order  to  under- 
stand Time  as  an  elementary  faculty  in  man,  we  must  comprehend 
the  fact  that  the  forms  of  man  are  produced  by  the  revolution  of 
the  earth,  and  are  caused  by  motion,  and  reveal  their  origin  if  we 
only  take  the  trouble  to  analyze  the  source  of  motion. 

The  primitive  form  of  all  animal  and  vegetable  tissue  is  cel- 
lular or  ovoid;  even  the  ultimate  atom  of  the  minerals,  in  a  state 
of  incandescence,  is  ovoid ;  but  in  its  perfection  it  assumes  angles^ 
and  this  form  gives  trueness^  regiilarity^  and  precision  to  every- 
thing which  takes  on  the  angular  form  ;  hence,  the  primitive  form 
is  ovoid ;  the  more  perfected  is  rectangular  or  square,  like  perfected 
mineral  crystals.  Lines  and  angles  serve  to  mark  space  and  dis- 
tance, and  are  related  to  numbers.  Time  and  Number,  or  arith- 
metical calculation,  are  closely  related,  and  Form,  Number,  and 
Motion  are  synonyms  in  their  ultimate  analysis.  Those  persons 
who  have  a  fine  endowment  of  Time  possess  the  capacity  for 
arithmetical  or  geometrical  science.  The  best  calculators  and 
geometricians  exhibit  a  blending  of  the  ovoid  or  brain  form  with 
the  square  or  osseous  form  and  the  muscular  or  round  form,  thus 
including  in  their  personality  all  the  important  principles  of  Form 
which  are  essential  to  the  exhibition  of  arithmetical  powers  and 
geometric  forms. 

The  prime  factor  in  Time  is  motion.  It  is  Motion  which  creates 
Time,  and  all  that  flows  from  it.  The  action  of  Time  is  universal 
and  all-pervading  in  its  operation.  It  not  only  regulates  the 
movements  of  the  earth  and  the  entire  solar  system,  but  it  controls, 
as  I  have  shown,  the  higher  faculties  of  man — his  brain,  his  eye 
and  ear,  his  heart,  lungs,  stomach,  and  intestines.  It  also  regulates 
tbe  periodicity  of  the  digestive  apparatus  and  the  reproductive 
and  the  nervous  systems. 

Another  element  of  Time  is  its  rhythmic  motions,  as  in  the 
synchronous  movements  of  the  heart,  lungs,  stomach,  diaphragm, 
circulation  of  the  blood,  and  co-ordinated  movements  of  the  pulse. 

Another  phase  of  Time  is  exhibited  by  the  brain  and  nervous 
system,  the  motions  or  tremors  of  which  are  of  almost  incredible 
rapidity.  The  most  celebrated  anatomists  and  physicists  have 
employed  their  highest  faculties  and  the  most  ingenious  instru- 
ments in  investigating  the  action  of  this  complicated  system,  and 
their  labors  have  given  us  a  most  comprehensive  idea  as  to  the 
functional  action  of  the  cerebral  nerves  and  nerves  of  sense. 


TIME.  689 

The  foregoing  analysis  has  shown  us  that  Time  is  an  element 
of  all  created  things,  hence  one  most  essential  to  our  welfare.  It 
can  be  cultivated  to  a  marvelous  extent  in  all  its  numerous  mani- 
festations. Civilization,  in  affording  many  artificial  assistants,  has 
deprived  us  of  many  natural  powers,  and  as  man  is  so  conveniently 
supplied  with  time-pieces  he  depends  almost  exclusively  upon 
them  for  knowledge  of  the  time  of  day  and  night,  and  also  to 
regulate  his  habits  of  eating,  sleeping,  etc.,  whereas  he  formerly 
trusted  to  the  rising  and  setting  of  the  sun,  and  the  position  of  the 
sun,  moon,  and  stars,  and  to  the  regularity  of  his  physical  habits, 
for  guidance.  Consequently,  this  phase  of  the  time-sense  has 
deteriorated. 

Time  is  a  separate  and  distinct  faculty  from  tune,  for  many 
persons  are  without  the  sense  of  tunc,  yet  exhibit  an  excellent 
sense  of  time,  while  many  excellent  musicians  and  singers  are 
obliged  to  practice  Time  most  assiduously  in  order  to  acquire 
sufficient  proficiency  to  sing  and  play  correctly.  I  have  met  those 
who  could  dance  in  perfect  time,  and  who  possessed  a  fine  sense 
of  time-telling  by  the  positions  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  both  night 
and  day,  who  yet  could  not  discern  one  tune  from  another,  except 
to  know  that  very  slow  tunes  were  generally  hymns  or  psalms,  and 
that  quick  tunes  belonged  to  secular  music.  One  case  came  under 
my  observation  of  a  gentleman  so  deficient  in  tune  or  vocal  sound 
that  it  was  with  the  greatest  difficulty  that  he  could  learn  to  pro- 
nounce a  word  which  was  new  to  him,  yet  he  showed  great  capacity 
for  Time,  being  prompt  and  methodical  in  his  habits,  and  could 
keep  time  in  walking  and  dancing  with  others  perfectly.  Tune 
and  Time  both  manifest  themselves  by  motions,  yet  are  quite  dis- 
tinct. Music,  whether  used  as  an  art,  as  in  singing  or  playing,  or 
as  a  science,  as  in  composing,  is  based  on  numerical  demonstration, 
and  we  accordingly  find  the  faculties  of  Calculation  and  Time 
large  in  musical  composers,  and  in  all  really  good  musicians  and 
singers. 

It  is  not  alone  in  music  that  the  sense  of  Time  is  needed,  but 
in  many  of  the  sciences  and  mechanic  arts  as  well.  It  is  of  great 
value  in  the  manufacture  of  watches  and  chronometers,  in  the 
comprehension  of  historical  or  domestic  events  in  the  order  of 
their  succession,  and  in  contemporaneous  history  and  occurrences. 
Time  is  of  infinite  service  in  the  setting  and  running  of  machinery 
which  demands  exa(^t  periodicity  or  rhythm  in  its  operation.  The 
poet  must  possess  an  innate  and  spontaneous  sense  of  rhythm,  or 
his  verse  will  be  lame  and  halting.  A  fine  sense  of  this  faculty 
must  be  had  by  the  dancer,  athlete,  acrobat,  tumbler,  tunier,  oars- 
man, ball-player,  skater,  and  juggler,  for  the  measured  movements 

44 


690  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of  all  these  sports  require  a  keen  perception  of  the  rhythmic  de- 
partment of  Time.  Business  men  need  the  sort  of  time  which 
enables  them  to  keep  engagements  and  be  punctual  in  all  their 
dealings.  The  best  housekeepers  and  cooks  require  and  exhibit 
this  sense  in  a  high  degree.  A  home  kept  without  reference  to 
specific  times  for  meals  and  for  other  domestic  duties  is  a  poor 
institution. 

Time  is  closely  connected  with  Order,  and  these  two  principles 
control  the  universe.  Characters  devoid  of  these  two  elementary 
principles  are  poor  indeed,  and  will  always  be  at  a  disadvantage 
unless  remedied.  These  defects  can  be  remedied  by  persistent 
eff'ort  and  the  use  of  a  time-piece.  The  method  to  be  employed 
in  improving  this  faculty,  when  defective,  is  to  time  one's  self  in 
every  act.  Use  a  time-piece  constantly,  and  appoint  a  set  time  for 
certain  acts  and  duties,  and  bring  the  conscience  and  memory  to 
bear  upon  the  fulfillment  of  them.  Where  one  faculty  is  deficient, 
other  faculties  must  be  used  to  back  them  up  and  supplement 
them.  In  this  way  many  defects  can  be  so  strengthened  as  to 
enable  one  to  perform  the  duties  appertaining  to  them  in  a  very 
commendable  manner.  Too  great  reliance  upon  watches  and 
clocks  weakens  the  natural  power  of  the  time-observing  sense; 
yet  when  one  is  interested  in  work  or  study,  close  attention  weakens 
this  power,  as  all  the  attention  is  concentrated  upon  the  work  in 
hand.  In  an  outdoor  life  a  reliance  upon  tlie  appearance  of 
natural  phenomena  takes  the  place  of  time-pieces,  for  the  mind  is 
on  the  alert  and  interested  in  the  external  works  of  Nature ;  hence 
one  leading  a  free  life,  close  to  Nature,  will  cultivate  this  sense  by 
natural  methods,  but   civilization  and  city  life  require  other  aids. 

In  all  good  mechanics,  naturalists,  physicians,  and  scientists. 
Order  and  Time,  in  some  of  their  aspects,  are  found  to  be  well 
defined.  They  are  essential  to  all  these  classes.  Physicians  must 
be  able  to  tell  by  the  measured  beat  of  the  pulse  and  heart 
whether  they  make  "healthful  music"  or  not,  and  in  the  rhythmic 
movements  of  the  lungs  his  sense  of  Time  must  be  so  exact  as  to 
enable  him  to  detect  every  little  variation  of  movement.  Charging 
the  mind  with  the  desire  to  awake  and  arise  at  a  certain  set  time 
soon  becomes  a  fixed  habit,  for  the  automatic  action  of  nerve- 
matter  is  powerful,  and,  as  I  have  shown  that  the  principle 
or  essence  of  this  faculty  is  inherent  in  every  department  of  the 
human  body,  it  is  thus  clearly  proven  that  each  system  of  func- 
tions can  be  brought  into  requisition  in  the  several  uses  of  this 
faculty.  The  brain,  for  remembering  times  and  occurrences,  and 
for  reminding  us  of  appointed  duties;  the  muscles,  for  keeping 
time  in  marching,  in  singing,  in  walking  and  running,  in  oratory, 


TIME.  691 

and  in  the  pauses  of  conversation,  etc.,  and  each  of  the  other 
divisions  of  the  body  iurnislies  its  own  pecuHar  phase. 

The  right  use  of  time  should  be  studied,  and  all  waste  of  the 
short  amount  of  time  allotted  to  us  upon  this  mundane  sphere 
should  warn  us  to  use  every  moment  in  such  manner  as  to  gain 
from  it  the  greatest  good.  Time  is  the  most  precious  of  all  our 
gifts,  and  parents  should  inculcate  in  their  children  this  first  most 
important  lesson,  that  "lost  time  is  never  found  again."  Almost 
anything  else  can  be  replaced,  but  lost  or  misused  time  never. 

All  property  is  the  result  of  two  of  the  most  precious  and 
imporUmt  things  in  the  world,  viz..  Human  Life  and  Time.  How 
essential,  then,  that  we  should  be  intelligent  enough  to  adequately 
prize  these  gifts!  Property,  or  capital  (other  than  land),  is  the 
stored-up  increment  arising  from  the  youth,  health,  energy,  integ- 
rity, and  time  of  human  beings.  How  necessary,  then,  is  that 
"enlightened  self-interest"  which  shall  teach  us  how  to  conserve 
time  in  such  manner  that  all  shall  have  their  fair  share  of  its 
products !  For  to  take  the  bulk  of  the  time  and  life  of  the  many 
and  to  give  its  products  to  the  few  is  a  most  pernicious  and  sinful 
use  of  those  elements.  The  revolutions  of  this  orb  upon  which 
we  live  will  doubtless  (under  the  all-powerful  law  of  progressive 
evolution)  bring  about  such  reforms  in  this  direction  as  will 
remedy  this  terrible  system  of  high-handed  thett — of  despotism, 
ignorance,  and  barbarism.  These  reforms  may  come  peacefully  in 
the  regular  course  of  evolution,  or  they  may  be  precipitated  upon 
us  like  a  cyclone,  and  those  who  block  the  wheels  of  justice  will 
be  overtaken  by  a  terrible  retribution.  It  is  the  duty  of  all  to 
examine  this  question,  and  ask,  "Am  I  enjoying  wrongfully  the 
fruits  of  others'  time  and  lifel" 

Eternity. — The  principle  of  Time  is  adaj)ted  to  eternity  as 
well  as  finite  beings  can  comprehend  that  idea.  The  mechanical 
construction  of  tlie  solar  system  gives  us  the  best  idea  of  never- 
ending  time.  We  cannot  conceive  of  a  system  which  exists  by 
virtue  of  its  rotary  motion  through  space  coming  to  a  sudden 
standstill,  or  pausing  for  an  instant  even,  for  this  would  disturb 
the  existing  order  of  every  atom  involved  in  the  construction  of 
this  mighty  system ;  hence,  our  understanding  must  be  limited  by 
the  most  comprehensive  system  of  which  our  sense  takes  cogni- 
zance. All  the  forms  which  meet  our  vision  and  all  the  analogies 
of  Nature  tend  to  the  idea  of  eternity,  but  the  time  which  is 
allotted  to  each  one  of  us  here  should  be  so  used  as  not  only  to 
make  our  pathway  pleasant  and  happy  in  this  term  of  existence, 
but  also  to  assist  the  next  phase  of  life  in  its  onward  march  to  a 
higher  evolution.     A  right  and  cmiscientious  use  of  time  here  will 


692  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

prepare  us  for  any  other  phase  of  existence,  and  if  we  put  all  our 
energies  into  following  the  laws  in  this  life  we  need  not  trouble 
ourselves  at  all  about  the  next  one ;  we  shall  be  ready  for  anything 
that  comes. 

The  preceding  ideas  in  regard  to  Time  teach  us  that  motion 
is  the  basis  of  Time,  and  in  all  our  acts  which  are  essential  to  life, 
to  business,  to  art,  science,  mechanism,  or  government  the  ele- 
ments of  Time  and  Motion  come  into  operation.  As  we  proceed 
to  the  investigation  of  the  higher  mental  faculties  of  man,  viz., 
Order,  Calculation,  Comparison,  Causality,  Prescience,  and  Intui- 
tion we  shall  observe  a  closer  and  closer  relation  to  the  great  chain 
of  complex  laws  which  originate  in  the  motions  of  the  planetary 
system,  for  we  shall  find  that  they  are  based  on  Calculation  and 
result  in  Form.  The  lowest  or  primitive  faculties  and  their  asso- 
ciated functions — those  of  absorption,  assimilation,  growth,  repro- 
duction, etc. — exhibit  all  the  processes  of  molecular  activity,  the 
phase  of  action  or  motion  which  *is  paramount  in  cell-life,  germ- 
growtli,  or  in  infantile  life,  and  is  hence  characteristic  of  primitive 
conditions.  Now,  molecular  activities  are  those  which  were  in- 
strumental in  forming  the  nucleus  of  our  planet  when  it  first  be- 
gan to  take  shape  and  rotate,  and  if  we  follow  closely  the  evolution 
of  all  growths  we  shall  find  that  molecular  motions  are  primitive, 
and  that  the  vibrations  observed  in  primitive  growths  are  typical 
of  the  vibratory  rhytlim  of  the  planet  upon  which  we  live  and 
which  necessarily  sends  its  every  principle  and  element  up  along 
the  course  of  evolutionary  progress  and  development  until  the 
end  and  aim,  the  climax,  the  microcosmos, — man, — is  reached  and 
perfected.  We  are  one  ivith  the  earth,  and  every  vibration  of 
this  mighty  planet,  with  the  swing  and  rhythm  of  all  the  great 
celestial  orbs  in  space,  is  eclioed  back  by  the  same  rliythmic  motion 
in  our  organism,  and  with  the  same  resultant  harmonics. 

Prophets,  seers,  poets,  and  pliilosophers  of  ancient  times  fore- 
saw, sung,  wrote,  and  reasoned  in  a  childlike  way  of  all  the  great 
principles  and  laws  which  modern  science  is  demonstrating  to  a 
certainty  in  a  man-like  way.  We  are  surely  made  of  the  "dust 
of  the  earth,"  and  all  the  elements  and  principles  which  inhere  in 
it  are  inherent  in  us,  and  no  principle  is  more  marked  or  move 
powerful  in  its  effects  upon  man  than  the  elementary  principle  of 
Time. 

The  combinations  which  arc  observed  in  those  wliose  profes- 
sions are  based  on  Time  are,  of  course,  different  in  degree  in  each 
case.  Astronomers  require  a  certain  degree  of  at  least  tliree  phas(^s 
of  Time.  They  should  possess  the  sort  of  time  which  inheres  in 
the  brain  system,  thus  giving  them  the  ability  to  comprehend  laws 


TIME.  693 

and  piiiiciples  and  to  enable  them  to  reason  from  cause  to  effect, 
together  with  that  phase  of  time  wliich  attaches  to  the  chrono- 
logical order  of  events  of  successive  periods,  past  and  to  come.  They 
must  also  exhibit  the  kind  of  time  which  is  evolved  from  the  osseous 
system,  conjoined  with  the  muscular,  the  aritlimetical  in  combina- 
tion with  the  mechanical.  Now,  these  three  phases  of  the  faculty 
of  Time  are  found  in  the  structures  of  all  good  astronomers,  physi- 
cists, surgeons,  chemists,  architects,  and  those  of  similar  pursuits. 
Examine,  for  example,  the  portraits  of  the  Herschels  (father  and 
son),  Arago,  Copernicus,  Tycho  Brahe,  Encke,  Biela,  Donati, 
Huyghens,  J.  C.  Adams,  Le  Verrier,  Professor  Olmsted,  and 
Maria  Mitchell,  all  noted  astronomers.  In  all  these  the  brain  sys- 
tem is  dominant  and  the  muscular  and  osseous  nearly  equal,  while 
the  thoracic  is  in  varying  degrees  in  each.  Sublimity  is  immense 
in  the  physiognomy  of  Sir  John  Herschel,  and  this  faculty  gave 
him  the  capacity  for  comprehending  the  grandeur  and  vastness  of 
the  great  systems  of  worlds  in  space.  Good  arithmeticians  and 
physicists  must  also  possess  large  powers  of  computing  Time,  for 
Time  and  Number  or  numerical  calculation  are  synonymous. 
Accordingly,  we  observe  in  the  faces  of  Professor  Helmholtz,  John 
Tyndall,  Volta,  Ampere,  Oersted,  Professor  Faraday,  Sir  Humphrey 
Davy,  Liebig,  John  Dalton,  Berzelius,  Gay-Lussac,  Dulong,  Prof. 
A.  AV,  Hofmann,  Sir  David  Brewster,  Chladni,  and  Sir  William 
Thompson  (all  physicists  in  various  departments  of  physical  science), 
diverse  combinations  of,  at  least,  the  three  forms  of  Time  which  are 
evolved  from  the  action  of  the  brain,  the  muscular,  and  osseous 
systems.  All  good  mathematicians  reveal  in  their  countenances  a 
combination  of  these  same  systems,  and  are  thus  enabled  to  com- 
prehend the  laws  of  number.  And  all  sciences  have,  as  a  basic 
principle,  the  element  of  Time,  for  all  laws  relating  to  every  science 
whatsoever  are  expressed  either  in  terms  of  Form  or  Number,  or 
both. 

For  purposes  of  musical  composition  there  must  be  a  good 
degree  of  the  brain,  the  muscular,  the  ■  thoracic,  as  well  as  the 
osseous,  systems  to  give  the  several  kinds  of  time  w^hich  are  used 
in  musical  composition.  A  chemist  must  possess  an  excellent 
osseous  frame  to  give  justness  and  accuracy  to  his  conceptions  of 
quantity  and  number,  while  physicists  who  deal  with  the  elements 
of  air,  water,  ether,  gases,  fluids,  and  minerals  must  possess  a  fine 
sense  of  various  sorts  of  Time  and  a  good  degree  of  the  faculty  of 
Calculation. 

The  faculty  of  Color  has  considerable  effect  upon  the  sense 
of  Time,  for,  as  I  have  persistently  shown,  Color  is  as  universal  and 
all-pervading  an  element  in  Nature  as  in  Time ;  hence  it  affects 


694  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

every  material  object.  The  scientist,  naturalist,  and  mathematician 
who  is  deeply  colored  possesses  a  more  decided  and  definite  sense 
of  Time  than  he  who  is  pallid  and  greatly  lacking  in  color.  It  is 
true  the  eyes  of  many  good  mathematicians  are  of  a  bluish  gray, 
but  this  blue  shade  is  a  color  which  shows  coolness,  and  coolness 
is  favorable  to  numerical  calculation.  Yet  scientists,  in  order  to 
excel,  must  inherit  the  Color  sense  in  a  fair  or  large  proportion, 
and  the  more  decided  the  blue  shade  in  the  eye  of  the  mathema- 
tician the  greater  his  power  as  compared  to  the  one  in  whose  eyes 
the  white  tint  predominates  over  the  blue  shade. 

Animals  of  almost  every  grade  exhibit  various  phases  of  the 
time-keeping  sense,  and  in  this  department  naturalists  have  made 
numerous  investigations  which  have  resulted  in  finding  that  the 
sense  of  Time  is  as  wide-spread  among  the  animal  races  as  among 
the  human  races,  and  that  the  sense  of  Time  is  superior  in  the 
higher  races  of  animals  to  that  observed  among  the  lower  races  of 
men.  In  the  first  place,  many  animals,  even  of  low  degree,  ex- 
hibit the  instinctive  knowledge  of  the  time  appointed  for  feeding 
them.  This  results,  probably,  from  the  sensations  arising  in  the 
vegetative  system  in  the  intestinal  tract,  and  this,  the  lowest  form 
of  the  Time  sense,  is  common  to  all  animals  who  have  an  appointed 
time  for  eating  and  drinking.  It  has  also  been  observed  that  many 
species  of  animals  and  birds  have  a  certain  set  time  for  meeting 
in  fiocks  and  herds,  and  are  punctual  in  keeping  the  appointed 
time ;  also  that  they  have  ideas  of  Time  or  rhythm,  number,  order, 
and  succession  of  events.  Dr.  Lindsay,  from  whose  work  I  obtain 
the  following  facts,  observes  that  he  has  often  seen  dogs  in  Scotland, 
who  had  been  in  the  habit  of  attending  church  with  their  masters, 
go  without  them  on  the  return  of  the  Sabbath  and  remain  the 
allotted  time,  seemingly  as  much  benefited  as  if  their  masters  had 
attended  and  "  napped  "  with  them.  Hogg,  the  "  Ettrick  Shepherd," 
relates  an  instance  of  a  Scotch  collie  who,  upon  hearing  his  master 
lament  that  there  were  three  flocks  of  sheep  lost,  went,  without 
being  ordered,  in  quest  of  them,  and  in  the  dark,  and  collected  the 
whole  seven  hundred  ;  and  another  dog.  overhearing  the  day  when 
his  master  was  expected  home,  never  failed  of  going  to  meet  him. 
As  low  down  in  the  scale  of  animal  mind  as  the  ants  we  are  told 
that  they  send  messengers  to  call  up  an  army,  and  communicate 
the  time  for  assembling  at  an  appointed  rendezvous. 

The  capacity  for  measuring  time  is  possessed  by  domestic  ani- 
mals, such,  for  example,  as  the  cow,  the  horse,  the  dog,  the  cat, 
and  birds.  These  creatures  note  the  duration  of  time  from  one 
meal  to  the  next,  keep  account  of  their  master's  meal-times,  and 
have  a  fixed  time  for  rising  and  sleeping.    Many  work  co-operately ; 


ORDER.  695 

that  is,  in  companies,  as  a  gang  of  human  laborers  under  similar 
circumstances. 

The  annual  and  semi-annual  migrations  of  fishes  and  birds 
reveal  a  fine  sense  of  the  time-keeping  faculty,  and  in  this  circum- 
stance the  efi'ect  of  reason  is  shown,  at  least,  in  the  case  of  many 
of  the  bird  species,  for  this  periodic  journey  is  not  undertaken,  as 
some  would  have  us  believe,  under  the  influence  of  "blind  in- 
stinct," but  is  timed  in  accordance  with  observations  made  of  the 
weather,  and  their  hegira  to  other  latitudes  is  made  in  accordance 
with  the  meteorological  conditions  and  not  in  a  "blind  instinctive" 
manner,  else  it  would  take  place  always  upon  the  same  day,  hour, 
and  minute.  An  animal  is  no  more  an  automatic  machine  than  is 
a  man.  We  are  both  limited  by  our  nature  and  environment.  Man 
can  only  do  certain  things  in  a  certain  defined  way ;  in  this  respect 
he  is  a  machine  the  same  as  an  animal :  "  To  do  more  we  must  be 
more." 

The  above  facts  in  regard  to  the  Time  sense  in  animals  I 
gather  from  a  work  entitled  "  Mind  in  the  Lower  Animals,"  by 
J.  Lauder  Lindsay,  to  whom  the  whole  world  is  indebted  for  a 
most  valuable  collection  of  facts  in  regard  to  the  animal  mind.  I 
have  not  space  to  analyze  minutely  the  origin  of  Time  in  the  ani- 
mal mind,  but  suffice  it  to  say  that  they  observe  all  the  phases  of 
Time  exhibited  by  man,  and  also  possess  the  same  combinations 
of  Time,  and  the  several  phases  of  this  faculty  appears  in  animal 
forms  similar  to  those  exhibited  by  human  beings. 

ORDER. 

Mental  Order  :  Physical  Order  : 

Derived  from   the  Brain    and    Osseous  I  Derived  from  tbe  Muscular  and  Thoracic 
Systems.  |  Systems. 

Definition  of  Mental  Order. — Precision  in  arrangement  of 
ideas  and  articles;  method,  system,  regularity,  conforming  to  law, 
rule,  and  custom;  a  place  for  everything  and  everything  in  its 
place. 

An  excess  makes  one  impractical  through  expending  unneces- 
sary time  in  arranging  and  classifying  ideas  and  materials,  and 
it  engenders  wouimcnt,  fussiness,  and  useless  particularity.  An 
excessive  development  of  Order,  when  perverted  by  nervousness, 
causes  great  suffering  at  the  sight  of  the  slightest  disorder. 

A  deficiency  of  Order  makes  one  unsystematic  in  the  arrange- 
ment of  his  ideas  in  speaking  and  in  writing,  and  creates  disorder 
and  slovenliness  in  dress,  and  in  the  arrangement  of  furniture, 
books,  etc. ;  also  causes  great  loss  of  time  through  lack  of  method, 


696 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


system,  and  regularity  in  the  details  of  the  office,  counting-house, 
manufactory,  store,  or  home. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — Like  all  the  higher  faculties, 
Order  is  a  trait  which  has  its  origin  in  universal  law, — ^in  the 
movements  and  orderly  arrangement  of  the  solar  system ;  hence, 
we  are  obliged  to  seek  its  signs  in  several  systems  and  forms  of 
the  bodily  organism  of  man. 

Description. — Mental  Order  is  present  where  the  brain  system 
is  dominant  and  the  bones  of  the  forehead  exhibit  a  square  appear- 
ance at  the  sides,  as  seen  in 
the  foreheads  of  Newton 
and  Beethoven.  This  sort 
of  Order  is  closely  related 
to  Time,  and  is  associated 
with  it  in  the  mental  proc- 
esses of  historians,  scientists, 
geographers,  physicists,  as- 
tronomers, mathematicians, 
promoters  of  great  business 
enterprises,  and  naturalists, 
all  of  whom  require  the 
power  to  arrange  in  the 
mind,  in  an  orderly  manner, 
the  succession  of  events  and 
laws  which  are  related  to 
their  several  pursuits. 
These  classes  of  people 
must  be  able  to  picture 
mentally  the  general  jilan, 
order^  or  system^  as  well  as 
the  detail  of  that  which 
engages  their  attention. 
This  is  what  is  termed 
"Mental  Order."  It  is 
often  found  associated  with 
Physical  Order. 

Physical  Order  is  re- 
lated to  the  arrangement 
of  substances,  materials, 
machinery,  furniture,  books,  clothing,  etc.,  things  more  par- 
ticularly, as  contradistinguished  from  idea^.  A  square-boned 
form  is  the  sign  for  Physical  Order.  Where  this  phase  of  Order 
is  exhibited  the  forehead  will  be  square,  and  the  features  set  at 

*By  permissioD  of  Amies  Publiahing  Co.,  17  Murray  Street,  New  York  City. 


Pig.  114.— MRS.  EMILY  C.  JUDSON.»  (Missionary, 
Poetess,  Writer.) 

Born  in  New  York.  Conspicuous  facial  sipn,  Order, 
shown  by  squareness  of  tlie  bones  of  the  forehead  and 
right-angled  appearance  of  all  the  facial  features.  The 
law  of  the  straight  line  and  angle  governs  this  physiog- 
nomy. The  signs  for  tlie  domestic  faculties  are  large. 
Conscience,  Firmness,  Love  of  Home,  of  Country,  and 
of  Young  are  manifest ;  so  also  are  Benevolence,  Mirth- 
fulness,  Modesty,  l^neumativeness.  Friendship,  and 
Approbation.  AUmentiyeness  is  not  large.  The  mental, 
or  brain  and  nervous  system,  is  dominant.  The  curving 
iaw,  full,  convex  eyes.and  form  of  the  nose  announce 
literarjr  civpacity.  In  the  nose  the  signs  for  Hope, 
Analysis,  Ideality,  Mental  Imitation,  Sublimity,  Con- 
structiveness.  Veneration,  Executiveness,  and  Self- will 
are  large.  Form,  Size,  Locality,  Memory  of  Events, 
Prescience,  Credenciveness,  Language,  Time,  Order,, 
Reason,  and  Intuition  are  all  exceedingly  well  defined. 
The  portrait  of  a  modest,  intellectual,  courageous, 
sympathetic,  and  philanthropic  woman. 


ORDER. 


697 


right  angles,  and  a  precise  and  square  arrangement  of  the  bones 
of  the  body  will  be  observed.  The  shoulders  square,  and  the  steps 
measured  and  uniform  in  movement  like  the,  pendulum  of  a  clock. 
Where  these  two  sorts  of  Order  are  associated  the  sense  of  Order  is 
excellent. 

Every  part  of  the  body,  by  its  orderly  arrangement,  assists 
man  in  the  comprehension  and  use  of  the  element  of  Order  in 
his  pursuits,  yet  it  is  more  decidedly  expressed  by  the  dominance 
of  the  brain  form  and  of  the  bony  form  than  by  the  others.  The 
ovoid  form  being  the  ana- 
logue of  the  infantoid  or 
primitive  shape  is  the  orig- 
inator or  beginner  of  the 
ideas  of  systems  and  plans ; 
while  the  more  perfected 
or  angular,  rectiform  shape 
of  the  bony  system  is  the 
analogue  of  precision, — of 
orderly  arrangement  of 
substances^  as  illustrated  by 
the  rectangular  form  of 
the  mineral  crystal,  of 
which  the  bone  is  mainly 
composed. 

The  squareness  of  the 
osseous  system  causes  its 
possessor  to  be  orderly  and 
methodical  by  virtue  of  his 
formation,  and  this  forma- 
tion of  the  bones  of  the 
forehead  has  given  rise  to 
the  phrenological  error  and 
assumption  that  this  pecu- 
liarity is  owing  to  the 
presence  of  an  "organ" 
composed  of  brain-matter, 
bulging  out  at  this  partic- 
ular spot.  Now,  the  good 
observer  can  just  as  well 

find  the  indication  of  the  presence  of  Physical  Order  by  an  exami- 
nation of  the  first  joint  of  any  finger  as  by  an  examination  of  the 
forehead,  for  an  orderly  person  will  present  squareness  of  the  hones 
of  the  finger  as  well  as  squareness  of  the  bones  of  the  forehead. 
In  this  case  we  should  be  just  as  well  warranted  in  asserting  that 


Fig.  115.— baron  CTTVIER.  (Natukalist,  authob, 
Lectuker.) 

Bom  in  Alsace,  1769.  Conspicuous  facial  sign. 
Order,  shown  by  squareness  of  tlie  bones  of  the  head, 
and  a  precise,  orderly,  and  right-angled  appearance  of 
all  the  features  of  tne  face.  This  remarkable  counte- 
nance reveals  one  of  the  most  eminent  liistoricil  charac- 
ters. The  domestic  nature  is  highly  developed.  Con- 
scientiousness, Firmness,  Patriotism,  Benevolence, 
Ijove  of  Home,  Love  of  '^'oung,  Mirthf  ulness,  Appro- 
bativeness,  and  Friendship  are  well  defined.  Self- 
esteem  is  not  largo  ;  Amativeness,  normal.  The  nose 
is  high,  long,  wide,  bony,  and  broad  on  the  back ;  in  it 
are  the  signs  for  Analysis,  Mental  Imitation,  Sulilimity, 
Idealitv,  Constructivene.ss,  Veneration,  Executiveness, 
and  Self-will  most  uncommonly  prominent.  Form  and 
Size  are  extraordinarily  large.  So  greatly  developed 
were  these  faculties  that  he  could,  by  inspection  of  a 
small  protuberance  on  a  iaw  or  a  tooth,  tell  to  which 
species  of  animal  they  belonged.  The  superciliary 
spaces  are  wide,  and  give  evidence  of  artistic  talent. 
He  was  a  fine  draughtsman.  Calculation  is  large ;  so, 
also,  are  Observation,  Locality,  Prescience,  Order, 
language,  Time,  Music,  and  Reason.  The  signs  for 
Intuition  and  Memory  of  Events  are  wonderfully  mani- 
fest. Altogether  a  perfect  specimen  of  a  "  thorough- 
bred "  man. 


698  fRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

this  peculiar  formation  of  the  finger  was  caused  by  brain-matter, 
as  we  are  to  assume  and  assert  this  of  the  forehead  These  square 
appearances  both  of  brain  and  finger  are  derived  from  the  same 
source,  viz.,  from  a  square  formation  of  the  hones;  and  squareness 
of  the  bones  gives  rise  to  that  sort  of  Order  which  is  used  and 
required  in  all  scientific  and  mechanical  pursuits. 

Order,  like  Time,  is  derived  primarily,  as  far  as  we  can  com- 
prehend it,  from  the  regular  order  of  the  solar  system,  and  all  the 
principles  observable  in  that  system  inhere  in  every  atom  of  organ- 
ized matter,  and  come  up  into  man's  organism  along  with  the 
primitive  elements  of  which  he  is  composed.  This  is  how  we  get 
the  faculty  of  Order;  and  thus  we  have  the  two  very  distinct  kinds 
of  Order  which  show  themselves  very  plainly  in  the  form  of  man 
as  well  as  in  the  acts  of  man,  and  his  form  and  acts  will  be  found 
to  agree  in  every  instance. 

The  round-built,  muscular  person  exhibits  a  different  sort  of 
Order  from  those  previously  described,  while  the  vegetative  indi- 
vidual possesses  and  exhibits  less  than  the  others.  The  round- 
formed  man  exhibits  his  Order  by  regular,  automatic  revolutions, 
by  circular  and  circuitous  motions.  A  free,  round  body  in  revolv- 
ing, continues  to  move  in  circles,  and  never  revolves  over  the  same 
space,  but  moves  in  a  spiral  circle;  hence,  round-built  persons  are 
never  as  angular  and  precise  in  their  arrangement  of  thoughts 
and  things  as  are  the  higher  formations.  The  sort  of  Order 
exhibited  by  the  round,  muscular  person  is  adapted  to  art-works 
and  to  the  comprehension  of  natural  or  primitive  laws,  and  where 
a  good  brain  system  is  conjoined  with  the  former  we  find  the 
ability  to  comprehend  and  illustrate  the  order  of  revolving  bodies,  as 
in  astronomy  and  in  mechanical  principles ;  also  the  order  of  cycles 
and  circles, — of  recurring  periods  of  time,  weather,  seasons,  etc. 
Many  of  our  best  historians  exhibit  this  formation  and  thus  show 
the  use  of  this  combination  in  art,  for  this  class  of  writing  is  an  art 
mainly. 

Where  the  muscular  system  is  the  dominant  system,  and  the 
brain  system  subdominant,  in  an  individual,  he  w;ll  use  the  sort 
of  time  required  in  music,  in  marching,  in  waltzing,  and  in  those 
/ree,  revolving  movements  of  the  hody  luJiich  require  periodic 
automatism,  unlike  the  angular  movements  which  the  square-built 
man  exhibits. 

System  is  Order  on  a  large  scale,  as,  for  example,  the  compre- 
hension of  the  orderly  arrangement  of  the  solar  system  or  the 
orderly  arrangement  and  classification  of  the  fauna  and  flora  by 
naturalists.  Order  leads  one  to  be  exact  in  the  detail  and  minutiae 
of  placing  things,  both  great  and  small;  while  system  lays  out  the 


ORDER.  699 

ground  or  fundamental  plan,  laws,  or  motions,  and  the  smaller 
details  are  elaborated  and  supplied  by  others.  And  this  accounts 
lor  the  apparent  discrepancy  (as  it  seems  to  some)  of  those  persons 
who  are  skillful  in  planning  and  aiTanging  broad  schemes  of  work 
and  business,  or  in  classification,  but  neglect  the  details.  This 
class  of  minds  possess  system  without  order.  System  requires  the 
use  of  the  reasoning  faculties.  On  the  other  hand,  many  persons 
exhibit  a  high  degree  of  Order  yet  lack  System,  and  work  by  pay- 
ing attention  to  trivialities  and  petty  details,  being  wholly  unable 
to  originate  or  put  in  use  a  broad  and  comprehensive  system 
of  action. 

Nearly  all  persons,  except  the  purely  vegetative,  possess  a 
certain  degree  of  more  than  mie  sort  of  Order,  for  the  combina- 
tion of  brain,  bone  and  muscle  produces  one  sort,  while  another 
kind  is  shown  where  the  bony  system  is  predominant,  the  brain 
system  second,  and  the  muscular  system  third  in  the  degree  of 
development.  Another  phase  of  Order  is  exhibited  where  the 
muscular  system  stands  first,  the  brain  second,  and  the  bony 
system  third.  This  combination  is  a  good  one  for  singers  and 
acrobats.  The  first  mentioned  is  found  among  astronomers  and 
certain  classes  of  scientists;  while  the  second  is  an  excellent 
illustration  of  the  sort  of  Order  observed  in  mechanicians. 

The  presence  and  effect  of  Order  is  apparent  in  all  of 
Nature's  operations :  in  the  succession  of  the  seasons ;  in  the  regu- 
lar order  of  seed-time  and  harvest;  in  the  time  for  leaf,  bud, 
flower,  and  fruit;  in  the  succession  of  day  and  night,  summer 
and  winter;  in  the  order  shown  in  the  evolution  of  man, — in  his 
embryotic  life,  then  in  his  birth,  infancy,  youth,  manhood,  old 
age,  and  then  probably  re-birth  in  another  sphere,  and  still  farther 
evolution  and  progress  there,  for,  if  we  observe  the  progressive  tend- 
encies of  Nature  we  must  become  fully  convinced  that  nothing  stops 
or  comes  to  a  standstill.  Order  is  not  only  "  Heaven's  first  law," 
but  it  must  be  the  law  of  all  who  desire  success  in  anything. 
Even  idiots  have  been  known  to  exhibit  a  wonderful  degree  of 
Order  and  of  its  associated  faculty,  Music,  of  which  "Blind  Tom" 
was  an  illustration.  It  is  related  of  a  savage  or  wild  man,  dis- 
covered in  a  forest  in  France,  that  he  could  not  bear  to  see  a 
chair  or  other  article  of  fuiTiiture  out  of  place,  and  when  he  found 
anything  in  a  different  position  from  that  to  which  he  had  been 
accustomed  to  see  it,  he  immediately  arose  and  arranged  it  in  its 
wonted  place. 

The  automatic  movement  of  the  fingers  in  playing  musical 
instruments  is  an  exemplification  of  the  effect  of  Order, — muscular 
Order;    for,  afler  repeated  exercise  of  the  fingers  in  a  musical 


700  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

composition,  the  player  can  reproduce  the  same  exercise  mainly- 
through  the  automatic  action  of  the  fingers,  which  follow  the  same 
order  of  succession  as  when  guided  by  the  notes.  This  form  of 
Order  is  best  observed  where  the  muscular  system  is  dominant. 
Many  persons  with  a  good  bony  form,  and  orderly  in  the  arrange- 
ment of  books,  clothes,  and  furniture,  lack  the  ability  to  play  by 
rote  unless  the  notes  are  in  sight.  This  defect  arises  from  a  lack 
of  that  degree  and  quality  of  muscular  development  which  gives 
the  ability  to  express  automatic  Order. 

Many  persons  possess  Order  to  the  degree  that  would  justify 
one  in  designating  them  "painfully  orderly."  This  is  apparent  in 
many  housewives,  who  are  so  exact  and  fussy  as  to  make  a  visit  to 
them  anything  but  an  enjoyment,  as  they  seem  to  be  greatly 
pained  at  even  a  momentary  displacement  of  chairs,  furniture,  or 
other  articles,  and  pass  all  their  time  during  the  visit  in  putting  m 
order  every  book,  tidy,  chair,  and  article  used  by  their  guests. 
Such  women  make  home  anything  but  happy  to  their  family  and 
friends.  When  the  nervous  system  of  this  class  of  people  becomes 
disordered,  the  result  is  quite  painful,  causing  great  suffering  at 
the  least  disorder,  and  rendering  its  subjects  almost  insane.  Some 
men,  too,  possess  this  "painful"  degree  of  Order,  and  I  have  heard 
of  a  man  in  whom  this  faculty  was  so  excessive  as  to  cause  him  to 
paint  the  shape  of  his  saws,  hatchets,  files,  and  other  tools,  upon 
the  wall  against  which  they  were  hung,  for  fear  a  stranger  might 
use  them  and  not  replace  them  on  their  accustomed  nails.  This 
plan  he  adopted  to  insure  perfect  order. 

The  cultivation  of  this  trait  is  very  essential.  It  can  be  de- 
veloped in  youth  by  a  quiet  persistency  on  the  part  of  parents,  in 
the  house  and  store.  Children  should  be  compelled  to  hang  up 
their  clothes  before  retiring,  and  fold  and  put  away  everything 
they  use;  and  parents  who  take  this  task  upon  themselves  are 
censurable,  for  such  a  course  not  only  weakens  the  faculty  of 
Order,  but  teaches  children  to  be  indifferent  to  their  parents' 
welfare.  Neglect  in  the  cultivation  of  Order  in  childhood  inca- 
pacitates men  and  women  for  many  useful  pursuits.  There  is  no 
business,  either  mental  or  manual,  but  requires  a  large  exercise  of 
Order.  In  the  school,  store,  factory,  office,  and  counting-house,  it 
is  most  essential,  as  well  as  in  the  home.  The  time  lost  by  care- 
less slatterns  in  looking  for  what  is  mislaid  is  ofl;en  sufficient  to 
do  their  entire  work.  Things  that  are  habitually  mislaid  never 
get  the  proper  care  through  being  inappropriately  placed.  They 
are  put  in  positions  where  tliey  receive  injury.  Books,  clothes, 
and  tools  left  out-of-doors  get  wet  and  are  injured,  or  are  carried 
away  by  dishonest  persons,  and  every  article  lefl  out  of  its  proper 


ORDER.  701 

place  deteriorates  in  some  way  by  such  neglect;  hence,  Order 
represents  time,  labor,  and  money,  while  disorder  consumes  all  of 
these  by  its  destructive  tendencies. 

One  of  the  most  striking  and  wonderful  evidences  of  the  reign 
of  law  by  system  and  order  in  detail  is  exliibited  in  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  mechanism  of  the  human  body,  and  is  illustrated  in 
the  human  face.  Each  bone  and  muscle  is  so  placed  as  to  give 
the  most  action  with  the  least  amount  of  resistance  or  friction. 
Every  organ  is  always  placed  in  nearly  the  same  position  in  every- 
body, and  always  so  placed  as  to  assist  other  organs  in  contiguity 
with  it.  In  the  face,  the  signs  of  character  and  of  function  present 
the  same  peculiarities.  The  comprehensive  system  or  outlay  of 
the  entire  man  (which  at  the  same  time  epitomizes  the  entire 
universe)  is,  in  the  face,  made  manifest.  The  order  of  arrangement 
in  the  face  of  the  signs  of  faculties  and  functions  is  also  proof  of 
the  theory  of  the  progressive  evolution  of  the  animal  and  human 
mind.  The  localizing  of  all  these  signs  discovered  by  me,  and  for 
the  first  time  in  the  history  of  physiognomical  research  systematized 
and  simplified,  is  indeed  a  revelation,  and  one  adapted  to  the  com- 
prehension of  young  and  old — learned  and  unlearned;  yet  without 
order  in  the  placing  of  these  signs  there  would  be  neither  sense 
nor  use  in  learning  them.  The  order  of  development  of  the  five 
systems  and  their  signs  is  observed,  first,  in  the  vegetative  or 
primitive  system,  and  forms  the  basis  for  higher  development. 
Next  succeeding  this  system  comes  the  breathing  and  circulatory 
powers,  together  with  all  tlie  mentality  which  high  breathing 
powers  originate.  Then  follow  the  signs  for  muscle, — for  art, 
literature,  and  architecture ;  next,  the  bony  system  begins  to  show 
its  action  by  signs  which  cannot  be  ignored,  so  patent  are  they  to 
all  observers.  The  perfected  brain,  the  latest  and  highest  achieve- 
ment of  evolution,  arises  from  this  combined  iihysical  base,  and 
this  is  sustained  and  nourished  by  the  action  and  quality  of  the 
blood-making  mechanism,  for  blood  is  the  food  of  the  brain,  and 
without  a  good  manufactory  for  this  element  a  brain  is  of  little 
account  to  its  possessor.  All  these  functions  and  their  associated 
signs  display  in  a  remarkable  manner  the  dominance  of  Order. 

The  vastness  and  grandeur  of  the  solar  system  is  indeed 
evidence  of  what  the  Creator  can  do  on  a  large  scale,  and  seems 
wonderful  when  we  contemplate  the  magnificence  and  complexity 
of  the  laws  involved  in  its  operation ;  but  to  me  the  wonder  is  a 
thousandfold  increased  when  I  observe  in  the  small  space  allotted 
to  the  human  face  the  illustration  and  exposition  of  all  tJie  laws, 
principles,  ijroperties,  and  qualities  wliich  permeate  and  control 
this  vast  system ;  truly,  a  macrocosm  within  a  microcosm ! 


702  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Poets  have  appreciated  this  great  scientific  fact,  and  one  in  a 
poetic  spirit  has  wrought  out  tliis  idea  in  a  single  verse.  Elizabeth 
Barrett  Browning  tells  us  that 

"Since  God  collected  and  resumed  in  man, 
The  firmaments,  the  strata,  and  the  lights. 
Fish,  fowl,  and  beast,  and  insect, — all  their  trains 
Of  various  life,  caught  back  upon  his  arms, 
Re-organized  and  constituted  man, 
The  microcosm,  the  adding  up  of  works." 

The  reason  why  I  consider  the  faculty  of  Order  in  this  place — 
following  the  fliculty  of  Time  and  preceding  the  consideration  of 
the  faculty  of  Calculation  or  Number — is  because  Order  is  a  neces- 
sary and  natural  ally  to  both  these  faculties^  and  also  because  it  is 
a  trait  derived  from  the  brain,  osseous,  thoracic,  and  muscular 
systems  mainly, — all  high  systems.  Again,  one  sign  of  Order  is 
found  in  the  squareness  of  the  lateral  portions  of  the  bone  of  the 
forehead,  and  another  by  the  width,  height,  and  fine  quality  of  the 
frontal  brain. 

There  must  of  necessity  be  a  reason  for  the  location  and  order 
of  arrangement  of  all  things  related  to  man,  and  the  more  nearly 
these  accord  with  natural  law  and  classification,  the  more  nearly  is 
"Heaven's  first  law"  observed.  Our  faculties  are  so  arranged 
that  the  powers  to  discern  and  discover  everything  pertaining  to 
man  are  placed  in  such  order  as  will  best  assist  this  purpose. 

The  discovery  of  scientific  physiognomy  was  so  ordered  that  it 
should  come  in  an  age  which  was  sufficiently  enlightened  to 
comprehend  and  apply  its  truths.  Had  it  been  discovered  and 
formulated  in  the  "dark  ages,"  the  faggot  and  gibbet,  would 
undoubtedly  have  been  the  portion  of  the  man  or  woman  who  had 
the  temerity  to  publish  it  to  the  world,  and  the  same  may  be  said 
of  aU  modern  inventions  and  scientific  discoveries. 


"The  man  is  thought  a  knave  or  fool. 

Or  bigot  plotting  crime. 
Who,  for  the  advancement  of  his  race, 

Is  wiser  than  his  time. 
For  him  the  hemlock  shall  distill, 

For  him  the  axe  be  bared  ; 
For  him  the  gibbet  shall  be  built. 

For  him  the  stake  prepared. 
Him  shall  the  scorn  and  wrath  of  men 

Pursue  with  deadly  aim, 
And  malice,  envy,  spite,  and  lies 

Shall  desecrate  his  name. 
But  truth  shall  conquer  at  the  last, 

For  round  and  round  we  run  ; 
And  ever  the  right  comes  uppermost. 

And  ever  is  justice  done." — Mackat. 


ORDER.  703 

Thus  we  see  that  Order  is  a  universal  principle  in  the  evolution 
of  society  and  governments,  as  well  as  in  the  vegetable  and  animal 
kingdoms. 

In  former  ages,  physiognomy  was  termed  the  "  black  art," 
and  its  expounders  were  proscribed  by  law.  So  recent  as  the  reign 
of  King  George  II,  an  act  for  the  punishment  of  physiognomists 
was  worded  thus :  "  All  persons  pretending  to  have  skill  in  physi- 
ognomy are  included  among  those  offenders  who  are  deemed 
rogues  and  vagabonds.  As  such  they  are  liable  to  be  publicly 
whipped  or  sent  to  the  House  of  Correction  until  the  next  Sessions, 
or  any  less  time,  and  after  whipping  or  commitment  they  may  be 
passed  to  their  last  legal  settlement  or  birtliplace ;  and,  moreover, 
the  Justice  may  sentence  them  to  hard  labor  for  not  more  than  six 
months."  The  reader  will  conclude  from  the  above  law  in  regard 
to  this  science,  that  a  systematized  method  brought  forward  under 
such  laws  as  the  above  would  liave  probably  resulted  in  the  pun- 
ishment of  its  promoters.  Under  the  ordering  of  an  overruling 
power  this  was  delayed  until  this  era,  wherein  all  scientific  ideas  are 
hailed  with  delight  by  the  intelligent  inhabitants  of  every  civilized 
country  and  their  expounders  protected  by  law.  Not  only  has 
this  science  made  great  advances,  but  other  sciences  have  developed 
which  have  materially  assisted  tlie  advancement  of  physiognomy. 
Among  them  I  may  mention  comparative  anatomy,  physiology, 
and  evolution.  Until  these  and  other  sciences  had  been  elabo- 
rated to  their  present  degree  of  development,  the  scientific  knowl- 
edge of  the  human  face  and  its  associate  character  could  not  have 
been  brought  forward  on  its  present  basis. 

Thus  we  observe  that  the  law  of  orderly  progress  goveras  the 
advance  of  human  knowledge,  and  nothing  has  been  more  potent 
in  this  direction  than  the  discovery  of  laws  in  every  department 
of  science. 

The  faculty  of  Order  is  by  no  means  confined  to  the  human 
family,  although  very  feebly  manifested  in  savage  and  undeveloped 
races. 

It  is  exhibited  in  a  much  higher  degree  by  many  animals  and 
insects.  Most  especially  is  it  shown  by  bees,  wasps,  ants,  and 
birds.  In  these  creatures,  as  in  man,  it  is  associated  with  a  sense 
of  Time  and  Number,  both  as  regards  their  sense  of  and  prepara- 
tion for  the  orderly  succession  of  the  seasons,  as  shown  by  the  mi- 
gration of  birds  and  in  the  building  of  nests,  dams,  and  dens  as 
defenses  against  the  coming  winter;  and  here  the  faculties  of 
Time,  Number,  and  Order  are  associated  with  Constructiveness, 
just  as  in  man,  whose  architectural  skill  requires  this  peculiar 
combination. 


704  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Dr.  Lindsay  tells  us: — 

Animals  possess  a  great  degree  of  method,  system,  and  classification, 
as  is  shown  by  the  arrangement  of  their  numbers  into  classes,  ranks,  and 
castes,  and  by  the  attempts  of  their  leaders  to  substitute  order  for  confusion 
in  great  crises  and  in  panics.  The  republican  form  of  government  exists  in 
a  most  orderly  form  among  ants,  while  bees  have  organized  a  monarchical 
order  of  government,  and  divide  their  numbers  into  a  reigning  sovereign, — 
the  queen-bee, — soldiers,  workers,  guards,  nurses,  etc.,  thus  showing  a  com- 
prehension of  law,  order,  method,  and  system. 

The  higher  animals  also  observe  method  and  order  in  the 
division  of  numbers  into  flocks  and  herds.  They  have  acknowl- 
edged leaders  and  follow  them  implicitly.  Order  in  detail  is  shown 
in  the  symmetrical  arrangement  of  nests  and  dams,  in  the  cells  of 
the  bee  and  wasp,  and  in  the  dwellings  of  the  ant  and  mole,  which 
last  is  a  beautiful  specimen  of  architectural  symmetry  and  order, 
while  the  order  and  system  observed  in  the  nest  of  the  "geometric 
spider"  is  as  perfect  in  its  proportion  as  anything  constructed  by 
man.  The  reader  may  have  imbibed  the  notion  that  all  these  or- 
derly acts  are  done  under  the  eflect  of  "  blind  instinct,"  a  term  the 
old  school  of  metaphysicians  were  fond  of  applying  to  animals,  but 
when  it  is  known  that  all  classes  of  insects  and  animals  often  make 
mistakes  of  judgment  in  construction  and  take  their  buildings 
apart  and  rebuild  them  in  a  more  useful  and  convenient  manner, 
it  is  at  once  proven  that  judgment  and  reason  have  guided  them, 
and  that,  like  man,  their  judgment  is  sometimes  faulty,  which  they 
amend,  as  he  does,  by  experience  and  experiment.  Sufficient  has 
here  been  said  to  show  that  nearly  all  classes  and  races  of  animals 
possess  a  large  share  of  method,  system,  and  order,  both  mental 
and  physical,  and  that  the  same  phases  of  order  are  displayed  by 
animals  whose  structure  corresponds  to  that  of  men  of  similar  form 
and  similar  anatomical  development. 

Those  in  whom  the  vegetative  system  and  form  are  dominant 
manifest  a  comparatively  feeble  comprehension  of  Order.  They 
seem  to  keep  things  in  a  confused  heap,  and  make  very  odd  and 
incongruous  mixtures  of  articles.  Their  ideas  and  language  also 
lack  Order,  and  in  conversation  they  interject  all  sorts  of  incon- 
sistent remarks,  without  regard  to  their  applicability.  I  have  re- 
marked the  action  of  many  housewives  in  whom  this  system  pre- 
dominates, and  have  been  quite  amazed  in  observing  them  put 
their  house  to  rights  by  storing  away  together,  in  all  sorts  of 
closets  and  corners,  articles  which  an  orderly  housekeeper  would 
never  dream  of  putting  together.  Yet  the  rooms  at  times  would 
appear  in  perfect  order,  especially  if  company  was  expected,  but 
if  a  closet-door  opened  unexpectedly  quite  a  museum  would  be  ex- 


CALCULATION.  705 

posed  to  the  visitor's  gaze.  Vegetative  people  in  their  thoughts 
and  acts  seem  to  "  wobble "  about,  and  are  uncertain,  unstable, 
and  confused  in  their  plans  and  movements.  There  seems  no 
fixity  of  purpose,  because  they  are  composed  mainly  of  fluid  ma- 
terial, and,  like  the  waters  of  the  ocean,  they  are  ever  shifting  and 
never  definite ;  hence,  we  cannot  expect  to  find  a  high  phase  of 
either  Order  or  Time  in  those  in  whom  the  vegetative  system  is 
supreme.  Yet,  even  in  this  class  of  persons,  Order  can  be  very 
much  strengthened  by  commencing  early  with  them,  and  insisting 
upon  their  having  a  place  for  everything  and  compelling  them  to 
regard  this  law. 

The  exercise  of  the  faculty  of  Order  is  essential  to  all  the 
higher  mental  powers.  In  combination  with  Calculation,  Time, 
and  Reason,  it  assists  the  astronomer  and  mathematician.  Com- 
bined with  Constructiveness,  Weiglit,  Form,  and  Size,  it  aids  the 
operations  of  the  mechanic  and  artist.  With  Language,  Memory 
of  Events,  Observation,  Constructiveness,  Locality,  and  Time, 
it  is  the  ally  of  the  historian  and  editor.  Associated  with  Music, 
Calculation,  Time,  Constructiveness,  Intuition,  and  Ideality,  it  is  a 
valuable  assistant  to  the  composer.  To  the  naturalist,  teacher,  sci- 
entist, mechanic,  chemist,  and  physicist.  Order  is  most  essential. 
No  high  pursuit  can  succeed  with  deficient  Order,  for  the  arrange- 
ment of  ideas  in  an  orderly  manner,  as  well  as  the  placing  and 
classifying  of  substances  and  articles,  demands  a  good  degree  of 
this  faculty.  Form,  Size,  and  Locality,  where  they  are  well  devel- 
oped, assist  deficient  Order  and  compensate  one  measurably  for 
such  deficiency. 

The  preceding  statements  show  the  origin  and  action  of  this 
high  and  useful  trait.  The  higher  an  organism  has  evolved,  the 
more  Order  it  exhibits ;  and  the  lower  the  organism  in  the  scale  of 
creation,  the  less  accurate,  precise,  periodic,  and  orderly  is  it  in  its 
habits,  methods,  and  movements. 

The  numerous  signs,  together  with  the  very  diverse  origin  of 
the  several  phases  of  Order,  as  above  described,  very  materially  en- 
larges the  phrenological  notions  in  regard  to  this  faculty  and  its 
single  cranial  sign. 

CALCULATION. 

Aristotle  lays  down  the  general  principle  of  the  Pythagoreans  in  the  following 
terms  :  "  Number,"  he  says,  "  is,  according  to  them,  the  essence  of  all  things,  and  the 
organization  of  the  Universe  in  its  various  determinations  is  an  harmonious  system 
of  numbers  and  their  relations."* 

Definition. — The  science  of  numbers  or  computation  ;  capacity 
for  numerical  calculation ;  ability  to  keep  accounts  and  understand 

•  Basic  Outlines  of  Universology,  8.  P.  Andrews,  p.  150. 

45 


706 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


numerical  relations ;  skill  in  the  arts  of  counting ;  addition,  sub- 
traction, multiplication,  and  division ;  memory  of  dates,  figures, 
and  numbers. 

An  excess  of  this  power  is  rarely  met  with,  and,  when  it  is,  we 
find  that  it  is  usually  the  compensation  for  some  very  serious 
deficiency  in  some  other  department  of  mentality.  Where  the 
mind  dwells  too  much  upon  calculation,  to  the  exclusion  of  every- 
thing else,  the  character 
loses  a  great  deal  of  general 
power,  and  the  other  facul- 
ties become  weakened 
through  want  of  use,  and 
the  mind  is  turned  into  a 
mere  calculating  machine. 
We  rarely  find,  however, 
such  excessive  action  of 
this  faculty.  It  more  often 
needs  cultivation  than  re- 
straint. 

A  deficiency  causes 
one  to  be  inaccurate  in  his 
count,  reckoning,  and  ac- 
counts ;  dull  and  slow  in 
arithmetic,  and  unable  to 
keep  the  date  or  number 
of  anything  in  the  mind 
correctly.  Calculation  is 
easily  cultivated  by  persist- 
ent efforts,  for  here  Nature 
assists  by  dividing  up  every- 
thing in  sight. 

Facial  and  Bodily 
Signs.  —  The  most  pro- 
nounced facial  sign  of  Cal- 
culation is  shown  by  the 
space  observed  between  the 
outer  terminus  of  the  eyebrow  and  the  outer  angle  of  the  eye.  This 
peculiarity  of  formation  causes  the  eyebrow  to  flex  upward  and 
tend  toward  the  upper  part  of  the  ear.  This  sign  is  found  most 
decided  in  tlie  faces  of  the  muscular  races,  and  of  those  who  possess 
not  only  large  arithmetical  calculation,  but  also  a  shrewd,  crafty, 
cunning,  politic,  tactful,  and  worldly  disposition.  The  Mongolian 
race  and  face  well  illustrate  this  form  and  phase  of  numerical 
talent.     The  Celtic  races  also  exhibit  the  mental  aspect  of  this 


Fig.  ne— GALILEO  GALn.EI, 

DISCOVEKEK.) 


(ASTKONOMER, 


Born  at  Pisa,  1564.  Conspicuous  facial  sign^  Calcu- 
lation, shown  by  width  between  the  outer  ternnnus  of 
the  eyebrow  and  the  outer  angle  of  the  eye.  The  law 
of  the  straight  line,  square,  and  cube  governs  this  face. 
The  Quality  of  this  subject  is  very  high  and  Color  dense. 
The  domestic  and  moral  signs  are  large.  Although  par- 
tially hidden  by  the  beard  and  moustache,  the  super- 
structure tells  us  this  is  correct.  .Such  a  nose  and  fore- 
head must  have  a  superior  vegetative  base  from  which 
to  draw  their  power.  Benevolence,  Love  of  Home  and 
Country  can  be  seen  and  are  large.  The  mouth,  by  its 
size,  announces  good  alnnentive  capacity.  The  nose  is 
long,  large,  high,  broad,  and  V)ony.  In  it  the  signs  for 
Ideality,  Mental  Imitation,  Analysis,  Sublimity,  Con- 
structiveness,  Ac(|uisitiveness,  Veneration,  and  Self- 
will  are  large.  Size,  Form,  Language,  Observation, 
Locality,  Weight,  and  Calculation  are  uncommonly  de- 
veloped. Mental  Order,  shown  by  squareness  of  the 
forehead,  is  most  decided,  while  Reason  and  Intuition 
show  the  highest  degree  of  development.  Altogether  a 
physiognomy  of  transcendent  power  and  scientific 
beauty. 


CALCULATION. 


707 


faculty.  Like  Order  and  Time,  there  are  several  manifestations  of 
this  trait.  The  osseous  individual  reveals  a  phase  of  Calculation 
different  from  that  which  distinguishes  the  muscular  man.  The 
kind  of  Calculation  exliibited  by  the  former  is  more  purely  mental 
and  assists  him  in  mechanical  pursuits,  while  the  latter  is  the 
artistic  form ;  that  is  to  say,  the  phase  of  Calculation  which  can 
estimate  numbers  and  weights  by  sight  and  by  lifting. 

Description. — Calcu- 
lation is  a  general  and 
universal  principle ;  hence 
its  signs  are  exhibited  in 
the  higher  developments 
of  the  osseous  and  brain 
systems  in  a  diffused  and 
general  manner,  rather 
than  by  any  single  local, 
facial  sign.  A  face  distin- 
guished by  squareness  of 
the  bones,  with  the  features 
at  right  angles  and  width 
between  the  eyes,  reveals 
capacity  for  mental  arith- 
metic, and  of  understanding 
the  relations  o^  figures  with 
form^  also  capacity  for 
comprehending  geometric 
forms  in  combination  with 
mechanical  principles. 
Where  the  brain  is  large 
and  of  good  or  fine  quality, 
combined  with  a  good  en- 
dowment of  square  bones, 
a  high  degree  of  geometric 
calculation  is  present,  and 
talent  for  trigonometry  and 
mensuration  will  be  sliown. 

The  muscular  form  in  excess  gives  the  combination  for  pure 
calculation,  but,  when  accompanied  by  a  good  degree  of  the  brain 
system  and  fair  development  of  l)one,  it  manifests  talent  for  mathe- 
matics and  for  calculations  of  the  relations  of  circular  forms  and 
number. 

The  sign  for  numerical  calculation  observed  in  the  formation 
of  the  terminus  of  the  eyebrow  being  most  decided  where  the  mus- 
cular system  is  dominant  is  an  excellent  proof  of  its  muscular 


Fig.  HT.— JOSEPH  LOUIS  de  LAGRANGE. 
(Mathematician,  Authok.) 

Born  at  Turin,  1736.  Conspicuous  facial  sigrn.  Calcu- 
lation. The  law  of  the  curve  and  square  governs  this 
face.  The  signs  for  Firmness,  Conscience,  Love  of 
Home,  of  Country,  and  of  Young  are  well  defined ;  so, 
al.'io,  are  Benevolence,  Friendship,  Pneumativeness, 
Mirthfulne8S,Amativeness,  Approbation,  Sanativeness, 
Modesty,  and  Force.  Alimentiveness  and  Hibativeness 
are  normal.  In  the  nose,  which  is  arched,  lon^,  high, 
bro.id,  bony,  and  muscular,  we  find  all  of  the  signs  of 
mental  greatness.  Hope,  Analysis,  Mental  Imitation, 
Human  Nature,  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Construction,  and 
Acquisitiveness  are  all  "very  large;  while  the  signs  for 
Executiveness.  Veneration,  and  Self-will  are  i)re-enii- 
nent.  The  region  about  the  eyes  and  interciliary  space 
is  noteworthy.  Form,  Size,  Observation,  Weight,  and 
Locality  are  well  defined.  Calculation  is  of  the  highest 
order;  "while  Mental  Order,  Reason,  and  Intuition  are 
wonderfully  developed.  The  writings  of  de  Lagrange 
are  not  only  of  the  highest  mathematical  value,  but  are 
elegantly  written  and  T>re.seiited.  He  well  deserves  the 
title  of  a  "  luminary  or  mathematical  science."  A  noble 
and  beautiful  physiognomy. 


708  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

origin.  .  It  also  explodes  the  phrenological  error  that  this  indication 
is  caused  by  a  "cranial  organ"  or  accumulation  of  " brain-matter " 
at  this  place.  The  phrenological  idea  of  " organs"  which  are  said 
to  be  observable  on  the  outside  of  the  skull  is  giving  way  to  recent 
discoveries  of  "  brain  areas  or  tracts "  of  the  internal  cerebral 
structure,  wherein  are  located  the  centres  of  motion  or  of  impulse, 
which  act  with  and  for  the  several  bodily  organs  and  functions. 
The  faculty  of  Speech,  for  example,  it  has  been  demonstrated 
beyond  a  doubt,  has  its  representative  in  a  certain  area  of  the 
brain,  but  it  is  not  situated  behind  the  eyeball,  pushing  the  eye 
outward  and  forward,  as  phrenology  asserts.  The  sign  for  articu- 
late speech,  it  is  true,  is  shown  in  the  face  by  prominent  eyes,  also 
by  the  shape  of  tlie  mouth,  lips,  and  ears;  but  this  same  faculty  can 
just  as  well,  or  nearly  as  well,  be  discerned  by  the  finger  or  finger- 
nail of  those  in  whom  the  muscular  system  is  dominant,  for  the 
reason  that  Language  and  Calculation  are  both  best  developed  in 
those  races  in  whom  the  muscles  are  in  excess  of  the  hones.  The 
Oriental  races,  for  example,  exhibit  large  calculative  powers.  They 
also  reveal  great  Acquisitiveness  (they  are  natural  gamesters)  and 
other  muscular  traits  in  harmony  witli  numerical  calculation,  such 
as  diplomatic  policy,  craft,  cunning,  and  deception.  All  these 
faculties  are  the  most  conspicuous  in  muscular  races,  as  well  as  in 
the  muscular  animals,  and  are  shown  by  signs  of  muscular  develop- 
ment., and  not  by  "brain  organs"  externally  on  the  skull. 

The  basis  of  everything  is  (as  I  have  shown  in  the  chapter  on 
the  "Basic  Principles  of  Form")  mathematical  or  numerical. 
Every  separate  atom,  article,  and  entity  is  countable,  and  holds  its 
rank  as  number  one,  two,  three,  etc.,  in  a  certain  department  of 
creation ;  hence  Number  is  a  universal  element  and  principle,  and 
enters  into  all  things.  It  is  thus  shown  to  be  a  prime  and  primi- 
tive element  in  everything,  and  also  takes  its  rank  among  the 
highest  and  most  perfected  aspects  of  Nature,  as  in  the  completion 
of  schemes,  plans,  and  numbers  of  finished  creations;  for  ex- 
ample, in  the  numbers  of  the  bones,  muscles,  and  organs  in  man ; 
the  numbers  of  leaves  of  plants,  which  are  governed  by  mathe- 
matical precision;  by  the  divisions  of  the  earth  into  continents, 
islands,  etc.  I  could  pursue  this  form  of  illusti-ation  almost  indefi- 
nitely, and  then  have  made  only  a  beginning.  The  science  of 
numbers  has  many  departments;  as,  for  example,  it  commences 
with  the  primary  and  simplest  aspect  of  counting  or  enumerating, 
and  this  is  the  phase  first  exhibited  by  children  and  undeveloped 
races.  The  latter  never  get  beyond  this  stage.  The  Esquimaux, 
it  is  said,  can  count  only  ten ;  while  the  Greenlanders  can  reckon 
only  five  besides  the  enumeration  of  their  fingers  and  toes ;   yet 


CALCULATION.  709 

many  dogs,  birds,  and  even  pigs,  have  been  trained  to  count  as 
high  as  sixty.  Dr.  Carpenter  tells  us  that  the  young  Yanco  of  the 
Amazons  can  count  no  higher  than  throe. 

The  powers  of  enumeration  shown  by  muscular  races,  such, 
for  example,  as  the  Mongolian,  are  extraordinary  in  degree,  and 
universal  among  them.  In  their  counting-houses  they  make  use 
of  the  abacus,  sliding-rule,  and  tallies,  and  other  numerical  instru- 
ments. This  form  of  reckoning  is  a  primitive  one,  and  is  used  in 
many  schools  by  the  younger  pupils  in  object-teaching.  The  other 
branches  of  arithmetic  and  mathematics  require  the  use  of  memory 
and  the  reasoning  processes. 

The  science  of  numbers  seems  to  many  persons  a  very  abstruse 
and  profound  subject,  but  to  others  it  is  entirely  simple.  The 
cause  of  this  is  found  in  inherited  differences.  The  capacity  for 
pure  calculation  has  been  exhibited  in  early  childhood  by  certain 
persons  in  a  most  surprising  and  precocious  manner,  but  I  believe 
the  higher  forms  of  number,  such  as  those  used  in  mensuration, 
in  engineering,  and  in  other  departments  of  applied  geometry,  have 
never  been  exhibited  by  any  very  young  arithmeticians,  because 
the  application  of  the  higher  principles  of  number  requires  the 
exercise  of  a  high  degree  of  Reason^  and  this  faculty  is  never 
found  greatly  developed  in  childhood.  George  Bidder  and  Zerah 
Colbum  were  precocious  arithmeticians,  who  in  early  childhood 
"lisped  in  numbers"  and  astonished  the  world  by  the  exhibition 
of  their  wonderful  numerical  power;  yet  in  adult  life  they  were  not 
celebrated  for  any  very  great  superiority  in  any  direction,  except 
the  power  for  calculating  immense  sums.  The  following  account 
of  Zerah  Colburn,  an  American  lad,  who  was  brought  to  l^ondon 
in  1812,  at  eight  years  of  age,  I  quote  from  "  Mental  Physiology," 
by  Dr.  Carpenter.  Of  the  powers  of  this  lad,  which  he  terms  most 
happily  "  numerical  intuition,"  he  states  that,  upon  being  examined 
by  several  eminent  mathematicians,  he  ga^■e  the  following  test : — 

He  raised  any  number  consisting  of  one  figure,  progressively  to  tlie 
tenth  power  ^  giving  the  results  (by  actual  multiplication  and  not  by  memor}) 
faster  than  they  could  be  set  down  in  figures  by  the  person  appointed  to 
record  them.  He  raised  the  number  eiglit  progressivel}'  to  the  sixteenth 
power;  and  in  naming  the  last  result,  which  consisted  of  fifteen  figures,  he 
was  right  in  every  one.  Some  numbers  consisting  of  two  figures  he  raised 
as  higli  as  the  eighth  power,  though  he  found  a  difficulty  in  proceeding  when 
the  products  became  very  large.  On  being  ask«d  the  square-root  of.  106,929, 
he  answered  327  before  the  original  number  could  be  written  down.  He 
was  then  required  to  find  the  cube-root  of  268.336,1 25,  and  with  equal  facility 
and  promptness  he  replied  645.  He  was  asked  how  many  minutes  there  are 
in  forty-eight  years,  and  before  the  question  could  be  written  down  he 
replied  25,228,800,  and  immediately  afterward  he  gave  the  correct  number 
of  seconds.     On  being  requested  to  give  the  factors  which  would  produce 


710  PHACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the  number  247,483,  he  immediately  named  941  and  263,  which  are  the  only 
two  numbers  from  the  multiplication  of  which  it  would  result. 

This  performance  in  so  young  a  child  and  without  any  arith- 
metical training  can  only  be  accounted  for  upon  the  theory  of 
instinctive  powers,  and  this  is  the  basis  of  all  musical  precocity  as 
well  as  poetic  prodigies.  The  talent  and  genius  for  pure  calcula- 
tion, as  also  the  talent  and  genius  for  music,  is  thus  shown  to  be 
an  infantoid  or  primitive  trait,  for  neither  of  these  arts  require  the 
co-operation  of  a  high  degree  of  reason,  and  if  we  understand  the 
analysis  of  these  two  arts,  and  learn  which  parts  of  the  human 
organism  contribute  to  their  exhibition,  we  shall  find  that  they  are 
both  best  developed  where  the  muscular  system  is  dominant. 
Book-keeping  requires  large  Calculation  and  Order.  A  good 
mathematician  must  possess  large  Locality  and  reasoning  powers. 
A  civil  engineer  and  surveyor  should  add  to  these  Form,  Size, 
Constructiveness,  and  Imitation,  and  a  fine  physique.  And  all 
these  faculties  are  essential  to  the  chemist  and  physicist.  The 
greater  number  of  engineers  are  men  of  robust  appearance,  and 
are  finely  organized,  physiologically  and  anatomically.  Francis 
Galton  bears  testimony  to  tliis  fact  in  the  following  terms.  He 
observes : — 

Tiie  foremost  engineers  are  a  body  of  men  possessed  of  remarkable 
natural  qualities;  they  are  not  only  able  men,  but  are  also  possessed  of 
singular  powers  of  physical  endurance  and  of  boldness,  combined  with  clear 
views  (^f  what  can  and  what  can  not  be  effected.* 

This  statement  confirms  what  I  claim,  viz.,  that  men  of  large 
and  sound  reasoning  powers  possess  strong  and  sound  bodies.  An 
examination  of  the  portraits  of  Watt,  the  Stepliensons,  Brunei, 
De  Lesseps  (the  latter  in  active  service  upon  the  Panama  Canal  at 
eighty  is  remarkable),  Captain  James  Eadds,  Violet-Le-Duc,  Col. 
John  A.  Roebling,  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  and  Sebastian  Vauban, 
will  justify  my  theories  on  this  point.  Many  of  these  men  attained 
an  advanced  age  and  pursued  their  profession  most  industriously 
to  the  last. 

Many  persons  of  fine  abilities,  both  literary  and  artistic,  are 
very  deficient  in  the  natural  comprehension  of  numbers,  their 
properties,  and  relations.  It  is  said  of  George  Combe,  who  was 
eminent  as  a  writer,  lawyer,  lecturer,  and  phrenologist,  that  after 
seven  years'  study  of  the  multiplication  table  it  was  to  him  a  pro- 
found mystery,  and  when  he  wished  to  pay  his  bills  he  took  his 
money  in  a  purse  and  asked  each  tradesman  to  count  out  the 
amount  due  him. 

*  Hereditary  Genius,  Francis  Galton,  p.  333.    187L 


CALCULATIOI^.  711 

Among  school-cliildren  tliere  are  all  grades  of  this  faculty, 
from  the  gifted  genius  in  arithmetic  down  to  the  grade  of  idiot  on 
this  subject.  Yet  those  who  are  entirely  lacking  in  numbers  are 
oflen  extremely  bright  in  other  directions.  It  seems  to  me  a  lack 
of  perception  on  the  part  of  examiners  and  teachers  to  grade 
scholars'  upon  their  aritlimetical  ability  alone.  It  would  be  just  as 
sensible  to  grade  tliem  by  an  ear  for  music,  for  I  think  that  musical 
ability  is  much  more  general  than  the  calculative  faculty.  All 
these  stupid  and  unintelligent  methods  will  be  modified  and 
changed  when  teachers  become  conversant  with  scientific  and 
practical  physiognomy,  for  then  tliey  will  be  able  without  examina- 
tions upon  the  black-board  to  know,  by  looking  in  a  child's  face, 
whether  he  be  naturally  dull  or  gifted  in  this  respec.'t.  A  correct 
psychology  is  the  first  thing  which  a  teacher  should  employ  in 
commencing  the  education  of  a  child.  She  should  be  able  by  the 
tone  of  voice,  by  the  walk,  by  the  attitude,  the  outline  of  the  face, 
forehead,  nose,  chin,  and  limbs,  to  learn  something  definite  of  every 
scholar,  and  she  should  be  also  able  to  act  upon  the  knowledge  thus 
acquired. 

The  best  time  to  acquire  the  rudiments  of  arithmetic  and  the 
foundation  of  the  higher  mathematics  is,  in  early  childhood,  by 
object-lessons,  even  before  the  child  is  taught  to  read.  Children 
can  be  taught  by  different-shaped  blocks  all  of  the  principal 
geometrical /orwz^,  and  a  pleasant  pastime  can  be  had  by  them  in 
forming  the  cone,  cube,  sphere,  triangle,  circle,  pyramid,  and 
rhomb  out  of  small  blocks  made  for  the  purpose;  while  counting 
can  be  taught  by  laying  beans  or  bright-colored  sticks  in  rows  or 
piles.  Simple  addition,  multiplication,  subtraction,  and  division 
can  be  taught  by  the  same  methods,  and  will  seem  to  children  a 
pretty  and  interesting  game.  All  these  principles  of  both  arith- 
metic and  geometry  ought  to  be  understood  before  learning  to  read 
or  before  attending  school.  The  primary  colors,  with  their  various 
shades  and  complementary  colors,  should  also  be  learned  in  early 
childhood  in  the  same  manner,  by  colored  sticks,  yarn,  silk,  cotton, 
or  whatever  material  is  most  convenient.  It  is  most  essential  to 
every  child's  future  welfare  that  these  most  important  things  should 
be  learned  early.  They  do  not  tax  the  brain  at  all,  for  this  is  Nature's 
method  of  training  children,  and  children,  if  left  to  their  own 
unaided  efforts,  always  commence  their^  knowledge  of  things  by 
first  observing  the  form,  size,  color,  quality,  and  combinations  of 
objects  which  attract  their  attention.  This  method  is  now  being 
put  into  practice  in  the  kindergarten  system  of  education,  a  notable 
advance  upon  the  old-time,  unnatural  method  of  teaching  children 
to   read,  write,  and   cipher,   and   memorize   abstract  rules,  long 


712  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

before  the  brain  was  sufficiently  matured  to  comprehend  the  mean- 
ing of  the  language  used  in  the  explanation.  The  eager,  expand- 
ing mind  of  childhood  craves  knowledge,  and  unstinted  play  soon 
palls  upon  them  ;  they  become  restless  and  excitable  and  long 
for  something,  they  do  not  know  what.  The  parents,  as  a  rule, 
do  not  know  any  better  than  the  child  what  ails  it,  and  so  conclude 
that  it  had  better  go  to  school ;  the  poor  little  creatures  are 
packed  off  to  some  ''cramming  institute,"  where  they  take  in  allo- 
pathic doses  of  learning  suited  to  mature  mmds,  and  soon  a  mental 
dyspepsia  makes  its  appearance,  and  the  child  and  parents  are 
again  at  their  wits'  end  to  know  what  is  the  matter  and  how  to 
remedy  it.  The  very  youthful  mind  should  not  be  trained  to 
thbih  so  much  as  to  observe.  Youth  is  the  season  for  storing  the 
mind  with  observation  of  facts  and  phenomena, — natural,  artistic, 
and  scientific.  Boys  should  be  allowed  to  visit  factories,  foundries, 
and  all  places  where  mechanical  work  is  done,  and  the  principles 
of  machinery  explained  to  them.  Let  them  become  educated 
through  the  eijes  and  ears,  and  when  older  and  able  to  reason 
ahstractly  they  will  be  able  to  draw  upon  this  fund  of  stored-up 
observations  and  thus  save  years  of  time  in  going  over  the  same 
ground.  Mechanical  forces  are  founded  upon  geometrical  laws, 
and  all  the  primary  instruction  that  children  can  learn  by  object- 
lessons  is  a  great  gain.  It  does  not  tax  the  mind  as  much  as  read- 
ing, spelling,  and  writing,  because  geometric  forms  and  their 
combinations  are  taken  into  the  mind  by  the  aid  of  the  eyes,  and 
require  neither  reflection  nor  study  to  photograph  them  upon  the 
mind. 

In  the  same  manner  a  child  possessed  of  musical  aptitudes 
may  be  taught  to  play  upon  a  musical  instrument.  There  is  no 
brain  labor  involved  in  this  study  as  there  is  in  learning  to  read. 
The  practice  of  the  piano  is  a  mechanical  exercise ;  a  little  more 
exact  than  chopping  wood,  but  not  much  more  taxing  to  the  brain ; 
and  it  may  be  made  a  pleasing  amusement  by  judiciously  planning 
the  time  of  day  to  practice,  which  should  be  the  morning,  and 
only  short  exercises  should  be  allowed.  These  and  similar  pursuits 
will  allay  the  restlessness  of  very  young  children  and  really  advance 
their  education  on  a  sound  and  natural  basis,  therefore  a  healthful 
one,  which  should  ever  be  the  dominating  idea  in  education. 

Music  is  based  on  the  science  of  mathematics;  hence  the 
rudimentary  part  of  it  can  be  easily  learned  by  young  children, 
especially  notation,  together  with  the  symbols  used  to  designate 
the  notes,  rests,  etc.  Composers  who  deal  with  the  scientific 
aspect  of  music  exhibit  fine  arithmetical  powers,  for  the  compli- 
cated methods  of  modern  musical  composition  requires  great  calcu- 


OALCDLATION.  713 

lative  skill.  An  examination  of  the  portraits  of  Beethoven, 
Mozart,  Bach,  Weber,  Handel,  Verdi,  Gounod,  and  Wagner  dis- 
close large  arithmetical  signs.  Calculation  is  usually  large  in  all 
singers,  for  calculation  and  musical  capacity  are  both  best  exhibited 
by  muscular  development. 

Arithmetic  is  the  Ibundation  of  the  higher  mathematics,  such 
as  mensuration,  trigonometry,  and  geometiy — "that  branch  of 
mathematics  which  investigates  the  relations,  properties,  and 
measurements  of  solids,  surfaces,  lines,  and  angles;  the  science 
which  treats  of  the  properties  and  relations  of  magnitudes."  All 
these  require  the  power  of  logical  and  abstract  thought.  The 
knowledge  of  all  the  forms  involved  in  the  applicaiion  of  these 
principles  is  found  in  every  article  and  natural  object  in  existence, 
and  the  eye  of  the  child  cannot  rest  upon  anything  in  Art  or  Nature 
that  does  not  present  a  plane,  surface,  or  angle,  a  sphere,  an 
arch,  a  pyramid,  a  rhomb,  a  cone,  a  triangle,  an  ellipse,  a  circle,  or 
sections  of  some  one  or  other  of  these  primary  geometric  forms,  as 
shown  in  all  natural  growths,  whether  of  primitive  vegetable  or 
animal  cells,  or  in  plants,  trees,  flowers,  mineral  crystals,  or  in 
architecture  and  art ;  hence,  children  should  be  trained  not  only  to 
know  the  names  of  all  these  various  shapes,  but  should  be  taught 
from  natural  objects,  such  as  plants,  flowers,  and  minerals,  some- 
what of  the  relations  of  these  forms.  I  am  all  the  more  explicit 
upon  the  subject  of  training  children  very  early  in  arithmetical 
and  geometrical  principles,  for  the  reason  that  they  lie  at  the  base 
of  every  trade,  profession,  and  pursuit  in  the  world,  and  are  highly 
essential  to  every  position  in  life,  from  that  of  the  king  to  the 
peasant.  Most  especially  should  girls  be  trained  in  the  higher 
mathematics,  for  the  reason  that  these  studies  develop  the  logical 
powers  of  the  mind,  and  females  need  development  of  this  portion 
of  the  intellect  in  order  to  counterbalance  the  excess  of  the 
emotional  nature  which  in  the  majority  of  cases  dominates  the 
reason,  hence  unfits  women  for  the  position  of  motherhood;  for 
the  mother  of  half  a  dozen  smart,  bright,  lively  boys  and  girls 
ought  to  be  a  good  reasaiier  to  enable  her  to  answer  the  questions 
which  such  intellects  will  propound — not  only  for  this  purpose,  but 
for  her  oicn  advancement  toward  attaining  a  balanced  character. 

For  illustration  of  the  facial  and  bodily  signs  of  Calculation, 
as  expressed  by  the  combination  of  the  ,brain  dominant,  with  the 
osseous  system  sabdominant,  I  refer  here  to  the  physiognomies  of 
Hippocrates,  of  Cos,  Roger  Bacon,  Tycho  Brahe,  Paracelsus,  and 
Galileo,  the  two  Herschels,  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  Guyon  de  Morveau, 
Benjamin  Franklin,  Professor  Pasteur.  For  examples  of  the  sort 
of  Calculation  exhibited  by  a  combination  of  the  brain  and  bone 


714  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

forms,  equally  developed,  the  muscular  ranking  third,  I  may  point 
to  the  portraits  of  Michael  Faraday,  Joseph  Black,  Professor 
Helmholtz,  and  Professor  Liebig;  while  the  phase  of  Calculation 
disclosed  by  the  development  of  the  brain  first,  muscle  second,  and 
bone  third,  may  be  observed  in  the  countenances  of  Descartes, 
Francis  Bacon,  Berzelius,  Sir  John  Lubbock,  Virchow,  Schleiden, 
and  others  equally  celebrated  for  the  use  they  made  of  numerical 
calculation.  The  system  which  dominates  will  announce  the  soi't 
or  phase  of  numerical  power  present  in  the  subject,  and  this  may 
be  known  by  reference  to  the  conformation  of  the  body  and  limbs, 
fingers,  and  toes,  as  well,  or  nearly  as  well,  as  by  scanning  the 
face.  A  combination  in  about  equal  proportions  of  two  systems 
affords  the  capacity  for  expressing  the  two  sorts  which  inhere  in 
each ;  and  where  the  third  or  fourth  system  is  represented  in  an 
average  degree  of  development,  then  all  these  four  kinds  of 
numerical  ability  will  be  present.  Physicists,  chemists,  inventors, 
and  geographers  require  several  different  sorts  of  Calculation; 
while  astronomers  need  good  tlieorizing  powers,  large  geometrical 
comprehension,  together  with  a  large  amount  of  pure  calculation. 
Mechanics  need  two  sorts,  at  least,  and  architects,  surveyors,  and 
engineers  also  require  several  phases  of  this  faculty  in  order  to 
combine  the  various  principles  of  numbers  in  their  several  profes- 
sions and  pursuits. 

Animals  of  the  various  forms  exhibit  the  same  phases  of 
Calculation  as  are  shown  by  men  of  similar  forms  and  combinations 
of  forms.  They  can  make  estimates  of  height,  depth,  width,  space, 
and  distance,  and  apply  the  muscular  sense  of  weight  in  their 
journeys  and  in  their  buildings.  Ants  and  bees,  in  particular, 
manifest  great  calculative  powers  in  relation  to  construction,  and 
constructiveness  and  numerical  calculation  are  natural  allies.  The 
sense  of  weight  is  shown  by  the  elephant  and  other  animals;  the 
sense  of  range  and  direction  in  the  flight  of  birds,  and  also  in  the 
movements  of  the  fox  and  hare  in  douhllng  upon  their  pursuers; 
wliile  dogs  have,  as  is  well  known,  many  phases  of  Calculation  be- 
sides the  numerical.  This  form  of  evidence  of  animal  calculation 
I  might  pursue  through  every  department  of  animal  life,  from  the 
lowest  to  the  highest.  In  introducing  evidence  of  the  presence  of 
every  faculty  in  animals  which  is  exhibited  by  man,  I  do  so  for  the 
purpose  of  enlarging  the  ideas  of  my  readers  on  the  subject  of  mind 
and  its  universal  presence;  also,  to  raise  the  character  of  animals 
in  the  estimation  of  man,  as  well  as  to  cultivate  the  faculty  of 
modesty  in  human  beings  who  have  been  wont  (through  ignorance 
of  the  real  source  and  nature  of  mind)  to  ascribe  the  exclusive 
possession  of  intellect  to  man,  and  to  deny  to  beasts  and  insects 


CAUSALITY.  715 

anything  but  "blind  instinct."  All  the  evidence  running  through 
these  pages  will,  I  am  sure,  prove  that  we  have  as  many  "instincts" 
as  animals,  and  that  many  of  the  most  gifted  musicians,  poets,  and 
arithmeticians — those  who  challenge  the  admiration  of  the  world 
— have  arisen  to  the  grade  of  intellectual  development  which  acts 
spontaneously  (or,  as  we  say  of  some  animals  who  do  wonderful 
things,  "instinctively"),  without  training  or  forethought,  as  in  the 
case  of  Mozart,  Young,  Colburn,  and  other  precocious  prodigies. 

CAUSALITY. 

Definition. — The  cause-seeking  faculty ;  ability  to  reason  from 
cause  to  effect;  capacity  for  deduction;  comprehension  of  logical 
principles  and  their  applications.  The  faculty  which  foreknows 
results  from  observation  of  their  causes.  Its  possession  makes  one 
cogent,  philosophical,  calculative,  and  far-sighted  as  to  results.  It 
gives  a  desire  to  know  the  why  and  wherefore  of  all  things — to 
sift  appearances,  and  trace  them  to  their  origin. 

An  excess  of  Causality  leads  one  to  look  beyond  the  visible 
for  first  causes,  and  to  endeavor  by  insight  and  intuition  to  discover 
the  hidden,  obscure,  and  occult  laws  of  Nature.  Swedenborg  is 
an  excellent  illustration  of  excessive  Causality.  His  desire  to 
know  the  origin  of  mental  and  spiritual  phenomena  led  to  very 
abstruse  ideas  in  regard  to  both  physiological  and  psychic  subjects. 
At  the  same  time,  his  researches  brought  to  light  many  valuable 
discoveries,  as  shown  in  the  "Animal  Kingdom,"  but  his  persist- 
ency in  pushing  his  inquiries  in  a  microscopic  fashion  into  the  first 
causes  of  natural  phenomena,  together  with  his  abstruse  specula- 
tions and  deductions  upon  them,  makes  his  work  too  impractical 
for  general  use.  Causation  is  the  base  of  all  natural  phenomena, 
yet  many  of  the  processes  of  Nature  are  so  refined,  subtile,  and 
minute  as  to  entirely  elude  the  comprehension  of  man,  even  when 
he  has  the  aid  of  the  most  improved  instruments,  such  as  the 
telescope  and  microscope;  hence,  pushing  investigation  too  far  in 
this  direction  makes  one's  researches  too  profound  and  obscure  for 
practical  and  popular  use;  and  as  man's  powers  and  instrumentali- 
ties are  limited,  it  seems  a  waste  of  time  and  talents  to  press  our 
inquiries  beyond  the  reasonable  and  demonstrable.  One  thus 
characterized  should  turn  his  attention  to  the  practical  and  demon- 
strable in  science,  for  the  only  medium  through  which  knowledge 
comes  to  us  pi'imnrili/  is  our  senses;  hence,  we  must  first  bring 
all  things  under  the  crucial  tests  of  sight,  sound,  smell,  touch, 
or  taste,  before  we  endeavor  to  pronounce  judgment  upon  them. 
The  base  or  premises  must  first  be  susceptible  of  proof  and  demon- 
stration before  a  verdict  is  rendered.     If  this  plan  is  not  followed 


716 


PRACTICAL    AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


the  mind  may  be  carried  away  by  any  false  statement,  by  dogma, 
sophisms,  and  assertions  unsupported  by  facts  and  accurate  obser- 
vations. To  cultivate  reason  one  should  accept  the  evidence  of  his 
senses  in  regard  to  material  objects,  and  study  the  truths  of  Nature 
and  science,  as  well  as  the  laws  of  mechanism  as  promulgated  by 
best-known  writers  and  teachers. 

Excess  of  Causality  is  observed  in  those  inventors  who  endeavor 

to  discover  the  laws  of 
"  perpetual  motion,"  and 
similar  improbabilities.  Too 
much  Causality  is  quite  as 
great  a  defect  in  a  character 
as  too  little. 

A  deficiency  of  Causal- 
ity causes  paucity  of  reflec- 
tion and  leads  one  to  depend 
entirely  upon  the  opinions 
of  others  in  regard  to  most 
of  the  affairs  of  life.  Super- 
stitious beliefs  in  theolog- 
ical dogmas  have  done 
much  to  stifle  and  prevent 
the  development  of  a 
knowledge  of  causation. 
Science  is  doing  a  great 
work  in  teaching  that  God 
rules  by  laio^  and  that  cer- 
tain effects  are  sure  to  fol- 
low certain  causes.  Where 
Causality  is  small,  the  in- 
ventive faculty  is  at  a  min- 
imum, and  one  thus  de- 
ficient   has    constantly   to 


Fig.  118. -ANTOINETTE  L.  B.  BLACKWELL,  D.D. 
(Pastok,  Author,  Reformer.) 

Bom  in  America.  Conspicuous  facial  sign,  Causality, 
shown  by  height  and  width  of  tlie  bridge  of  the  nose 
and  development  of  the  upper  central  portion  of  the 
forehead.  The  law  of  the  straight  line  and  sqviare  gov- 
erns tliis  face.  The  signs  for  the  domestic  functions 
and  faculties  are  well  dettned.  Conscience,  F'irmness, 
Love  of  Home,  of  Country,  and  of  Young  are  conspicu- 
ous, as  are  Benevolence,  Amativeness,  .\limentiveness. 
Economy.  Sanativeness,  Pneumativeness,  Color,  Self- 
esteem,  Modesty,  Hospitality,  Mirth,  and  Friendship. 
In  the  nose  the  signs  for  mental  power  aie  very  decided. 
Ideality,  Sublimity,  Mental  Imitation,  Analysis,  Con- 
structiveness.  Acquisitiveness,  Veneration,  Reason, 
Executiveness,  and  Self-will  are  prominent.  The  signs 
for  the  i^ractical  faculties — Form,  Size,  Observation, 
Order,  Calculation,  Memory  of  Events,  Language,  an<l 

Time— are  marked,  while  Comparison  and  Intuition  are       1,-,     qJ,.:^,^,^        Q-nA     -fivirlc.     if 
prominent.    The  face  of  a  highlv-organized  mind  and        ""     aUVlSCU,      d,nu     lillUts     IL 

fe'^/AnrdVml^adsa^'at^^^^^^^  impossiblc  to   pursuc   any 

vocation  which  requires 
reflection,  foresight,  planning,  or  judgment,  but,  sheep-like,  must 
"  follow  the  leader." 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  most  cogent  and  indeclinable 
signs  of  causation  are  found  in  the  nose  and  forehead.  The  signs 
of  this  faculty  that  are  situated  in  the  nose  are  found  between  the 
sign  for  Executiveness  and  the  sign  for  Comparison,  the  latter 
lying  above  on  the  ridge  of  the  nose,  and  both  of  these  faculties  are 
most  powerful  when  the  nose  is  broad  at  this  part,  and  are  most 


CAUSALITT. 


717 


effective  when  found  in  combination  with  large  Comparison,  Ex- 
ecutiveness,  and  Self-will.  Comparison  lies  adjacent  to  Self-will, 
and  Causality  lies  next  below  it,  contiguous  to  the  sign  for  Execu- 
tiveness,  and  both  derive  assistance  and  support  from  association 
with  these  two  very  high  and  superior  faculties.  Illustrations  of 
the  association  of  these  four  faculties  are  found  only  in  the  most 
commanding  intellects,  as  seen  in  the  faces  of  eminent  scientists, 
statesmen,  philosophers, 
commanders,  and  great  ar- 
tists, thus  proving  that  the 
combination  of  these  facul- 
ties (whose  signs  are  in 
close  contiguity)  creates 
characters  which  require 
not  only  the  most  profound 
and  prolonged  powers  of 
deductive  ratiocination,  but 
also  the  will  and  force  of 
executiveness  to  carry  out 
actively  and  aggressively, 
if  need  be,  the  logical  con- 
clusions of  reason.  Where 
the  signs  of  Causality  are 
found  upon  a  broad  and 
long  nose,  it  is  most  effect- 
ive in  its  action  ;  the  length 
showing  foresiglit  and  caio- 
(ion  in  forming  opinions 
and  in  making  investiga- 
tions, and  the  breadth  dis- 
closing a  comprehensive 
mind  and  a  vigorous  vis- 
ceral structure,  thus  giving 
breadth  and  soundness  to 
the  mental  processes. 

Tlie  signs  of  Causality 
in  the  forehead  are  not  so 
easily  understood  by  the  beginner  in  physiognomy.  Many  believe 
that  a  high,  full  tbrehead  is  proof  of  the  presence  of  good  reasoning 
powers.  Lavater  observes  that  the  highest  foreheads  which  came 
under  his  observation  were  those  belonging  to  very  stupid  and  un- 
reasoning persons.  Height  of  the  forehead  merely  is  no  indica- 
tion of  reason.  Breadth  of  the  forehead  is  a  better  proof  of  its 
presence.     Fullness  of  the  centre  of  the  upper  central  part  of  the 


Fig.  n9.— goldwin  smith. 
Lecturer.) 


(Author, 


Bom  in  England,  1823.  Conspicnous  facial  sign, 
Causality,  shown  by  height  and  width  of  the  bridge 
of  the  nose  and  fullness  of  the  centre  of  the  forehead. 
The  law  of  the  straiglit  line  and  square  governs  this 
face.  This  most  eomi)rehensive  mind  has  a  fine  domes- 
tic and  moral  basis.  The  signs  for  Firmness,  Con- 
science, Pneumativeness,  Sanativeness,  Alinientiveness, 
Economy,  I^ove  of  Home,  of  Country,  and  of  Young 
are  very  well  defined.  Benevolence,  A"mativenes.s,  .Self- 
esteem,  Modesty,  Hospitality,  P'orce,  and  Friendship" 
are  jirominent.  In  tlie  nose  the  signs  for  Hope, 
Analysis,  Mental  Imitation,  Ideality,  Human  Nature, 
Sublimity,  Construction.  Acquisition,  Veneration,  Ex- 
ecutiveness. and  Self-will  arc  conspicuous.  The  color 
is  decide<l  and  the  quality  of  a  high  order.  Form,  Size, 
Observation,  I>ocality,  Weight,  Memory  of  S^vents, 
Order,  Time,  and  T>anguage  are  largely  developed ; 
Prescience  and  Credeiiciveness  are  deflcient ;  while 
Intuition  is  prominent,  and  Reason,  Causality^  and  Com- 
parison are  of  the  highest  efticiency.  This  is  the  face 
of  one  who  is  almost  as  good  an  observer  as  he  is  a 
thinker,  and  this  combination  of  the  observing  and 
reflecting  faculties  has  created  a  first-class  literary 
luminary. 


718  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

forehead  is  one  sign  of  the  reasoning  capacity,  and  must  be  relied 
upon  where  the  nose  has  been  injured,  but  the  nose  in  a  perfect 
state  is  the  best  index ;  for  no  great  or  good  reasoner  has  ever  been 
seen  who  disclosed  a  small,  depressed,  or  flat  nose,  while  many 
persons  who  have  very  high^  narrow^  and  fiiU  foreheads,  are  defi- 
cient in  causation  and  conlparison,  and  others  with  low,  wide, 
and  receding  foreheads  have  exhibited  extraordinary  capacity  for 
logical  generalization.  High,  wide,  and  full  foreheads,  if  of  a  high 
quality,  exhibit  first-class  talents,  and  these  talents  are  of  the  most 
practical  kind  when  the  forehead  recedes  slightly.  A  forehead 
bulging  at  the  upper  part,  or  inclined  forward  and  outward  beyond 
the  eyebrows,  belongs  to  an  infant  idiot,  a  stupid  person,  or  one 
afflicted  with  hydrocephalus,  or  "water  on  the  brain."  This  is  the 
form  of  embryotic  man,  and  signifies  undevelopment. 

Description  of  Causality. — Quality  is  the  most  potent  factor 
in  deciding  upon  the  signs  in  the  forehead.  If  the  quaUty  be  fine, 
and  the  signs  for  reason  well  defined,  logical  capacity  and  compre- 
hensiveness will  be  manifested.  More  particularly  is  this  the  case 
where  the  face  is  of  a  pyriform  shape,  thus  showing  the  supremacy 
of  the  mental  system  over  all  others.  In  this  case  the  nose  is  com- 
paratively small,  yet  the  high  quality  in  this  instance  compensates 
for  lack  of  physical  executiveness,  as  seen  in  the  physiognomy  of 
Herbert  Spencer,  for  example.  Here  the  pyriform  face  is  associ- 
ated with  high  quality,  and  the  nose  is  relatively  small.  This  com- 
bination discloses  the  capacity  for  clear,  cogent,  decisive,  and  most 
comprehensive  reason ;  but,  as  he  does  not  possess  large  bones  and 
muscles,  he  depends  upon  the  clearness,  strength,  breadth,  and  in- 
cisiveness  of  his  demonstrations  and  generalizations;  the  lucidity 
and  thoroughness  of  his  arguments  are  supplemented  by  the  most 
correct  observations  of  natural  phenomena,  and  hence  are  irresisti- 
ble and  incontrovertible. 

As  we  approach  the  investigation  of  the  rationale  of  the 
higher  faculties,  the  signs  and  the  philosophy  become  more  com- 
plex, and  we  are  obliged  to  pay  attention  to  several  circumstances 
in  combinatio7i  before  pronouncing  a  verdict  upon  any  single  sign. 

The  bodily  signs  for  tlie  presence  of  Causality  are  best  defined 
where  the  skm  is  fine  and  clear,  the  eye  bright,  the  hair  fine,  and 
with  relative  width  of  chest  and  shoulders.  Nothing  in  the  hu- 
man being  is  purely  mental,  nothing  purely  physical ;  hence,  we 
are  obliged  to  observe  physiological  and  anatomical  conditions 
before  passing  judgment  on  the  ability  of  the  individual  to  reason 
logically. 

The  superficial  thinker  will  doubtless  exclaim,  "  The  reason- 
ing faculties  must  certainly  be  purely  mental,  inasmuch  as  they  are 


CAUSALITY  719 

not  dependent  directly  upon  the  senses  for  their  power  to  act." 
To  use  an  Hibernicism,  if  one  could  think  of  nothing  this  asser- 
tion would  apply;  but,  as  the  reflective  faculties  are  for  the  purpose 
of  judging,  analyzing,  separating,  combining,  and  comparing  the 
sensations  and  ideas  acquired  through  the  exercise  of  the  eyes, 
ears,  nose,  mouth,  and  the  sensations  derived  from  the  conditions 
of  the  entire  visceral  system,  reason  must  necessarily  he  connected 
closely  with  these  functions,  and  hence  it  follows  logically  that  the 
reasoning  powers  of  man  are  dependent  upon  and  are  affected  by 
the  nature  and  condition  of  both  the  senses  and  visceral  organs. 

If  the  sense-organs  are  normal,  and  constructed  in  accord- 
ance with  the  most  perfect  plan,  it  follows  that  the  ideas  arising 
from  the  action  of  these  organs  will  be  correct,  true,  and  sound ; 
whereas,  if,  on  the  other  hand,  the  organs  of  sense  be  imperfectly 
constructed  as  to  their  mechanism,  the  ideas  arising  from  such  im- 
perfect organs  will  not  possess  the  same  degree  of  power,  clearness, 
and  integrity  as  in  the  former  case.  An  excellent  illustration  and 
proof  of  this  position  is  had  in  the  abnormal  condition  of  the  color- 
blind individual.  In  his  case,  inability  to  judge,  analyze,  and  com- 
pare colors  is  caused  by  the  imperfect  construction  of  that  part  of 
the  mechanism  of  the  eye  which  judges  of  color,  the  chemical 
construction  of  the  eye  being  faulty.  Now,  this  idea  can  be  readily 
apprehended  by  this  illustration,  but  when  I  advance  the  theory 
that  sound  reason  is  dependent  upon  a  normal  and  vigorous  con- 
dition of  the  visceral  structures,  then  the  question  becomes,  per- 
haps, too  complex  for  the  casual  observer,  however  reasonable  it 
may  appear  to  the  medical  man  or  physiologist.  I  think  I  have 
made  the  proof  of  this  so  clear  in  former  chapters  that  it  seems 
unnecessary  to  here  present  corroborative  evidence.  Yet,  to  make 
more  obvious  to  the  reader  at  this  point  the  intimate  relation  of 
the  senses  with  the  reasoning  faculties  and  the  bond  of  sympathy 
and  direct  connection  of  the  visceral  structures  and  states  with  the 
capacity  for  sound  reasoning,  I  will  mention  a  larger  number  of 
persons  who  are  well  known  to  fame  as  reasoners,  whose  bodies 
and  faces  attest  this  law  of  physiognomy.  Not  only  this,  but  their 
countenances  will  show  that  the  signs  in  the  forehead  and  nose  are 
corroborated  by  the  peculiarities  of  the  structure  of  the  body,  and 
are  disclosed  by  depth  and  breadth  of  the  chest,  width  of  the 
shoulders,  vigorous  abdominal  system,  and  a  well-developed 
muscular  and  osseous  system. 

In  the  physiognomies  of  all  the  celebrated  jurists  of  every 
nation,  the  faculties  of  Reason,  of  Causality,  and  Comparison  shine 
pre-eminent.  In  nearly  every  instance  the  bodily  organization 
and  nose  are  on  the  broad  plan,  and  the  facial  signs  for  breatliing, 


720  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

digestion,  etc.,  are  corroborated  by  the  bodily  build,  proving  them 
to  be  of  the  greatest  efficiency.  Let  the  reader  examine  the  por- 
traits of  Lord  North,  Earl  Clarenden,  Erskine,  Blackstone,  Ellen- 
borough,  Cliarles  James  Fox,  Lord  Brougham,  and  Justices  Waite, 
Field,  and  Miller ;  also  of  other  classes  of  reasoners,  as,  for  example, 
the  lierschels,  Galileo,  Kepler,  Hobbes,  Paley,  Adam  Smitli, 
Dugald  Stuart,  Sir  William  Hamilton,  Michael  Angelo,  Sir  Chris- 
topher Wren,  John  Smeaton,  John  Stuart  Mill,  Jonathan  Edwards, 
John  Knox,  Melanchthon,  Sir  Humphry  Davy,  von  Liebig,  Buffon, 
Agassiz,  Metternich,  Talleyrand,  Pitt,  Palmerston,  Napoleon 
Bonaparte,  James  Monroe,  Thomas  Jefferson,  Thomas  Paine, 
Harriet  Martineau,  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  Cuvier,  Lyell,  Hugh  Miller, 
Charles  Darwin,  Elizabetli  Cady  Stanton,  and  Professors  Huxley 
and  Tyndall.  These  examples  are  drawn  from  every  department  of 
intellect  and  represent  leading  minds  in  science,  art,  theology,  law, 
statesmanship,  mechanics,  generalship,  etc.  In  all  the  preceding 
physiognomies  there  will  not  be  found  one  small,  narrow,  flat  nose, 
nor  one  which  indicates  visceral  weakness.  Did  space  permit, 
I  might  swell  the  list  to  thousands,  but  a  sufficient  number  is  here 
noted  to  give  the  reader  ample  scope  for  instituting  comparisons 
and  making  generalizations.  The  world  of  thought  and  action 
has  not  been  led  by  sickly,  weak,  ill-formed  men  and  women. 
Nearly  all  the  great  reasoners  of  the  world  are  distinguished  as 
much  by  bodily  vigor  as  they  are  by  mental  acumen  and  power. 
It  is  true  that  a  few  great  minds  have  labored  on  through  years 
of  illness,  and  performed  great  works.  How  much  greater  might 
their  achievements  have  been  had  they  lived  up  to  the  require- 
ments of  hygienic  law!  Thomas  Carlyle  was  a^  life-long  sufferer 
from  dyspepsia,  yet  he  lived  to  an  advanced  age  and  performed 
herculean  mental  labors.  His  original  inherited  digestive  powers 
must  have  been  excellent,  else  he  could  not  have  lived  so  long  in 
violation  of  health  laws.  His  nose  is  one  of  the  largest  among 
historical  characters,  thus  showing  that  his  physiological  structure 
was  originally  sound,  but  he  overworked  constantly,  and  paid 
the  penalty  of  violated  laws  by  a  life  of  bodily  and  mental  torture. 
The  process  of  Causation  naturally  precedes  the  other  reason- 
ing faculty, — Comparison, — for  one  naturally  seeks  the  cause  or 
origin  of  phenomena  before  instituting  comparisons.  Causality  is 
found  in  the  laces  of  all  who  excel  in  investigation,  research, 
science,  invention,  mechanics,  statesmanship,  and  jurisprudence. 
Without  a  germ  of  this  faculty  a  race  would  never  progress 
beyond  a  state  of  barbarism.  Children  in  civilized  races  show  the 
grade  of  evolution  to  which  they  have  attained  by  constantly 
questioning.  Why?   How?    What  causes  this  and  that?    While 


CAUSALITY.  721 

the  youthful  barbarian  looks  with  a  stolid  indifference  upon  every- 
thing which  he  beholds,  yet  not  a  question  as  to  its  origin  or  use 
escapes  him. 

The  cultivation  of  this  faculty  is  of  great  importance,  as  it 
tends  to  originality,  invention,  and  individuality,  for  every  phe- 
nomenon of  Nature  is  related  to  a  cause  precedent  to  its  appear- 
ance. There  is  not  a  grain  of  sand  or  blade  of  grass  but  is  the 
result  of  manifold  causes,  one  following  another.  Indeed,  the 
human  mind  is  incapable  of  tracing  to  its  origin  the  first  cause  of 
the  growth  of  a  single  leaf.  Yet  by  a  study  of  the  basic  laws  of 
Form  one  can  be  assured  that  all  things  in  Nature — all  phenomena 
—  have  law  as  a  basis,  and  that  law  a  mathematical  one.  I  opine 
that  it  is  not  essential  to  our  welfare  and  happiness  here  to  possess 
a  knowledge  of  the  great  first  cause  which  so  attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  the  most  eminent  of  ancient  and  mediaeval  philosophers. 
Yet  it  is  our  privilege  and  duty  to  know  and  comprehend  many 
of  the  causes  which  precede  and  affect  our  destiny ;  and  if  ever 
there  should  arise  a  necessity  for  knowing  the  cause  of  causes,  we 
may  rest  assured  that  it  will  be  given  to  the  world  just  when  it  is 
needed  and  when  the  minds  of  the  masses  are  prepared  to  receive 
it.  Until  then,  we  had  best  employ  our  time  in  i^actical  iuves- 
tigatlon  and  elucidation  of  laws  and  causes  which  we  ca7i  demon- 
strate and  apply  to  matters  that  will  advance  man's  welfare  and 
highest  growth. 

Practicality  results  from  a  balance  of  Observation,  Causality, 
and  Comparison.  Wisdom  is  the  result  of  this  combination. 
I  have  known  many  very  wise,  useful,  and  practical  persons 
whose  educational  advantages  had  been  quite  indifferent,  yet 
who,  by  the  exercise  of  their  natural  reasoning  faculties,  excelled 
many  book-learned  persons  in  actual  wisdom  and  common  sense. 
"  A  meagre  soul  can  never  be  made  fat  by  studying  the  laws  of 
thinking." 

The  form  of  the  forehead  which  expresses  the  most  practical 
talents  is  one  in  which  the  superciliary  ridge  is  prominent,  and  the 
outline  of  which  recedes  slightly  backward  from  the  superciliary 
ridge,  and  this  form  is  observed  in  the  foreheads  of  all  the  great 
"inquirers,"  investigators,  and  mechanicians  of  the  world.  The 
poet  and  painter  have  not  so  great  a  need  of  practical  Causality 
as  the  former;  their  idea  of  causes  is  bounded  by  the  ideal,  the 
mystic,  and  supernatural,  hence  Causation  in  them  does  not  take 
the  practical  turn  which  is  observed  in  the  physiognomies  of  the 
former  classes. 

The  square  and  slightly  receding  forehead  is  indicative  of 
mechanical  and  scientific  Causality.     It  denotes  the   order  and 

46 


722  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

squareness  of  the  ideas,  and  in  the  world  of  science  and  mechanics 
ideas  are  characterized  by  concrete,  square,  and  orderly  methods 
of  arrangement  in  harmony  with  the  square  and  cube,  which  are 
the  symbols  of  mechanics  and  science,  and  which  are  also  the  forms 
that  underlie  the  "ciystal  foundations  of  the  earth."  Cuvier  and 
Linnaeus,  both  great  classifiers  as  well  as  great  inquirers  into  causes, 
exhibit  the  square  shape  of  the  forehead.  Arkwright,  the  inventor, 
also  presents  this  appearance,  and  the  noses  and  bodies  of  all  these 
individuals  corroborate  the  shape  of  the  forehead  and  indicate  the 
possession  of  Causality.  The  "  questioning  temper "  is  largely  an 
inherited  trait,  and  a  busy,  suggestive  mind  leads  often  to  great 
results.  The  aptitude  for  reasoning  from  cause  to  effect,  as  shown 
in  geniuses  of  the  first  rank,  like  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  is  inborn,  not 
imparted  by  education.  Observation  of  this  gentleman's  physiog- 
nomy shows  that  the  sort  of  Causality  his  mind  would  indulge  in  per- 
tained to  the  inquiry  into  mathematical  and  mechanical  laws  and 
causes.  His  forehead  is  full  at  the  upper  central  portion,  while  the 
signs  in  the  nose  for  Causality,  Comparison,  and  Analysis  are  exceed- 
ingly prominent.  This  organ  is  high,  long,  wide,  and  bony, — a  first- 
class  scientific  nose, — and  science  depends  upon  the  laws  of  logic 
for  its  demonstration  as  well  as  upon  facts  observed.  His  nose 
reveals  the  presence  of  all  of  these  faculties.  Observation  of  his 
nose  alone,  without  seeing  any  of  tlie  connected  features,  would 
satisfy  any  good  scientific  pliysiognomist  that  it  belonged  to  an 
intellect  of  the  first  magnitude.  The  lower  part  about  the  nostrils 
and  septum,  as  well  as  the  formation  of  the  bridge,  together  with 
its  entire  outline  and  size,  make  it  one  of  the  most  remarkable 
noses  to  be  found  in  the  physiognomy  of  the  most  eminent  his- 
torical characters.  This  nose  could  never  be  mistaken  for  the 
nose  of  an  unreasoning,  illogical  mind. 

All  those  who  receive  as  truth,  without  examination,  every 
dogma,  theory,  and  assertion  which  is  put  forth,  are  lack- 
ing in  Causality,  but  those  who  desire  the  exact  truth  strive  to 
learn  the  origin  or  cause  of  that  which  is  asserted.  Those  with 
this  faculty  large  place  very  little  credence  in  purported  "  miracles  " 
and  large-snake  stories,  etc.  They  demand  proof  before  believing ; 
but  another  class,  whose  love  of  the  marvelous  overbalances  their 
love  of  demonstrable  trutlis  and  reasoning  capacity,  are  possessed 
of  omnivorous  credulity,  and,  as  Froude  remarks,  "Belief  in  the 
marvelous  does  not  arise  from  evidence  and  will  not  yield  to  it ; " 
so,  logic,  reason,  or  demonstration  are  lost  on  such  minds,  because 
they  have  not  the  mental  calibre  to  comprehend  them.  Most  of  the 
metaphysical  conjuring  of  the  middle  ages  was  performed  by 
"  philosophers  "  who  lacked  the  balance  of  observation  and  demon- 


CAUSALITY.  723 

stration,  hence  their  cause-seeking  proclivities  were  of  no  practical 
benefit,  and  their  fine  speculations  and  lofty  theories  "  melted  into 
thin  air "  at  the  approach  of  modern  science  with  its  instrumentali- 
ties for  exact  observation  of  natural  phenomena. 

The  situation  of  the  sign  for  Causality  upon  the  ridge  of  the 
nose  is  most  significant.  The  nasal  sign  adjoining  Causality  is  the 
sign  for  Executiveness,  and  where  this  sign  is  well  marked  the 
character  will  be  noted  for  the  energy,  force,  and  ardor  with  which 
it  seeks  causes,  investigates  laws,  and  analyzes  theories,  and  having 
once  established  these  satisfactorily  the  same  energy  will  character- 
ize the  assertion  and  promulgation  of  the  truths  ascertained. 

Comparison,  the  twin  sister  of  Causality,  is  in  close  contiguity 
to  it;  lying  just  above  and  adjoining  it  is  the  sign  for  Self-will,  a 
faculty  which  is  of  the  highest  importance  in  all  mental  processes. 
Self-will  is  especially  necessary  for  putting  into  action  any  plan  or 
idea  which  the  reason  has  wrought  out.  In  the  faces  of  all  the 
great  minds  of  the  world — those  who  have  excelled  through  per- 
sonal eft'ort  and  merit — the  signs  of  Self-will  or  Executiveness,  one 
or  both,  are  well-defined,  for  to  reason  upon  a  plan  or  theory  with- 
out the  power  to  enforce  it  would  make  reason  of  little  account. 

This  group  of  signs  well  illustrates  the  method  pursued  by 
Nature  in  the  arrangement  of  the  visceral  organs,  those  which 
mutually  assist  each  other  in  their  operation  being  in  positions  of 
such  contiguity  as  to  facilitate  action  in  all,  and  the  signs  in  the 
face  of  the  visceral  organs  are  grouped  in  such  manner  as  to  show 
their  relationship.  The  signs  of  the  mental  powers  also,  which 
mutually  assist  each  other,  are  found  associated  in  such  manner 
that  they  suggest  their  relationship. 

An  analysis  of  the  components  of  brain  structure  shows  that 
it  is  composed  of  fibrous  membranes,  vascular  and  serous  matter, 
and  white  and  gray  neurine,  the  last  also  of  a  fibrous  nature. 

Scientific  physiognomy  teaches  tliat  Self-will  is  derived  from 
the  development  of  the  muscular  or  fibroid  system.  The  proof  of 
this  is  found  in  the  faces  and  bodies  of  those  exhibiting  the  most 
will-power.  Now,  if  the  mental  processes  are  dependent  upon  the 
will  or  volition  to  carry  out  actively  their  oi)inions  and  desires,  it 
follows  that  those  possessed  of  a  fine  development  of  muscle  in 
combination  with  a  good  degree  of  reason  will  be  most  energetic 
in  advancing  and  promulgating  their  ideas  in  an  aggressive  and 
forcible  manner.  I  have  no  doubt  that  a  dissection  of  the  brains 
of  those  who  have  been  active  in  genemlship,  reform,  and  other 
leading  pursuits,  would  develop  the  fact  that  their  brains  were  better 
endowed  with  fibrous  matter  than  those  of  persons  who  were  weak 
in  will  and  deficient  in  force  and  mental  courage, — so  surely  are 


724  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

force,  activity,  and  muscle  related.  One  of  the  earliest  symptoms  of 
brain  degeneration  in  insanity  and  softening  of  the  brain  is  the  loss 
of  will-power.  While  the  reasoning  powers  remain  apparently  in 
good  condition,  the  will  or  volition  is  observed  to  be  feeble  and 
sometimes  lacking.  Dr.  Carpenter  mentions  the  case  of  a  gentle- 
man whose  will  had  become  so  enfeebled  that  he  was  unable  to 
carry  out  what  he  tvished  to  perform.     He  observes: — 

Often  in  endeavoring  to  undress  lie  was  two  hours  before  he  could  get 
off  bis  coat,  all  his  mental  faculties,  except  volition,  being  perfect.  On  one 
occasion,  having  ordered  a  glass  of  water,  it  was  presented  to  him  on  a 
tray,  but  he  could  not  take  it,  though  anxious  to  do  so,  and  he  kept  the 
servant  standing  before  him  half  an  hour,  when  the  obstruction  was  over- 
come.* 

Color  has  its  effect  upon  the  action  of  the  reasoning  faculties, 
as  well  as  upon  every  faculty.  The  brain,  when  dissected,  is  found 
to  be  furnished  with  pigmentary  particles  in  the  gray  matter,  and 
this  coloring  principle  is  also  found  in  all  of  the  ganglia  of  the 
sense-organs,  proving  conclusively  that  coloring  pigment  is  essen- 
tial to  all  mental  action.  It  is  logical  to  infer  that  those  whose 
blood  possesses  the  most  color  would  be  able  to  furnish  the  brain 
with  a  superior  quality  of  blood,  and  thus  enhance  its  power.  I 
do  not  recall  the  physiognomy  of  a  superior  reasoner  who  presented 
a  pallid  skin  and  colorless  or  whitish  eyes  and  hair.  Most  of  the 
great  philosophers  were  men  of  fine  color  in  the  skin,  hair,  and 
eyes,  and  this  gave  force,  power,  and  vigor  to  their  ideas. 

The  reader  should  not  confound  mere  questioning  with  true 
investigation.  Many  persons  ask  questions  to  make  others  believe 
that  they  desire  to  learn  or  that  they  are  observing.  When  one  is 
endowed  with  Causality  he  seeks  to  pursue  his  inquiries  as  far  as 
research  has  carried  the  subject.  The  mere  asking  of  questions  is 
no  sign  of  a  reasoner.  Cliildren  habitually  ask  questions,  yet  this 
does  not  proceed  so  much  from  Causality  (the  desire  to  know  the 
origin  of  what  they  see)  as  much  as  from  curiosity,  or  a  desire 
to  be  entertained.  Individuals  with  a  very  small  amount  of 
Reason  often  imagine  themselves  possessed  of  considerable  power 
in  this  direction,  while  great  reasoners  reflect  in  so  spontaneous  a 
manner  as  not  to  be  aware  of  their  superiority  until  by  comparison 
with  others  they  discover  the  difference ;  they  reason  without  effort, 
and  so  easily  that  it  does  not  seem  at  all  wonderful  to  them. 

In  deciding  upon  the  value  of  Causality  observed  in  a  char- 
acter one  must  be  governed  somewhat  by  the  knowledge  of  the 
influence  which  other  faculties  in  combination  have  upon  it. 
Where  the  practical  faculties  are  deficient,  as,  for  example,  Obser- 

*  Mental  Physiology,  William  B.  Carpenter,  M.D.,  p.  385. 


CAUSALITY.  725 

ration,  Size,  Form,  Locality  and  Order,  etc.,  the  ideas  and  theories 
evolved  will  be  visionary  and  impractical,  because  lacking  a  prac- 
tical and  accurate  basis.  If  Conscientiousness  be  measurably 
deficient  and  Reason  large,  the  mind  is  prone  to  believe  in  falsities, 
and  to  evolve  unsound  hypotheses  and  theories.  There  must  be  a 
balanced  condition  between  Conscience  and  Reason  in  order  to 
make  use  of  truth  in  the  reasoning  processes.  It  is  thus  perceived 
that  in  the  use  of  all  the  higher  faculties  of  mind  a  harmonious  or 
balanced  condition  of  faculties  must  be  present  in  order  to  make 
them  most  effective.  Where  Causality  is  large  in  combination 
with  the  practical  faculties,  the  mind  dwells  upon  the  laws  of 
Nature  and  of  mechanism.  Such  minds  soon  learn  to  separate 
natural  causes  from  superstitious  beliefs.  Large  Causality  with 
large  Conscientiousness  lead  to  the  investigation  of  moral  truths, 
and  those  with  good  literary  faculties  and  language  combined  will 
be  able  to  write  and  speak  on  moral  philosophy.  Causality,  Com- 
parison, and  Imitation  large  give  ability  for  mental  philosophy. 
Professor  Alexander  Bain's  physiognomy  is  an  excellent  illustration 
of  this  combination.  His  writings  upon  moral  and  mental  philoso- 
phy are  most  admirable,  and  show  the  possession  of  conscience, 
reason,  and  intuition  in  a  very  marked  degree. 

The  development  of  Causality  and  Comparison  in  all  of  the 
higher  animals  is  so  marked  that  any  one  who  has  been  long 
associated  with  them  cannot  fail  to  have  observed  its  action.  That 
these  faculties  are  also  present  in  a  modified  degree,  very  low  down 
in  the  scale  of  organized  life,  none  can  doubt  who  has  made  a 
practical  study  of  insects,  birds,  and  reptiles.  Now,  many  persons 
who  have  not  examined  the  matter  closely  deny  to  the  lower  tribes 
the  possession  of  any  degree  whatsoever  of  the  reasoning  power, 
referring  all  their  efibrts  to  "instinct,"  as  if  that  were  an  explana- 
tion. Instinct  or  spontaneity  in  man  is  looked  upon  as  genius, 
for  the  musical  effort  of  a  prodigy  like  Mozart,  who  played  and 
composed  at  five  years  of  age,  were  as  spontaneous  and  auto- 
matic as  any  act  of  the  lower  animals  could  possibly  be.  It  is 
related  of  the  water-moths  that  they  cover  themselves  with  pieces 
of  wood  or  gravel  in  order  to  maintain  their  equilibrium  in  the 
water.  When  they  are  too  light  they  add  to  themselves  a  minute 
speck  of  gravel,  and,  when  too  heavy,  a  bit  of  pith  or  wood.  In 
man  such  action  would  be  deemed  the  height  of  inventive  judg- 
ment, and  it  certainly  exhibits  in  the  lowly  lepidoptera  the  presence 
of  the  faculty  of  Weight,  of  inventive  power,  and  of  capacity  to 
reason  from  cause  to  effect.  The  mass  of  evidence  in  proof  of  the 
possession  and  operation  of  Causality  and  Comparison  in  many 
classes  of  insects  and  animals  of  various  grades  is  so  overwhelming 


726  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

that  it  seems  superfluous  to  introduce  any  examples  here.  One 
could  fill  volumes  with  the  most  incontrovertible  evidence  on  this 
point. 

The  cultivation  of  Causality  strengthens  the  mind,  and  gives 
boldness  and  originality  to  one's  thoughts.  Those  who  are  deficient 
in  original  inquiry  are  like  the  sheep  who  blindly  follow  the  one 
that  has  the  most  power  to  lead.  Many  are  satisfied  to  have  others 
do  their  thinking  for  them,  and  lean  altogether  upon  the  views  and 
opinions  of  their  doctor,  minister,  or  friends ;  but  those  who  would 
know  for  a  certainty  the  cause  and  origin  of  phenomena  must 
investigate  for  themselves,  yet  this  need  not  prevent  their  giving 
due  respect  and  credence  to  those  whose  opinions  have  been  tested 
by  practical  experiment.  A  study  of  the  natural  sciences  and  of 
the  laws  of  mechanics  tends  to  strengtlien  the  cause-seeking  faculty, 
while  speculative  tlieories  and  superstitious  beliefs  founded  on 
faith  stifle  the  promptings  of  reason.  Tlie  inductive  method  of 
reasoning — that  wliich  traces  the  effect  from  causes  or  facts — is  the 
most  practical,  yet  the  deductive  method — that  which  traces  causes 
from  the  effects  observed — is  also  useful.  The  first-mentioned 
method  is  like  performing  a  sum  in  arithmetic;  the  latter  method 
is  like  proving  the  arithmetical  process.  Both  are  of  use.  Listen- 
ing to  debates  and  to  good  logicians  is  an  excellent  way  of  strength- 
ening the  causative  power.  The  endeavor  to  arrive  at  the  absolute 
truth  by  irresistible  proofs  is  calculated  to  lead  to  the  most  cogent 
conclusiveness. 

COMPARISON. 

Definition. — Ability  to  originate,  comprehend,  arrange,  criti- 
cize, and  compare  ideas,  plans,  and  systems;  capacity  to  reason 
logically  and  to  use  analogy;  power  to  comprehend  complex 
systems  by  investigating  their  laws.  Comparison  assists  philosophy, 
planning,  and  invention.  It  gives  breadth  of  mind,  good  sense, 
and  correct  judgment.  It  creates  a  desire  to  learn  laws,  investi- 
gate principles,  penetrate  causes,  and  expound  theories.  This  trait 
is  large  in  lawyers,  statesmen,  generals,  leaders,  inventors,  natural- 
ists, scientists,  orators,  and  chess-players. 

An  excess  leads  to  sopliistry  and  tiresome  and  useless  theo- 
rising,— to  the  planning  of  impractical  schemes  and  wild  and 
visionary  speculations. 

A  deficiency  is  exhibited  by  those  who  are  unable  to  create, 
plan,  or  arrange  ideas,  or  work  systematically,  and  who  fail  to 
connect  cause  with  effect.  This  defect  is  shown  in  those  who  have 
a  narrow  understanding,  and  who  are  incapable  of  comprehending 
profound,  broad,  or  long-sighted  plans  in  business,  government, 


COMPARISON.  727 

or  in  mechanism.  They  are  also  unahle  to  suggest  new  methods 
or  to  make  experiments.  They  are  incapable  of  making  a  logical 
statement  or  to  comprehend  one.  They  give  opinions  instead  of 
logical  reasons,  and  fail  to  perceive  the  difference  between  the 
"reason  why"  and  a  personal  opinion  on  any  given  subject.  A 
lack  of  reason  is  the  foundation  of  bigotry  and  superstition,  for 
those  who  are  wanting  in  logic  and  common  sense  allow  the 
emotions  to  rule  them,  and  hence  substitute  feeling  and  personal 
opinion  for  reflection  and  reason. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  most  conspicuous  and  reliable 
facial  sign  of  Comparison  is  height  and  breadtli  of  the  bridge  of  tlie 
nose,  conjoined  to  length  of  this  organ, — provided  the  quality  be 
fine.  The  7iasal  sign  for  Comparison  lies  above  the  nasal  sign  for 
Veneration  and  joins  C-ausality  above.  Fullness  of  the  centre  of  the 
upper  part  of  the  forehead  is  also  a  sign,  if  the  quality  he  fine  and  the 
brain  system  is  dominant,  or  one  of  the  principal  systems.  "NMiere 
the  osseous  and  brain  forms  are  about  equally  exhibited  and  are  of 
good  or  fine  quality,  and  the  bones  are  square,  excellent  reasoning 
powers  will  be  manifested  upon  mechanical  and  scientific  subjects. 
Where  the  brain  form,  conjoined  witli  the  vegetative  or  rounding 
form,  is  dominant  and  of  fine  quahty,  capacity  for  proibund  and 
prolonged  reasoning  upon  metaphysical  subjects  will  be  exhibited. 
David  Hvmie  is  a  good  illustration  of  this  combination.  Where 
the  forehead  is  high,  full,  and  broad,  associated  with  fine  muscular 
development,  ability  to  reason  upon  art  and  metaphysical  subjects 
will  be  manifested.  This  combination  produces  the  rounding 
forehead,  and  the  curved  form  is  according  to  universal  law  the 
form  devoted  to  art.  Thus  each  combination  reveals  by  its  form 
and  quality  its  inherent  tendency  and  direction.  Each  of  these 
combinations  has  its  meaning  registered  in  the  form  of  the  nose, 
as  well  as  in  the  form  of  the  brain  and  body,  and  mutually  confirm 
each  other. 

Comparison  is  of  the  highest  power  in  those  characters  who, 
with  fine  inherited  quality,  have  also  a  very  long  as  well  as  high 
and  broad  nose.  Short,  bony  noses,  no  matter  how  high  and 
broad,  reveal  less  of  this  faculty  than  those  which  have  length. 
Comparison  of  the  nose  of  Lagrange,  the  eminent  astronomer,  with 
that  of  Gibbon,  the  historian,  and  the  noses  of  Lagrange  and 
Elizabeth  Cady  Stanton,  gmnd  reasoners-,  with  those  of  Rubens  and 
Miss  Hosmer,  celebrated  artists,  will  illustrate  the  differences 
between  those  noses  which  reveal  ability  for  the  most  comprehensive 
comparisons,  and  those  which  reason  upon  subjects  Requiring  rela- 
tively less  breadth  and  comprehensiveness.  Flat-nosed  j)ersons  and 
races  are  entirely  destitute  both  of  Comparison  and  Causality.    Their 


728 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOAfY. 


short,  flat  noses,  depressed  chests,  and  relative  lack  of  breadth  are 

most  conclusive  signs  of  the  absence  of  the  capacity  to  comprehend 

logical  premises  and  deductions. 

A  broad,  well-developed  hody^  together  with  a  high,  broad, 

and  long  nose  (if  of  fine  quality)  is  the  most  favorable  formation 

for  the  manifestation  of  a 
high  degree  of  sound 
reason,  with  ability  for  pro- 
longed and  profound  labors 
in  this  department  of  men- 
tality. 

Another  facial  sign  for 
Comparison,  not  so  reliable 
as  the  former,  is  ibund  in 
fullness  of  the  centre  of  the 


upper  portion  of  the 
head.      The   sij 
nose,   as   above 
always    to     be 
upon ,    togethe 
sort  of  reason 


in 


fore- 

the 

given,    is 

depended 

with    the 

which  will 


be  manifested,  for  the  shape 
of  the  nose  discloses  the 
mental  tendencies  of  the 
character,  and  those  ten- 
dencies will  be  toward  the 
analysis  of  art,  or  of  litera- 
ture, or  of  architecture,  or 
.  of  science.  The  form  of 
the  nose  will  in  each  case 
decide  the  dominant  ten- 
dency or  direction.  A  well- 
developed  nose  is  the  dis- 
tinguishing feature  of  the 
most  highly  developed  races 
and  individuals.  It  is  a 
current  belief  that  all 
large,  high,  broad,  and  full 
foreheads  are  evidence  of 
fine  reason  and  sound  in- 
tellect. Nothing  can  be 
further  from  the  truth.  Such 
a  forehead,  if  accompanied  with  large  lungs  and  good  digestive 
faculties,  together  with  fine  inherited  quality,  would  be  proof  of 


PlO.  120.— ELIZABETH  CADY  STANTON.  (Lec- 
turer, Author,  Reformer,  Editor,  and  Or- 
ator.) 

Born  in  Jamestown,  N.  Y.,  1816.  Conspicuous  fa- 
cial sign,  Comparison,  shown  by  width  ana  height  of 
the  bridge  of  the  nose,  rol)ust  body,  and  fullness  of  the 
centre  of  the  forehead.  The  law  of  the  straight  line, 
curve,  and  spliere  governs  this  face.  The  physioeno- 
mistiu  delineating  so  regal  a  character  as  this  finds 
language  almost  inadequate  to  express  its  powers  and 
excellencies.  To  a  highly  developed,  social,  domestic, 
and  moral  nature  this  ladv  adds  all  of  the  higher  facul- 
ties of  the  intellect.  In  tliis  character,  Firmness  and 
Conscience,  without  being  severe^,  are  unswerving; 
Love  of  Home,  of  Country,  and  of  \  oung  are  all  of  the 
highest  order.  As  a  wife,  mother,  and  patriot,  this  lady 
is  unexcelled.  The  signs  for  Benevolence,  Alimentive- 
ness.  Mirth,  Approbation,  Friendshin,  Hospitality,  San- 
ativeness,  Color,  Self-esteem,  and  >Iode8ty  are  well  de- 
fined. Resistance  is  large,  as  shown  by  "her  life-long 
efforts  in  opposing  slavery,  and  in  lier  unflinching  en- 
deavors to  promote  woman's  enfranchisement.  In  the 
nose  the  si^nsfor  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Mental  Imitation, 
Analysis,  Human  Nature,  Construction,  Acquisition, 
Veneration,  Executiveness,  and  Self-will  are  promi- 
nent ;  so,  also,  are  Form  and  Size.  Locality,  Mental 
Order,  Calculation,  Prescience,  and  Credenciveness  are 
less  than  average.  Language,  as  showu  by  the  nnnith 
and  eyes,  is  copious,  fluent,  dear,  witty,  cogent,  logical, 
and  niagnetic.  As  an  orator,  she  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
l)ressive  and  ornate,  and  is  eminentl,v  well  adapted  to 
statesmanship,  and  would  have  made  a  good  Secretary 
of  State.  With  the  highest  powers  of  Reason  she  com- 
bines those  of  Intuition,  whde  her  sympathies  for  the 
oppressed  of  both  sexes  and  of  all  races  nave  led  her  to 
leave  a  home  and  life  of  luxury  to  travel  and  labor  for 
their  amelioration.  The  women  of  America  wiU  for- 
ever be  her  debtors  for  legal  and  jiroperty  rights  which 
she  has  been  instrumental  in  gaining  for  them. 


COMPARISON. 


n^ 


an  excellent  reasoner  and  of  good  intellect  in  some  directions;  but 
a  projecting,  high  forehead,  without  these  physiological  gills,  and 
with  a  coarse,  thick  skin,  would  be  indicative  of  stupidity  or  of 
very  commonplace  mental  powers.  Let  the  reader  once  compre- 
hend the  immense  power  which  large  lungs  give  to  mental  pro- 
cesses and  how  mucli  is 
due  to  a  sound  visceral 
structure,  and  he  will  de- 
sire to  examine  the  nose, 
nostrils,  and  entire  face 
before  passing  judgment 
upon  a  character  based 
upon  an  inspection  of  the 
size  of  the  head  or  fore- 
head merely.  The  rule  is 
to  observe,  first,  the  quality 
of  the  subject  under  in- 
spection, and  then  get  the 
direction  or  ruling  talent 
of  the  character  (disclosed 
by  the  sha2>e  of  the  nose) ; 
then  the  foi'ce  or  jx^wer  of 
the  individual  to  carry  out 
his  dominant  taste,  shown 
by  the  size  and  tnldtli  of 
the  nose^  and  in  this  combi- 
nation and  classification 
will  be  found  the  key  to 
the  entire  mental  character. 
The  domestic  and  other 
traits  can  be  read  by  refer- 
ence to  those  parts  of  the 
face  where  their  signs  are 
situated. 

Taking  the  forehead 
and  nose  together  as  guides 
to  the  discernment  of  signs 

of  Reason  is  an  infallible  method,  but  where  the  forehead  is  high, 
broad,  and  full,  and  the  nose  small,  the  intellect  will  be  of  a 
common  order,  unless  the  signs  of  high  quality  are  present  and 
associated  with  a  pyriform-shaped  face. 

There  are  many  sophistical  reasoners  -who  can  run  parallels 
so  near  the  truth  as  to  sometimes  deceive  even  the  most  logical. 
Such  persons  are  kno^vn  by  round  or  full,  smooth,  shining  faces. 


Fkj.  121— MP:K!AMIN  TnOMl'hON  (COUNT  RUM- 
FORD).  (Physicist,  Reformkr,  Philanthro- 
pist.) 

Born  in  Ma.s.saclni setts,  V1?R.  Conspicuous  facial  sign, 
< 'oni|):»ris<>n,  shown  by  width  !>nd  height  of  the  bridge 
of  the  nose  and  I'orniOf  the  iinper  and  central  portion 
of  the  forehead.  The  law  of  the  straight  line  and 
.square  governs  this  face.  The  projection  of  the  eye- 
l)rows  and  the  receding  outline  of  tlie  forehead  tlisclose 
a  character  in  whicli  practical  Reason  is  dominant. 
Whatever  abstract  plans  this  man  made  he  was  capable 
of  putting  into  practical  use.  The  size,  form,  lengtli, 
and  bony  nature  (»f  this  nose  announce  a  man  of  might ; 
the  forehead  is  equally  decisive  of  energy,  of  wise 
]dans,  and  of  prompt  execution.  The  signs  for  Firm- 
ness, Conscience,  Benevolence,  Patriotism,  Economy, 
Sanativeness,  Color,  Pneumativeness,  Fon-e,  Cautioii, 
Approbation,  Friendsliip,  Amativeness,  aiui  iSclf -esteem 
are  well  defined  and  form  astrnngbasis  for  the  intel- 
lectual powers.  The  point  of  the  nose  st;inds  hitch  above 
the  plane  of  the  face,  thus  showing  a  far-reacliing,  as- 
piring, ambitious  character ;  also  showing  a  large  degree 
of  Human  Nature.  Sublimity,  Ideality,  Mental  Imita- 
tion, tJonstrnction,  Acquisition.  N'eneration,  Execu- 
tivene8.s,  and  Self-will  are  all  strong  traits.  Prescience 
and  Credenciveness  are  not  large.  Tlie  practical  facul- 
ties of  Observation,  Form,  Size,  Locality,  Order,  Time, 
Calculation,  and  I,anguage  are  very  pronounced  ;  while 
Memory  of  Events,  Intuition,  and  "practi<^al  Reason  are 
dominant,  and  altogether  show  a  chara(tter  worthy  of 
imitation. 


730 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY 


rounding  bodies,  and  the  fingers  tapering  to  a  pointy  with  the 
reasoning  faculties,  of  course,  in  combination,  but  with  small 
Conscientiousness. 

Description  of  Comparison. — The  completeness  and  perfec- 
tion of  the  reasoning  process  in  man  requires  the  action  of  two 
distinct  traits,  viz.,  those  of  Comparison  and  Causality.  The 
soundness  of  the  judgment  in  relation  to  cause  and  effect  depends 

greatly  upon  the  soundness 
and  perfection  of  the  vis- 
ceral organization.  It  is 
true  that  an  individual 
with  a  large  brain  of  fine 
quality,  develop(^d  in  the 
reasoning  faculties,  will  be 
capable,  even  in  ill  health, 
of  logical  reasoning;  yet 
the  same  person  in  a  state 
of  robust  liealth  would  be 
capable  of  far  greater  power 
and  more  vigorous  and  pro- 
longed thought.  The  fact 
that  some  persons  in  a 
state  of  permanent  ill 
health  or  great  delicacy  of 
constitution  have  evinced 
fine  reasoning  powers  does 
not  militate  against  the 
above  statement.  Alex- 
ander H.  Stephens,  for 
many  years  Senator  from 
Georgia,  was  a  life-long  in- 
vahd,and  of  feeble  physique 
at  birth,  yet  was  remarkable 
for  his  great  mental  indus- 
try and  large  and  sound 
reason.  Hoiv  much  greater 
this  mind  would  have  been 
in  a  normal  condition  we  can  well  understand.  This  instance  is 
oflen  brouglit  forward  to  prove  that  good  health  and  a  vigorous 
visceral  structure  are  not  essential  to  profound  reason.  That 
Senator  Stephens  was  able  to  acquit  himself  of  such  arduous 
mental  labor,  involving  so  much  logical  acumen,  was  due  to  the 
fact  that  he  had  inherited  a  most  uncommon  quality  of  brain  and 
body,  as  well  as  large  size  of  brain ;  by  great  care  of  his  physical 


Fig.  122.— HERMANN  LOUIS  HELMHOLTZ.  (Phy- 
siologist Discoverer,  Mathematician,  Au- 
thor, AND  Physicist.) 

Born  In  Germany,  1821.  Conspicuous  facial  sign, 
Comparison.  Tlie  law  of  the  straight  line,  square,  and 
curve  governs  this  face.  The  ehui  reveals  Firmness 
and  Conscience,  also  Patriotism,  Love  of  Home,  and 
Benevolence.  Alimentiveness,  Sanativeness.  Economy, 
Bibativeness,  Hos-pitality,  Approbation,  and  other  do- 
mestic traits  are  well  defined.  In  tlie  nose  the  signs  of 
intellect  are  manifest.  Analv'sis,  Human  Nature,  Sub- 
limity, Mental  Imitation,  Construction  Acquisition, 
Veneration,  Executiveness,  and  Self-wdl  show  their 
power.  Form,  Size,  Observation,  Locality,  Weight, 
Calculation,  Mental  Wrder,  Time,  and  Memory  or 
Events  are  conspicuous ;  while  Causality,  Comparison, 
and  Intuition  are  supreme.  This  combination  of  facul- 
ties, with  a  high  degree  of  quality,  announce  a  most 
useful,  comprehensive,  and  scientific  mind.  His  most 
celebrated  works,  in  which  are  elaborated  his  grand 
discoveries,  are  sis  follow:  "The  Conservator  of 
Force"  (1874),  "A  Manual  of  Physiological  Optics" 
(1856),  and  "  The  Sensation  of  Tone  as  a'  Basis  for  the 
Physiological  Theory  of  Music"  (1862).  In  this  last 
work  Professor  Helmholtz  has  succeeded  in 
■'  Untwisting  all  the  chains  that  tie 
The  hidden  soul  of  harmony." 


COMPARISON. 


731 


powers  he  was  able  to  make  this  development  very  effective. 
With  robust  health,  he  would  doubtless  have  been  a  mental 
Colossus.  His  physiognomy  shows  that  he  was  descended  from  a 
vigorous  and  long-lived  ancestry.  I  do  not  know  the  circumstances 
of  his  birth,  but  I  opine  that  some  accidental  circumstance  in 
his  prenatal  life  gave  permanent  feebleness  to  his  physical  powers. 

The  greatest  and  most  profound  reasoners  are  those  who  have 
inherited  a  fine  and  nearly 
equal  proportion  of  each 
of  the  five  superior  systems, 
all  of  mq)erior  jjoicer  and 
vigor.  All  this  their  faces 
disclose.  They  also  dis- 
close which  part  of  the 
reasoning  process  is  domi- 
nant in  cases  of  disparity 
between  them. 

Comparison  is  that 
part  of  the  intellect  which 
leads  one  to  see  the  various 
differences  and  distinctions 
in  all  mental  schemes  and 
conceptions  ;  hence  this  fac- 
ulty tends  to  criticism, 
analysis,  explanation,  anal- 
ogy, and  induction.  It  is 
especially  the  gift  of  those 
who  study  and  investigate 
the  grand  and  complex  laws 
of  Nature  in  astronomy 
and  physics,  yet  it  is  of 
use  in  every  vocation. 

Another  department  of 
Comparison  gives  ability  to 
criticise,  arrange,  and  clas- 
sify material  substances 
in  art,  science,  and  litera- 
ture. Humboldt,  who,  in  his  wonderful  work,  "  The  Kosmos," 
showed  his  understanding  of  the  vast  chain  of  natural  phenomena, 
had  perhaps  the  most  comprehensive  mind  of  any  man  in  any  age. 
His  Comparison  and  Causality  were  of  immense  power,  and  the 
signs  for  these  traits  are  observed  both  in  his  nose  and  forehead. 
Linnaeus,  the  eminent  botanist,  who  gave  to  the  world  his  great 
system  of  classification  of  plants  and  a  precise  nomenclature  for 


Fig.  123.— LELAND  STANFORD.   (Mechanic,  Gov- 
ernor, Senator,  Philantiikopist.) 

Born  in  Watervleit,  1824.  Consplcwous  facial  sign, 
Practical  Reason,  shown  by  the  projecting  snperciliary 
ridges,  where  are  grouped  the  signs  for  mechanical 
ability;  shown  also  by  the  receding  forehead.  The  law 
of  the  straight  line  and  square  governs  this  face.  The 
key-note  to  this  character  is  practicality.  The  domestic 
traits  are  well  represented.  The  sense  of  Justice  is 
strong.  Firmness  most  decided  ;  the  full  lower  lip  shows 
large  Benevolence,  and  with  such  glandular  develop- 
ment the  faculties  of  Love  of  Home,  of  Country,  and 
of  Young  must  be  also  large.  The  signs  for  Self-esteem, 
Hospitality,  Friendship,  Amativeness,  ALmentiveness, 
Pneuinativeness,  and  Resistance  are  well  defined.  The 
nose  is  solid  and  broad,  of  proportionate  length.  In  it 
the  signs  for  Mental  Imitation,  Human  Nature,  Ideality, 
Sublimity,  Constructiveness,  Acquisitiveness,  Venera- 
tion. Executiveness.  and  Self-will  are  conspicuous. 
The  mechanical  faculties  are  dominant.  The  signs  for 
Form,  Size.  Locality,  Weiglit,  Observation,  Order, 
Time,  Calculation,  and  Memory  of  Events  are  very  pro- 
nounced. Language  is  most  apparent.  Prescience  is 
larpje,  ( 'redenciVeness  is  small,  and  Causaltv  and  Com- 
parison excellent.  This  mind  ranks  M<(7i<^  above  every- 
thing, yet  has  sufficient  Ideality  and  Constructiveness. 


732  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the  same,  is  another  illustration  of  that  comprehensiveness  which 
results  from  a  large  development  of  Comparison  and  Causality. 
In  works  of  this  kind  the  mind  must  be  able  to  spontaneously 
grasp  the  points  of  resemblance  and  dissimilarity,  and  thus  by  com- 
parison assign  to  each  object  under  observation  its  own  true  place 
and  rank  in  Nature.  Baron  Cuvier,  another  of  the  world's  mental 
Colossi,  was  able  to  build  up  an  entire  animal  body  from  the 
inspection  of  a  small  bony  fragment  of  the  animal. 

Comparison  takes  cognizance  of  the  mechanical  principles  in- 
volved in  arts  and  architecture,  in  scientific  and  surgical  instru- 
ments, and  in  the  appliances  and  implements  used  in  the  physical 
sciences,  such  as  the  telescope,  microscope,  the  telegraph,  telephone, 
electrical  machines,  etc.  One  sort  of  reasoning  deals  with  the  truths 
and  methods  of  abstract  reason  on  moral  questions;  another,  with  the 
concrete,  or  the  principles  involved  in  the  operation  of  the  sciences 
and  arts. 

The  more  Conscientiousness  there  is  combined  with  reason, 
the  more  just  and  ti-uthful  will  be  the  deductions.  A  man  with 
large  reasoning  powers  and  small  Conscientiousness  will  be  sophis- 
tical and  enjoy  reasoning  from  false  premises  quite  as  well  as  from 
a  true  foundation ;  indeed,  he  will  not  be  well  able  to  distinguish 
between  the  two.  Thus,  it  is  proven  that  Reason  (one  of  the 
highest  attributes  of  the  human  mind  and  one  of  the  latest  acqui- 
sitions of  the  human  race)  must  have  as  a  foundation  the  assist- 
ance of  Conscientiousness,  one  of  the  earliest  functions  evolved  in 
the  human  organism.  Comparison  is  the  natural  ally  and  com- 
panion of  Causality.  Possessing  high  powers,  it  holds  its  position 
in  accordance  with  its  importance.  In  the  nose,  its  associated 
signs  show  by  their  character  what  direction  Comparison  will 
take  when  influenced  by  their  association.  Veneration,  the  first 
of  the  high  foculties  whose  signs  are  found  upon  the  ridge  of  the 
nose,  is  one  of  the  traits  found  only  among  developed  people.  If 
observed  upon  the  physiognomy  of  a  semi-civilized  person  it  de- 
notes a  high  grade  of  development  in  that  individual,  for  among 
such  races  are  found  fine  physiques  as  well  as  good  physiognomies, 
thus  showing  their  tendency  to  uptcard  evolution.  Veneration,  the 
faculty  which  creates,  respect  for  all  admirable  things,  gives  to 
Causality  a  respectful  and  submissive  nature,  assisting  it  to  bow  to 
causes  and  laws  discovered  by  this  inquiring  mind.  Above  tlie 
reasoning  faculties,  upon  the  ridge,  we  find  the  nasal  signs  for  Ex- 
ecutiveness  and  Self-will.  These  two  mighty  mental  forces  give 
all  the  assistance  wliicli  investigation  and  discovery  require  for  pro- 
mulgating and  defending  those  theories,  facts,  laws,  and  principles 
which    Comparison   and    Causality  have  wrested    from   Nature's 


COMPARISON.  733 

alembic.  The  philosopher,  inventor,  and  discoverer  must  possess 
the  elements  of  force  and  command  to  a  certain  degree  in  order 
that  his  theories  and  discoveries  shall  be  thrust  upon  the  world, 
for  although  the  faggot  and  dungeon  no  longer  threaten  the  bold 
speculator  or  daring  inventor,  yet  self-will  and  self-assertion  must 
be  used  by  those  whose  efforts  bring  into  existence  knowledge 
which  is  revolutionary  in  its  operation.  I  have  sometimes  been 
lost  in  admiration  when  reading  of  the  efforts  made  by  discoverers 
and  inventors  to  compel  the  world  to  receive  from  their  hands  the 
principles  in  science,  art,  and  mechanism  to  which  under  great 
sacrifices  and  amid  mighty  struggles  they  have  given  birth.  In- 
deed, force  of  mind,  originality,  and  invention  are  almost  always 
accompanied  by  strength  of  body.  The  inventors,  discoverers,  phi- 
losophers, and  originators  of  new  theories,  as  a  rule,  have  been 
men  of  strong  physique,  physical  courage,  and  longevity.  The 
portraits  of  Socrates,  Aristotle,  Bacon,  Kepler,  Voltaire,  l)'Alem- 
bert,  Descartes,  Condercet,  Compte,  David  Hume,  Charles  Dar- 
win, Benjamin  Franklin,  Martin  Luther,  Howe,  John  Locke,  and 
the  whole  army  of  bold  and  original  minds  whose  theories  and 
works  have  blessed  the  world,  disclose  the  fact  that  they  were  pos- 
sessed of  good  muscular  and  visceral  organizations.  The  signs 
in  the  nose  for  the  breathing  and  circulatory  functions,  and  for  the 
stomach,  are  interwoven  and  closely  related  to  mental  signs  and 
predicate  mental  powers,  and  hence  it  is  that  bold,  ingenious,  and 
original  minds  disclose  strong,  massive,  and  so-called  "  homely " 
features,  viz.,  a  large  mouth,  large  high  nose,  full  eyes,  and  broad 
cheeks  and  chin. 

The  only  accurate  method  of  arriving  at  a  knowledge  of  the 
sort  or  direction  the  reasoning  power  will  take  in  a  given  physiog- 
nomy, is  to  apply  the  "basic  principles  of  form."  The  square- 
shaped  forehead  and  high,  long,  bony,  square-cut  nose  disclose 
the  capacity  for  science,  morals,  and  a  certain  branch  of  mechani- 
cal lavi^s.  The  rounding  forehead  and  broad,  high,  and  long, 
muscular  nose,  rounding  at  the  point  and  full  at  Constructiveness, 
assure  us  that  the  mind  will  exert  itself  upon  metaphysics,  'as- 
tronomy, abstract  philosophy,  and  invention,  while  the  same  mus- 
cular nose,  if  relatively  short,  will  disclose  the  sort  of  reason  which 
is  involved  in  art,  music,  the  drama,  and  dramatic  literature,  as  in 
fiction,  plays,  etc.  There  arc,  of  course,  variations  and  combina- 
tions of  all  these  different  lengths,  heights,  width,  etc.,  of  the  nose, 
suited  to  the  talents  which  each  character  expresses,  yet  all  can  be 
understood  by  the  keen  analyzer  and  observer. 

In  discussing  the  faculty  of  Comparison,  Professor   Fowler 
observes  as  follows : — 


734  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Two  organs  of  Comparison  doubtless  exist.  The  lower  one,  more  ap- 
propriately connected  with  the  physical  perceptions,  in  comparing  physical 
substances  with  each  other  and  reasoning  thereon  ;  while  the  latter,  com- 
bining more  naturally  with  the  moral  faculties,  reason  from  the  physical  to 
the  moral  world,  compares  ideas,  criticises  and  discriminates  between  them, 
and  imparts  logical  acumen.* 

Although  Professor  Fowler  (who  is  a  good  observer)  tells  us 
that  two  "  organs "  of  Comparison  doubtless  exist,  he  fails  to 
locate  them  in  the  forehead.  It  is  impossible  to  comprehend  the 
kind  of  reason  which  a  given  individual  will  exhibit  by  an  inspec- 
tion of  the  small  portion  of  the  forehead,  where  he  says  Compari- 
son is  situated.  Let  any  good  observer  examine  "the  middle  of 
the  upper  part  of  the  forehead,"  and  endeavor  by  that  alone  to  un- 
derstand and  describe  the  sort  of  reason  which  will  be  exhibited, 
and  I  predict  it  will  be  an  utter  failure ;  yet  examination  of  the 
outline  and  size  of  the  nose  will  reveal  it.  The  signs  in  the  nose, 
taken  in  connection  with  the  qnalltij^  are  unfailing  indications. 
When  these  and  the  sign  in  the  forehead,  taken  in  connection  with 
its  form,  are  observed,  a  complete  summing  up  of  the  characters  in 
regard  to  the  land  of  reason  present  can  be  had,  but  where  the 
nose  has  been  injured  the  forehead  can  be  observed,  or  when  the 
forehead  is  covered  recourse  can  be  had  to  an  inspection  of  the 
nose. 

Two  distinct  parts  of  the  reasoning  faculty  must  be  used 
in  order  to  complete  the  process.  The  cause  of  anything  under 
observation  must  first  be  sought,  and  then  it  must  be  classified  or 
relegated  to  its  own  division,  according  to  the  law  of  similar  things. 
This  is  done  by  comparing  it  with  others  possessing  the  same  ap- 
pearance, form,  quality,  or  characteristics.  In  this  process  dis' 
crimination  performs  a  leading  part.  Thus  it  is  that  discrimina- 
tion or  reason  is  common  sense  practically  applied.  Where  either 
of  these  two  halves  of  the  reasoning  power  are  greatly  lacking 
the  judgment  or  estimate  of  a  theory,  idea,  or  thing  will  be  par- 
tial or  imperfect.  The  practical  things  of  every-day  life  require 
tha  exercise  of  the  reasoning  powers  quite  as  much  as  the  investi- 
gation of  the  great  and  complex  laws  which  regulate  the  solar 
system  or  which  lie  at  the  base  of  mechanical  forces. 

Inductive  reasoning  assists  the  discovery  and  application  of 
natural  laws.  This  sort  of  reason  is  used  by  modem  scientists,  and 
herein  lies  the  extreme  practicability  and  accuracy  of  their 
methods.  The  ancient  Greek  and  mediaeval  method  was  the 
deductive  form,  which  reasons  from  generals  to  particulars  from  a 
premise  assumed  to  a  conclusion  in  accordance  with  this  assump- 

*  Human  Science,  O.  S.  Fowler,  p.  1128. 


COMPARISON.  735 

tion,  regardless  of  whether  the  premise  was  based  upon  truth  and 
observation  of  facts.  The  inductive  method  seeks  to  find  a  con- 
clusion based  upon  the  observation  of  a  fact  or  a  tangible  object ; 
hence,  if  its  conclusions  are  in  accord  with  its  observation  the 
whole  is  correct. 

Reason  is  particularly  adapted  to  the  discernment  and  eluci- 
dation of  natural  laws.  It  was  designed  that  man  should  be  master 
of  these  laws,  else  the  law-seeking  faculty  would  not  have  been 
given  him,  and,  although  daring  inquirers  into  the  truths  of  Nature 
have  lived  in  all  ages  of  the  world,  yet  the  force  of  superstitious 
unreason  was  sufficiently  powerful  to  stifle  and  postpone  for  cen- 
turies the  widespread  dissemination  of  laws  and  principles  which 
Galileo,  Bruno,  and  Bacon  dared  to  avow,  and  for  which  they 
suftered. 

The  sort  of  Comparison  which  is  used  in  the  ordinary  routine 
of  daily  life  and  in  business  is  the  same  which  the  poet  and  orator 
use  when  engaged  in  giving  vent  to  their  thoughts  by  pen  and 
voice.  What  makes  it  seem  different  is  because  it  is  combined 
with  faculties  different  from  those  used  in  ordinary  affairs.  Ideality 
or  imagination  influences  them.  Mirthfulness  and  Wit,  Construct- 
iveness,  Form,  Size,  and  Language  enable  them  to  paint  their 
illustrations  of  resemblances  and  differences  in  the  forms  of  apt, 
mirthful,  or  witty  simile,  allegory,  metaphor,  or  parable.  Figures 
of  speech  result  from  an  excess  of  Comparison,  and  all  the  great 
rhetoricians  are  indebted  to  this  tmit  for  their  appropriate  and 
convincing  analogies,  which  often  convince  where  argument  fails. 
The  philologist's  labors  are  perfected  through  his  ability  to  compare 
words,  sentences,  phrases,  and  languages.  Comparison  enables 
him  to  see  incongruities  and  resemblances,  and  to  generalize  and 
classify  the  different  parts  of  speech  in  diverse  languages  and 
dialects.  The  signs  of  this  trait  are  large  in  the  face  of  Noah 
Webster,  compiler  of  the  great  "Unabridged  Dictionary;"  also 
in  tliat  of  Mezzofanti,  the  linguist,  who  could  express  himself  in 
fifty-six  languages  and  was  acquainted  with  sixty-four  others. 
Comparison  shines  pre-eminent  in  the  face  of  Bunyan,  whose 
allegory  of  "The  Pilgrim's  Progress"  has  been  translated  into 
every  civilized  language.  The  portrait  of  Thomas  Moore,  the 
Irish  poet,  also  exhibits  it  veiy  largely.  It  was  remarked  that  in 
his  life  of  Sheridan  "  he  made  use  of  t^vo  thousand  five  hundred 
similes,  besides  metaphors  and  allegorical  expressions." 

It  is  this  trait  which  gives  the  orator  such  convincing  powers 
in  setting  figures  of  speech  in  "  supposing  a  case,"  and  when  com- 
bined with  the  mechanical  faculties  the  illustrations  will  be  drawn 
from  these  sources,  and  in  combination  with  Observation,  L()cality, 


736  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Form,  and  Memory  of  Events,  historical  powers  will  be  manifested, 
as  in  Gibbon.  With  large  Language  added,  it  enables  one  to 
write  on  this  subject.  Eminent  chess-players  disclose  large  Com- 
parison combined  with  Constructiveness,  Form,  Size,  Locality,  and 
Observation,  as  observed  in  tlie  physiognomy  of  Herr  Zukertort. 

Comparison  is  so  universal  a  faculty  that  it  has  existed  in  all 
historic  ages,  in  nearly  all  races,  and  in  combination  with  all  phases 
of  mentality.  The  German  and  Scotch  equally  possess  the  most 
universal  endowment  of  this  trait;  the  English  come  second,  the 
Americans  third,  and  the  French  possess  the  least;  yet  men  and 
women  noted  for  Comparison  have  developed  in  every  civilized  race. 
A  high  degree  of  Comparison  lias  been  also  manilested  among  some 
savage  races,  notably  among  tlie  North  American  Indians,  whose 
orators  and  poets  liave  exliibited  its  action  in  their  speeches  and 
poetry.  Their  forelieads,  it  will  be  observed,  are  usually  receding, 
and  this  form  of  the  forehead  is  often  found  associated  with  tlie  most 
practical  characters.  The  forehead  of  John  Locke  (renowned  for 
his  philosophical  writings)  presents  this  formation ;  so,  also,  does 
that  of  Arkwright,  the  eminent  inventor.  Many  of  our  most 
eloquent  orators  exhibit  receding  foreheads.  This  shape  of  the 
forehead,  when  combined  with  a  good  endowment  of  Causality  and 
Comparison,  reveals  reason  of  the  most  acute,  accurate,  and  pene- 
trating phase;  for  the  receding  forehead  is  one  of  the  signs  of  an 
active  liver  and  large  lungs,  and  activity  of  these  organs  gives 
clearness,  distinctness,  and  analytical  power  to  the  mind.  Not 
only  does  this  form  disclose  penetration,  but  it  is  indicative  of  the 
presence  of  the  mechanical  and  observing  faculties;  hence,  a  high 
order  of  practical  tendencies  will  be  manifested  where  the  forehead 
recedes  to  a  certain  degree,  as  shown  in  the  face  of  Stanford. 

As  Comparison  is  a  high  trait,  and  one  which  brings  its  pos- 
sessor into  relation  with  the  vast  and  comprehensive  systems  of 
Nature,  it  follows  that  its  cultivation  is  of  high  importance.  It 
cannot  have  full  freedom  of  expansion  so  long  as  superstition  and 
bigoted  dogma  are  supreme.  No,  reader!  Freedom  of  mind  is 
opposed  to  the  narrow  restraints  imposed  by  hide-bound  creeds  and 
venerable  myths.  No  man  can  really  enjoy  the  luxury  of  true 
and  complete  mental  emancipation  as  long  as  he  allows  bigotry  and 
superstition  to  control  and  fetter  his  mind.  There  is  a  happiness 
and  ecstasy,  an  experience  of  mental  exaltation,  resulting  from 
complete  freedom  from  false  theories  and  enslaving  customs.  Not 
until  the  last  vestige  of  error  and  superstition  has  been  reasoned 
out  of  one's  mind  can  one  realize  this  supernal  condition.  The 
only  way  we  can  understand  God  is  through  His  works.  How 
important,  then,  to  cultivate  that  faculty  which   enables   us   to 


INTUITION.  737 

realize  the  immensity  and  grandeur  of  the  laws  which  explain  and 
reveal  them.  The  study  of  moral  laws  and  the  wliole  arcana  of 
the  sciences  are  of  use  in  the  development  of  Comparison  and  its 
twin  sister,  Causality.  To  be  endowed  by  Nature  with  a  large 
degree  of  Reason  is  to  have  inherited  a  liberal  education,  for 
Reason,  supported  by  Conscientiousness,  will  establish  in  the 
character  the  supremacy  of  wisdom  and  justice. 

INTUITION. 

Definition. — Webster  defines  Intuition  to  be  "a  distinct  in- 
spection of  the  mind ;  direct  apprehension  or  cognition ;  an  act  of 
immediate  knowledge,  as  in  perception  or  consciousness,  distin- 
guished from  mediate  knowledge,  as  in  reasoning.  Intuition 
is  spontaneity  of  cognition  and  action,  based  on  spontaneous 
cognition." 

An  excess^  an  immoderate  endowment  of  Intuition,  is  seldom 
developed.  Where  this  is  the  case,  it  is  probably  the  compensation 
for  the  absence  of  Reason,  Observation,  or  Practicality.  If  it 
prove  an  annoyance  the  cultivation  of  these  faculties  will  tend  to 
balance  the  character. 

A  deficiency  can  be  remedied  by  bathing,  cleanliness,  and 
purity,  thinking  more  and  feasting  and  sleeping  less.  By  this 
course  the  nervous  system  will  become  more  sensitive,  aspiring, 
and  spontaneous.  The  brain  and  nerves  will  develop  new  powers. 
Avoid  gross  eating  and  drinking,  and  all  low,  brutiil,  coarse  sports 
and  pursuits ;  associate  with  the  pure  and  gifted, — with  the  refined 
and  noble;  observe  their  methods  and  ways  of  life,  and  imitate 
them.  Read  the  works  of  the  purest  poets,  artists,  and  scientists. 
Cultivate  the  highest  and  best  in  your  mind.  So  shall  the  entire 
nature  become  higher,  more  refined,  and  sensitive. 

Facial  and  Bodih/  Signs. — Inasmuch  as  inherited  quality  is 
the  most  marked  sign  of  Intuition,  observation  of  the  quality  of 
the  slcin^  hair,  and  eyes  will  sliow  that  those  who  possess  very  fine 
hair,  very  bright  eyes,  and  very  fine,  clear  skin  are  more  intuitive 
than  those  who  are  the  opposite  of  this  ;  but  as  the  brain  is  a  part 
of  the  nervous  mechanism,  we  must  look  to  its  form  and  size^  also, 
for  signs  of  quality.  As  the  eyes  show  by  their  form,  size,  and 
condition  their  capacity  for  receiving  sensations,  they  also  must  be 
subjected  to  examination  before  rendering  judgment  as  to  the 
relative  degree  of  Intuition.  The  capacity  for  receiving  sensations 
is  in  accord  with  the  de\elopment  of  the  sense-organs,  viz.,  the 
senses  of  touch,  taste,  sight,  hearing,  and  scent.  Now,  if  all  these 
senses  are  of  the  highest  order  of  acuteness  and  efficiency,  it  fol- 
lows logically  that  one  thus  endowed  will  have  ability  for  instan- 


738 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOAfY. 


taneous  and  spontaneous  cognition  of  things  observed.  It  also 
follows  that  if  all  of  these  organs  are  highly  organized,  the  brain 
will  partake  of  the  same  quality  of  fineness  and  capacity  for  re- 
ceiving the  impressions  made  upon  the  sense-organs  through  their 
several  organs  of  sight,  hearing,  etc.  This  analysis  shows  us, 
then,  that  large,  wide-open  eyes  of  fine  quality  (shown  by  their 
brightness)  are  signs  of  the  presence  of  Intuition,  by  reason  of 
the  greater  expansion  of  the  optic  nerve,  wliich  is  more  expanded 
in  a  large  eye  than  in  a  small  one.     The  fineness  of  the  skin  and 

hair  are  also  signs  of  this 
faculty ;  so  also  is  the  large 
size  of  the  forehead,  if  as- 
sociated icifh  fine  quality. 
A  pyriform  -  shaped  face, 
associated  with  large,  wide- 
open  eyes,  is  another  very 
reliable  indication  of  spon- 
taneity of  sensation  and 
impression. 

Bodily  signs  are  those 
which  show  the  supremacy 
of  the  brain  and  nerve 
system  over  the  bony  and 
muscular  structures ;  espe- 
cially if  associated  with 
small  limbs,  small  and 
spare  hands  and  feet.  A 
general  sign  is  known  by 
fineness  and  clearness  of 
the  skin ;  hence  every  part 
of  the  outer  skin -cover 
ing  will  reveal  the  grade 
of  Intuition  in  any  given 
individual.  If  the  bony 
muscular,  or  thoracic  sys- 
tems are  dominant,  the  skin 
and  hair  fine,  and  the  eyes  bright.  Intuition  will  be  active  in  th( 
direction  to  which  each  of  these  systems  tends. 

Description  of  Intuition. — Having  thus  given  the  physiologi 
cal  and  anatomical  signs  of  that  faculty  which  is  perhaps  under^ 
stood  the  least  of  all  the  mental  powers,  I  shall  proceed  to  analyze 
its  sources,  and  shall  show  that  this  trait,  which  is  considered  by 
many  to  be  of  a  nature  transcending  all  others  in  its  powers  of  appre- 
hension and  cognition,  as  well  as  being  more  "spiritualized"  in  its 


Fig.  124.— charlotte  BRONTE.    ( Attthor£s8.  ) 

Born  in  England,  1816.  Conspicuous  facial  sign. 
Intuition,  .shown  by  tlie  dominance  of  the  brain  and 
nervous  system,  large,  bright  eyes,  and  fine  qnal.ty. 
The  oval  chin  and  curving  eyebrows  announce  artistic 
capacity.  The  domestic  and  moral  traits  in  this  face 
are  well  developed.  Conscience,  Firmness,  Friendship, 
Mirth,  Modesty,  Benevolence,  Love  of  Home,  and  of 
Young  are  noticeable.  The  mouth  and  eves  by  their 
size  denote  large  Language.  In  the  nose  tho  signs  for 
literary  talent  are  evident.  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Analy- 
sis, Mental  Imitation,  Human  Nature,  Construction, 
Acquisition,  Veneration,  and  Self-will  are  conspicuous. 
Form  and  Size  are  large ;  Locality,  Observation,  Calcu- 
lation, Mental  Order,  and  Time  are  well  defined,  while 
Intuition  is  pre-eminent.  The  talent  of  this  character 
was  of  the  most  original  and  spontaneous  nature.  With 
a  most  limited  knowledge  of  the  world  and  people. 
Miss  Bronte  wrote  some  very  remarkable  novels  ;  her 
powers  were  almost  instinctive. 


INTUITION. 


739 


operation,  is  just  as  much  a  part  of  the  "  fleshly  tabernacle  "  which 
we  inhabit  as  are  all  the  other  mental  faculties.  It  is  true  that  it 
is  a  trait  dependent  entirely  upon  inherited  or  transmitted  quality; 
hence  it  is  a  condition  of  the  body  as  a  whole  and  not  the  special 
endowment  of  a  single  organ  or  system ;  for,  although  its  primary 
signs  are  shown  by  the  indications  of  the  brain  and  nervous 
mechanisms,  yet,  where  the  signs  for  high  quality  of  the  brain  and 
nerves  are  observed,  an  enhanced  quality  of  the  entire  organism  is 
always  present.  The  same  phenomenon  is  manifested  throughout 
the  animal  kingdom.  Ani- 
mals that  disclose  dull  eyes, 
coarse  skins  and  hair,  ex- 
hibit relatively  less  intelli- 
gence, quickness  of  appre- 
hension, and  capacity  for 
receiving  spontaneous  sen- 
sation than  do  those  wliose 
appearance  is  the  reverse. 
Compare,  for  example,  the 
various  deer  tribes  with 
the  cinnamon  bear  or  hip- 
popotamus, and  the  differ- 
ences will  be  apparent  at  a 
glance. 

Because  of  the  diffi- 
culty in  comprehending 
the  action  of  Intuition, 
superficial  observers  have 
ascribed  to  it  a  supernat- 
uraJ  origin,  believing  it  to 
be  allied  in  some  mysterious 
manner  with  an  incorporeal 
"soul"  or  "spirit."  Now, 
the  brain  and  nervous 
mechanisms  are  just  as 
corporeal  as  are  the  heart, 
liver,  and  lungs,  for  they 
all  depend  upon  blood  and  tissue  for  their  power  to  act,  and 
if  an  exalted  condition  or  quality  of  the  former  produces  the 
phenomena  observed  in  the  action  of  intuitive  cognition,  then  the 
trait  is  no  more  "  spiritual "  than  are  the  operations  of  Hope,  C'on- 
structiveness,  or  Reason,  although  to  the  casual  observer  it  may 
seem  more  abstruse,  occult,  and  mysterious. 

All  of  the  higher  operations  of  the  mind  are  more  complex 


Fig.  125.— RICHARD   OWEN.    (Xatukalist,  SttB' 
GEON,  AND  Writer.) 

Born  in  England,  1804.  Conspicuous  facial  sign.  In- 
tuition, shown  by  suj>iemacy  of  the  brain  and  nervous 
system,  and  large,  bright  eyes.  The  law  of  the  straight 
line,  ourve,  and  sphere  governs  this  face.  An  amiable, 
moral,  modest, persevering  expression  is  here  disclosed. 
The  Quality  is  nne  and  Color  well  developed.  The  signs 
for  Firmness,  Conscience,  and  Henevolence  are  noticca- 


eves  evince  fine  linguistic  capacity. 
Country,  and  of  Young  are  marked 


Th 


L<jve  of  Home,  of 
Self-esteem  is 


ble,  while  the  wide  mouth,  full  lips,  and  large,  bright 

■esl 
only  average.  The  sense  of  Mirth  and  Wit  is  very  de- 
cided. Friendship,  Hospitality,  Alimentiveness,  and 
Sanativeness  are  large.  The  signs  in  the  nose  of  Pneu- 
mativeiiess,  iSubliinity,  Mental  rmitation,  Analysis,  Con- 
struction, Veneration,  Executiveness,  and  Self-will  are 
highly  developed.  Form,  Size,  liocality.  Weight,  Ob- 
servation, Credenciveness,  Calculation,  and  Memorv  of 
Events  are  all  of  the  first  grade,  while  Reason  and  In- 
tuition are  pre-eminent.  This  character  can  take  rank 
with  the  "mastodons"  of  learning  and  of  usefulness. 


740  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

than  the  processes  involved  in  what  are  termed  "instinctive  move- 
ments," viz.,  those  of  the  muscular  movements  of  the  limbs,  the 
act  of  eating,  etc. ;  hence  they  appear  to  be  mysterious  to  those 
who  are  incapable  of  critical  and  scientific  analysis.  Inasmuch  as 
they  are  complex,  they  are  more  difficult  of  comprehension,  yet  by 
following  the  laws  laid  down  in  my  system  of  practical  and  scien- 
tific physiognomy,  and  by  comparison  with  other  departments  of 
Nature,  we  can  easily  comprehend  the  nature  of  such  abstruse 
faculties  as  Intuition,  Prescience,  and  Reason. 

Phrenologians  use  the  terms  "Intuition"  and  "Human 
Nature"  interchangeably,  conveying  the  idea  that  Intuition  is  used 
only  for  tlie  purpose  of  comprehending  the  hiiman  mind  mid  body. 
Now,  the  perception  of  Human  Nature  is  a  separate  faculty  from 
Intuition,  having  distinct  signs  in  the  face;  yet  it  is  greatly  aided 
by  the  influence  of  Intuition,  which  also  assists  us  in  our  researches 
into  every  department  of  Nature.  The  scientist  relies  upon  both 
Imagination  and  Intuition  in  making  his  investigations  and  dis- 
coveries; indeed,  both  these  faculties  are  indispensable  to  the 
inventor  and  discoverer,  as  well  as  to  the  artist  and  poet. 

That  Intuition  has  a  physical  base  is  indisputable,  and  I  think 
I  have  established  that  fact  by  the  analysis  of  its  action  and  descrip- 
tion of  its  signs  in  the  face  and  body.  It  is  now  in  order  to 
investigate  its  action  and  the  resulting  phenomena,  as  exhibited  by 
those  most  gifted  in  this  faculty.  I  will  premise  by  saying  that 
there  are  as  many  degrees  of  manifestation  of  this  as  of  every  other 
trait,  some  showing  the  presence  of  it  in  a  most  talented  form,  as 
exhibited  in  musical,  artistic,  and  scientific  geniuses ;  others 
apparently  not  possessing  even  a  germ,  as  shown  by  the  lowest 
races,  such  as  the  Digger  Indian,  and  other  undeveloped  races. 
Among  civilized  people,  even,  there  are  others  who  are  so  dull, 
insensitive,  coarse,  or  brutal  as  to  be  destitute  of  any  apparent 
power  of  intuitive  knowledge.  Yet,  as  evolution  has  brought  them 
into  the  grade  where  progress  is  possible^  so  such  persons  can,  by 
intermarriage  with  those  endowed  with  a  greater  degree  of  intui- 
tion, become  progenitors  of  offspring  who  will  manifest  the  presence 
of  this  trait.  In  this  way  such  characters  can  be  "born  again," 
a  system  of  "re-incarnation"  which  we  all  recognize. 

What  causes  produce  Intuition  1  How  does  Intuition  make 
its  appearance]  What  is  its  office  in  the  human  mind,  and  how 
is  it  manifested]  Intuition  is  the  crowning  acliievement  of  refined 
organization,  or  of  the  highest  manifestation  of  mental  power,  for 
it  divines  or  spontaneously  arrives  at  an  understanding  of  what  it 
perceives  or  thinks  upon  with  a  lightning-like  rapidity;  that  is  to 
say,  instantaneously  or  upon  sight. 


INTUITION.  741 

There  are  several  ways  of  accounting  for  the  causes  which 
produce  Intuition.  That  it  is  inherited  there  is  no  doubt;  but 
when  it  is  manifested  in  an  extraordinary  degree  by  a  precocious 
child  whose  parents  were  not  noted  for  anything  approaching  that 
degree,  then  it  appears  to  the  unscientific  thinker  to  approach  the 
miraculous,  and  to  have  a  spiritual  foundation.  All  things  appear 
supernatural  to  those  who  do  not  comprehend  their  rational  bases. 
A  precocious  child,  in  whose  early  life  appears  a  wonderful 
capacity  for  music,  number,  art,  or  literature,  may  have  received 
during  its  prenatal  life  a  quiclcening  impulse  in  this  direction, 
through  some  modification  of  the  brain  and  nerve  structure  or 
substance,  by  impressions  made  upon  the  mother's  mind;  or  he 
may  by  the  law  of  atavism^  or  "taking  back,"  have  received  his 
germ-form  from  some  remote  ancestor  whose  talents  were  of  a  high 
order  in  the  same  direction,  and  this  inheritance  may  have  become 
more  highly  organized;  or,  as  in  singers,  the  musical  or  vocal 
mechanism  involved  may  have  been  (as  in  the  case  of  Patti) 
an  inheritance  from  a  long  line  of  ancestors  whose  vocal  apparatus 
by  continual  use  became  very  highly  developed,  and  in  this 
augmented  and  intensified  condition  was  transmitted  to  her,  and 
tlu'ough  years  of  cultivation  on  her  part  of  this  already  flexible 
and  highly-developed  organ  culminated  in  a  gift  which  seems 
supernal  and  almost  superhuman.  Now,  musical  intuition  is  one 
of  the  simplest  forms  of  genius.  Singing  is  a  gift  appertaining 
to  a  certain  development  of  the  voqal  apparatus,  yet  musical 
composition  would  seem  to  involve  something  more  of  a  mental 
nature;  but  when  we  find  Mozart  composing  excellent  music  at 
four  years  of  age,  we  see  that  something  more  complex  is  at  work, 
and  we  must  look  to  an  intensified  degree  of  several  faxyulties  for 
the  explanation  of  the  results  which  he  wrought  out  at  that  tender 
age.  No  matter  how  wonderfully  great  the  efforts  of  youthful 
geniuses  may  appear,  not  one  of  the  many  prodigies  have  evolved 
a  gift  which  was  not  already  in  a  certain  degree  the  gift  of  others, 
thus  proving  that  even  the  intuition  of  genius  cannot  originate  any 
distinct  or  new  faculty  which  is  not  already,  in  some  measure,  the 
property  of  other  human  beings.  On  this  point,  Dr.  Carpenter 
tells  us  that 

The  men  who  have  divined  and  enunciated  great  truths  stand  out 
above  their  fellows  as  possessed  of  a  genius  which  could  not  only  combine 
but  create, — of  an  insight  which  could  clearly  discern  what  reason  could  but 
dimly  shadow  forth.  Granting  this  freel}^  it  may  3'et  be  shown  that  the 
intuitions  of  individual  genius  are  but  specially  exalted  forms  oi' endow- 
ments which  are  the  general  jjropert^^  of  the  race  at  the  time,  and  which 
have  come  to  be  so  in  virtue  of  its  whole  previous  culture.  This  appears 
readily  capable  of  proof  in  the  case  of  two  forms  of  mental  activity,  the 


742  PRACTICAL  AND  SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

tendency  to  which  occasionally  manifests  itself  so  reraarkablj^  in  indi- 
viduals as  a  congenital  aptitude  that  it  must  be  considered  as  embodied  in 
their  constitutions ;  and  which  are  yet  so  completely  the  products  of  culture 
that  we  are  able  to  trace  pretty  clearly  the  history  of  their  development. 
These  are  the  ideas  which  relate  to  Number  and  those  which  relate  to 
Music* 

The  popular  idea  of  instinct  is  that  it  is  something  inferior  to 
reason.  Now,  instinct  and  intuition  are,  in  a  sense,  identical,  for 
both  act  spontaneoiisljj  or  automatically,  without  previous  reasoning 
upon  what  is  perceived  or  concluded  in  regard  to  the  object  or 
idea  under  consideration,  for  Dr.  Carpenter,  quoting  Sir  John 
Sebright,  observes  that 

He  went  so  far  as  to  express  it  as  his  decided  conviction  that  by  far 
the  greater  part  of  the  propensities  which  are  generally  supposed  to  be 
instinctive  are  not  implanted  in  animals  by  Nature,  but  are  the  results  of 
long  experience  acquired  and  accumulated  through  many  generations,  so 
as,  in  the  course  of  time,  to  assume  the  character  of  instinct.f 

Now,  this  is  precisely  what  intuition  and  genius  are,  and  it 
is  in  this  manner  that  they  are  manifested;  that  is  to  say,  as  in- 
stincts, spontaneously,  automatically,  or,  in  other  words,  mechani- 
cally, and  because  they  cannot  help  it.  Let  us  read  Mozart's  ac- 
count of  himself,  and  we  shall  see  that  his  musical  intuitions  or 
insight  outworked  in  precisely  the  same  manner  as  the  so-called 
instinctive  actions  of  the  spider  in  weaving  and  balancing  his  web 
(and  I  think  the  reader  will  agree  with  me  that  the  web  of  the 
geometrical  spider  is  as  pretty  a  piece  of  mechanism  as  one  would 
wish  to  see).  The  following  account  of  himself  he  wrote  to  a 
friend,  and  thus  we  have  first-hand  evidence  of  his  spontaneity. 
He  observes: — 

You  say  you  should  like  to  know  my  way  of  composing,  and  what 
method  I  follow  in  writing  works  of  some  extent.  I  can  really  say  no 
more  on  the  subject  than  the  following,  for  I  myself  know  no  more  about  it 
and  cannot  account  for  it.  When  I  am,  as  it  were,  completely  myself,  en- 
tirely alone,  and  of  good  cheer,  say,  traveling  in  a  carriage  or  walking  after 
a  good  meal,  or  during  the  night  when  I  cannot  sleep,  it  is  on  such  occa- 
sions that  my  ideas  flow  best  and  most  abundantly.  Whence  or  hoiv  they 
come,  I  know  not,  nor  can  I  force  them.  Those  ideas  that  please  me  I  re- 
tain in  my  memory,  and  am  accustomed  (as  I  have  been  told)  to  hum  them 
to  myself.  If  I  continue  in  this  way,  it  soon  occurs  to  me,  how  I  may  turn 
this  or  that  morceau  to  account,  so  as  to  make  a  good  dish  of  it ;  that  is  to 
say,  agreeably  to  the  rules  of  counterpoint,  to  the  peculiarities  of  the  va- 
rious instruments,  etc.  All  this  fires  my  soul,  and,  provided  I  am  not  dis- 
turbed, my  subject  enlarges  itself,  becomes  methodized  and  defined,  and  the 
whole  thought  ere  long  stands  almost  complete  and  finished  in  m3'^  mind,  so 
that  I  can  survey  it  like  a  fine  picture  or  a  beautiful  statue  at  a  glance ;  nor 

•  Mental  Physiology,  W.  B.  Carpenter,  M.D.  f  Ibid.,  p.  229. 


INTUITION.  743 

do  I  hear  in  my  imagination  the  parts  successively,  but  I  hear  them,  as  it 
were,  all  at  once.  What  a  delight  this  is  I  cannot  tell !  All  this  inventing, 
this  pondering, takes  place  in  a  pleasing,  lively  dream  ;  still,  the  actual  hear- 
ing of  the  tout  ensemble  is,  after  all,  the  best.  What  has  been  thus  produced 
I  do  not  easil}'  forget,  and  this  is  perhaps  the  best  gift  1  have  my  Divine 
Maker  to  thank  for.  When  I  proceed  to  write  down  my  ideas,  I  take  out 
of  the  bag  of  my  memory,  if  I  may  use  that  phrase,  what  has  previously 
been  collected  into  it  in  the  way  I  liave  mentioned.  For  this  reason  the 
submitting  to  paper  is  done  easily  enough,  for  everything  is,  as  I  have  said 
before,  already  finished,  and  it  rarely  differs  on  paper  from  what  it  was  in 
m}'  imagination.  At  this  occupation  1  can,  therefore,  suffer  myself  to  be 
disturbed,  for,  whatever  may  be  going  on  around  me,  I  write  and  even  talk, 
but  only  of  fowls  and  geese,  or  of  Gretel  or  Barbel,  or  some  such  matters. 
But  why  my  productions  take  from  my  hand  that  pnrticuhir  form  and  style 
that  makes  them  Mozartish,  and  different  from  the  works  of  other  com- 
posers, is  probably  owing  to  the  same  cause  which  renders  my  nose  so,  or  so 
large,  so  aquiline,  or,  in  short,  makes  it  Mozart's,  and  different  from  tliat  of 
other  people,  for  I  really  do  not  study  or  aim  at  any  originality.  I  should, 
in  fact,  not  be  able  to  describe  in  what  mine  consists,  though  I  think  it  quite 
natural  that  persons  who  have  reall}'^  an  individual  appearance  of  their  own 
are  also  differently  organized  from  others,  both  externally  and  internally. 
At  least,  I  know  that  I  have  not  constituted  myself  either  one  way  or  the 
other.* 

This  wonderful  self-analysis  of  Mozart's  is  to  us  a  revelation 
of  that  spontaneity  or  intuition  which  characterizes  the  methods  of 
genius.  He  tells  us  that  he  composed  best  when  quiet,  when  he 
was  of  "  good  cheer,"  after  a  good  meal,  or  out  in  the  open  air, 
traveling  or  walking,  but  hoiv  his  ideas  came  he  knew  no  more  than 
does  the  ant  when  it  builds  its  ingenious  nest,  or  the  bee  when  it 
constructs  its  cell.  It  is  plain  to  see  that  his  earlier  efforts  were 
due  end/rely  to  an  inlierited  tendency  which  enabled  him  without 
instruction  not  only  to  play  upon  instruments,  but  to  compose  or 
imagine  fine  and  difficult  concertos  and  quartettes  at  five  years  of 
age,  just  as  the  bee,  ant,  and  bird  create  their  dwellings  without 
having  studied  the  rules  of  architecture.  His  comprehensiveness 
of  mind  and  of  the  science  of  Form  is  shown  by  his  allusions  to 
the  peculiarities  of  his  physiognomy  and  "  outer  and  inner  consti- 
tution," "the  shape  of  his  nose,"  etc.,  as  representing  a  distinct 
individuality,  one  which  revealed  his  particular  characteristics 
by  the  peculiarities  of  its  form,  size,  quality,  etc.  He  tells  us  also 
that  he  does  not  aim  at  originality,  and  this  is  still  another  method 
of  proving  the  instinctive^  intuitive  manner  of  his  working,  which 
produced  superior  musical  efforts  spontaneously  and  without 
purpose  of  aim. 

The  office  and  use  of  Intuition  in  the  human  mind  is  to  arrive 
at  a  result  with  less  labor  than  is  demanded  by  the  mere  laborer's 

•  Mental  Physiologj',  W.  B.  Carpenter,  M.D.,  p  273. 


744  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

methods  of  reasoning.  Not  all  who  possess  the  faculty  of  Intui- 
tion are  infallible  in  their  perceptions,  for  tliis"  trait  like  all  others 
is  influenced  by  other  faculties  in  combination.  Large  Intuition 
combined  with  large  Conscientiousness  would  produce  a  most  un- 
common degree  o^  accurate^  intuitive  insight,  for  this  faculty  must 
be  founded  upon  truth  to  make  its  results  accurate.  Intuition 
alone  may  lead  one  astray.  If  each  faculty  of  the  mind  could  act 
separately  and  distinctly,  uninfluenced  by  the  others,  then  large 
Intuition  would  be  imerrmg  in  its  operation.  Many  persons  who 
possess  large  intuitive  powers  possess  also  large  reasoning  faculties, 
and  these  off'er  great  assistance  in  the  domain  of  pure  intellect  in 
abstract  thought.  These  two  powers  of  mind  were  large  in 
Shakespeare,  Newton,  Kepler,  and  others  who  have  evolved  and 
discovered  great  laws  and  systems  of  Nature.  The  physiogno- 
mies of  the  above-mentioned  persons  exhibit  all  these  signs,  but 
in  each  case  they  have  had  the  assistance  of  a  good  measure  of 
Conscientiousness  as  a  foundation  upon  which  to  rest  and  by  which 
to  test  their  ideas  and  tlieories.  No  single  trait  can  operate  alone, 
but  must  act  in  conjunction  with  others,  just  as  in  the  body  no 
separate  organ  can  functionate  without  tlie  co-operation  of  several 
others.  The  heart  beats,  but  at  the  same  time  the  lungs  respire, 
the  brain  is  moved  to  action,  the  blood  circulates,  and  the  process 
of  assimilation  goes  on  all  at  once,  and  each  aflects  the  other, 
without  the  consent  of  any.  In  the  same  manner  when  we  com- 
mence with  the  design  of  using  one  mental  faculty,  it  has  the 
assistance  ufiAsJced  of  several  others  at  the  same  time. 

The  action  of  Intuition  is  not  confined  to  geniuses,  although 
in  them  it  has  its  largest  manifestation.  It  is  found  in  many 
grades  of  mentality,  and  is  often  the  compensation  which  Nature 
makes  ibr  those  who  are  lacking  in  some  other  direction,  as,  for  ex- 
ample, in  the  practical  or  observing  faculties ;  or,  in  other  cases,  it 
takes  the  place  of  deficient  reason  or  assists  the  weak.  Intuition 
should  be  cultivated  and  developed,  for  not  all  who  manifest  this 
trait  are  geniuses,  and,  as  before  remarked,  it  may  be  the  compen- 
sation for  serious  deficiencies. 

It  cannot  be  denied  that  women,  as  a  class,  possess  a  more 
general  and  universal  endowment  of  this  trait  than  man,  and  where 
it  is  largely  exhibited  in  man  it  is  usually  an  inheritance  from 
some  female  ancestor,  near  or  remote.  Very  few  people  know 
anything  about  the  looks,  physiognomy,  and  personal  appearance 
of  their  ancestors  three  generations  or  more  back  of  them ;  hence, 
in  deciding  from  whence  certain  traits  have  come,  the  mass  of 
people  must  depend  upon  the  light  which  scientific  physiognomy 
throws  upon  the  subject.     Certainly  the  science  which  can  teach 


INTUITION.  746 

US  how  to  trace  the  entire  course  of  animal  evolution  in  the  face 
can  quite  easily  find  the  source  and  origin  of  all  faculties  whose 
signs  are  imprinted  upon  the  countenance  and  exhibited  in  the 
walk,  the  voice,  the  gesture,  the  handwriting,  the  movements,  and 
habits  of  body  and  mind.  There  is  nothing  occult  or  mysterious 
in  all  this ;  the  faculties  which  are  used  in  the  investigation  of 
other  sciences  are  those  which  are  used  in  discovering  all  these 
phenomena,  and  among  them  Intuition — insight,  or  a  natural 
capacity  lor  discerning  the  laws  and  operations  of  Nature — stands 
pre-eminent.  It  is  one  of  the  faculties  upon  which  the  physician 
and  teacher  rely  for  their  power  to  heal  and  teach,  and  all  great 
or  eminent  physicians  and  teachers  exhibit  the  signs  of  this  faculty. 
The  physicist,  scientist,  and  naturalist,  too,  must  be  endowed  with 
high  intuitive  powers,  else  they  will  fall  far  short  of  the  require- 
ments of  their  profession.  Artists  in  every  department,  if  they 
achieve  a  high  rank,  possess  this  trait.  Celebrated  poets,  painters, 
actors,  orators,  etc.,  are  largely  indebted  to  the  operation  of  Intui- 
tion for  their  greatest  efforts,  for  they,  like  Mozart,  must  be  able 
without  "  aiming "  at  excellence  to  attain  it  in  a  spontaneous 
manner.  This  faculty  lies  at  the  base  of  all  great  inventions  and 
discoveries  in  natural  law.  It  assisted  Newton  in  his  discovery 
of  the  great  laws  of  motion  and  Darwin  in  his  discoveries  of  the 
laws  of  natural  selection.  I  advise  the  reader,  if  he  wishes  to  note 
the  manifestation  of  an  intuitive  and  observing  genius,  to  read  the 
"  Origin  of  Species  "  and  the  "  Descent  of  Man,"  by  Charles  Dar- 
win, whose  works  have  made  an  epoch  in  scientific  thought,  and 
have  revolutionized  natural  science  in  this  century. 

The  investigation  of  human  nature,  both  in  regard  to  its 
mental  and  bodily  manifestations,  is  greatly  aided  by  Intuition,  for 
in  intercourse  with  our  fellows  we  must  be  able  to  immediately 
detect  existing  conditions  of  mind,  and  their  grade  or  status  of 
character.  Without  some  natural  provision  of  this  sort  we  should 
be  obliged  to  carry  about  with  us  certificates  of  character  signed 
by  those  who  have  had  experience  with  us,  or  else  wait  for  years 
of  acquaintance  with  each  other  before  we  could  acquire  positive 
knowledge  of  each  other's  characters;  hence,  character-reading  is 
an  ordinance  of  Nature,  and  common  alike  to  man  and  animals. 
Lavater,  Porta,  Cicero,  and  many  others  were  geniuses  in  this 
direction,  and  divined.,  as  it  were,  the  characters  of  tliose  with 
whom  they  came  in  contact;  yet  Intuition  is  not  Human  Nature, 
but  each  depends  upon  the  other  for  assistance.  All  of  the  higher 
faculties  of  mind  are  more  and  more  complex  in  their  operation 
and  manifestation  as  they  rise  in  rank,  and  it  takes  the  highest  and 
most  finely  organized  faculties  to  comprehend  in  a  talented  manner 
the  rationale  of  tliis  complexity. 


746  PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Thus  we  see  in  every  century  a  few  men  and  women  who 
have  shone  resplendent  in  their  intuitive  comprehension  of  char- 
acter. Shakespeare,  among  intuitional  character-readers,  takes 
first  rank.  Yet  the  number  of  physicians,  scientists,  orators,  in- 
ventors, artists,  and  discoverers  who  have  been  possessed  of  talent 
and  even  genius  in  this  direction  is  legion.  It  is  highly  essential 
to  the  actor,  to  enable  him  to  comprehend,  seize  upon,  and  portray 
the  emotions  which  stir  the  hearts  of  the  masses,  and  arouse  them 
to  action.  In  woman,  as  the  mother  of  the  race,  however,  is  the 
highest  degree  of  Intuition  needed  and  manifested,  for  the  compre- 
hension, training,  education,  and  government  of  children  requires 
its  greatest  power,  and  in  this  department  of  life  the  most  univer- 
sal and  constant  degree  of  intuitive  insight  is  exhibited,  rising  in 
some  instances  to  positive  genius  in  this  direction. 

Intuition  is  a  conservator  of  life,  for  by  the  insight  into  char- 
acter, motives,  and  health  conditions  its  possessors  are  forewarned 
of  that  which  would  be  hurtful.  Indeed,  this  faculty,  like  all 
sciences,  is  one  of  Nature's  methods  of  foreknowing — of  prevision 
and  of  protection. 

Children  in  most  instances  possess  a  high  development  of 
Intuition,  but,  like  many  infantile  instincts,  it  is  stifled  by  the 
accumulation  of  technical  and  experimental  knowledge  which  they 
gain  by  age  and  education.  Most  children,  like  many  animals, 
instinctively  feel  the  characters  or  tone  of  those  about  them,  and 
even  in  infancy  are  attracted  or  repelled  by  the  personal  appearance, 
physiognomy,  or  magnetic  atmosphere  or  aura  which  is  thrown  out 
from  those  with  whom  they  come  in  contact.  This  intuitive 
"sensing"  is  their  only  method  of  knowing  people,  and  of  protect- 
ing themselves  until  experience  and  acquaintance  have  given  them 
other  methods  of  distinguishing  character  and  conditions. 

When  we  come  to  an  investigation  of  the  animal  kingdom 
we  shall  find  the  highest  forms  of  Intuition,  not  excelled  even  by 
human  genius,  for  it  must  be  understood  that  in  the  case  of 
animals  it  is  the  acquisition  of  ages  of  practice  in  given  directions 
which  lead  them  so  uiierrincjly  to  do  those  things  which  are 
scornfully  termed  by  man  "instinctive,"  and  which  are  looked 
upon  by  him  as  mere  automatic  acts,  inferior  to  the  reason,  observa- 
tion, and  calculation  which  man  uses  in  his  works;  yet  when  this 
same  automatic,  spontaneous  talent  is  exhibited  by  an  Arago  or  a 
D'Alembert  in  the  science  of  numbers,  or  by  a  Coleridge,  a  Hart- 
ley, or  a  Byron  in  poetry,  by  a  Mozart,  a  Bach,  a  Haydn  in  music, 
we  enthrone  them  among  the  greatest  of  earth's  geniuses,  while 
eminence,  riches,  and  immortal  fame  await  them.  Genius  acquires 
its  gifts  precisely  as  the  animal  acquires  his  automatic  powers  of 


INTUITION.  747 

building,  providing,  path-seeking,  and  character-discerning,  viz., 
by  an  augmented  and  intensified  transmission  of  powers,  which 
by  long  usage  upon  the  part  of  ancestors  have  become  incorporated 
into  the  very  constitution  ;  or  perhaps  by  the  action  of  some  obscure 
and  hidden  law  of  heredity  and  selection  the  germ  of  life  of  the 
genius  has  become  vivified  in  some  favorable  maternal  nidus^  and, 
thus  endowed,  it  shines  forth  resplendent  in  the  world  of  mind  or 
art,  and  we  have  a  Cicero,  an  Aristotle,  a  Bacon,  a  Shakespeare, 
a  Michael  Angelo,  or  a  Herbert  Spencer;  and  the  unthinking, 
unscientific  world,  looking  up  to  the  achievements  of  these  men, 
exclaims:  "From  whence  comes  all  this  splendor?  Neither  father 
nor  mother  were  like  unto  these."  So  slight  is  the  knowledge  of 
human  beings  in  regard  to  their  powers  and  natures  that  it  sinks 
into  insignificance  when  compared  with  the  instinctive  genius  of 
animals,  who,  ivithout  instruction,  can  produce  buildings,  domiciles, 
nests,  combs,  dams,  and  webs  founded  upon  the  highest  laws  of 
architecture.  They  can  trace  their  course  through  the  boundless 
spaces  of  ether,  and  return  to  their  homes  without  chart  or  com- 
pass ;  and  all  this  they  are  able  to  do  from  birth,  without  education 
or  training.  What  human  genius  has  ever  been  able  to  accomplish 
this'?  In  presence  of  such  facts  it  becomes  us,  human  mortals, 
not  to  be  too  conceited,  egotistic,  or  top-lofty,  but,  in  all  conscien- 
tiousness, and  in  a  spirit  of  comprehensiveness,  to  acknowledge  that 
this  wonderful  instinctive  knowledge  of  all  the  animal  tribes  is 
their  compensation  for  the  lack  of  the  hands  and  developed  cere^ 
brum  of  man.  Very  happily  has  George  Henry  Lewes  remarked 
that  "Instinct,  like  chance,  is  one  of  those  words  which  men  use 
to  conceal  their  ignorance."  Yet  the  manner  in  which  they  use  it 
betrays  to  an  observant  person  the  very  thing  which  they  would 
conceal. 

One  might  fill  volumes  with  accounts  of  the  intuitional  genius 
of  animals.  I  bring  forward  no  examples  here,  for  they  are  all 
about  us,  and  as  numerous  as  the  sands  of  the  sea;  hence  it  is 
needless  to  point  to  any  special  cases,  for  their  number  is  exceeded 
only  by  their  marvelous  ingenuity.  In  some  directions  the  humblest 
animal  is  superior. to  man ;  yet,  by  virtue  of  man's  possessing  hands, 
speech,  an  upright  position,  and  a  more  complex  brain  and  nervous 
system,  he  stands  at  the  head  of  the  animal  series.  Intuition  is  a 
gift  which  man  shares  in  common  with  all  the  higher  animals, 
differing  in  degree,  yet  the  same  in  kind. 

The  portmits  in  this  chapter  are  most  of  them  those  of  superior 
persons,  hence,  as  the  reader  has  doubtless  observed,  very  few 
deficiencies  have  been  noted  in  their  faces.  In  the  chapter  which 
follows  there  will  be  displayed  and  described  the  physiognomies 


748  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of  many  defective  and  abnormal  beings,  such  as  the  criminal, 
the  feeble-minded,  and  the  undeveloped.  The  reader  can  institute 
comparisons  between  these  and  those.  This  course  will  afford  a 
fine  opportunity  for  discerning  the  differences  existing  between 
those  who  are  highly  developed  in  all  parts  of  their  organism  and 
those  who  are  greatly  lacking  in  certahi  departments,  and  also 
between  those  of  high  and  those  of  low. quality.  The  subject  of 
heauty  according  to  art-standards  has  not  been  considered  in  this 
chapter.  A  scientific  delineation  of  the  face  reveals  meanings 
which  art  fails  to  expound  as  beauties ;  for  the  most  part,  art  con- 
siders as  beautiful  the  most  infantoid  forms  of  features  and  outlines 
of  faces, — that  is,  those  abounding  in  curves.  The  higher  and  more 
severe  styles  of  beauty,  viz.,  those  which  reveal  the  square  and 
cubical  forms,  art  does  not,  as  a  rule,  consider  beautiful. 

The  reader  of  the  preceding  pages  has,  I  opine,  learned  that 
beauty  of  character  appears  in  all  normal  forms,  and  that  whatever 
form  reveals  genius,  talent,  morality,  physical  power,  or  capacity 
for  usefulness  may  well  be  considered  as  beautiful.  In  order  to 
have  a  comprehensive  view  of  the  human  face  and  its  associated 
character  we  must  enlarge  our  understanding  of  the  meaning  of 
Form,  and  come  to  leani  its  inherent  significations.  We  must,  in 
short,  come  up  higher  into  the  domain  of  scientific  knowledge, — . 
into  the  adult  stage  of  mind, — and  from  this  height  learn,  accept, 
and  apply  what  Nature  reveals  to  us  of  the  human  physiognomy. 


CHAPTER  m. 

The  Human  Face  in  Outline,  Motion,  Feature,  Expression, 

AND  Color. 

"The  history  of  a  man  is  his  character,  and  his  character  is  written  on  his  or- 
ganization and  might  be  read  there  had  we  but  senses  acute  enough  to  decipher  the 
organic  letters.  There  is  not  a  thought  of  the  mind,  not  a  feeling  of  the  heart,  not 
an  aspiration  of  the  soul,  not  a  passion  that  finds  vent,  not  a  deed  which  is  done, 
that  is  not  graved  with  an  unfailing  art  in  the  structure  of  the  body  ;  its  every  organ 
and  the  constituent  elements  of  each  organ  grow  to  the  fashion  of  their  exercise, 
and  there  is  nothing  covered  that  might  not  be  revealed,  nothing  hid  that  might  not 
be  known." — H.  Maudsley,  M.D. 

EVERY  form  in  Nature  reveals  its  own  history.  In  order 
to  be  able  to  read  this  history,  we  must  learn  to  apply 
the  alphabet  of  form,  and  thus  spell  out  the  entire 
signification  of  the  human  face  and  body.  Every 
motion  expounds  its  own  purpose.  Natural  gestures 
are  a  part  of  the  personal  form,  correspond  to  it,  and  are  as  indi- 
vidualized as  the  features. 

The  outline  or  contour  of  each  human  body  is  a  circumferen- 
tial entity.  Each  distinct  limb  and  feature  is  a  fragment  of  this 
entity,  and  declares  the  homogeneity  of  the  whole. 

Each  color  and  shade  reveals  the  health  conditions,  native 
force,  integrity  of  the  tissues,  and  the  intensity  of  the  emotions. 

The  human  physiognomy  is  the  highest  and  most  perfect  of 
forms,  because  it  includes,  sums  up,  and  expounds  all  form,  hence 
contains  the  record  of  all  lower  forms  and  illustrates  the  laws  of 
form  and  motion.  Not  only  does  each  individual  human  counte- 
nance imfold  its  own  bodily  and  mental  status,  but  it  is  also  the 
index  of  countless  ancestral  traits,  types,  and  influences.  Every 
face  announces  its  possessors,  grade  in  morality,  mentality,  and 
physiological  activity,  as  well  as  his  racial  connections  and  national 
descent.  It  reveals  also  his  mental  aptitudes,  often  his  sectarian 
proclivities,  his  habitual  pursuits,  his  vices  and  his  virtues,  both 
active  and  latent,  and  to  the  scientific  physiognomist  it  sums  up 
the  totality  of  its  accompanying  character. 

The  laws  of  muscular  motion  (from  the  action  of  which  ex- 
pression mainly  proceeds)  must  be  rightly  comprehended  in  order 
to  understand  and  translate  motion  and  form  into  character.  The 
two  kinds  of  expression,  permanent  and  transient,  depend  almost 

(749) 


750     ,  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

entirely  upon  the  motive  apparatus,  viz.,  upon  the  bones  and  mus- 
cles, for  the  power  to  express  thought,  feeling,  and  emotion,  or  tlie 
lack  of  them.  It  is  true,  that  the  soft  tissue — the  adipose  matter 
of  the  face — assists  expression  and  co-operates  with  muscle  in 
producing  dimples,  wrinkles,  folds,  and  outlines,  while  the  nerve 
of  the  eye  adds  its  quota  of  expression  by  its  quality  and  activity. 
The  muscles  of  the  face  are  related  to  every  part  of  the  brain  and 
to  every  internal  organ  through  their  nervous  connections.  Were 
it  not  for  this  intimate  cerebral  and  visceral  relation,  the  face  could 
express  neither  thought  nor  emotion,  hence  there  would  result  no 
more  heautij  nor  variety  of  expression  than  is  observed  in  the 
countenance  of  a  dog  or  horse. 

Thus,  it  is  shown  that  each  system,  each  tissue  must  be  inter- 
rogated, and  its  constituents  and  character  as  well  as  its  method 
of  action  be  known,  before  passing  judgment  upon  an  individual. 
The  outlhie  exhibited  by  each  separate  being  is  an  epitome  of  the 
entire  character.  The  attitude  habitually  assumed,  both  in  action 
and  repose,  is  highly  indicative  of  the  man.  The  movements  of 
the  body  in  walking,  and  of  the  gestures  of  the  limbs  and  hands, 
together  with  the  accompanying  movements  of  the  head,  are  most 
decisive  signs  of  inward  mental  and  moral  states.  How  rational 
must  this  last  assertion  seem  in  face  of  the  fact  that  when  an  actor 
wishes  to  represent  a  character  he  alters  his  walk,  his  gestures, 
and  habitual  position  to  suit  the  one  he  would  portray ;  and  the 
walk,  gestures,  and  movements  of  a  noble  character,  how  different 
from  those  of  an  ignoble  one !  All  tliis  goes  to  sliow,  not  only 
that  the  forms  of  the  internal  organs  create  different  external 
shapes  and  varied  pliases  of  character  with  different  degrees  of 
power,  but  also  proves  that  the  contour  or  outline  of  the  body, 
which  is  created  by  certain  internal  combinations  of  organs  and 
systems,  reveals  the  main  design  or  animus  of  the  individual.  As 
forms  are  prodiiced  by  the  law  of  motion,  so  the  mode  of  indi- 
vidual motion  is  indicative  of  the  character  thus  produced.  No 
postulate  can  be  sounder  tlian  this.  Contour  and  motion,  then, 
are  the  first  subjects  for  consideration  in  this  chapter,  as  they  are 
the  first  phenomena  which  strike  our  senses  when  a  stranger 
approaches  us. 

This  may  not  be  evident  to  our  perception,  so  accustomed 
have  we  become  to  the  movement  forward  toward  us  of  others ;  and 
so  instantaneous  and  instinctive  is  our  reception  of  the  impression 
wliich  we  glean  from  the  approach  of  an  individual  or  of  his  re- 
treating form,  that  many  will  believe  that  they  receive  the  first 
intimation  of  his  character  from  the  expression  of  the  face ;  but 
as  it  often  occurs  that  our  first  sight  of  one  is  a  sidewise  view  or 


HUMAN   FACE   IN   OUTLINE,    MOTION,   ETC. 


751 


from  behind,  and  when  in  motion,  as  in  walking,  gesticulating, 
etc.,  we  consciously  or  unconsciously  derive  some  accurate  and  im- 
portant impressions  from  these  circumstances, — olltimes  most  vivid 
and  startling  ones,  too,  when  tlie  motions  and  gestures  are  ener- 
getic. As  the  individual  approaches  nearer,  the  features  next  com- 
mand our  attention,  and  then  the  general  expression,  color,  and 


Fig.  126.— the  MUSCULAR  MECHANISM  OF  THE  FACE.* 


1.  Platysma  myoides. 

2.  External  jugular  vein. 
8.  Trapezius. 

4.  Stemo-cleido-mastoid. 

5.  Depressor  an^uli  oris. 

6.  Depressor  labii  inf  erioris. 

7.  Levator  menti. 

8.  Orbicularis  oris. 

9.  Rlsorius. 

10.  Buccinator. 

11.  Depressor  al3R  nasi. 

12.  Compressor  narium  minor. 


13.  Dilator  naris  posterior.  2-J. 

14.  Dilator  naris  anterior.  25. 
15   Compressor  naris.  26. 

16.  Pyramidalis  nasi.  27. 

17.  Corrugator  supercilii. 

18.  Levator  labii  superioris  alse-  28. 

que  nasi.  29. 

19.  Levator  labii  superioris.  30. 

20.  Levator  angnli  oris.  31. 

21.  Zygomatic  minor. 

22.  Zygomatic  major.  32. 

23.  Masseter— superficial  portion. 


Masseter— deep  portion. 
Attraliens  aurem. 
Orbicularis  palpebrarum. 
Frontal   portion   of  occipito- 

frontalis. 
Temporal  fascia. 
Attollens  aurem. 
Retrahens  aurem. 
Occipital  portion  of  occipito- 

frontalls. 
Tendinous  aponeurosis  of  oc- 

cipito-frontalis. 


A  close  study  of  the  above  figure  will  go  far  toward  enlightening  the  reader  as  to  the  very 
important  part  which  the  muscular  system  plays  in  the  expression  of  character  as  shown  by  the 
face.  Observation  of  this  figure  will  soon  convince  the  investigator  that  one  well  endowed  with  a 
flue  muscular  system  is  better  able  to  express  emotions  than  one  who  is  greatly  deficient  in  the  de- 
velopment of  this  tissue.  Examine  attentively  the  muscles  of  the  chin,  the  cheeks,  the  lips,  the 
nose,  and  those  of  the  mouth,  and  you  will  learn  why  it  is  tliat  an  organism  which  has  inherited  a 
fine  development  of  the  muscular  tissue  is  capable  of  great  mobility  and  variety  of  expression. 
The  development  of  the  muscles  at  the  point  of  the  nose  is  remarkable,  and  reveals"  to  us  the  origin 
of  the  several  signs  of  character  which  I  have  discovered  and  located  there.  It  should  be  tuitler- 
stood  that  muscular  development  varies  in  every  subject.  Undeveloped  and  barbarous  peoples  do 
not  exhibit  as  fine  a  nasal  form  as  do  the  civilized  races,  and  among  the  latter  there  is  as  great  a  dif- 
ference in  the  degree  of  development  of  the  nose  as  there  is  in  the  external  form  of  that  organ ; 
and  this  is  also  true  of  each  facial  feature,  as  well  as  of  the  limbs  said  trunk  of  each  subject. 

*  From  Gray's  Anatomy. 


752 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


voice.  These  are  all  combined,  taken  up  instantaneously  into  our 
common  sensorium  and  there  announce  themselves  as  a  concrete 
whole,  and  we,  with  lightning-like  rapidity,  "  sum  up  "  the  person 
and  pronounce  our  verdict  upon  our  conceptions  of  his  status,  and 
pass  opinion  as  to  our  like  or  dislike  of  his  personality. 

The  superior  power  of  the  face  as  a  revelator  of  character  to 
that  of  the  skull  is  recognized  by  all  intelligent  writers  on  anatomy, 
for  the  reason  that  they  are  aware  of  the  superior  power  of  the 


Fig.  127.— the  OSSEOUS  FORMATION  OF  THE  FACE.* 


1.  Inferior  maxilla. 

2.  Angle  of  inferior  maxilla. 

3.  (^ondyle  of  inieiior  maxilla. 

4.  Mastoid  portion  of  temporal. 

5.  Occipital. 


6.  Zygoma. 

7.  Coronoid  process  of  inferior 

maxilla. 

8.  Malar  bone. 

9.  Superior  maxilla. 


10.  Nasal  bone. 

11.  P>ontal  bone. 

12.  Temporal  bone. 

13.  Parietal  bone. 

14.  Superciliary  ridge. 


The  above  figure  gives  a  good  idea  of  the  solidity  of  the  foundation  of  the  face  and  head. 
A  good  osseous  endowment  is  a  grand  inheritance,  for  it  gives  stability  and  reliability  to  the  charac- 
ter. The  teeth  are  not  reckoned  among  the  bones  of  the  face,  as  they  are  tegumentary  in  character 
and  belong  to  and  reveal  the  condition  of  the  alimentary  tract  in  a  large  degree.  The  joining  of  the 
bones  l)y  sutures,  which  dovetail  as  it  were  into  each  other,  is  a  marvelouslyfine  piece  of  mechanism. 
The  protection  which  the  prominent  eyebones  all'ords  the  eye  is  still  another  manifestation  of  high 
architectural  power.  The  parts  of  tlie  bones  of  the  lace  which  express  the  greatest  degree  of 
stability  are  shown  by  a  well-developed  chin  and  jaws,  nasal  bones,  frontal  sinuses,  and  superciliary 
ridges. 


fifty-five  muscles  of  the  face  to  express  emotion.  The  contour  of 
the  skull  always  haTmonizes  with  the  body  to  which  it  is  attached, 
but  it  is  impossible  to  draw  from  it  alone  that  accurate  and  compre- 
hensive knowledge  of  character  which  can  be  deduced  from  a  view 
of  the  face  alone.  The  form  of  the  head  corroborates  the  form  of 
the  face  and  body,  and  phrenologists  make  their  best  "hits"  by  ob- 
servation of  the  upper  part  of  the  face,  about  the  eyes  and  eye- 

*  From  Wells'  New  Physiognomy. 


HUMAN    FACE   IN    OUTLINE,    MOTION,    ETC. 


753 


brows,  for  here  is  expressed  more  varied  character  in  the  formation 
of  the  bones  than  in  other  portions  of  the  head. 

The  following  opinion  of  Gray,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  of 
anatomists,  in  regard  to  the  superiority  of  the  face  as  an  indicator 
of  character,  is  most  emphatic : — 

A  word  on  the  lines  of  the  face  as  indicative  of  expression.  Every 
one  pays  unconscious  homage  to  the  study  of  physiognomy.     When  scaii' 


Fig.  128.— the  NERVOUS  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  FACE.* 


1.  Superficial  cervical. 

2.  Platysina  inyoidcs  (muscle). 
8.  Sterno-ma-stoid  (muscle). 

4.  Spinal  accessory. 

5.  Auricularis  mafrnus. 

6.  Occipitalis  minor. 

7.  Great  occipital. 

8.  Posterior  auricular. 

9.  Fascial. 

10.  Infra-maxillary. 

11.  Supra-maxillary, 

12.  Mental. 


13.  Buccinator  (muscle). 

14.  Buccal. 

15.  Infra-orbital. 

16.  Malar  and  infra-orbital  nerves. 

17.  Temporal. 

18.  Termination  of  temporo-malar. 

19.  Termination  of  na-fal. 

20.  Termination  of  infra-troclilear. 

21.  Termination  of  supra-trocldear. 

22.  Temporal  branch  of  auriculo-temporaL 

23.  U-  Supra-orbital. 


The  affluent  distribution  of  the  nerves  upon  the  face  reveals  why  it  is  that  the  face  is  so  well 
able  to  express  both  temporary  and  permanent  conditions  of  the  entire  organism.  The  muscles  and 
nerves  act  in  harmony,  and  together  reveal  the  feelings  and  sensations,  and  by  the  co-operation  of 
these  two  systems  the  movements  of  the  face  exi)ress  what  is  pa.ssing  in  the  consciousness  of  the 
subject.  The  more  highly  organized  the  facial  nerves  the  more  sensitive  is  the  subject,  hence,  the 
better  able  is  he  to  feel  and  express  the  more  delicate  grades  and  shades  of  emotion,  as  well  as  a 

freater  variety  of  sensations  than  he  who  is  less  well  endowed  in  this  respect.  Where  the  nervous 
istribution  is  elaborate  and  of  the  highest  quality,  in  combination  with  an  equally  high  develop- 
ment of  muscle,  we  find  the  highest  power  for  facial  expression,  as  well  as  for  sensation,  as  is 
observed  in  actors. 

»  From  Gray's  Anatomy. 
48 


754 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


ning  the  features  of  a  stranger,  he  draws  conclusions  concerning  his  intelli- 
gence, disposition,  and  character.  Without  discussing  how  much  physiog- 
nomy is  really  worth,  there  can  be  no  doubt  tliat  it  is  a  mistake  to  place  it 
in  the  same  category  as  phrenology,  since  the  latter  lacks  that  sound  basis 
of  physiology  which  no  one  can  deny  to  the  former.  The  muscles  of  the 
features  are  generally  described  as  arising  from  the  bony  fabric  of  the  face, 
and  are  inserted  into  the  nose,  corners  of  the  mouth,  and  the  lips.  But 
tills  gives  a  very  inadequate  idea  of  their  true  insertion.  They  drop  fibres 
into  the  skin  along  their  course,  so  that  there  is  hardly  a  part  of  the  face 
lohich  has  not  its  little  fibre  to  move  it.  The  habitual  recurrence  of  good  or 
evil  thoughts,  the  indulgence  in  particular  modes  of  life,  call  into  play  cor- 


FlQ.  129.— THE  GLANDULAR  FOKAIA'IION  OF  THE  FACE.* 
1.  INTERNAL  jugular  veiu.  2.  DEEP  cervical  glands. 

The  above  figure  discloses  tlie  position  of  the  glands  of  the  face  and  adjacent  parts.  These 
vary  in  size  in  each  individual,  some  l)eing  more  richly  endowed  in  this  respect  than  others.  In 
those  who  have  inherited  consumptive  or  <lyspeptic  tchdeucies,  the  glandular  development  is  not 
SI)  great  as  in  those  who  possess  a  normal  degree  of  this  system.  The  glandular  system  is  the  base 
of  supply  of  the  domestic  and  social  faculties  ;  hence  this  tissue  is  a  very  important  one,  and  its  per- 
fect organization  is  very  much  to  be  desired. 

responding  sets  of  muscles,  which  by  producing  folds  and  wrinkles  give  a 
permanent  cast  to  the  features  and  speak  a  language  which  all  can  under- 
stand and  rarely  mislead.  Schiller  puts  this  well  when  he  says  that  ''It  is 
an  admirable  proof  of  infinite  wisdom  that  what  is  noble  and  benevolent 
beautifies  the  human  countenance;  what  is  base  and  hateful  imprints  upon 
it  a  revolting  expression."  f 

liet  me  add  here,  that  until  people  generally  understand  the 
significance  of  certain  expressions  observed  in   the  human  face, 

*  From  Gray's  Anatomy.  f  Ibid.,  p.  919.    Philadelphia,  1878. 


HUMAN  FACE   IN   OUTLINE,   MOTION,   ETC. 


755 


they  will  not  be  able  to  determine  which  are  benevolent  and  which 
are  base.  I  discover  beauties  of  expression  in  countenances  which 
many  other  beholders  term  "homely,"  and  sometimes  "ugly." 
On  the  other  hand,  I  perceive  signs  of  moral  weakness,  of  mental 
deficiency,  of  malice,  spite,  and  revenge  in  some  faces  which  the 
majority  denominate  "handsome,"  and  even  "beautiful."  How  is 
this  dense  ignorance  to  be  removed?  Simply  by  an  application  of 
the  laws  of  scientific  physiognomy,  by  observation  and  comparison, 
just  as  is  the  method  of  procedure  in  all  other  branches  of 
knowledge. 


ITE 


Fig.  130.— geometrical  FORMS  OF  THE  FACE.    (After  La vater.) 


The  outlines  in  the  above  flgiire  are  those  which  are  most  usually  observed  in  the  forms  of 
the  human  face. 

The  first  figure  (A)  is  a  primitive  form,— globose  like  all  infantoid  objects.  It  is  the  shape 
more  nearly  of  tlie  infant's  face  and  head, — also  of  the  vegetative  adult. 

The  second  shape  (B)  is  a  modification  of  the  former,  and  corresponds  closely  to  the  form 
which  infancy  assumes  in  its  transition  from  infancy  to  childhood,  hence  is  more  nearly  the  distinct- 
ive contour  oV  youth, — as,  also,  of  the  ailult,  muscular  sulyect. 

The  third  form  (C)  is  a  muscular  form,  and  is  found  slightly  modified  upon  the  faces  of 
short,  squat,  and  relatively  undeveloped  adults.  It  is  bremlth  witliout  licight,  and  this  form  is  a  low 
variety  of  the  muscular  class,  and  denotes  commonplace,  selfish,  vulgar  character,  with  commercial 
or  grasping  propensities. 

The  fourth  outline  (D)  describes  the  form  of  the  face  of  the  highest  type  of  character,— the 
cubical,  such  as  is  observed  in  the  countenance  of  Martin  Luther ;  it  denotes  solidity,  equilibrium, 
reliabUity,  rectangnlarity. 

The  fifth  figure  (E)  illustrates  angular  character,  and  is  a  modification  of  the  cubical,  but 
lacking  in  tlie  qualities  of  breadth  and  oalance,  which  distinguish  the  cubical  individual;  at  the 
same  time  it  denotes  honesty  with  narrowness. 

The  sixth  (F)  is  a  sort  of  caricature  or  burlesque  upon  the  cubical  character,  and  is  a  form 
of  face  rarely  observed.  It  would  (le('lare  a  character  solid,  but  not  so  well  balanced  as  that  of  the 
one  exhibiting  the  cubical  form  of  physiognomy,  yet  preserving  many  cubical  characteristics. 

The  seventh  figure  (G)  belongs  to  a  common  variety  of  the  vegetative  class;  the  addition 
of  two  curves  will  create  this  type. 

This  form  indicates  large  feeding  powers  combined  with  small  thinking  ability. 

The  eighth  outline  (H)  is  the  pyriform-shaped  face — angled,  so  to  speak.  This  outline,  with 
slight  curvings,  illustrates  the  brain  form  dominant,  the  i)()wer  for  thought  combined  with  feeble 
nutritive  powers. 

The  ninth  form  (I)  is  first  cousin  to  G,  and  shows  the  same  character  on  a  larger  scale,  with 
more  ability  both  for  eating  and  getting ;  breadth  here  as  elsewhere  counting  for  something,— that 
is,  for  more  capacity. 

These  are  bare  outlines,  yet  I  believe  every  face  is  patterned  after  one  or  the  other  of  these 
forms.  They  are  modiflcationsof  the  five  most  general  shapes  of  the  face,  and  are  to  be  found 
universally  present  in  the  physiognomies  of  both  civilized  and  uncivilized  races. 


Sir  Charles  BelPs  ideas  of  the  superiority  of  the  face  are  as 
emphatically  expressed  in  his  work  on  the  "Anatomy  of  Expres- 
sion."    He  observes: — 

The  truth  is  that  we  are  more  moved  by  the  features  than  by  the 
form  of  the  whole  head.  Altogether  independently  of  phrenology  it  has, 
of  old  time,  been  acknowledged  tliat  fullness  of  the  forehead,  combined  with 
those  forms  which  have  been  noticed,  is  an  indication  of  intellectual  capacity, 
and,  as  we  have  shown,  of  human  character  and  beauty.  Nearly  all  physi- 
ologists have  agreed  in  this  view;  while  some  are  equall3' confident  in 
affirming  that  anatomy  affords  no  foundation  for  mapping  the  cranium  into 
minute  subdivisions  or  regions.  As  Nature,  by  covering  the  head,  has 
intimated  her  intention  that  we  shall  not  too  closely  scan  our  neighbor's 


1^56  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

capacities,  she  nas  given  us  tlie  universal  language  of  expression.  Man  is 
gregarious  ;  he  loolcs  for  sympathy ;  '  it  is  not  good  for  him  to  be  alone ;  he 
solicits  a  unity  of  sentiment,  and  the  language  which  expresses  it  is  in 
the  face. *^ 

In  the  preceding  we  have  the  testimony  of  two  of  the  most 
eminent  writers  on  Anatomy  as  to  the  superiority  of  the  face  as  a 
revelator  of  character.  I  could  fill  a  volume  with  evidence  as 
conclusive  from  hundreds  of  other  practical  anatomists,  but  let 
these  suffice;  they  cannot  be  gainsaid. 

THE  FIVE   GENERAL  OUTLINES  OP  THE  FACE. 

There  are  five  general  outlines  of  the  head  and  of  the  face, 
and  these  outlines  are  caused  by  the  shape  and  degree  of  activity 
of  the  internal  organs,  as  well  as  by  the  outward  muscular  and 
bony  framework.  The  globular  outline  of  the  face  is  accompanied 
by  a  low,  broad,  and  rounding  head  and  forehead;  puffy  cheeks; 
slow-moving  eyes;  soft,  fat,  double  or  triple  chin;  large  mouth; 
full  lips,  and  short,  broad,  and  depressed  nose.  This  form  indi- 
cates mere  domestic  character,  a  good  eater,  sleeper,  and  sitter; 
a  sort  of  human  vegetable.  (See  Fig.  7,  p.  67.)  The  dominance 
of  the  thoracic  system,  caused  by  the  development  of  the  lungs 
and  liver,  evolves  a  face  which  exhibits  a  rather  long  nose  and 
prominent  (particularly  at  the  point),  large  nostrils ;  an  acutely- 
defined,  receding  forehead,  and  in  youth  the  lower  part  of  the  face 
inclined  to  the  oval,  except  where  square  bone's  are  present.  It 
also  produces  a  high,  arched  chest;  bright,  active  eyes,  quick 
motions,  and  lively  gestures.  This  outline  reveals  a  pure-minded, 
hopeful,  cheery,  and  active  chamcter.     (See  Fig.  8,  p.  72.) 

The  muscular  form  is  characterized  by  roundness  and  curves, 
and  is  caused  by  the  shape  and  action  of  the  muscular  or  fibroid 
organs, — viz.,  by  tlie  peculiar  shape  and  action  of  the  stomach,  the 
heart,  and  the  reproductive  system, — and  the  dominance  of  these 
organs  produces  the  externally  rounded,  oval,  and  curved  muscular 
development  observed  in  artists,  athletes,  etc.  The  outline  of  the 
face  (when  this  system  is  supreme,  or  one  of  the  regnant  systems  of 
the  body)  is  rounding;  the  forehead  nearly  perpendicular ;  the  nose 
straight,  relatively  short,  soft,  and  rounding;  the  face  inclined  to 
the  oval;  the  eyes  prominent;  the  head  round;  the  eyebrows 
arched;  the  mouth  of  medium  size;  the  chin  oval  or  pointed.  If 
the  round  muscles  are  present,  the  chin  is  inclined  to  the  oval; 
but  if  the  flat  muscles  are  exhibited,  the  chin  is  more  inclined  to 
be  pointed  or  narrow.     (See  Fig.  9,  p.  75.) 

»  Anatomy  of  Expression,  Sir  Cbsrles  Bell,  pp.  29,  51.    (The  italics  are  mine.) 


THE  FIVE   GENERAL    OUTLINES   OF   THE   FACE.  757 

The  osseous  outline  of  the  face  is  shown  by  a  rectangular 
form ;  the  forehead  inclined  to  be  square ;  the  eyebrows  horizontal ; 
the  chin  long,  broad,  and  angular,  rather  than  oval;  the  nose 
high,  long,  and  bony ;  the  cheeks  rather  prominent,  and  the  super- 
ciliary ridge  projecting.     (See  Fig.  10,  p.  84.) 

The  hftli  form  of  the  face  is  caused  by  the  supremacy  of  the 
brain  and  nervous  system,  and  the  form  and  action  of  this  system 
gives  a  pyriform  shape  to  the  face,  which  is  inclined  to  be  narrow, 
with  a  delicately-molded  chin,  a  long  and  thin  nose,  thin  cheeks, 
eyebrows  somewliat  inclined  to  arch,  although  these  will  take  the 
shape  of  the  underlying  bones.  If  these  are  square,  the  eyebrows 
will  assume  a  horizontal  form ;  if  they  are  rounding,  the  brows  will 
arch.  The  forehead  is  high,  broad,  and  generally  full,  especially 
in  the  upper  part,  as  well  as  perpendicular.     (See  Fig.  11,  p.  94.) 

These  are  the  five  superior  outlines  of  the  human  face.  All 
others  are  caused  by  combinations  or  modifications  of  these  prin- 
cipal forms. 

The  student  should  be  able  by  observation  to  judge  how  much 
of  each  of  these  several  systems  is  present,  and  be  able  to  estimate 
the  compamtive  influence  of  each  system  in  revealing  character,  as 
well  as  to  know  which  are  dominant  and  which  is  the  second  most 
influential  in  its  eft'ect.  This  can  be  determined  by  applying  the 
law  of  tlie  ovoid  or  sphere,  the  law  of  the  square,  angle,  and 
straight  line,  to  each  one  of  the  features,  and  to  each  portion  of 
every  feature. 

MOTION. 

The  movements  in  walking,  gesticulating,  working,  playing, 
etc.,  reveal  the  mind  of  the  individual  as  well  as  his  native  and 
acquired  powers. 

The  motion  of  the  body  and  limbs  in  walking  disclose  and 
repeat  the  external  configuration  of  the  body. 

Movements  of  the  hands  in  gesticulating  bear  direct  relation 
to  the  mental  status, — the  emotional  nature, — and  establish  one's 
grade  in  the  scale  of  development. 

The  set  or  position  of  the  feet  in  standing  harmonizes  with 
the  contour  of  the  body,  and  reveals  a  great  deal  of  the  character. 
Now  all  these  movements  are  the  spontaneous  expressions  of  the  7'eal 
inner  man,  hence  are  of  the  highest  value  in  interpreting  character. 
As  motion  is  the  underlying  principle  of  all  growth  and  develop- 
ment, it  is  necessariJy  the  exponent  of  the  organisms  when  they 
are  perfectly  developed  or  completed,  as  has  been  shown  in  the 
"  Basic  Principles  of  Form."  A  square-built  man,  with  an  upright 
mien,  moves  in  a  straight  line,  with  measured,  methodical  steps. 


758  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY 

showing  the  presence  of  Order,  Time,  Precision,  and  Measurement, 
the  qualities  which  inhere  and  appertain  to  tliat  particular  form. 

A  person  with  narrow,  sloping  slioulders,  long  and  thin  build, 
long  and  narrow  head  and  slim  feet,  will  pursue  a  devious,  wind- 
ing, zigzag,  serpentine  course,  as  he  threads  liis  way  along  the 
street,  withotit  precision  or  regard  to  order.  This  form  has  not  the 
regularity  of  movement  of  the  square-built  mechanic,  nor  the  per- 
fect curve  of  the  artistic  man,  for  he  is  neither  one  nor  the  other,  and 
his  gait  discloses  his  status  or  rank  in  liumanity ;  he  is  a  perverted 
being,  for  no  true  specimen  of  humanity  pursues  this  winding, 
eccentric  mode  of  locomotion,  and  this  last  example  teaches  us  that 
this  malformed  being  lias  not  been  bred  by  normal  methods,  but 
that  the  countless  motions  of  tlie  nerve-forces  and  muscular  fibres 
which  assisted  his  prenatal  growth  were  abnormal  and  eccentric. 
How  truly  does  the  following  express  the  action  of  this  law : — 

Every  organism,  from  the  lowest  to  the  highest,  can  only  work  out 
those  laws  of  motion  by  which  its  organization  lias  been  produced.  The 
bee  in  making  its  cell  copies  the  hexagonal  facet  of  its  own  eye.  The  snake 
in  its  motion  on  the  ground  and  in  coiling  itself  around  its  victim,  follows 
the  law  of  its  own  construction.  F.undamental  laws  are  the  fundamental  in- 
stincts of  motion  in  life.* 

The  perfectly  curved  motions  of  a  well-formed  artist,  actor,  or 
athlete,  illustrates  the  law  of  the  true  curve  (the  segment  of  a  circle). 
With  these  people  the  law  of  their  motion  in  walking,  in  gesture, 
and  in  the  exercise  of  tlieir  several  ])ursuits,  is  exhibited  by  true, 
graceful,  curvilinear  motions  of  the  body,  hands,  head,  and  limbs. 
The  organs  and  organisms  of  all  those  who  are  'perfectly  curvilinear 
have  been  produced  by  normal,  regular  motions  of  the  fluids  and 
forces  involved  in  their  construction.  Therefore,  they  present 
true^  regular^  normal  curvation  in  all  their  members  and  move- 
ments ;  hence  are  able  to  execute  true  curves  in  the  sway  of  the 
body  in  walking  and  dancing,  of  the  hands  in  painting  or  other 
art  works,  as  well  as  in  posing,  playing  ball,  rowing,  swimming,  etc. 

The  abnormally  constructed  being,  who  is  not  formed  upon  a 
true  square  nor  a  true  curve,  discloses  his  abnormal  build  by 
awkward  and  inapt  movements,  and  can  never  be  trained  to  per- 
form easy,  graceful  movements,  nor  those  which  are  essential  to 
art-works,  with  the  same  degree  of  perfection  as  can  the  normal, 
curvilinear  being,  although  he  can  be  very  much  improved  men- 
tally and  morally,  by  precept,  example,  and  encouragement.  Such 
beings  come  into  existence  under  unlawful  conditions.  It  is  no 
fault  of  theirs,  but  it  is  our  fault  if  we  judge  them  too  harshly  and 
ridicule  and  revile  them,  instead  of  endeavoring  to  "square"  them 

•Sexology,  p.  247.    Chicago,  1867. 


GESTURES.  759 

by  all  the  knowledge  and  patience  which  we  can  bring  to  bear. 
These  abnormal  growths  are  observed  in  the  vegetable  kingdom  as 
well  as  among  crystals.  Who  has  not  seen  a  Hower  perfectly  de- 
veloped upon  one  side,  while  the  otlier  was  very  defective  in  its 
formation  1  This  defect  is  owing  probably  to  deficiency  in  nutrition 
or  the  inability  of  the  juices  and  sap  to  carry  equal  quantities  to 
both  sides ;  hence  the  law  of  "  Sinistrality,"  or  one-sidedness,  oper- 
ates to  produce  this  deformity,  just  as  is  observed  in  the  pecidiar 
crooked  foot  of  some  congenital  thieves,  or  the  oblique  eyes  of 
natural  liars,  for — 

The  laws  of  motion  are  always  regular,  when  undisturbed,  and  where 
the  surrounding  conditions  are  uniform,  as  seen  in  the  formation  of  crystals 
and  snow-flakes.  If  the  division  were  unequal,  the  dividing  line  would  not 
be  true.  The  parts  must  be  equal,  because  the  laws  of  motion  in  a  rotating 
body  require  and  compel  a  perfect  equilibrium  or  balance  of  motion  on  each 
side  of  its  axis.* 

GESTURES. 

Natural  gestures  are  in  a  pre-eminent  degree  indicative  of 
character.  The  circumscribed  and  incomplete  gesture  of  the 
secretive  person  is  in  marked  contrast  with  the  wide  sweep  of  the 
hand  and  arm  of  the  frank,  friendly  individual ;  so,  also,  the  nar- 
row-minded or  cautious  person  will  make  very  few  gestures,  and 
these  with  the  arm  fast  to  the  side,  and  with  the  back  of  the  hand 
turned  outward  or  sidewise,  and  not  with  the  palm  open,  and  with 
only  a  feeble  attempt  at  a  curve ;  while  the  man  with  a  fmnk, 
broad,  and  comprehensi\e  mind  makes  a  wide  sweep  of  the  arm 
and  hand,  as  if  he  would  embrace  all  creation  in  the  area  de- 
scribed, and  with  his  palm  outward  and  upward.  The  angular 
individual  makes  "  elbows,"  and  angular,  jerky  movements  of  the 
hands  and  liead.  His  walk  is  also  characterized  by  jerky  motions, 
and  often  his  utterance  will  be  far  from  smooth  and  uniform ;  par- 
ticularly is  this  the  case  in  reading,  unless  he  has  been  well 
trained  in  this  respect.  So  homogeneous  is  man's  nature,  that  a 
peep  at  his  knuckles  will  reveal  his  method  of  speech  and  gait. 

The  gestures,  carriage,  and  movement  of  an  ignorant  person 
are  quite  different  from  those  who  are  by  nature  intelligent.  To 
prove  this  it  is  only  necessary  to  observe  for  a  short  time  these  two 
classes.  Ignorant  people,  or  those  who  jare  stupid  by  nature,  make 
fewer  gestures  than  those  whose  natures  are  more  richly  endowed. 
The  reason  of  this  is  that  the  more  sensitive  being /ee/«  and  thinks 
more,  hence  possesses  a  more  mobile  and  plastic  body.  Stupidity 
is  always  accompanied  by  a  body  which  harmonizes  with  it,  hence 
we  observe  that  stupid  and  narrow-minded  people  are  ungraceful, 

» Ibid.,  p.  143. 


760  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and,  if  they  make  gestures  at  all,  they  are  awkward  and  inappro- 
priate, and  this  at  once  betrays  their  mental  status ;  while  the  few 
gestures  which  they  make,  being  natural  to  them,  will  be  a  reflex 
of  their  dominant  powers,  both  mental  and  moral.  A  study  of  the 
gestures  of  the  ignorant^  stupid.,  and  criminal  will  yield  a  harvest 
of  knowledge  in  the  science  of  Form,  for  a  gesture  made  by  the 
hand  or  arm,  or  a  movement  of  the  body  in  walking  or  in  working, 
is  as  much  a  shape  as  though  embodied  in  substance. 

Congenital  or  professional  criminals,  as  a  rule,  use  very  few 
gestures,  for  they  are  usually  very  secretive,  and  a  secretive  man 
never  moves  with  the  freedom  of  an  upright  character.  All  of 
their  movements  are  comparatively  restricted  and  stealthy.  I 
cannot  imagine  a  natural  "  crook,"  as  they  term  themselves,  stand- 
ing with  arms  outstretched,  palm  outward,  head  erect,  and  with 
eyes  looking  upward  to  heaven.  This  position  would  be  entirely 
foreign  to  his  nature,  hence  never  assumed  by  him.  The  terms 
which  this  class  of  people  use  is  characteristic  and  doubtless  in- 
stinctive, as,  for  example,  the  use  of  the  word  "  crook"  to  designate 
themselves ;  and  herein  is  another  proof  of  the  homogeneousness 
of  mind  and  body.  Instead  of  using  free  and  frequent  movements 
of  the  hands,  arms,  and  head,  they  confine  themselves  to  stealthy, 
sidewise,  oblique  glances,  just  as  do  the  timid  and  nocturnal 
beasts  of  prey,  whose  natures  resemble  these  human  beasts  of 
prey.  The  jerk  of  the  thumb  is  one  of  their  peculiar  gestures. 
This  can  be  used  in  a  less  noticeable  manner  than  a  movement  of 
the  hand,  and  is,  besides,  harmonious  with  the  contracted  natures 
of  this  defective  class  of  beings.  Who  that  has  ever  observed  two 
of  this  class  in  conversation  will  have  observed  that,  upon  finding 
themselves  the  objects  of  scrutiny,  one  would  signal  to  the  other 
with  a  sideivise  movement  of  the  thumb,  together  with  a  sidewise 
glance  of  the  eye,  very  quietly  done,  with  scarcely  a  perceptible 
movement  of  the  shoulder  or  body.  Now,  there  are  many  other 
movements  and  gestures  peculiar  to  this  class,  which  must  be  ob- 
served to  be  understood.  They  are  as  distinct  and  characteristic  as 
the  gestures  and  movements  of  every  other  class  of  minds.  Each 
profession,  as  well  as  each  sex,  exhibits  gestures  and  movements 
peculiar  to  itself,  for  all  gestures  are  dependent  upon  the  forms 
of  the  body,  and  by  observation  we  can  very  soon  classify  them, 
and  assign  each  to  its  own  proper  position. 

Mechanics  gesticulate  and  pose  quite  differently  from  the  pro- 
fessional man.  Each  profession  moves  diflbrently.  The  actor's  move- 
ments are  difierent  from  those  habitually  made  by  the  clergyman. 
A  man  of  the  world — of  society — has  an  entirely  different  bearing 
and  movement  from  that  of  the  purely  domestic  man.     It  is  thus 


GESTURES.  761 

8lv>vn  that  the  movements  and  gestures  of  each  class  and'  of  each 
sex  are  a  record  of  their  character,  pursuit,  and  natural  powers  of 
mind  and  body,  for  "all  form  indicates  character,"  no  matter 
whether  that  form  is  concreted  with  substance  or  not.  The  wreath 
of  steam  arising  from  the  steam-pipe  of  a  locomotive  assures  us  of 
the  circular  form  of  the  instrument  whicli  produced  it,  and  the 
walk,  gesture,  position,  and  motions  of  each  individual  are  forms 
thrown  off  from  their  organisms,  and  will  reveal  the  shape  of  the 
bodies  from  which  they  receive  their  impetus. 

Comparison  of  the  form  of  tlie  body  with  the  motions  it  creates 
will  reveal  the  character  expounded  by  both. 

Study  the  habitual  gestures,  movements,  walk,  and  attitude 
of  those  whom  you  desire  to  know,  and  you  will  be  richly 
rewarded,  for,  says  Lavater: — 

Each  man  has  his  favorite  gesture,  which  might  decipher  his  whole 
character  were  he  observed  with  sufficient  accuracy  to  be  drawn  in  that  pre- 
cise posture.  Of  equal  utility  would  be  a  series  of  drawings  of  the  motions 
peculiar  to  individuals.  The  number  of  these  in  lively  men  is  great,  and 
the}-  are  transitory.  In  the  more  sedate  they  are  less  numerous  and  more 
gra,ve.* 

All  motions  produce  forms  which  are  a  part  of  the  subject 
producing  them.  The  numerous  motions  caused  by  the  play  of 
the  facial  features  are  wonderfully  indicative  of  character.  The 
forehead,  it  is  true,  is  almost  immovable,  but  the  eyebrows,  corru- 
gators,  and  palpebral  muscles  move  with  rapidity  and  produce 
numberless  expressions ;  so  also  do  the  muscles  and  fibres  of  the 
lower  lid  and  parts  adjacent  imprint  a  lasting  and  truthful  record 
upon  tlie  countenance.  The  nose,  another  great  central  organ,  is 
immovable  in  its  upper  portions,  but  the  nostrils  are  flexible,  and 
by  their  size  and  sliape  tell  us  of  the  form  and  rate  of  motion  of 
the  blood  in  the  internal  organs, — the  heart  and  lungs.  Here, 
again,  we  have  the  record  of  both  form  and  motion  co-ordinated. 
The  shape  of  the  eyeball  and  the  commissure  tells  us  what  shape 
the  motions  and  gestures  will  assume.  The  full,  round,  convex 
orb  reveals  round  muscles ;  hence,  the  gestures  will  be  true  curves, 
the  pose  of  the  body  graceful,  the  movements  in  walking,  dancing, 
playing,  and  in  art-works  will  be  easy,  regular,  and  curvilinear ; 
for  the  eye  is  the  indicator  of  the  condition  of  tlie  entire  muscular 
system,  and  from  an  inspection  of  this  single  facial  feature  we 
arrive  at  a  knowledge  of  a  great  share  of  the  character,  for  "  all 
is  contained  in  the  least." 

*  Essays  on  Physiognomy,  Lavater,  p.  808. 


762  PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 


MOVEMENTS. 

The  mouth  presents  an  infinity  of  movements,  and  when  in 
repose  one  could  scarcely  believe  it  capable  of  such  numerous, 
complex,  and  beautiful  expressions.  It  is  the  most  mobile  of  all 
the  features,  not  excepting  the  eye.  The  mouth  lias  interior  agents 
or  assistants  in  the  larynx,  the  palate,  the  tongue,  and  walls  of  the 
mouth,  and  many  of  the  movements  in  speech  arise  in  these  organs 
and  parts ;  but  the  form  and  size  of  the  mouth  will  indicate  to  a 
scientific  physiognomist  the  kind  of  language  which  will  proceed 
from  it,  for  language  is  based  on  sound,  and  sound  is  one  mode  of 
motion  ;  hence,  in  the  action  of  this  facial  feature  we  again  find 
the  co-ordination  of  form  and  motion.  The  active  characteristics 
of  tlie  individual  are  disclosed  by  the  movements  of  the  mouth  and 
surroundings  and  by  the  resulting  expressions,  for  "  out  of  the  full- 
ness of  the  heart  the  mouth  speaketh."  Let  one,  for  a  few  mo- 
ments, watch  the  movements  of  the  muscles  of  tlie  mouth  and 
note  the  resultant  expressions,  and  also  the  permanent  imprint 
which  these  muscles  have  left  about  the  mouth,  and  he  will  have 
an  excellent  idea  of  the  dominant  moods  as  well  as  of  the  quality 
or  kind  of  language  most  aftiected  by  the  subject  under  considera- 
tion. The  more  hypocritical  the  subject,  the  more  ivill  this  fact  he 
evidenced  by  the  fixity  of  the  muscles  involved  in  the  masquerade 
of  thought  and  emotion. 

If  the  human  face  were  immovable  we  should  not  be  long  in 
learning  the  meaning  of  the  outlines  of  the  whole  and  of  the 
shape  of  the  features,  but  as  motion  creates  the  greater  part  of  its 
expressions  and  meanings  we  are  obliged  to  study  the  laws  of 
motion  as  applied  to  form  and  concreted  with  substance. 

No  two  persons  in  the  world  are  just  alike.  No  two  persons 
that  have  ever  lived  were  just  alike.  Even  twins,  conceived  and 
nurtured  under  the  same  conditions  are  never  quite  alike,  notwith- 
standing the  similarity  of  their  nurture,  for  the  reason  that  each 
individual  germ  is  the  repository  and  outcome  of  many  diverse 
ancestral  influences.  Not  only  are  there  no  two  persons  just  alike^ 
but  no  person  exhibits  precisely  the  same  form  and  size  of  the 
duplex  features,  viz.,  the  eyes,  cheeks,  ears,  and  hands ;  neither 
can  be  found  one  whose  nostrils,  eyes,  and  eyebrows  are  precisely 
alike  and  the  two  sides  of  the  body  exactly  similar.  Indeed,  the 
two  sides  of  the  face  and  the  two  ears  in  most  persons  might  well 
be  thought  to  have  belonged  to  two  different  individuals,  so  entirely 
different  are  they  in  size,  shape,  and  expression.  Anthropologists 
have  often  declared  that  the  right  side  represents  the  father  and 
his  family,  and  the  left  side  the  mother  and  her  race.     My  own 


DIFFERENCES  IN   THE  FORM   OF   INTERNAL  ORGANS.  763 

observations  in  the  majority  of  cases  corroborate  this  statement. 
If  this  be  a  law  of  Nature,  how  can  we  expect  that  the  two  sides 
of  any  being  should  be  precisely  similar "? 

Differences  in  the  Form  of  the  Internal  Organs. 

It  is  taken  for  granted  that  every  human  being  possesses  ex- 
actly the  same  number  of  facial  muscles,  and  it  is  vaguely  under- 
stood that  the  internal  organs,  viz.,  the  heart,  the  liver,  the  lungs, 
etc.,  are  similar  in  all  individuals.  Neither  of  these  assumptions 
are  correct.  The  internal  organs  are  as  diverse  in  form,  size,  and 
color  as  are  the  external  form,  size,  and  color  of  individuals.  The 
facial  muscles,  too,  have  always  been  the  subject  of  dispute  among 
anatomists,  for  they  have  appeared  so  varied  in  shape  and  different 
in  number  as  to  puzzle  the  most  observant.  In  some  subjects  por- 
tions of  the  labial^  buccal^  and  other  muscles  are  absent.  How  can 
it  be  otherwise  when  such  divergent  characteristics  appear  asso- 
ciated with  such  perfectly  contrary  forms  of  all  the  features  %  It  is 
just  the  same  with  many  bodily  muscles,  for  the  savage  and  un- 
developed man  could  not  produce  the  same  apt  and  complex  move- 
ments as  the  most  highly  talented  artist  or  mechanic  in  civilization, 
for  the  reason  that  such  beings  do  not  possess  a  muscular  system 
as  finely  organized  nor  as  sensible  and  flexible  as  the  latter  class. 
Dr.  Gray  has  told  us  that 

The  muscles  drop  little  fibres  all  along  their  course  in  the  face. 

Now,  it  is  certain,  from  the  absence  of  expressions  of  various 
kinds  in  meagre  beings,  that  these  "  little  fibres  "  are  greatly  lack- 
ing in  some  and  very  plentiful  in  others  who  are  rich  in  facial  ex- 
pression. The  faculty  of  Mirthfulness  exhibits  in  its  labial  signs 
a  most  extraordinary  diversity  in  dift'erent  persons  in  civilization ; 
still  greater  is  the  difference  between  the  savage  and  the  most  per- 
fected races.  Let  a  comparison  be  made  between  one  naturally 
grave  and  sedate  and  one  extremely  mirthful,  and  there  will  be 
found  about  the  corners  of  the  mouth  a  different  muscular  forma- 
tion, which  will  confirm  the  foregoing  statement.  Comparison  of 
the  appearances  of  other  portions  of  the  muscles  of  the  face  in 
diverse  characters  wiU  prove  that  as  character  develops  it  takes  on 
an  increase  in  quantity  as  well  as  in  quality  of  muscular  endow- 
ment. Compare,  for  example,  the  lower  third  of  the  nose  of  the 
most  gifted  artist  with  that  of  a  most  commonplace  character,  and 
the  former  will  disclose  a  far  larger  development  of  muscle  in  that 
region  than  the  latter.  It  is  just  the  same  with  all  characters. 
The  mm'e  faculties^  the  more  development  of  appropriate  tissues 
with  which  to  exhibit  them. 


764  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Mind  is  a  question  of  physiological  and  anatomical  develop- 
ment. What  the  soul  may  be  I  know  not ;  mind  is  inaterial  in 
its  present  phase  of  existence.  If  this  be  true,  no  one  is  to  be  cen- 
sured for  discovering  and  asserting  it.  If  it  be  false,  it  can  be 
readily  disproved. 

Sir  Charles  Bell  gives  us  many  correct  ideas  in  regard  to  the 
subject  of  expression.  This  subject  is  so  little  understood  that  I 
have  decided  to  give  many  of  his  thoughts  to  the  reader.  There 
is  a  great  deal  said  in  art  circles  about  the  "  divine  "  expression  in 
the  human  face.  This  is  all  very  well,  if  we  only  knew  how  to  dis- 
tinguish the  human  from  the  divine.  As  yet  there  has  appeared 
to  universal  humanity  no  countenances  other  than  animal  and 
human  ones, — each,  in  its  grade,  noble  or  ignoble.  The  lion,  mas- 
tiff, and  horse  represent  the  noblest  animal  faces.  The  most  ele- 
vated human  countenances  are  found  accompanying  such  chaij-acters 
as  have  striven  for  the  rights  of  man  and  for  the  elevation  and 
happiness  of  the  race  in  eveiy  age  and  nation,  regardless  of  danger 
and  with  no  desire  for  fame  or  popularity.  Among  the  many  of 
these  I  may  mention  the  following : — 

Martin  Luther,  George  Washington,  Thomas  Jefferson,  John 
Howard,  Earl  Shaftesbury,  Lucretia  B.  Mott,  Peter  Cooper,  Flor- 
ence Nightingale,  George  Peabody,  Emily  C.  Judson,  Madame 
Roland,  Elizabeth  Cady  Stanton,  Clara  Barton,  John  Bright,  Gari- 
baldi, Elizabeth  Fry,  Susan  B.  Anthony,  WiUiam  Lloyd  Garrison, 
John  Brown,  and  Charlotte  Corday. 

Besides  these  there  is  an  innumerable  host  of  lesser  and  more 
obscure  characters,  whose  humble  and  secluded  lives  have  yet 
been  as  heroic,  self-sacrificing,  noble,  and  magnanimous  as  the 
former. 

Now,  in  all  these  lofty  characters  we  shall  find  only  human 
faces,  devoid  of  all  expression  of  meanness  and  vice.  Yet  popular 
opinion  does  not  always  accord  to  such  faces  the  possession  of  noble 
or  divine  expression,  because  the  masses  do  not  know  how  to  dis- 
tinguish between  noble  and  base  expressions,  nor  the  many  grades 
and  shades  of  each  of  these  traits.  A  face  which  has  in  repose 
nothing  remarkable  in  its  expression  to  the  ordinary  observer  may 
become,  under  the  influence  of  sudden  emotion,  positively  i7/Mmi?iefZ  ; 
yet  the  scientific  physiognomist  would  see  the  capacity  for  goodness 
or  greatness  in  the  features  while  in  repose.  It  is  such  expressions 
that  leads  one  to  say  of  them  that  they  are  "  divine  " ;  yet  this  is 
one  of  those  loose  and  vague  statements  which  it  is  the  office  of 
physiognomy  to  dispel ;  for  until  human  expressions  of  vice  and 
virtue  are  comprehended  it  is  impossible  to  ascribe  to  the  human 
face  any  appearance  of  "divinity." 


DIFFERENCES   IN    THE   FORM   OF    INTERNAL   ORGANS.  765 

Of  this  idea  Sir  Charles  Bell  remarks  thus : — 

Those  who  have  professedly  written  on  the  antique  say  that  to  arrive 
at  the  perfection  of  tlie  ancient  statue  the  artist  must  avoid  what  is  human 
and  aim  at  the  divine.  But  we  speak  of  what  stands  materially  before  us, 
to  be  seen,  touched,  and  measured.  With  what  divine  essence  is  the  com- 
parison to  be  made  ?  When  the  artist  models  his  clay  he  must  have  re- 
course to  some  abstract  idea  of  perfection  in  his  own  mind ;  whence  has  he 
drawn  his  idea  of  perfection?  This  brings  us  to  the  right  path  in  the  in- 
quiry. The  idea  of  representing  divinity  is  palpably  absurd.  We  know 
nothing  ombrm  but  from  the  contemplation  of  man.  Tlie  only  interpreta- 
tion of  divinity  in  the  human  figure,  as  represented  by  the  ancient  sculptor, 
is  that  the  artists  avoided  individuality  ;  that  they  studied  to  keep  free  of 
any  resemblance  to  any  individual ;  giving  no  indication  of  the  spirit  or  of 
the  sentiments  or  affections,  conceiving  that  all  these  movements  destroy 
the  unity  of  the  features  and  are  foreign  to  beauty  in  the  abstract.* 

There  is  one  gross  error  in  the  minds  of  the  masses  in  regard 
to  beauty  of  expression,  and  that  is,  that  in  order  to  have  perfect 
beauty  there  must  be  present  certain  mathematical  measurements. 
Nothing  can  be  farther  from  the  truth.  Beauty  of  expression  is 
not  confined  to  such  a  rigorous  standard.  Nature  herself  gives  the 
lie  to  this,  and  all  of  the  best  writers  on  art-beauty,  etc.,  coincide 
upon  the  subject.     Says  Sir  Charles  Bell : — 

Every  sclierae  by  which  it  shall  be  proposed  to  elicit  the  reasons  of 
our  feelings  of  admiration,  love,  or  disgust  by  measuring  the  comparative 
areas  of  the  head  and  face  will  fail.f 

This  eloquent  writer  quotes  Addison  as  saying  that 

No  woman  can  be  handsome  by  the  force  of  features  alone  any  more 
than  she  can  be  witty  only  by  the  help  of  speech. 

Hence,  measured  regularity  of  feature  and  harmonious  pro- 
portion alone  do  not  constitute  all  there  is  of  beauty.  If  mobility 
of  the  facial  muscles  is  wanting,  or  clearness  and  color  of  the  eyes 
and  complexion,  true  beauty  is  absent.  In  statues,  I  grant,  there 
is  beauty,  but  it  is  the  beauty  of  form  alone^  true  to  Nature  ;  hence, 
it  possesses  the  same  beauty  that  is  seen  in  a  grand  marble  temple 
or  cathedral.  It  reflects  the  mentality  of  the  artist.  Beauty  of 
form  and  outline  are  in  the  statue,  but  motion,  color,  and  the  play 
of  the  emotions  upon  the  face  and  in  the  body  are  lacking.  The 
body  in  motion  as  well  as  in  repose  displays  great  beauties  of  tran- 
sitory form,  and  expresses  by  its  movements  a  thousand  character- 
istics. The  Celtic  races  in  conversation  use  not  only  the  body  to 
assist  language,  but  they  use  all  of  the  features  of  the  face  as  well 
as  the  hands,  arms,  shoulders,  and  legs.     Emerson  says  that  the 


*  Anatomy  of  Expression,  Sir  Charles  BelL  M.D.,  p.  22. 
t  iWd.,  pp.  26, 29.  "1  '  »- 


\       \ 


766  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

"Englishman  speaks  with  all  his  body."     Dr.  Maudsley  remarks 
that 

He  is  a  poor  medical  psychologist  who  cannot  see  idiocy  in  the  walk 
as  well  as  in  the  talk  of  his  patients. 

There  are  three  modes  of  approaching  the  analysis  and  de- 
scription of  the  face.  One  is  by  following  the  course  of  the  evo- 
lution of  the  facial  features.  This  plan  would  begin  with  a 
description  of  the  mouth,  as  this  feature  was  the  first  evolved. 
The  second  method  would  be  to  commence  with  a  description  of 
the  forehead  and  follow  down  the  face  to  the  chin.  The  third 
method  is  the  one  I  have  employed  all  through  this  work ;  this  is  by 
commencing  with  a  description  of  the  chin  and  thence  working  up- 
ward, believing  this  to  be  a  method  the  most  easily  comprehended, 
and  also  because  it  follows  very  nearly  the  course  of  evolution  in 
face-building,  for  the  mouth  was  the  first  facial  feature  evolved,  and 
the  signs  of  character  about  the  mouth  and  in  its  immediate  neigh- 
borhood— upon  the  chin — are  all  directhj  related  to  the  action  of 
the  digestive  functions.  This  method  then  follows  most  closely 
the  course  of  the  evolution  of  tlie  domestic  faculties  and  functions, 
and  consequently  of  their  associated  signs  in  the  chin  and  mouth. 

Previous  to  discussing  the  various  facial  features  I  shall  call 
attention  to  the  several  elements  of  Form  as  illustrated  in  the  face 
and  body.  The  application  of  these  elements  is  essential  to  a  just 
knowledge  of  each  feature,  face,  and  body. 

The  Basic  Elements  of   Form   as  Exhibited  in  the  Features. 

.  In  giving  a  comprehensive  resume  of  the  human  face,  as  I  do 
in  this  chapter,  it  is  here  opportune  to  recapitulate  the  basic  prin- 
ciples of  Form  and  show  how  and  to  which  feature  each  element  of 
Form  applies. 

The  normal  ftictors  of  Form,  as  described  in  Chapter  III, 
Part  I,  are  as  follow :  The  point,  the  line,  the  sphere,  the  angle, 
the  square,  and  the  cube.  All  of  these  find  representation  in  the 
human  countenance,  and  are  significant  of  much  that  is  both 
simple  and  complex.  Not  only  so,  but  each  of  these  elements  has 
an  occult  or  hidden  meanin":  which  cannot  be  elaborated  in  this 
work,  but  may  appear  in  some  subsequent  work  devoted  entirely 
to  that  phase  of  physiognomy. 

Each  element  of  Form  has  an  inherent  meaning  which  it  car- 
ries with  it,  and  wheresoever  found  it  announces  its  meaning  with- 
out a  word  of  explanation,  for  straightness  indicates  truth,  up- 
rightness,— ^normalcy.    Crookedness  or  imperfect  curvation  reveals 


BASIC  ELEMENTS  OF  FORM   AS   EXHIBITED   IN   FEATURES.        767 

untruthfulness  or  lack  of  normal  capacity,  and  so  of  each  distinct 
fundamental  form  ;  each  one  is  self-explanatory. 

The  straight  form  or  line,  or  horizontal  and  straight  line,  is 
the  form  appertaining  to  the  mouth  ;  that  is  to  say,  this  is  the 
normal  standard  for  that  feature.  The  sphere  or  circle  belongs  to 
the  eyeball ;  the  acute  angle,  to  the  commissure  or  corner  of  the 
eye.  The  time  curve — a  section  of  a  circle — is  the  normal  standard 
for  the  cheeks,  the  jaws,  the  chin,  the  outer  edges  of  the  red  or 
upper  margin  of  the  lip,  certain  parts  of  the  nose,  the  eyebrows 
or  portions  of  them,  the  eyelashes,  the  head,  and  the  forehead. 
Some  foreheads  are  very  much  arched;  others  less  so.  The 
sphere  is  also  well  represented  in  the  ear,  as  it  abounds  in  curves, 
and  some  ears  describe  a  semicircle  in  the  upper  part  of  the  shell ; 
also  in  certain  barrel-shaped  bodies.  The  square  is  exhibited  in  the 
bones  of  the  face  as  well  as  in  the  bones  of  the  body,  and  in  cer- 
tain noses  which  form  a  perfect  square  or  angle  in  the  jimction 
of  the  nostril  with  the  cheek.  The  cube  finds  representation  in 
the  rectangular  and  solid  form  of  highly  developed  moral  and 
scientific  faces  and  bodies. 

The  curious  student  of  universal  principles  who  desires  to  find 
a  common  basis  for  all  created  forms,  and  who  dreams  that  some- 
where in  the  universe  all  the  elements  of  Form  may  be  found 
epitomized,  has  not  far  to  go  to  find  the  realization  of  his  dreams. 
The  human  face  combines  and  illustrates  all  of  the  prime  elements 
of  Form ;  not  one  is  here  wanting. 

THE   POINT. 

The  point,  or  "least  element  of  Form,"  is  represented  by  the 
"blind  spot"  of  the  eye,  so-called.  This  is  the  place  where  the 
optic  nerve  pierces  the  anterior  surface  of  the  eyeball.  This  point 
also  represents  the  unit, — the  number  one.  It  is  also  analogous 
to  the  nucleus  or  germinating  spot  of  cellular  tissue.  This  least 
element  of  Form  finds  its  illustration  in  the  feature  through  which 
the  forms  of  the  u'orld  enter  the  mind — the  eye.  The  point  is 
the  representative  of  the  starting-point  of  growth,  and  corresponds 
to  the  beginning  of  the  germinating  proces's  in  all  animal  things. 

THE   SPHERE.  , 

The  sphere  or  globe  is  the  most  primitive  of  forms,  and  is  ex- 
hibited by  tlie  eyeball — the  only  perfect  circle  in  the  human  organ- 
ism. It  is  true  that  the  primitive  cells  of  vegetable  and  animal 
tissue  are  spherical,  but  they  are  not  fixed,  and  yield  to  pjressure, 
and  assume  irregular  forms.     The  eyeball  retains  permanently  its 


768  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

perfect  globular  form,  hence  is  the  best  representative  of  the  sphere 
in  the  human  face. 

The  opening  of  the  iris  is  always  round  in  man,  Ijiit  in  animals,  whose 
range  of  vision  requires  to  extend  widely  in  a  horizontal  direction  (as  the 
herbivorous  animals),  it  is  in  the  form  of  an  ellipse.  In  animals,  on  the 
other  hand,  that  leap  up  and  down  in  pursuit  of  their  food,  as  the  cat,  and 
other  carnivorous  animals  that  seek  their  prey  in  the  same  manner,  the  pupil 
has  the  elliptical  form,  but  with  the  long  diameter  vertical.* 

It  is  thus  shown  that  the  true  circle  is  exhibited  only  in  the 
human  eye. 

THE   CURVE. 

The  curve  is  a  section  of  a  circle,  and  finds  its  illustration 
many  times  repeated  in  the  human  face.  It  is  calculated  that 
there  are  "thirty-six  curves  in  the  face,  and  one  hundred  and 
forty-four  altogether  in  the  human  organism."  f  The  curve  and 
sphere  belong  together  as  factors  of  form,  and  produce  ease,  motion, 
and  variety  of  movement  and  expression. 

THE   LINE. 

The  line  is  conspicuously  displayed  in  the  physiognomy  of 
man  in  the  form  of  the  normal-shaped  mouth,  and  suggests,  as  its 
resultant  signification,  trueness,  regularity,  straightness,  the  basic 
element  of  squareness^  hence  the  form  best  adapted  to  the  expres- 
sion of  truth  and  mtegritij^  or  wholeness^ — "the  truth,  the  whole 
truth,  and  nothing  but  the  truth."  The  straight  line  is  the  repre- 
sentation of  moral  principle,  hence  is  the  only  form  which  would 
be  in  harmony  with  the  expression  of  the  truth  through  the  use 


of  language. 


THE   ANGLE. 


The  angle  finds  its  highest  representation  in  the  angles  of 
the  eye  and  of  the  nose,  where  it  joins  the  upper  lip.  The  more 
acute  the  angle  of  the  comers  of  tlie  eye,  the  greater  is  the 
power  for  truth  in  language^  as  well  as  for  fidelity  in  the  mo- 
nogamic  relation,  or  Iodc  for  one  only,  either  in  marriage  or  out 
of  it.  The  obtuse  angle  exhibits  much  less  capacity  for  fidelity 
in  love  and  marriage  where  the  eye  presents  an  acute  angle. 
This  is  in  harmony  with  the  basic  principles  of  Form  throughout 
Nature,  and  especially  in  the  human  physiognomy. 

The  eye  is  not  only  the  sign  for  language,  but  it  is  also  one 
of  the  prominent  signs  of  Amativeness,  or  love  of  the  opposite 
sex;  hence,  its  highest  manifestation  would  call  for  that  form 

•Hooker's  Human  Physiology,  p.  295,  Book  of  Wisdom, 


THE   SIGNS   IN   THE   CHIN.  769 

which  Nature  has  assigned  to  integrity,  fidehty,  and  truthfulness. 
And  again,  the  angle  is  one  of  the  elements  of  the  cube,  the 
"grand  or  completed  form;"  therefore,  when  we  observe  the  acute 
angle  in  the  corners  of  the  eye,  we  shall  surely  find  in  its  owner  a 
certain  degree  of  the  truth-telling  quality;  also  fidehty  in  deaUng 
with  the  opposite  sex. 

In  painting  portraits  of  the  human  countenance,  artists  draw 
several  straight  lines  and  angles,  and  from  these  they  produce  the 
curves  of  the  features,  an  instance  of  inversion  quite  significant; 
for,  whereas  Nature  builds  the  human  face  by  curvilinear  processes, 
as  is  observed  in  the  primitive  cell  of  animal  tissue,  the  artist  works 
out  upon  his  canvas  the  human  physiognomy  by  first  drawing 
straight  lines  and  angles,  and  from  these  he  constructs  the  "  thirty- 
six  curves"  essential  to  the  expression  of  a  highly-developed 
Caucasian  face, — ^a  fine  exemplification  of  the  necessity  of  the 
scientific  element  of  Form  with  which  to  produce  a  pictured  repre- 
sentation of  Nature's  grandest  achievement  in  architecture — the 
human  face. 

THE   CUBE. 

This  form  is  best  exemplified  in  the  solid  thorax  of  such 
bodies  as  that  of  Washington,  Martin  Luther,  Napoleon,  and  other 
cubical-shaped  bodies.  This  form  of  this  part  denotes  powerful 
and  perfect  action  of  the  inclosed  viscera,  and  this  combination 
gives  force  and  vigor  to  the  body  and  brain,  and  results  in  the 
grandest  achievements  of  humanity,  whether  they  be  exhibited  in 
great  physical  feats  and  labors,  or  by  great  moral,  mental,  or 
executive  power,  as  in  the  case  of  Washington,  Luther,  and 
Napoleon. 

It  is  thus  that  the  cubical  form  stands  representative  of 
wholeness,  soundness,  or  integrity  of  the  thoracic  structure.  Those 
features  and  outlines  of  the  face  which  present  a  tendency  to  cubic 
form  belong  to  the  most  solid-minded  characters,  and  herein  is 
another  application  of  this  form. 

The  Signs  in  the  Chin. 

For  convenience  in  localizing  the  signs  that  are  in  the  chin,  1 
divide  it  into  three  parts,  by  drawing  two  horizontal  lines  across 
it  (Fig.  131,  page  770);  the  lowest,  just  above  the  oval,  or  point 
of  the  chin ;  the  second,  just  below  the  arching  of  the  lower  lip ; 
while  the  line  of  closure  of  the  mouth  creates  the  third  line,  and 
thus  assists  the  student  in  finding  the  signs  of  character  in  the  chin. 

In  commencing  a  description  of  the  features  of  the  face  I 
shaU  first  describe  the  chin  as  being  the  base  or  lowest  part  of  the 

49 


770  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHTSIOGNOMT. 

countenance.  The  chin  is  a  comparatively  recent  feature  in  evo- 
lution. No  animal  has  a  chin  proper,  neither  do  undeveloped 
races  possess  a  perfect  chin.  Many  idiots  possess  only  a  rudiment 
of  this  feature.  Infants  exhibit  very  little  indication  of  a  chin, 
but  it  develops  with  advancing  age,  as  the  osseous  system  becomes 
perfected.  The  progressive  evolution  of  this  feature  from  infancy 
to  adult  life  assures  us  that  its,  perfect  development  is  one  indication 
of  a  more  perfected  character  than  where  it  retains  its  infantile 
form  and  size,  or  where  it  is  never  greatly  developed  in  the  adult. 
The  size  and  form  of  this  feature  depend  mainly  upon  the 
development  of  the  bony  system,  for  tlie  inferior  maxillary  or 
lower  jaw  is  composed  mainly  of  bone ;  the  teeth  and  the  enamel 
of  the  teeth  are  composed  of  the  hardest  substance  in  the  human 
frame;  hence,  the  chin  is  one  of  the  most  sjihstantkd  parts  of  the 
face,  when  it  is  normal.  If  this  characteristic  be  lacking,  and  the 
chin  small  and  inferior  in  size,  it  follows  that  something  positive  is 

wanting,  and  the  character  compara- 
tively negative;  or  if,  on  the  other 
hand,  the  chin  exhibits  more  muscle 
and  fat  than  bone,  we  must  infer  that 
the  disposition  is  more  yielding,  less 
severe,  positive,  and  persevering  than 
where  the  bones  are  long  and  wide, 
Pio.  131,  for  the  nature  of  these  several  tissues 

is  very  dissimilar,  and  whichever  is 
supreme  in  the  structure  of  the  chin  decides  the  character  of  the 
individual  for  firmness  or  for  lack  of  it. 

The  reader  has  previously  learned  that  the  length  downward 
and  forward  of  the  chin  is  the  sign  for  Firmness;  the  width  of  its 
hony  structure  the  sign  of  Conscientiousness;  hence,  the  impor- 
tance of  a  normal  supply  of  bone  in  the  chin. 

The  framework  of  the  chin  is  composed  of  bone,  and  a  weU- 
developed  chin  should  exhibit  a  fair  share  of  this  material.  The 
three  systems — the  bony,  the  muscular,  and  the  vegetative — assist 
in  forming  this  feature.  Where  the  osseous  material  is  dominant, 
the  greatest  amount  of  positiveness  or  firmness  is  present.  Where 
the  muscular  system  is  supreme  in  its  structure,  the  art  side  of 
character  is  indicated.  Where  adipose  tissue  is  pre-eminent,  the 
character  lacks  firmness,  and  is  given  to  ease,  sociality  or  gluttony. 
These  latter  characteristics  appertain  only  when  fat  is  dominant. 
Many  chins  exhibit  a  so-called  "  double  chin,"  yet  possess  a  long 
and  wide  bony  formation.  Such  chins  must  be  credited  with  the 
firmness  due  to  the  bone  present,  and  the  sociality  due  to  the  fatty 
deposition  must  be  added  to  the  character  in  summing  it  up. 


THE   SIGNS   IN   THE   CHIN.  771 


THE  THREE   GENERAL  FORMS   OF   THE    CHIN. 

There  are  three  general  forms  or  outUnes  of  the  chin.  All 
others  are  composites,  blends,  or  modifications  of  these  three  primal 
forms.  As  before  stated,  every  chin  is  composed  mainly  of  one  or 
the  other  of  the  three  most  important  or  primitive  tissues,  and  in 
their  structure  they  assume  the  form  of  one  of  the  three  funda- 
mental shapes.  The  fatty  chin  is  globose,  the  muscular  chin  is 
curved,  and  the  bony  chin  is  square.  Each  of  these  forms  repre- 
sents specifically  the  character  which  Nature  has  designated  as  its 
peculiar  attribute. 

The  soft,  globose  chin  of  infancy  and  of  undeveloped  man  is 
small,  round,  apparently  all  fat,  and  receding.  When  observed  in 
the  adult  it  denotes  either  a  somewhat  soft,  yielding  nature,  an 
infantile  or  inferior  intellect,  excessive  Alimentiveness,  or  too 
great  a  degree  of  sociality  or  gluttony,  any  one  of  which  is  a 
defect.  It  is  a  law  of  physiognomy  that  when  a  feature  exhibits 
in  the  adult  an  infantile  form,  size,  and  condition,  the  character 
also  retains  something  relatively  weak,  infantile,  or  negative. 


Fig.  132.— The  Globose.  Fig.  133.— The  Oval.  Fig.  134.-»-The  Square. 

The  oval  or  muscular  chin  is  caused  by  the  supremacy  of 
muscle,  which  always  produces  curbed  outlines  and  movements. 
This  chin  denotes  a  taste  or  talent  for  some  form  of  art.  Other 
facial  signs  in  combinatin  with  it  will  indicate  which  department 
of  art  and  what  quality  is  present.  I  use  the  term  "art"  here 
comprehensively,  including  poetry,  painting,  acting,  dancing,  sing- 
ing, and  athletics,  executively  or  appreciatively. 

The  square  or  bony  chin  announces  positive  characteristics, 
together  with  conscientiousness,  order,  precision,  mechanical  and 
scientific  tastes,  and  moral  courage.  If  of  proportionate  length 
also,  it  denotes  constitutional  vigor.  The  several  forms  of  the  chin 
show  various  degrees  of  functional  power  and  weakness.  These 
will  be  explained  as  we  proceed. 

The  most  general  modifications  of  these  three  forms  of  the 
chin  are  as  follow:  The  globose  chin  of  infancy  develops  more 
bone  as  age  advances,  and  thus  takes  on  a  more  fixed  and  exact 
outline.  Of  course  this  outline  accords  with  the  general  structure 
of  the   individual.     If  very  muscular,  an  oval  form  will  result; 


772  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

if  the  bones  of  the  body  are  fairly  developed  and  square,  a  like 
form  will  appear  in  his  chin. 

The  oval  chin  is  modified  almost  indefinitely,  and  produces  in 
diff'erent  individuals  diverse  shapes.  If  the  muscles  are  round,  the 
chin  will  curve  forward  and  produce  an  oval  or  round  appearance 
of  the  levator  menti  muscle.  (This  is  the  muscle  which  assists  in 
forming  the  end  or  prominence  of  the  chin.)  A  curved  outline  of 
the  lower  jaw  will  be  also  exhibited,  and  this  form  of  the  jaw  not 
only  announces  constitutional  vigor,  but  also  creative  ability  and 
dramatic  tastes  or  capacities.  Tlie  basic  element  of  the  sphere 
always  represents  by  its  curving  form  the  presence  of  the  creative 
principle. 

Where  constitutional  vigor  is  wanting  the  chin  is  either  shai*p 
and  very  pointed  or  narrow  and  receding.  The  chins  of  congenital 
consumptives  and  dyspeptics  are  often  narrow  and  sharp,  together 
with  narrow  and  perpendicular  jaws  without  any  outward  curvation. 

The  straight  muscle  causes  less  curvation  outwardly  than  the 
round  muscle.  So  numerous  are  these  modifications  in  form, 
caused  by  numberless  combinations  of  the  several  sorts  of  bones 
and  muscles,  that  I  should  only  perplex  the  reader  were  I  to 
attempt  to  define  many  of  them;  hence,  I  shall  treat  of  only  the 
most  usual  and  general. 

The  square  chin  is  modified  so  as  to  produce  the  broad  and 
square  and  the  narrow  and  square  outlines;  also  a  degree  of 
squareness  which  is  but  slightly  perceptible.  The  broad  and 
square  announces  great  constitutional  vigor,  together  with  thor- 
oughness, moral  principle,  and  reliability.  This  form  denotes 
fidelity,  hence  those  who  possess  this  form  of  chin  will  be  faithful 
in  love,  as  in  other  matters.  (These  qualities  are  modified  by  very 
light  eyes.) 

The  narrow  and  square  chin  denotes  less  constitutional  vigor 
and  relatively  less  moral  courage.  Where  the  square  form  is  very 
slightly  defined,  the  love  of  art  and  mechanism  is  about  equally 
balanced,  and  courage  is  derived  from  the  bony  system  as  well  as 
from  the  muscles.  The  moral  and  affectional  nature  will  with 
this  form  be  about  equal. 

There  are  two  sorts  of  the  pointed  chin.  One  is  a  modifica- 
tion of  the  bony  chin;  the  other  a  modification  of  the  muscular 
chin.  The  pointed  chin  which  projects  forward  is  derived  from 
tlie  supremacy  of  the  long,  flat  muscles.  The  narrow,  pointed 
chin  which  points  downward  is  derived  from  the  dominance  of  the 
long  bones,  and  announces  weakness  of  the  kidney  system  and 
narrowness  of  the  pelvis. 


THE   SIGNS   IN    THE   CHIN.  773 


THE   THREE   POSITIONS   OF   THE   CHIN. 

There  are  three  positions  of  the  chin  which  also  expound 
character,  viz.,  the  perpendicular,  the  receding,  and  the  projecting. 
The  chin  is  pei*pendicular  when  it  touclies  a  line  dropped  perpen- 
dicularly down  from  the  cyehrows  and  upper  lip.  This  perpen- 
dicularity is  the  normal  type.  All  others  are  deviations  from  this 
form.  If  they  recede  greatly,  they  denote  one  form  of  weakness; 
if  they  project  greatly  they  announce  another  sort  of  deficiency. 
The  receding  chin  lacks  firmness  and  perseverance;  while  the  chin 
greatly  projecting  is  persevering  in  one  direction  mainly,  and  that 
is  in  saving.  Where  this  projection  is  much  exaggerated  an 
avaricious  disposition  is  present.  This  phase  is  a  perversion  of  the 
true  economical  facultij^  and  all  exaggerated  forms  accompany  and 
disclose  excessive  deficiencies.  Now,  any  face  which  exhibits  a 
projecting  and  pointed  chin  announces  that  its  possessor  is  wanting 
either  in  good,  square  honesty  or  in  mental  power,  for  which  the 
desire  to  save  is  in  some  sort  a  compensation;  that  is  to  say,  it 
1    enables^  such  defective  beings  to  exist  and  maintain  themselves.     I 


Fig,  135.— The  Perpendicular.  Fig.  136.— The  Receding.  Fig.  137,— The  Projecting. 

have  known  many  excellent  persons  to  have  the  saving  faculty 
well  defined  in  the  face  and  character;  this  is  normal;  but  when  it 
approaches  the  degree  indicated  by  the  chin  which  is  greatly  pro- 
jecting, we  shall  find  a  large  degree  of  avarice  and  a  lack  of 
sound  judgment.  Avarice  is  an  exaggerated  form  of  Acquisitive- 
ness, and  is  derived  from  the  muscular  system.  Penuriousness,  as 
well  as  avarice,  sharpens  the  features.  It  is  a  species  of  littleness, 
caused  by  weakness,  both  of  faculty  and  function,  hence  exhibits 
itself  by  narrowness  of  formation. 

I  have  observed  the  saving  faculty  very  large  in  some  indi- 
viduals who  were  uncommonly  sloio,  and  the  saving  faculty  was  in 
their  case  the  compensation  for  their  lack  of  quickness.  In  some, 
excessive  saving  proceeds  from  a  lack  of  commercial  power;  in 
others  it  arises  from  want  of  practicality,  and  in  others  deficient 
mental  ability.  Tlie  physiological  law  that  all  excessive  develop- 
ment of  one  part  is  the  sign  of  a  deficiency  of  some  other  faculty 
or  function  is  well  illustrated  in  the  peculiarities  of  the  structure 
of  the  chin.     No  really  grand  intellect  was  ever  known  to  possess 


774  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

this  shape  of  the  chin  and  its  accompanying  characteristic,  avarice. 
The  great  Sir  Francis  Bacon  was  dubbed  the  "wisest,  brightest, 
meanest  of  mankind,"  on  account  of  his  love  of  gold,  which  he 
acquired  in  a  dishonorable  manner.  His  physiognomy,  however, 
does  not  show  an  avaricious  chin,  but  his  dishonesty  is  disclosed  by 
a  crooked  nose^  curved  like  that  of  the  beak  of  the  bird  of  prey. 
This  form  shows  intellectual  capacity  for  gaining  pelf,  while  the 
avaricious  chin  shows  the  propensity  to  hoard  up  what  is  gained, 
regardless  of  whether  it  is  little  or  much  that  is  acquired. 

In  denominating  the  perpendicular  the  normal  type  of  chin  1  jy^ 
must  explain  somewhat  my  position  on  this  subject.     The  perpen-J^ 
dicular  chin  in  its  highest  manifestation  is  found  where  the  osseous, 
system  is  dominant,  and,  as  the  osseous  system  is  a  later  and  more 
developed  system  than  the  muscular  or  vegetative  systems,  it  is 
hence  kigJier  in  rank.     The  muscular  chin  is  often  observed  to  be 
peqDendicular  in  many  gifted  artists.     It  is  often  found  in  others 
to  be  receding  slightly,  and  with  these  two  classes  it  is  often  dim- 
pled or  cleft,  and  this  denotes  sensuous  tastes,  which  are  also  art 
tastes. 

We  have  found,  then,  that  the  perpendicular  chin  is  observed 
in  the  best  class  of  osseous  individuals,  as  well  as  in  the  best  or 
most  perfected  characters  among  artistic  characters  (and  I  here  use 
this  term  "  art "  in  its  most  comprehensive  sense).  We  hence 
deduce  that  this  form  stands  representative  of  development,  and  so 
the  student  of  physiognomy  will  ever  find  it  in  Nature.  And  this 
evidence  finishes  the  argument,  for  Nature  is  infallible, — the  court 
of  last  resort,  from  which  there  is  no  appeal. 

In  my  analysis  of  the  several  forms  of  the  chin  I  give  the  law 
which  expounds  them  and  the  natural  or  scientific  base  from  which 
they  derive  their  form  and  accompanying  character.  In  order  that 
my  observations  shall  not  be  taken  unsupported,  I  shall  quote  from 
that  prince  of  observers,  Lavater,  who,  however,  gives  no  laws  or 
basic  principles  by  which  to  examine  and  prove  his  assertions.  He 
observes : — 

Long  experience  hns  proved  to  me  that  a  projecting  chin  always  an- 
nounces something  positive,  whereas  the  meaning  of  a  retreating  chin  is 
always  negative.  The  character  of  an  individual  as  regards  energy  or  weak- 
ness often  manifests  itself  solely  by  the  chin.  A  pointed  chin  ordinarily 
passes  for  a  sign  of  cunning.  I  have,  however,  observed  this  shape  ih  the 
most  honorable  persons,  with  whom  cunning  was  a  refined  kind  of  good- 
nature. 

A  soft,  fleshy,  and  double  chin  is  generally  the  sign  and  effect  of 
sensuality ;  angular  chins  are  only  seen  in  sensible,  firm,  and  benevolent 
persons  ;  small  ones  are  characteristic  of  timidity ;  round  ones,  with  a  dim- 
ple, may  be  regarded  as  a  token  of  kindness  or  good-nature. 


\ 
\ 


THE   SIGNS   IN   THE   CHIN.  7T5 

1  establish  three  general  classes  for  different  shapes  of  chin.  In  the 
first  I  rank  retreating  chins;  in  the  second,  those  which  in  profile  are  per- 
pendicular to  the  lower  lip ;  in  the  third,  those  which  project  beyond  the 
lower  lip.  The  retreating,  which  may  be  boldly  called  the  female  chin,  since 
it  is  to  be  found  in  almost  all  women,  makes  me  always  suspect  some  weak 
side.  Chins  of  the  second  class — the  perpendicular — inspire  me  with  con- 
fidence ;  those  of  the  third  are  to  me  the  proof  of  an  active  and  shrewd 
mind,  provided  they  do  not  take  the  shape  of  a  "  handle,"  t.e.,  a  nut-cracker 
shape,  for  this  exaggerated  form  generally  leads  to  pusillanimity  and  avarice.* 

The  following  general  rule,  which  Lavater  applies  to  all  the 
facial  features,  applies  with  equal  force  to  the  chin.   He  remarks : — 

When  the  lineaments  of  the  countenance  are  flat,  without  gradation, 
without  character,  without  flexion  or  undulation,  they  denote  dullness  or 
stupidity.f 

FORMS   OF   THE  CENTRE   OF  THE   CHIN. 

There  are  three  forms  of  the  middle  portion  of  the  chin  (that 
is,  the  part  between  the  lower  lip  and  the  lowest  part  or  oval  of 
this  feature)  which  denote  diversity  of  character,  and  are  highly 


Fig.  138.— Flat,  or  Stupid.  FiQ.  139.— Convex,  or  Brutal.  FiQ.  140.— Indented. 

(A  Simpleton.)  (A  Mai,efactor.)  (Edward  Everett.) 

important  in  the  inteiT^retation  thereof.  These  three  forms  are  the 
flat,  or  stupid  (Fig.  138),  the  convex,  or  brutal  and  undeveloped 
(Fig.  139),  and  the  indented,  or  highest  type  (Fig.  140).  Of  the 
latter  Lavater  remarks : — 

A  deep  indentation  in  the  middle  of  the  chin  seems  to  indicate  without 
fail  a  judicious,  steady,  and  resolute  man,  unless  this  feature  is  belied  by 
other  contradictory  features. | 

I  do  not  think  that  any  feature  can  wholly  neutralize  the  effect 
of  a  good  chin.  It  may  modify  somewhat  its  indications.  Lavater 
himself  must  have  thought  this,  for  elsewhere  he  observes : — 

When  the  chin  decisively  indicates  good  sense  the  whole  will  certainly 
have  the  character  of  discernment  and  understanding.  That  chin  decisively 
indicates  good  sense  which  is  somewhat  incurved  or  indented  in  the  middle, 
of  which  the  under  part  somewhat  projects,  which  is  marked  with  various 
gradations,  incurvations,  and  lines,  and  below  sinks  in  somewhat  in  the 
middle.  A  long,  broad,  thick  chin — I  speak  of  the  bony  chin — is  found  only 
in  rude,  harsh,  proud,  and  violent  persons,§ 

*  Lavater'B  Essays,  p.  1S6.  t  Ibid.,  p.  463.  X  Ibid.,  p.  186.  9  Ibid.,  p.  437. 


776  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Again  Lavater  remarks: — 
}  The  more  chin,  the  more  man. 

Lavater  lacked  scientific  training,  hence  his  classification  of 
forms  wants  order  and  his  descriptions  are  lacking  in  minute  details, 
and  although  his  works  are  profusely  illustrated  they  do  not  ex- 
hibit that  accuracy  of  classification  which  ought  to  characterize 
scientific  physiognomy ;  hence,  these  latter  statements  are  loose  and 
vague  to  the  general  reader.  He  probably  did  not  intend  to  convey 
the  meaning  that  a  bony  chin  was  rude  and  harsh  because  it  was 
bony,  but  because  it  was  long,  wide,  and  badly  shaped.  The 
former  statement  would  contradict  the  following  assertion  of  his, 
viz.,  "  the  more  chin,  the  more  man."  The  converse  of  this  would 
be  true, — the  less  chin,  the  less  of  the  firm,  conscientious,  and 
coifrageous,  hence  a  negative,  weak,  unmanly  character.  All  forms 
are  relative,  and  close  comparison  as  well  as  accurate  observation 
are  required  to  decipher  small  and  minute  differences  in  the  forms 
of  the  several  parts  of  each  feature. 

The  several  modifications  of  the  three  basilar  or  ruling  forms, 
viz.,  the  spherical,  oval,  and  square,  create  a  great  variety  of  char- 
acter— of  that  part  of  the  character  of  which  the  chin  stands  repre- 
sentative, viz.,  the  moral  and  domestic.  Every  departure  from  the 
strict  regularity  of  the  standard  of  normal  types  announces  devia- 
tions which  bring  with  them  their  own  explanations  if  the  basic 
laws  of  Form  are  applied  to  them. 

When  the  countenance  below  the  mid-line  of  the  mouth  is 
disproportionately  long  and  wide,  the  diameter  is  correspondingly 
commonplace  and  gluttonous.  A  medium  or  proportionate  length 
downward  from  the  mouth  denotes  a  better-balanced  character  than 
the  former.  A  chin  relatively  short  from  the  mouth  downward  dis- 
closes timidity  and  also  a  lack  of  vocal  volume.  All  those  gifted 
with  powerful  voices  exhibit  chins  not  only  long  downward,  but 
they  are  accompanied  with  full  cheeks.  This  peculiarity  of  form 
is  demanded  in  order  to  produce  powerful  tones,  which  cannot  be 
emitted  by  those  who  have  very  short  chins,  or  who  are  dispropor- 
tionately short  from  the  junction  of  the  lower  part  of  the  nose  with 
the  upper  lip  down  to  the  point  of  the  chin.  All  good  singers  dis- 
close average  or  large  vegetative  systems,  and  this  system  tends  to 
lengthen  and  widen  the  chin ;  it  also  gives  softness  to  the  tones 
and  a  sympathetic  expression.  The  latter  is  derived  from  the 
strength  of  the  glandular  system, — an  important  part  of  the  vege- 
tative system. 


THE   SIGNS   IN    THE   CHIN.  777 


THE  THREE   GENERAL   CLASSES   OF   CONSTITUENTS   IN   THE   CHIN. 

The  three  general  classes  of  character,  the  domestic,  the  ar- 
tistic, and  the  mechanical,  may  be  known  in  the  chin  by  the  domi- 
nance of  one  or  the  other  of  the  three  following-named  tissues, 
viz.,  fat,  muscle,  and  bone.  Fat  represents  domestic  character ;  in 
excess,  gluttonous  habits.  Muscle  denotes  emotion  and  artistic 
tastes ;  and  bone  mechanical  and  scientific  tastes. 

The  outline-form  of  the  chin  announces  the  character  as  well 
as  the  quality  of  the  material  of  which  it  is  composed,  while  its 
relative  proportions  give  us  yet  another  opportunity  to  decide  upon 
a  verdict. 

DIMPLED  Chins. 

A  round  dimple  in  the  chin  (Fig.  141)  denotes  art-loving  tastes, 
for  the  reason  that  a  round  dimple  is  caused  by  a  combination 
of  the  round  muscle  with  the  round  bone,  and  this  combination 
is  the  one  best  adapted  to  assist  every  species  of  art-work,  except 
sculpture.  The  latter  requires  square  bones  and  round  muscles 
for  its  best  illustration. 


Fig.  141.  Fig.  142. 

A  straight-cleft  dimple  (Fig.  142)  is  found  where  the  round 
muscle  and  square  bones  are  combined.  It  denotes  a  love  for  art 
and  beauty,  the  same  as  the  round  dimple.  By  observation  of  this 
one  little  pecuharity  we  get  a  clue  to  one  of  the  dominating  sys- 
tems of  the  body,  and  this  opens  to  our  comprehension  the  greater 
part  of  the  character.  Nearly  all  of  our  great  poets,  painters, 
actors,  many  writers  of  fiction,  as  well  as  athletes,  exhibit  a  dimpled 
chin — either  a  round  or  a  cleft  dimple.  In  all  these  classes  the 
perception  of  beauty,  and  particularly  the  beauty  of  the  opposite 
sex,  is  very  marked.  It  is,  in  fact,  a  part  of  their  talent.  It  is 
something  more  than  a  mere  personal  taste  ;  it  is  essential  to  the 
successful  working  out  of  their  ideas  in  acting,  in  painting,  in  all 
works  of  imagination  based  upon  ideals  formed  in  the  mind  and 
portrayed  by  voice,  gesture,  and  position,  as  in  singing,  painting, 
acting,  playing,  and  composing.  Many  singers  exhibit  tlie  dimpled 
chin  as  well  as  many  composers.  Among  the  latter  classeg"ex- 
amine,  for  example,  the  chin  of  Liszt,  Beethoven,  Mozart,  Handel, 


778  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOJkrr. 

Schubert,  Schumann,  Arthur  Sullivan,  and  many  others.  Among 
singers  it  is  almost  universally  present.  Observe  the  portraits  of 
Miss  Thursby,  Madame  Materna,  Emma  Abbott,  Signer  Ravelli, 
Mr.  Santly,  Campanini,  and  others.  Of  poets  who  possess  this 
"beauty  spot"  their  name  is  legion.  Examine  the  portraits  of 
Southey,  Byron,  Burns,  Goethe,  Corneille,  Dryden,  Pope,  Keats, 
Goldsmith,  Herrick,  Moore,  Marvel,  and  others  too  numerous  to 
mention.  The  majority  of  painters,  writers  of  fiction,  orators, 
architects,  actors,  and  athletes,  without  number,  exhibit  a  dimpled 
chin  and  thus  announce  that  the  muscular  is  one  of  the  dominant 
systems.  A  great  majority  of  actors  and  actresses  not  only  reveal 
a  dimpled  chin  but  dimpled  cheeks,  hands,  arms,  and  shoulders. 
An  inspection  of  the  following-named  persons  proves  that  love  of 
art,  agreeability,  and  benevolence  are  associated  with  dimples  and 
talent.  See,  for  example,  the  perso7i7iel  of  liOtta,  Lawrence  Bar- 
rett, Joseph  Jefferson,  William  Warren,  Modjeska,  Mdlle.  Croizette, 
Mdlle.  Barretta,  Mdlle.  Richemberg,  Moliere,  and  Irving.  There 
are  many  other  actors  thus  characterized  which  the  reader  may 
prove  by  collecting  a  number  of  their  portraits.  Examine  among 
painters  the  physiognomy  of  David  Rembrandt,  Lorraine,  Mur- 
rillo,  Vandyck,  and  Dore.  Orators  are  almost  universally  endowed 
with  a  dimpled  chin.  See  the  faces  of  Clay,  Bossuet,  Charles 
James  Fox,  Erskine,  Burke,  John  Adams,  Wendell  Phillips, 
Beecher,  Ingersoll,  and  Richard  Brindley  Sheridan.  Oljserve  the 
portraits  of  the  following  writers  of  essays,  fiction,  the  drama,  etc. : 
La  Bruyere,  Addison,  Sir  Walter  Scott,  Madame  de  Stael,  David 
Hume,  Gibbon,  Des  Cartes,  De  Foe,  Swift,  Voltaire,  Macaulay, 
Linnaeus,  Benjamin  Franklin,  Halley,  Bunyan,  T.  B.  Aldrich, 
Howells,  Thoreau,  Draper,  Geoffrey,  Saint-Hilaire,  and  Washing- 
ton Irving. 

In  all  faces  in  which  the  muscular  or  artistic  chin  is  observed, 
when  not  dimpled,  it  will  be  found  to  possess  a  rounded  shape, 
soft  and  mobile.  This  chin  is  -to  be  classed  with  the  dimpled  chins. 
It  does  not  follow  that  because  the  chin  is  dimpled  that  artistic 
talent  is  present.  This  depends  upon  the  form  and  quality  of  brain 
in  combination.  Many  persons  exhibit  only  a  taste  for  art  and 
beauty ;  others  possess  varying  degrees  of  talent  of  various  sorts. 
A  taste  and  love  of  an  art  is  often  possessed  by  one  who  has  very 
little  executive  talent  for  that  art.  Such  a  one  may  make  a  good 
critic  if  experienced  in  the  observation  of  artistic  works. 

FORMS  OF   THE   CHIN. 

The  physiological  and  anatomical  knowledge  of  the  body,  to 
be  derived  from  observation  of  the  several  forms  of  the  chin,  is 


THE   SIGNS   IN   THE 


779 


most  useful.  Taken  in  connection  with  the  form  of  the  lower  jaw 
(of  which  it  is  really  a  part),  we  may  extend  our  knowledge  of  the 
size  and  activity  of  several  organ  systems  within  the  body.  The 
broad  and  square  chin  (Fig.  143)  denotes  a  strong  and  active  kid- 


Fio.  143. 


FIO.  144. 


FIO.  145. 


ney  system,  unless  the  eyes  are  very  light-colored ;  in  this  case  the 
system  is  not  as  vigorous  as  where  the  eyes  have  a  normal  supply 
of  color.  A  broad,  bony  chin  shows  constitutional  vigor  and  assur- 
ance of  longevity.  A  narrow  and  receding  chin  (Fig.  144)  an- 
nounces relative  weakness  of  the  kidney  system.  A  very  sharp, 
pointed  chin,  with  long,  narrow  lower  jaw  (and  these  two  forms 
are  usually  found  associated)  always  denotes  feeble  digestion,  to- 
gether with  general  constitutional  weakness.  I  have  never  observed 
a  very  aged  person  with  this  formation.  Those  who  exhibit  this 
peculiarity  of  form  usually  die  young,  either  of  diseases  of  the  in- 
testinal system  or  of  consumption.     (See  Fig.  145.) 


FIO.  146. 


Fig.  147. 


Fio.  148.— A  CONVICTED  THIEF. 


Another  peculiar  form  of  chin  rarely  seen  is  the  long,  peaked, 
and  upturned  chin,  which  Lavater  names  the  "  Men  ton  de  galoche  " 
(Fig.  146),  which  he  claims  is  the  sign  of  a  rickety  predisposition, 
and  he  also  adds  that  it  is  an  infallible  sign  of  a  "faulty  conforma- 
tion of  the  pelvis,  which  is  dangerous  to  woman  in  child-birth."* 


*  Lavater's  Essays,  p.  188. 


780  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

This  last  assertion  is  doubtless  true,  for  abnormal  narrowness  of 
the  lower  part  of  the  face  indicates  feebleness  or  defective  organi- 
zation of  the  functions  related  to  the  vegetative  system ;  hence 
narrowness  of  the  bony  structure  of  this  portion  of  the  face  indi- 
cates much  less  vigor  of  all  these  functions,  inasmuch  as  they  are 
mutually  dependent  on  each  other  and  their  relations  to  each  other 
very  intimate  and  complex. 

A  chin  composed  mainly  of  fatty  tissue  (Fig.  147)  not  only 
denotes  silliness,  feebleness  of  intellect,  or  idiocy,  but  also  indi- 
cates dropsical  tendencies,  gout,  tumorous  growths,  and  various 
chronic  disorders. 

Irregular-shaped  chins  (Fig.  148,  page  779)  are  composed 
mainly  of  muscles  with  slight  depressions  all  over,  as  if  intending 
to  dimple,  announces  a  nature  inclined  to  crooked  and  devious 
methods.  I  have  seen  sucli  chins  in  the  physiognomies  of  first-class 
burglars,  who  had  also  other  irregular-shaped  features,  viz.,  crooked 
eyes  and  mouth,  and  also  in  those  of  relatively  feeble  honesty. 

THE    "FEMININE   CHIN." 

Many  writers  upon  physiognomy  denominate  the  small,  reced- 
ing chin  the  "feminine  chin."  I  do  not  assent  to  this  misnomer 
and  false  classification.  Were  it  not  for  the  beard  with  which 
Nature  has  supplied  men  they  would  stand  convicted  of  possessing 
as  small  chins  as  women,  numerically  speaking.  There  are  as 
many  weak-principled  and  childisli  men  as  there  are  immoral  and 
petty  women.  Were  it  not  that  kind  Nature  prepares  a  sort  of 
"masked  battery"  for  men's  chins  which  enables  them  to  hide 
from  women  their  moral  and  domestic  deficiencies  by  means  of  a 
heavy  beard  very  many  weak,  "womanly"  chins  would  be  revealed 
in  all  their  littleness.  I  never  make  a  delineation  of  an  individual 
whose  face  exhibits  a  beard  and  moustache  without  taking  pains 
to  discover  the  exact  size  and  form  of  both  the  chin,  jaws,  and 
upper  lip.  Women,  it  is  true,  exhibit  more  affection  and  emotion 
than  men,  but  the  very  strength  of  their  affections  often  impels 
wives  and  mothers  to  heroic  deeds  in  the  defense  of  their  loved 
ones.  In  all  ages  of  the  world  women  have  appeared  who,  with- 
out parting  with  their  love  and  femininity,  have  played  the  part 
of  heroines  in  times  of  war  and  desolation.  Some  have  led  in 
battle,  like  Joan  of  Arc  ;  some  ascended  the  scaffold,  like  Madame 
Roland ;  others  have  defended  their  hearths  and  homes  ;  others 
still  have  commanded  ships  when  their  husbands  have  become  dis- 
abled ;  again,  many  have  served  as  nurses  and  soldiers  upon  the 
field  of  battle.  Yet  I  doubt  if  one  such  possessed  either  a  weak 
chin  or  lacked  true  femininity.    No,  reader !    Heroism,  like  intellect, 


THE   FORMS   OF   THE   JAW.  781 

has  no  sex.  Believe  not  tlie  fallacies  and  fictions  of  so-called  physi- 
ognomists, who  would  ascribe  to  man  all  the  stronger  and  nobler 
traits,  because  his  head  is  big  and  his  brawn  great ;  and  to  woman 
all  the  weaknesses  of  human  nature,  because  she  is  smaller  and 
finer  in  every  way.  The  Greeks  did  not  so  erroneously  judge  of 
human  nature ;  they  personified  all  the  stronger  traits,  such  as 
wisdom  and  justice,  in  the  figures  of  their  Goddesses, — a  subtle 
way  of  showing  that  these  personifications  are  creative  states  of 
mind,  and  that  they  understood  the  female  to  be  the  best  repre- 
sentative of  the  human  creative  power,  in  being  the  creator  of  the 
race  through  maternity.  Artists  ranked,  in  their  minds,  as  some- 
thing less  than  woman ;  mere  material  creation  seemed  to  them 
much  lower  than  woman's  transcendent  power  as  the  creator  of 
artists — of  man. 

Forms  of  the  Jaw. 

THE  UPPER  JATf. 

The  upper  jaw  is  a  negative  feature,  being  necessarily 
passive  in  its  fixed  position. 

THE   LOWER  JAW. 

The  lower  jaw  is  an  active  agent,  powerful  to  a  degree,  posi- 
tive and  decided  in  movement,  and  one  of  the  chief  agents  in 
articulation  and  mastication. 

The  lower  jaw,  strictly  speaking,  is  one  continuous  bone 
termed  the  "  vomer,"  or  ploughshare,  which  it  resembles  in  shape. 
(See  Fig.  127.)  "It  is  divided  into  the  body  or  chin,  the  sides, 
the  rami,  and  the  processes."  The  chin  is  termed  the  "mental 
process."  So  intimately  associated  are  the  several  parts  of  this 
feature  that  it  is  impossible  to  adequately  describe  the  chin  with- 
out at  the  same  time  describing  the  fornj  and  meanings  of  the 
sides,  angles,  and  rami  of  the  jaw. 

The  several  forms  of  the  lower  jaw  are  highly  indicative  of 
character,  and  to  them  we  must  bring  to  bear  acute  observation 
and  analysis  if  we  would  master  their  full  significance.  The 
figures  at  the  head  of  this  chapter  will  give  the  reader  the  names 
and  positions  of  the  bones  and  muscles  of  the  face.  Reference  to 
them  will  greatly  facilitate  one's  comprehension  of  the  anatomy 
of  the  parts  mentioned. 

As  the  signs  of  the  vegetative  system  are  found  mainly  in  the 
lower  part  of  the  face,  by  applying  to  this  part  the  basic  laws  of 
Form  we  shall  be  able  to  interpret  the  character  by  the  various 
signs  found  here.  We  have  learaed  in  these  laws  that  the  spheri- 
cal form  or  any  portion  of  a  sphere,  as,  for  example,  the  segment 


182  FRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of  a  circle,  is  indicative  of  primitive  growth  and  conditions ;  that, 
in  short,  the  curving  form  announces  creative  tendencies,  also  more 
vigorous  conditions  than  the  perpendicular  or  straight  form.  If 
we  apply  this  law  to  the  formation  of  the  lower  jaw  we  shall  find 
that  it  is  an  infallible  expounder  of  existing  conditions.  In  infancy, 
the  lower  jaw-bone  presents  a  more  obtuse  angle  than  in  the  adult, 
but  as  the  infant  advances  to  adult  age  the  angle  becomes  more 
acute,  hence  shows  the  presence  of  more  bone,  and  the  sides  and 
rami  combine  in  forming  a  more  curved  outline.  The  outline  of 
the  cheek  is  also  modified  from  the  globose  appearance  present  in 
childhood.  Globosity  is  primal.  Curving  is  the  next  stage  of 
formation.  When  we  observe  the  youthful  face  as  it  approaches 
the  age  of  puberty,  we  find  that  the  infantile  form  of  the  cheeks, 
the  nose,  the  chin,  and  the  jaws  are  changed,  and  the  globose 
cheeks  of  infancy  have  given  way  to  a  graceful  curve  of  the  cheek 
and  lower  jaw.  The  nose,  also  has  risen  in  the  centre  and  attained 
a  more  dignified  contour  than  that  presented  by  the  concavity  of 
infancy.  The  convex  or  rounded  outline  of  the  forehead  is  changed 
to  the  perpendicular  or  slightly  receding  form.  All  this  is  due 
mainly  to  the  development  of  hone^  and  with  this  process  more 
intelligence  and  stahility  of  character  appears. 

Width  of  the  bony  structure  of  the  lower  jaw  is  thus  shown 
to  be  one  of  the  facial  signs,  not  only  of  vigorous,  physical  func- 
tions, but  of  more  powerful  mental  faculties.  Breadth  of  jaws  is 
one  of  the  signs  of  longevity,  as  well  as  of  strong  vegetative 
powers,  for  the  breadth  of  the  lower  third  of  the  face  belongs  to 
and  indicates  the  condition  of  the  visceral  structure,  and,  as  vigor 
of  this  part  of  the  organism  is  essential  to  prolonged  mental  effort, 
we  shall  expect  to  find,  in  the  faces  of  those  whose  mental  efforts 
are  the  greatest  and  most  prolonged,  a  normal  width  of  the  jaws, 
and  especially  a  nice  degree  of  curvation  outwardly  of  the  lower 
jaw-bone  and  muscles.  It  is  true  that  many  eminent  writers  have 
exhibited  only  a  fair  degree  of  outward  curvation  of  this  feature. 
An  analysis  of  their  works  will  establish  the  truth  of  the  basic  law 
of  Form  as  applied  to  them.  All  writers  on  profound  and  recon- 
dite subjects  exhibit  relative  width  of  the  lower  jaw;  so,  also,  do 
all  persons  whose  discoveries,  researches,  and  inventions  are  on  a 
large  scale.  While  writers  and  theorizers  on  the  lighter  and  less 
comprehensive  subjects  disclose  a  lower  jaw  relatively  less  wide, 
and  the  reason  for  this  is  very  well  explained  by  Dr.  Cross,  whose 
analysis  of  this  feature  I  shall  now  offer.     He  observes : — 

Broad  jaws,  therefore  receptive  of  much  food,  argue  powerful  func- 
tions, but  as  functions  are  not  necessarily  intellectual,  and  as  the  intellectual 
faculties  are  indicated  by  the  brain,  and  the  strength  of  the  intellectual 


THE   FORMS   OF   THE   JAW. 


783 


faculties  by  the  breadth  of  the  brain,  so  the  relative  breadth  of  head  and  of 
jaws  shall  mark  the  natural  channel  for  the  flow  of  intellect.  Accordingly,, 
where  the  jaws  are  broader  than  the  head,  there  the  channel  for  the  flow  of 
intellect  is  wide,  but  the  fountain  is  scanty.  This  relative  conformation  of 
head  and  jaws  is  the  characteristic  of  strong  passions  and  weak  intellect. 
Accordingl}',  also,  where  the  jaws  maintain  nearly  the  same  breadth  as  tlie 
brain,  there  the  fountain  keeps  tlie  channel  full.  This  relative  conformation 
of  head  and  jaws  bespeaks  a  character  who  can  exert  all  his  intellectual 
powers  on  a  subject, — who  is  calculated  for  scientific  pursuits.  Accordingly, 
also,  where  the  jaws  are  much  narrower  than  the  head,  there  the  channel  is 
too  narrow  for  carrying  off  the  profuse  suppl}^  of  the  fountain,  so  that  the 
intellectual  current  passes  down  in  an  impetuous  jet.  Here  the  mind  acts 
most  forcibly  and  most  keenly  upon  a  small  spot  at  a  time.  While  the 
narrow  head  with  broad  jaws  represents  a  large  smoking  fire;  while  the 
broad  head  with  broad  jaws 
represents  a  hot  smelting-fur- 
nace ;  the  broa,d  head  with 
narrow  jaws  represents  the 
keen,  sharp  flame  from  a  blow- 
pipe.* 

The  latter  contour  of 
head  and  face  is  observed 
in  the  faces  of  witty,  bright, 
smart  people,  quick  at 
retort  and  repartee.  Sev- 
eral of  our  prominent  hu- 
morous writers  disclose  this 
form  of  countenance  (Fig 
149).  Still  more  sharpened 
at  the  chin  and  the  forehead, 
and  the  features  not  quite 
so  wide  as  the  former,  we  have  the  sly,  crafty,  foxy  form  of  face, 
which  shows  inferiority  of  judgment  and  intellect  generally.  It  is 
exhibited  by  a  sly,  insinuating  manner,  dealing  in  hints,  allusions, 
suggestions,  and  innuendoes,  which  is  a  modified  form  of  wit. 

In  describing  the  several  normal  or  most  useful  forms  of  the 
lower  jaw,  I  shall  follow  the  course  of  Nature  in  evolution,  or  the 
progressive  development  of  this  feature  from  the  embryotic  to  the 
most  perfected  form. 


Fig.  149.— prince  TAJLLEYRAND. 


EMBRYOTIC    LOWER   JAW. 

The  evolution  of  the  lower  jaw  is  «,  most  interesting  process, 
and  the /orm  of  this  feature  which  is  gradually  developed  in  the 
human  embiyo  is  most  instructive.  A  human  embryo  at  six 
weeks  has  not  as  much  of  a  jaw  as  an  ape  or  a  marmoset.  Below 
the  mouth  there  is  no  trace  of  a  face ;   from  the  lower  lip  there  is 

»  Ad  Attempt  to  Establish  Physiognomy  on  Scientific  Principles,  John  Cross,  M.D.,  pp.  179, 180. 


784  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

a  backward  slope  to  the  neck,  or  what  will  eventually  be  the  neck. 
At  the  fifteenth  week  of  prenatal  life,  about  as  much  chin  is  ex- 
hibited as  is  found  in  the  ape  and  chimpanzee,  and  it  recedes  at 
about  the  same  angle.  Were  the  chin  to  remain  at  this  stage  of 
development  the  character  would  possess  no  more  stability,  perse- 
verance, and  conscientiousness  than  an  ape ;  but  from  this  time 
onward  until  birth  the  bones  of  the  lower  jaw  develop,  and  unless 
the  child  is  idiotic  the  chin  and  lower  jaw  gradually  assume  a 
normal  size  and  form.  During  early  childhood  the  cliin  remains 
small  and  the  lower  jaw-bone  narrow  and  receding.  If  these 
peculiarities  continue  until  adult  life,  the  character  will  be  want- 
ing in  perseverance,  stability,  integrity,  courage,  and  application. 
These  latter  qualities  inhere  in  the  bony  structure  and  are  exhibited 
by  bone  development,  but,  as  it  occurs  that  the  softer  tissues  are 
dominant  in  early  life,  we  shall  observe 
that  the  chin  is  at  first  round,  receding, 
and  soft.  The  outline  of  the  bone  in  plump 
infants  is  almost  hidden  by  the  globose  form 
of  the  cheeks  and  by  the  fat  of  tlie  neclc. 
Later,  the  outline  assumes  an  oval  form,  and 
still  later  the  permanent  form  of  the  jaw 
appears,  and  it  is  this  last  form  which  re- 
veals to  us  the  character  of  the  individual 
for  firmness,  perseverance,  and  integrity,  or 
the  lack  of  them.  It  is  this  form,  also, 
which  unfolds  the  strength  or  weakness 
Fig    150.  -  HUMAN   EM-     of  the  visccral  orsrans  and  the  width  of  the 

BRYO.    (After  Haeckel.)  ,     .  ^_  <-*  p    L^         ^  i.     l\  • 

1,  external  nasal  process;     pclvis.     Narro^vness   of  the  boues   at   this 
4,  Kr  ]C'  ^' "'®  ^°°^"^'     portion  of  the  face  denotes  relative  weakness 

of  several  visceral  organs,  for  Nature  is 
harmonious  and  sets  her  signs  and  signals  in  the  face  in  order 
that  the  related  interior  mechanism  and  external  form  of  the  body 
shall  be  understood. 

THE   INFANTILE  JAW. 

The  form  of  the  lower  jaw  peculiar  to  infancy,  immaturity, 
and  undevelopment  is  shown  by  narrowness  of  its  bony  frame  and 
an  obtuse  angle  or  lack  of  curvation  of  the  muscles  of  the  sides 
and  rami.  This  fbrm  denotes  absence  of  force  and  perseverance, 
as  well  as  immaturity,  and  if  observed  in  an  adult  it  betokens 
either  idiocy  or  a  very  small  degree  of  firmness  and  reliabihty. 

THE   DYSPEPTIC   JAW. 

This  form  of  the  lower  jaw  presents  a  perpendicular  or  almost 
perpendicular  line  from  the  malar  or  cheek-bone  to  the  chin.     In 


THE  FORMS   OF   THE   JAW. 


785 


most  congenital  consumptives  and  dyspeptics  this  is  quite  marked, 
and  is  a  sure  indication  of  a  short  and  sickly  Ufe.  I  have  never 
observed  this  pecuhar  formation  in  the  physiognomy  of  any  very 
aged  person.  It  is  a  transmitted  form,  and  usually  descends  from 
parents  who  have  a  narrow  and  perpendicular  formation  of  the 
lower  jaw-bones.  When  transmitted  from  both  parents,  those  who 
inherit  this  form  and  its  associated  weakness 
disclose  their  feebleness  of  the  viscera  and 
lungs  very  early,  and  usually  die  before  reach- 
ing maturity,  unless  suiTounded  by  the  most 
favorable  circumstances.  Such  persons  lack 
vital  energy,  and  if  possessed  of  a  good  brain 
form  will  plan  much  more  than  they  can 
execute,  and  will  be  constantly  hindered  in 
carrying  forward  their  plans  by  constantly-recurring  attacks  of  ill 
health.  This  class  of  people  may  exhibit  common  morality,  but 
we  cannot  expect  that  they  will  display  moral  heroism,  nor  that 
they  will  be  able  to  command  a  regiment,  a  war-ship,  or  quell  a 
mob,  no  matter  how  fine  or  active  the  brain  may  be. 


Fig.    151.  —  COUNTESS 
OF  HUNTINGTON. 


THE  WEAK  OR   NEGATIVE  JAW. 


There  are  several  distmct  forms  of  the  weak  jaw,  each  of 
which  disclose  varj'ing  mental  and  physical  defects.  The  most 
commonly  observed  are  the  perpendicular  and  narrow,  which  indi- 


FlO.  152.-0LIVER  GOLDSMITH. 


cates  feeble  digestion,  and  the  short  and  obtuse  jaw,  terminating  in 
a  receding  chin.  This  is  the  characteristic  chin  of  childhood.  It 
denotes  (when  observed  in  the  adult)  lack  of  perseverance,  of 
strong  moral  principles,  firmness,  and  decision,  as  well  as  weakness 


fiO 


786  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of  the  kidney  system  and  relative  feebleness  of  the  entire  visceral 
structure. 

THE   CONSUMPTIVE  JAW. 

The  form  which  discloses  the  tendency  to  this  dread  disease  is 
marked  by  general  narrowness  of  the  face  at  the  upper  part  of  the 
cheek,  flatness  of  the  malar  bones ;  narrow,  sharp  nose ;  thin  nos- 
trils, hollow  cheeks,  and  usually  a  thin  lower  lip.  (See  Fig.  145, 
page  779.)  This  conformation  of  face  and  jaw  is  an  inherited 
one,  and  has  been  transmitted  from  ancestors  whose  physique  was 
very  much  impoverished.  The  entire  formation  denotes  feebleness 
of  both  visceral  and  thoracic  structures,  hence  it  follows  that  the 
mental  powers  are  correspondingly  feeble.  With  a  dominance  of 
a  brain  form  of  a  fine  quality  in  combination,  a  considerable  degree 
of  mental  brightness  may  be  manifested  in  early  life,  but  life  itself 
will  be  short  and  painful. 

Where  the  brain  system  is  not  one  of  the  dominant  systems  a 
very  ordinary  grade  of  intellect  will  be  present.  The  subject  will 
scarcely  reach  the  adult  stage.  The  nearer  the  approach  to  embry- 
otic  forms,  the  greater  is  the  weakness  of  the  physical  powers  and 
a  lack  of  positive  force  and  substantial,  reliable  character,  for  where 
the  bones  of  the  jaw  do  not  develop  n^i-mally  in  size  and  form  the 
characteristics  of  un development  are  naturally  associated.  These 
characteristics  are  relative,  of  course.  They  do  not  imply  that  the 
character  will  be  altogether  childish,  but  that  there  will  be  rela- 
tively less  of  the  substantial  and  firm  quality  exhibited  which  be- 
long to  a  normal  character,  and  which  are  always  exhibited  by  a 
normal  proportion  of  bone,  muscle,  and  fatty  tissue  in  these  parts 
of  the  face. 

CRAFTY   AND   WITTY  JAW. 

There  are  several  grades  and  phases  of  intellect  manifested 
by  those  with  the  sharpened  chin  and  slightly  perpendicular  jaw. 
Those  whose  wit  takes  on  a  keen,  cutting,  satirical  manner  present 
a  sharper  aspect  of  jaw  and  chin  than  where 
the  nature  of  the  wit  is  more  good-natured. 
Voltaire's  face  is  an  illustration  of  the  former, 
while  Sterne's  countenance  denotes  the  latter. 
Voltaire  evinced  also  great  powers  of  chican- 
LAURENUE^  STERNE,  ^ry,  subtlcty,  and  craft  in  his  management  of 
his  enemies  and  opposers.  We  may  with  truth 
denominate  satire,  sarcasm,  and  wit  "  intellectual  cunning,"  while 
the  common,  low  grade  of  cunning  used  by  those  who  are  deficient 
in  mentality  may  properly  be  designated  "  animal  cunning,"  inas- 
much as  it  is  the  compensation  for  a  lack  of  intellectual  vigor, 
breadth,  or  acumen. 


k 


THE   FORMS   OF   THE   JAW.  787 

A  man  may  possess  considerable  intellectual  power  of  a  crafty, 
astute  nature.  It  does  not  follow  that  he  is  weak  because  of  this 
species  of  cunning.  Such  an  intellect  was  exhibited  by  Richelieu. 
He  possessed  an  intellect  of  a  high  order,  but  all  turned  in  the 
direction  of  governmental  diplomacy,  in  which  chicanery,  intrigue, 
and  craft,  so  much  used  in  European  politics  in  his  day,  were  domi- 
nant. His  was  cunning  on  a  grand  scale.  He  showed  talent  for 
hiding  his  own  designs  while  discovering  those  of  others.  The 
shape  of  his  nose  proves  him  to  have  been  possessed  of  a  compre- 
hensive intellect,  while  the  shape  of  his  lower  jaw  and  chin  reveals 
his  craft  and  adroit  ,/z?ies5e,  but  not  moral  heroism. 

An  examination  of  the  lower  jaw  and  chin  of  the  following- 
named  persons  will  give  a  good  idea  of  the  witty  jaw  and  the 
cunning  jaw  in  their  several  phases  and  aspects:  Mark  Twain, 
Cardinal  Fesch,  Duke  of  Buckingham,  and  Voltaire. 

The  genei*al  conformation  of  the  head  and  jaws  which  pro- 
duces that  peculiar  sharpness  of  the  chin  and  jaw  which  denotes 
wit  is  not  one  of  the  indications  of  weakness  of  the  physical  func- 
tions. It  is  the  result  of  the  dominance  of  the  brain  form  with  a 
subdominance  of  the  muscular  and  bony  system  ;  hence,  the  jaws 
are  relatively  less  developed  and  less  square,  and  the  chin  less  bony 
and  prominent.  It  is  this  combination — viz.,  brain  first,  muscle 
second,  bone  third — which  creates  those  imaginative,  witty,  playful 
tendencies  that  are  found  in  many  first-class  writers  whose  works 
abound  in  wit,  sarcasm,  and  playful,  sportive,  mirthful,  and  in- 
genious fancies.  The  witty  jaw  and  chin  (for  we  are  obliged  to 
combine  these  two  features  in  order  to  illustrate  this  peculiarity) 
proceeds  from  the  relative  breadtli  of  the  forehead  and  the  taper- 
ing of  the  face  downward.  Now,  where  the  forehead  is  relatively 
narrow,  combined  with  narrow  jaws  and  a  sharp  chin,  then  the 
former  shape  of  the  face  is  modified  to  that  degree  which  denotes 
less  intellect  and  more  cunning,  for  cunning  is  wit  diluted,  so  to 
speak.  The  physiognomy  of  the  fox  is  a  good  illustration  of  the 
cunning  jaw  which  indicates  animal  wit,  while  the  faces  of  Vol- 
taire and  Sterne  are  the  best  examples  of  sharp,  keen  wit  and  in- 
tellectual cunning.  The  remarks  on  this  peculiar  form  of  jaw  and 
chin  by  Dr.  Cross  are  quite  appropriate,  and  I  quote  them  in  this 
connection.     He  observes : — 

The  tapering  of  the  head  and  face  from  above  to  below  indicates  natu- 
ral cunning, — natural  only,  for  the  broad  face  may  be  trained  into  artificial 
cunning  and  the  sharp,  tapering  faca  into  artificial  sincerity,  not,  however, 
without  leaving  correspondinq  impressions  on  the  soft  parts. 

In  examining  the  anterior  plane  of  the  face  we  found  that  recession 
from  the  perpendicular  indicated  deficiency  of  animal  character.  On  now 
examining  the  lateral  plane  of  the  face,  we  find  that  recession  from  the 


788  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHTSIOGNOMT. 

perpendicular  also  indicates  deficiency  of  animal  character.*  Cunning  is 
at  once  an  indication,  a  consequence,  and  a  partial  cure  of  some  primary  de- 
ficiency. If  an  animal  were  sufficiently  wise  to  keep  clear  of  all  difficulties, 
and  courageous  enough  and  strong  enough  to  stand  his  own  ground,  he 
would  not  have  stood  in  need  of  cunning.  A  face,  therefore,  tapering  into 
narrowjaws  denotes  a  character  whose  basis  of  animal  appetites  and  passions 
is  feeble  ;  but  this  tapering  face,  while  indicating  such  radical  deficiency,  also 
indicates  how  tlie  cliaracter  is  compensated  by  cunning — by  stratagem.  A 
bestial  face,  tapering  from  above  downward,  indicates  sheer  cunning,  whose 
object  is  self-preservation,  whether  in  acquisition  of  pre^^  or  in  elusion  of 
danger.  Human  cunning  may  be  said  to  run  ultimately  into  the  channel 
of  self-preservation,  but  lias  so  many  meanderings  through  all  its  windings 
and  turnings  of  social  life,  and  through  the  extensive  and  complicated  field 
of  human  intellect,  as  scarcely  to  join  the  great  animal  stream  before  it  dis- 
embouges  itself.  The  cunning  of  the  fox  is  directly  and  exclusively  devoted 
to  stealing  prey  and  eluding  detection,  but  human  society  is  so  organized 
that  the  Sternes  and  Voltaires  are  necessitated  to  discharge  their  cunning 
in  wit.  A  human  liead  and  face  ta|)ering  from  above  downward  bespeaks 
wit,  keen  in  proportion  to  the  sharpness  of  the  jaws.f 

THE   CURVED   OR   ARTISTIC   JAW. 

This  form  of  jaw,  when  terminating  (as  it  generally  does)  in 
an  oval  chin,  is  significant  of  normal  strength  and  a  taste  for  art 
I  and   beauty.     The  curving  is  caused  by  the 

•HP*^'    ^      dominance  of  the  muscular   system,  hence  a 
-  ~  love  or  taste  for  art  and  beauty  will  be  present ; 

also,  agr(?eability  of  disposition,  unless  contra- 
dicted by  some  other  sign. 
•^  The  oval  form  of  the  muscles  shows  that 

CLAUDE  LORRAINE,  movemcut  is  easy,  and  ease  of  movement 
denotes  a  certain  degree  of  agreeability. 
When  the  curved  jaw  terminates  in  a  rounded  chin,  in  which 
there  is  a  round  dimple,  we  can  safely  predicate  that  talent  or  taste 
for  art  of  some  sort  will  be  manifested,  and  a  sort  of  good-natured 
benevolence  or  generous  disposition  as  well. 

THE   DRAMATIC   JAW. 

The  most  perfect  or  normal  form  of  the  adult  lower  jaw  pre- 
sents a  curved  outline.  When  it  is  greatly  curved  we  shall  find 
that  it  signifies  creative  poiver  of  a  dramatic  nature,  and  this  form 
of  jaw  is  observed  in  the  physiognomies  of  many  who  are  eminent 
in  various  phases  of  creative  art. 

As  we  have  found  that  globosity  denotes  immaturity  and  per- 
pendicularity, when  not  in  its  normal  place,  weakness  and  defective 
organization,  so  we  shall  find,  while  observing  the  forms  of  the 

*  The  writer  here  uses  the  term  "animnl"  to  indicate  both  the  vegetative  and  animal  fiinotions. 
t  An  Attempt  to  Establish  Physiognomy  on  Scientific  Principles,  J,  Cross,  M,D.,  pp.  180-182. 


THE  FORMS  OF   THE  JAW, 


789 


rounded  lower  jaw,  that  it  expresses  what  the  segment  of  a  circle 
always  signifies  wlien  found  in  living  organisms,  viz.,  creative  or 
original  powers.  The  primitive  animal  or  vegetable  cells  are  cir- 
culoid;  their  mission  is  creative  of  new  tissue,  and  the  circular 
form  is  the  only  one  adapted  to  that  formative  process.  When  we 
observe  this  circular  or  semicircular  form  in  any  feature  we  may 
know  that  creative  effort  of  some  sort  is  indicated.  The  sort  of 
power  which  is  present  is  shown  by  the  particular  feature  in  which 
the  curving  is  exhibited. 

The  lower  jaw  of  a  majority  of  the  most  celebrated  dramatic 
painters,  poets,  writers  of  fiction,  actors,  singers,  playwrights,  etc., 
exhibit  this  form.  The  reader  is  referred  to  the  faces  of  the  follow- 
ing for  examples  of  this  law  and  its  associated  form.  I  denominate 
as  dramatic  artists  all  those  whose  works  express  or  exhibit  the 


Fia.  155.— BENJAMIN  R.  HAYDON. 
(Historical  Paintbr.) 


Fio.  156. -LORD  BYRON. 
(Dramatic  Poet.) 


main  elements  of  the  drama,  viz.,  tragedy,  comedy,  or  farce.  Now, 
in  the  works  of  the  following-named  artists  will  be  found  highly- 
dramatic  elements  embodied  or  expressed.  The  sliape  of  the  chin 
and  lower  jaw  will  reveal  their  power  in  this  direction. 

See,  for  example,  among  orators,  Mirabeau,  Henry  Ward 
Beecher,  IngersoU,  Henry  Clay. 

Among  poets,  Corneille,  Mhs  Barbauld,  Byron,  Mark  Aken- 
side,  Keats,  Schiller,  James  Hogg,  Alfieri,  Abelard,  Klopstock, 
Ovid,  Petrarch,  Goldsmith,  Herrick,  Horace,  and  Elizabeth,  Queen 
of  Boumania  ("Carmen   Sylva"). 

Among  painters,  B.  B.  Haydon,  greatest  of  English  historical 
painters;  Dore,  Holbein,  Van  Dyck,  Vernet,  Turner,  Powell; 
Elizabeth  Ney,  German  sculptress,  and  Canova,  sculptor. 


790  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY 

Among  actors,  actresses,  and  opera-singers,  observe  the  follow- 
ing: Sarah  Siddons,  Philip  John  Kemble,  Charlotte  Cushman, 
Talma,  Moliere,  Forrest,  David  Garrick,  Nat.  Goodwin,  and  Lotta. 

Of  writers  whose  lower  jaw  is  dramatic,  and  whose  works  are 
dramatic,  I  name  the  following:  Miss  Louise  Alcott,  Dickens, 
Lucy  Larcom,  Mrs.  A.  D.  T.  Whitney,  J.  Fenimore  Cooper,  T.  B. 
Aldrich,  W.  D.  Howells,  Joseph  C.  Neal,  La  Bruyere,  Mad.  de 
Stael. 

There  are  many  others  in  each  of  these  classes,  but  a  sufficient 
number  are  here  mentioned  to  give  the  reader  an  opportunity  to 
make  generalizations  and  comparisons. 

Many  persons  in  private  life  also  exhibit  this  form  of  jaw  and 
chin,  but  wherever  observed  a  love,  taste,  or  talent  for  dramatic 
works  of  some  sort  will  be  found  associated  with  this  peculiarity. 

THE   SQUARE   JAW — MORAL,  MECHANICAL,  SCIENTIFIC. 

The  square-shaped  jaw  has  many  significations,  for  its  form 
denotes  a  high  grade  of  development  in  a  moral,  mechanical,  or 
scientific  direction.     Tliis  form  must  not  be  confounded  with  the 

angular  jaw,  which  indicates  quite  different 
traits.  The  squaring  of  the  square  jaw  is 
observed  to  be  situated  upon  the  sides  of 
the  jaw,  and  when  combined  with  a  certain 
degree  of  ickith  of  the  chin  always  denotes 
a  liij^h  desfree  of  conscientiousness  and  moral 

Fig   157  o  o 

SIR  ISAAC  NEWTON.  powor,  with  either  mechanical  or  scientific 
tendencies.  These  two  classes  of  traits  are 
in  close  relationship,  inasmuch  as  they  are  both  based  upon  the 
laws  of  Nature  and  are  closely  related.  Signs  in  other  parts  of 
the  face  will  point  out  to  which  of  these  two  departments  of 
mentality  the  mind  belongs. 

The  lower  jaws  of  Jonathan  Trumbull  and  Roger  Sherman, 
heroes  of  '76,  show  the  square  form,  and  their  conduct  was  heroic 
in  the  "times  that  tried  men's  souls."  The  signs  for  Conscien- 
tiousness, Firmness,  Perseverance,  and  Moral  Courage  are  strongly 
defined  in  their  chins.  All  these  traits  inhere  in  the  osseous  sys- 
tem, and  their  signs  are  in  the  bony  structure  of  the  lower  jaw 
and  chin. 

Squareness  of  the  chin  or  lower  jaw  denotes  fidelity  to  what- 
ever one  is  most  interested  in,  hence  an  individual  with  a  square 
jaw  will  be  faithful  in  love,  as  well  as  prompt  and  steadfast  in 
business  relations.  The  signs  for  principle  and  morality  are  found 
in  the  hones  of  the  chin,  while  the  signs  for  art,  love,  and  emotion 
are  revealed  by  the  form  and  development  of  the  muscles.     If  the 


THE  FORiMS   OF   THE   JAW.  t9l 

chin  is  more  bony  than  muscular,  integrity  is  the  stronger;  if  the 
muscles  dominate,  the  affections  are  supreme.  Where  the  fatty 
tissues  are  most  developed  a  sense  of  ease,  comfort,  and  sociality, 
with  love  of  eating,  drinking,  and  sleeping,  will  be  manifested,  and 
the  double  and  triple  cliin  will  register  the  supremacy  of  these 
tastes  and  appetites. 

THE  ANGULAR   OR   CONTRARY  JAW. 

This  peculiarity  of  the  lower  jaw  is  shown  by  a  decided  angu- 
larity of  the  bones  at  the  junction  of  the  side  of  the  jaw  with  the 
ramus,  or  where  the  bone  commences  to  ascend  to  join  the  malar 
or  cheek-bone.  It  denotes  absence  of  ease  in  the  movement  of 
the  muscles,  and  the  lack  of  easy  movements  shows  by  contrariness 
or  angularity  of  conduct — opposition  to  the  wishes  and  plans  pro- 
posed by  others.  In  form  and  movement  this  jaw  is  just  the 
opposite  of  the  curving  jaw,  and  it  indicates  precisely  opposite 
traits.  In  the  curving  jaw  great  ease  of  action  is  obtained  by  reason 
of  the  roundness  of  the  bones  and  the  supremacy  of  the  muscles. 
This  combination  gives  ease  of  motion  to  all  the  joints  of  the  body, 
and  this  is,  of  course,  indicated  in  the  motions 
of  the  jaw  as  well.  Those  who  possess  this 
combination  are  imitative^  and  readily  adjust 
the  muscles  to  suit  any  position  required.  They 
can  also  make  gestures  in  a  graceful  manner, 
and  evidence,  by  their  imitations  of  the  walk,  fig.  isT-^ultaire. 
voice,  and  manners  of  others,  that  the  muscles 
have  free  play,  and  are  not  impeded  by  angularity  of  the  joints. 
This  perfect  freedom  of  the  muscular  system  tends  to  agreeability, 
whereas  the  movements  of  the  former  are  less  free,  and,  as  angu- 
larity presupposes  defective  organization  of  some  sort,  it  is  shown 
in  this  case  by  perverse  opposition  to  the  will  or  wish  of  others, 
regardless  of  ichether  it  he  for  one's  own  interest  or  not.  The 
angularity  which  is  disclosed  in  the  jaw  is  an  attribute  of  the 
entire  bony  and  muscular  framework  of  the  body  to  which  this 
jaw  belongs,  and  registers  its  facial  sign  in  the  lower  jaw,  particu- 
larly. It  is  a  species  of  contrary  will-power,  and  quite  as  often 
acts  in  opposition  to  its  own  desires  as  it  does  to  the  will  of  others. 
Sometimes  the  subject  of  this  unlovely  trait  will  oppose  at  first 
what  he  really  desires,  and  later  will  accede  to  the  plan  first  pro- 
posed, working  by  the  law  of  contrariety  which  is  in  harmony 
with  his  structure,  the  sign  for  which  is  signally  conspicuous  in 
his  physiognomy. 

Those  in  whom  this  sign  is  observed  are  either  lacking  in  good 
sound  judgment  or  practicaUty,  or  knowledge  of  human  nature,  or 


792  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

some  other  important  trait.  We  must  look  to  the  indications  in 
each  individual  case  to  learn  which  of  these  faculties  is  lacking. 

The  angular  form  observed  m  the  lower  jaw  of  the  bull-dog, 
the  zebra,  the  South  African  dauro,  the  ass,  donkey,  and  quagga, 
denotes  in  these  animals  precisely  what  it  does  in  man.  The 
character  for  contrariness  of  all  these  animals  is  well  known,  added 
to  which  the  ass  and  donkey  are  somewhat  knavish  and  the  others 
fierce — both  states  of  undevelopment.  Now,  contrariness  in  man 
and  animals  indicates  a  lack  of  something  which  is  required  to 
balance  the  character.  Fierceness  in  men  and  animals  is  a  symp- 
tom of  undevelopment,  and  the  signs  of  these  defects  are  found  in 
the  same  place  in  the  physiognomies  of  both  these  classes.  They 
will  all  exhibit  more  or  less  of  the  perverse,  refractory,  unruly, 
antagonistic,  and  retroactive  traits  of  character. 

The  angular  jaw  is  a  perversion  of  the  square  form;  hence,  it 
exhibits  neither  the  steadfastness  of  square  bones,  nor  the  easy 
movements  of  round,  pliant  muscles.  It  is  an  unfortunate 
chemical  combination.  This  is  an  exemplification  of  the  law  of 
the  angle  misplaced.  That  is  to  say,  an  acute  angle  does  not 
normally  belong  to  this  feature.  It  should  be  gently  curved  to 
facilitate  ease  of  motion  in  speech,  etc.,  and  as  it  is  just  the  reverse 
of  this  normal  method  it  announces  contrariness  and  opposition 
both  in  speech  and  action.  The  basic  laws  of  Form  wherever 
applied  expound  the  character,  and  nowhere  are  they  more  strik- 
ingly revealed  and  proven  than  in  this  instance. 

PROGNATHOUS  JAWS. 

The  projection  forward  of  both  the  lower  and  upper  jaws 
which  is  observed  in  several  negro  tribes  is  prognathous  in  contra- 
distinction to  the  more  regular  and  perpendicular  form  of  jaws  and 
lips  observed  generally  in  the  Caucasian  race.  This  form,  termed 
by  anthropologists  "  Orthognathous,"  is  characteristic  of  the  ma- 
jority of  all  the  Caucasian  races,  the  European,  the  Anglo-saxon 
and  their  descendants.  Yet  among  all  these  races  the  prognathous 
jaws  are  frequently  met  with.  It  is,  I  believe,  the  most  frequent 
among  the  Irish  race,  and  is  also  found  in  other  European  people, 
among  whom  a  generous  diet  and  social  advantages  have  been 
absent  for  generations.  Now,  although  this  form  of  the  jaws 
belongs  by  virtue  of  evolution  to  savage  or  semi-barbarous  people, 
it  shows  up  in  every  civilized  country  among  those  who  have  been 
impoverished  for  generations  —  among  those  who  have  lacked 
ample  nutrition,  education,  refinement,  and  social  opportunities. 
This  is  why  it  is  so  frequently  met  with  among  the  poorest  of  the 
Irish  peasantry,  for  this  people  has  for  generations  been  deprived 


THE   FORMS   OF   THE  JAW.  793 

of  nearly  all  the  accessories  of  civilization,  and  this  long-continued 
impoyerishment  has  been  followed  naturally  by  degradation  of 
structure,  as  well  as  by  degradation  of  moral  and  mental  powers. 
This  long  arrest  of  development  has  resulted  in  a  genuine  "  atavism," 
or  reversion  to  savage  types,  for  it  has  been  observed  in  hundreds 
of  instances  by  many  observers  that  the  children  born  in  America 
of  parents  whose  jaws  (one  or  both)  were  prognathous  presented  a 
more  modified  and  comely  form  than  that  of  their  parents  or  elder 
brothers  and  sisters  born  under  the  disadvantages  of  the  serf  or 
peasant  modes  of  life.  In  this  case,  an  ample  diet  and  improved 
social  advantages  tended  to  bring  the  offspring  back  to  normal 
types  and  forms  from  which  they  had  retrograded  through  gener- 
ations of  deprivation. 

The  prognathism  of  the  negro  is  caused  by  an  exaggerated 
growth  forward  of  the  jaw-bone  and  teeth,  and  an  uncommon 
development  of  the  lips. 

Prognathism  of  the  upper  jaw  is  caused  by  an  outward  incli- 
nation of  the  upper  jaw-bone  and 
a  protrusion  of  the  teeth  and 
lip,  but  the  form  of  protrusion 
observed  among  the  Caucasians  is 
usually  somewhat  modified  from 
this  form.  In  these  cases  the 
chin  recedes  and  the  alveolar 
process  and  the  teeth  project  and 
are  met  by  a  similar  projection  of  fig.  i59-proqnathous  jaws. 
the  teeth  and  lips  of  the  upper  jaw. 

In  others  the  prognathism  is  apparent  only  in  the  projection 
forward  of  the  upper-jaw  teeth  and  lips. 

Some  jaws  are  very  decidedly  protrusive;  others  less  so. 
This  feature  thus  characterized  is  always  indicative  of  a  sort  of 
kindly,  generous,  or  easy,  good-natured  disposition,  which  is  doubt- 
less in  each  separate  case  the  compensation  for  a  defect  in  some 
other  faculty  and  feature,  for  all  notorious  exaggerations  of  feature 
or  faculty  are  defects  for  which  the  law  of  balance  of  compensation 
furnishes  a  remedy,  or  seeks  to  do  so  by  the  peculiar  development 
of  some  other  feature  and  faculty.  All  imperfections  of  the  mouth, 
the  jaws,  the  lips,  and  teeth  are  indications,  first,  of  inherited 
defects  of  the  nutritive  system ;  secondly,  of  existing  and  inherited 
defects  of  the  vocal  and  linguistic  capacities.  Inasmuch  as  the 
mouth  and  its  accessories  are  the  organs  both  of  alimentation  and 
speech,  it  follows  naturally  that  peculiarities  in  the  structure  of 
these  parts  would  be  the  indications  of  peculiarities  in  speech  and 
digestion.     The  inference  to  be  drawn  from  this  interaction  and 


794"  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

consensus  of  function  and  faculty  is  that  all  imperfections  and 
departures  from  the  normal  forms  of  structure  of  the  mouth,  jaws, 
etc.,  would  give  rise  to  defective  mental  powers.  This  is  the  case, 
as  exhibited  by  those  having  hare-lip,  crooked  mouths,  cleft-palate, 
too  thin  or  too  thick  lips,  a  mouth  disproportionally  small,  or  by 
lisping,  stammering,  or  hesitating  manner  of  speech,  all  of  which 
refer  to  mental  or  moral  defects.  The  theory  of  the  relation  of 
mental  and  moral  states  to  oral  conditions  is  sustained  by  the 
experience  of  prison  surgeons,  who  state  that  large  numbers  of 
professional  criminals  exhibit  defects  of  speech  of  various  sorts. 

Now,  prognathism  is  a  departure  from  the  normal  form  of  the 
Caucasian  jaw,  and  may  be  of  two  kinds,  dental  or  maxillary.  In 
the  former  the  teeth  rytily  project;  in  the  latter,  the  projection  is 
caused  by  the  elongation  of  the  jaw-bone.  The  negro's  jaw  is  an 
excellent  illustration  of  the  latter;  while  the  more  modified  form 
of  dental  prognathism  is  the  variety  most  frequently  observed  in 
civilized  communities.  The  evolution  of  the  lower  jaw-bone  as 
observed  from  infancy  to  adult  life  is  an  additional  proof  of  the 
above  assertions.  In  the  Caucasian  infant  the  lower  jaw  recedes 
greatly  from  the  line  of  closure  of  tlie  mouth;  later  it  assumes 
the  line  of  perpendicularity,  while  in  some  very  firm  characters  it 
projects  slightly  forward  of  this  line. 

Mons.  Quatrefages  asserts  that  "all  races  and  all  individuals  are 
more  or  less  prognathous."  My  observations  in  physiognomy  do 
not  corroborate  this  statement,  for  those  whose  teeth  close  evenly 
together  while  in  a  normal  position  cannot  be  said  to  possess  any 
degree  of  prognathism  whatever.  Those  whose  teeth  of  either 
jaw  project  one  beyond  the  other  are  in  that  degree  prog- 
nathous. 

I  am  aware  that  in  ill-balanced  characters  this  appearance  is 
frequently  met  with,  and  so  numerous  are  the  subjects  who  exhibit 
teeth  which  do  not  exactly  meet  that  they  form  a  majority  of  the 
human  family.  So  rarely  do  dentists  find  a  subject  whose  teeth 
do  thus  meet,  that  it  seems  to  be  the  prevalent  opinion  among 
them  that  this  is  the  normal  structure,  for  so  I  have  been  assured 
by  those  eminent  and  experienced  in  that  profession.  I  cannot 
accept  as  correct  their  opinion  upon  this  phenomenon  for  two 
reasons:  first,  because  a  cutting,  biting,  and  grinding  apparatus  is 
most  perfect  where  the  opposing  points  meet  exactly ;  secondly, 
because  in  the  best-balanced  pliysiognomies  the  incisor  teeth, 
which  are  intended  for  biting  and  cutting,  come  together  evenly  in 
the  act  of  closing  them  or  in  biting,  whereas  those  not  so  evenly 
balanced  exhibit  often  a  slight  projection  of  the  upper  over  the 
lower,  or  of  the  lower  beyond  the  upper  teeth.     A  critical  and  ex- 


THE  SIGNS  IN   THE   LIPS.  795 

tended  knowledge  of  scientific  physiognomy  is  needed  in  this  de- 
partment of  knowledge,  as  well  as  in  pathology  and  psychology, 
in  order  to  rectify  the  errors  constantly  made  by  those  who  take 
the  majority  of  existing  forms  as  proofs  of  perfection,  instead  of 
following  the  course  of  development  shown  by  the  combined 
sources  of  embryology,  evolution,  and  ethnography. 

PRor:\ATiiTR>f  OF  THE  LOWER  JAW-BONE  is  evidence  of  a  compara- 
tively undeveloped  mind ;  it  denotes  an  uneven  or  crude  disposition 
as  compared  with  those  possessing  the  normal  form  of  this  feature. 
Where  the  jaws  are  both  prognathous  they  can  very  materially 
assist  in  grasping,  and  in  this  case  are  a  true  prehensile  and  are 
analogous  to  the  same  function  in  the  ape  tribes.  Such  feature 
greatly  exaggerated  is  never  seen  associated  with  a  first-  or  even 
second-  class  intellect.  It  belongs  to  the  commonplace  or  inferior 
character.  The  slight  prognathism  of  the  upper  jaw,  which  I 
have  observed  in  the  physiognomies  of  many  excellent  persons 
of  good  intellect,  does  not  denote  the  grade  of  inferiority  indicated 
by  the  prognathism  of  the  lower  jaw,  while  it  is  always  evidence 
of  a  certain  degree  of  good-natured,  kindly  generosity. 

The  section  devoted  to  the  "Upper  Lip"  which  follows  gives 
all  necessary  information  in  regard  to  the  physiognomical  appear- 
ances of  the  upper  jaw ;  it  is  therefore  not  treated  of  separately. 

The  Signs  in  the  Lips. 

THE  UPPER   lip. 

When  we  wish  to  learn  the  signification  of  a  feature,  we  must 
first  observe  its  use  and  purpose  in  the  human  economy, — the 
tissues  of  which  it  is  composed,  and  its  mode  of  action.  Now  the 
lips,  as  before  remarked,  are  for  several  purposes.  Their  primal 
functions  in  the  human  family  are  mastication  and  articulation. 
All  other  uses  have  evolved  as  civilization  has  progressed,  and  tlius 
perfect  lips  have  become  the  indicators  of  a  grade  of  refinement^ 
the  absence  of  which  cannot  be  remedied  by  the  perfection  of  any 
or  of  all  the  other  features.  The  reason  is  obvious  and  may  be 
analyzed  thus :  The  mouth  and  lips  are  primary  features,  assistants 
to  the  most  primitive  of  all  the  functions, — digestion.  Now,  if 
these  features  reveal  a  high  grade  of  development  in  regarc^  to 
form,  size,  color,  and  quality,  it  is  an  infallible  sign  of  the  high 
grade  of  the  entire  personality^  as  a  result  of  civilization  and 
refinement.  Where  the  domestic  and  sympathetic  functions  and 
sentiments,  as  represented  by  the  mouth  and  lips,  are  perfected, 
we  shall  find  lovely  characteristics,  even  if  great  intellect  is  not 


796  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

present,  for  the  perfection  of  primitive  faculties  shows  a  fine  grade 
of  all  the  associated  faculties, — it  gilds  and  refines  all  the  others. 

The  lips  and  adjacent  parts  are  representative  of  the  fluids 
and  soft  tissues  of  the  body,  and  as  the  entire  body  is  built  up  by 
means  of  fluidic  action  the  importance  of  its  representatives  cannot 
be  ignored.  The  ancient  Greek  philosophers  recognized  fluids  as 
important  factors  of  human  character,  for  Sir  Charles  Bell  states 
that 

The  ingenious  reasoners  of  ancient  Greece  ascribed  tlie  diversity  of 
disposition  to  tlie  texture  of  tlie  frame,  not  to  tlie  features  nor  to  tlie  pro- 
portions or  sha[)e  of  tlie  skull,  but  rather  to  the  mixture  of  the  elements  of 
the  bod}^,  and  more  to  the  fluids  than  to  the  mlids.  These  distinctions, 
familiar  to  all,  have,  in  every  succeeding  age,  been  attributed  to  the  humors. 
When  we  speak  of  the  constitution^  the  temper,  the  humor  of  a  man,  we  are 
in  truth  adopting  the  language  of  Hippocrates,  who  treated  of  the  four 
radical  humors, — the  sanguineous,  phlegmatic,  choleric,  and  melancholic* 

The  lips,  in  order  to  express  harmonious  character,  must  be 
of  a  relative  proportion,  for,  says  Lavater: — 

All  disproportion  between  the  upper  and  lower  lip  is  the  sign  of  foil}' 
or  wickedness.  The  wisest  and  best  men  have  well-proportioned  upper  and 
under  lips.  Very  large  lips  always  denote  a  gross,  sensual,  indelicate,  and 
sometimes  a  stupid  and  wicked  man.f 

The  physiognomical  observer  will  find,  upon  comparing  irregu- 
larities of  the  mouth  and  teeth  with  their  associated  characters, 
that  they  are,  without  exception^  the  evidences  of  unbalanced  or 
abnormal  functions  and  traits,  for  when  the  primitive  {\mct\OTi^ 
and  faculties  are  of  a  low  grade  the  character  is  pitiable  and  im- 
poverished in  a  most  essential  part.  When  the  foundation  of  an 
edifice  is  weak  and  defective,  all  the  fine  gilding  and  painting  of 
the  walls  and  ceiling  will  not  compensate  for  this  defect.  If  one 
examine  the  features  of  Zola  or  Rabelais,  he  will  find  that  their 
intellectual  and  literary  ingenuity  is  saturated  with  the  grossness 
evolved  from  their  unrefined  domestic  and  sympathetic  faculties. 
Their  lips  and  mouths  are  physiognomically  eloquent,  for  the 
exaggerated  size  and  grossness  of  these  features,  together  with 
their  soft,  dimpled  chins,  reveal  the  source  of  their  filthy  lucubra- 
tions. Rembrandt,  the  great  artist,  discloses  also  great  grossness 
of  mouth  and^lips;  his  life  was  that  of  a  low  voluptuary,  and 
m^nyof  his  paintings  took  their  inspiration  from  this  part  of  his 
naturi  If  one  examine  the  lips  and  mouth  of  Mozart,  Goethe, 
Burns,  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  Addison,  Handel,  La  Bruyere,  Sir  Walter 
Scott,  Edward  Everett,  and  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson,  great  beauty 

•  Anatomy  of  Expression,  Sir  Charles  Bell,  p.  130.    Fowler  &  Wells,  New  York,  1883. 
t  Lavatei's  Essays,  p.  475. 


THE   SIGNS   IN   THE   LIPS.  797 

of  these  features  will  be  observed.     Of  the  latter,  Oliver  Wendell 
Holmes  remarked  that 

He  had  a  look  of  refinement  centring  about  the  lips  which  is  rarely 
found  in  the  male  New  Englander,  unless  the  family  features  have  been  for 
two  or  three  cultivated  generations  the  battleground  and  the  playground 
of  varied  thoughts  and  complex  emotions,  as  well  as  the  sensuous  and 
nutritive  port  of  entry. 

Let  one  compare  the  lips  of  Mad.  de  Stael  (Fig.  103),  of  An- 
gelica Kauffman,  or  of  William  Pitt  (Fig.  35),  with  those  of  the 
native  Tasmanian  woman  and  Mrs.  M.  (Fig.  60),  and  the  relative 
degrees  of  culture  and  refinement  in  these  two  classes  will  be  at 
once  apparent. 

The  unity  of  mind  and  body  is  nowhere  better  proven  than  in 
the  evolution  of  the  lips.  Continental  Europeans,  as  a  class,  are 
better  endowed  in  this  respect  than  Americans  or  English,  and  for 
the  reason  that  for  generations  the  cultivation  of  the  domestic 
sentiments  has  been  unrestrained,  and  the  fine  arts,  music,  paint- 
ing, and  the  drama  have  been  accessible  to  the  masses  for  ages. 
Whereas,  the  religions  oi  the  latter  race  have  tended  to  suppress 
the  display  of  emotions  of  all  sorts,  and  the  development  of  a  taste 
for  the  opera,  the  drama,  and  the  universal  cultivation  of  music 
have  not  been  fostered  as  upon  the  Continent,  hence  the  emotions, 
domestic  sentiments,  and  the  aesthetic  tastes  have  not  made  as  strong 
an  impress  upon  the  faces  of  the  descendants  of  these  peoples. 
A  most  remarkable  dift'erence  may  be  observed  between  the  lips  of 
the  Germans,  Italians,  and  Spanish,  and  those  of  the  English  and 
Americans.  In  the  former,  the  signs  for  Amativeness,  Love  of 
Young,  Sociality,  and  Sympathy,  together  with  Patriotism  and  Love 
of  Home,  in  the  chin  are  most  decided ;  in  the  latter,  much  less  so. 

The  muscles  of  the  mouth  and  lips,  being  extremely  flexible 
and  capable  of  describing  many  diverse  shapes,  we  may  naturally 
expect  that  permanent  expressions  will  follow  as  the  result  of  emo- 
tions and  speech  that  are  habitual ;  thus,  the  passions  of  rage, 
scorn,  envy,  and  malice,  if  often  indulged,  mark  their  presence 
upon  the  muscles  about  the  mouth,  and  the  subject  of  these  pas- 
sions cannot  escape  detection^  for  scientific  pliysiognomy,  in  teach- 
ing what  is  normal  and  what  is  abnormal  in  the  development  of 
the  facial  features,  lifts  the  mask  from  hypocrites,  whose  smiles 
only  serve  to  show  that  they  are  foreign  expressions  and  put  on 
the  outside  for  a  mash  to  cover  viciousness.  The  moral  of  this  is 
that  in  order  to  seem  amiable  we  must  become  so  in  reality.  The 
so-called  "upper  classes"  of  England  cultivate  what  they  term 
"repose"  of  manner  and  stolidity  of  expression,  and  suppress  all 
spontaneous  emotion  as  far  as  possible,  as  not  consistent  with  "high 


798  rRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

breeding."  This  kind  of  "breeding"  is  an  excellent  fashion  for 
dolts,  hypocrites,  and  criminals,  for  it  enables  them  to  hide  the 
play  of  the  muscles  of  the  face,  which  would  at  once  "give  them 
away  "  and  tear  the  mask  from  their  assumed  character  of  being 
"highly  bred."  All  true  thoroughbreds  can  make  it  apparent  that 
they  are  such,  not  by  self-suppression  but  by  self-assertion, — by 
naturalness, — and  nowhere  is  great  refinement  shown  so  strongly 
as  by  the  unrestrained  expression  of  the  lips  and  adjacent  parts. 
The  master  of  physiognomy,  Lavater,  had  great  opportunity  to 
study  the  manners  of  the  aristocracy  of  Europe,  and  he  probably 
had  some  of  them  in  mind  when  he  wrote  the  following : — 

Very  discreet,  very  cold,  or  very  dull,  but  never  truly  wise,  never 
warmly  animated,  never  capable  of  fine  sensibilities  or  tendencies,  are  those 
the  lines  of  whose  countenance  never  conspicuously  change.* 

The  movements  of  the  muscles  of  the  mouth,  lips,  and  adja- 
cent parts  are  highly  significant  of  character.  No  matter  how 
much  one  may  dissimulate,  these  movements  will  betray  innate  and 
habitual  states  of  mind,  even  should  the  speaker  assume  a  softness 
of  tone  and  amiability  of  manner  for  a  purpose ;  the  constrained 
and  unaccustomed  movements  of  these  muscles  will  reveal  the 
true  character  and  show  by  their  stift'ness  and  inapt  motions  that 
they  are  performing  a  part  not  habitual.  On  the  otlier  hand,  one 
may  derive  both  profit  and  pleasure  in  observing  the  play  of  muscles 
about  a  mouth  that  is  accustomed  to  use  sentiments  of  sincerity, 
amiability,  and  refinement.  To  watch  the  play  of  the  labial 
muscles  in  certain  faces,  which  the  world  terms  "homely,"  is  a 
treat  to  a  physiognomist.  I  do  not  say  that  all  ugly  faces  exhibit 
beautiful  movements  of  the  mouth,  but  there  are  some  counte- 
nances which  art  would  stamp  as  plain,  at  least,  that  to  the  scien- 
tific physiognomist  would  reveal  some  traits  of  surpassing  goodness 
and  sweetness;  and  these  traits  are  disclosed  more  by  the  move- 
ments of  the  mouth,  lips,  and  adjacent  parts  than  by  the  outlines 
of  the  features,  and  for  the  reason  that  all  of  the  domestic  and 
social  signs  of  character,  as  well  as  social  and  linguistic,  are  clus- 
tered about  the  lower  third  of  the  face. 

It  is  thus  shown  that  art-beauty  and  scientific  beauty  are  in 
some  cases  quite  different.  Science  is  intended  to  reveal  truth  ; 
hence  it  insists  upon  making  goodness  or  truth  the  synmiym  for 
beauty^  for,  says  Dr.  Cross : — 

All  living  beings  in  the  great  sum  of  things  have  their  ranks  in  the 
scale  of  life  on  the  same  level  of  elevation  with  their  physiognomical 
beauty ;  indeed,  the  correct  association  out  of  which  true  beauty  arises 
constitutes  the  science  of  physiognom3\f 


♦  Essay  on  Physiognomy,  p.  462. 

f  An  Attempt  to  Establish  Physiogn 


omy  on  Scientific  Principles,  J.  Cross,  M.D.,  p.  4. 


THE   SIGNS   IN   THE   LIPS.  799 

With  these  general  and  preliminary  remarks  I  will  now  pro- 
ceed to  the  analysis  and  description  of  the  lower  lip. 

THE   LOWER   LIP. 

The  part  of  the  face  which  lies  above  the  point  and  middle 
portions  of  the  chin  belongs  properly  to  the  lower  lip  by  virtue, 
hrst,  of  a  similarity  of  tissues,  the  dominant  ones  of  which  are 
glandular  and  fibroid ;  secondly,  by  reason  of  contiguity. 

In  all  properly-developed  human  beings  the  part  just  below 
and  toward  the  sides  of  the  red-colored  portion  of  the  lower  lip 
discloses  two  fine  signs  of  character,  viz.,  Love  of  Home  and  of 
Country.  When  this  part  is  full  these  traits  are  strong;  when 
this  part  is  flat  they  are  relatively  weak.  The  tissues  about  the 
lower  lip  are  soft,  caused  by  a  normal  supply  of  the  juices  sup- 
plied to  the  glands  in  this  portion  of  the  face ;  hence  these  traits 
would  be  here  indicated  which  disclose  faculties  of  an  emotional 
character,  such  emotions  as  glands,  fat,  and  muscle  in  combination 
would  create.  All  indications  about  the  mouth  and  its  immediate 
neighborhood  show  that  they  are  of  a  glandular,  fibrous,  and 
adipose  nature.  This  is  in  consequence  of  their  close  proximity 
to  the  mouth,  which  is  the  principal  facial  feature  concerned  in 
nutrition  or  alimentation.  A  glance  at  the  figure  that  describes 
the  glandular  formation  of  the  face  at  the  head  of  this  chapter 
will  show  how  greatly  the  mouth  and  adjacent  parts  depend  upon 
the  softer  tissues  and  muscles  for  the  power  to  masticate,  articulate, 
and  express  emotion,  as  well  by  movements  of  these  parts  in  pro- 
ducing vocal  sounds.  All  signs  whose  indications  are  situated  in 
muscular  or  glandular  tissues  are  shown  by  well-developed  full- 
ness of  the  part  involved.  Deficiency  is  known  by  flatness  or 
■  hollo  wness. 

We  have  learned  that  the  muscles  "drop  little  fibres"  all 
along  their  course  in  the  face,  so  we  shall  find  a  great  diversity  of 
expression  about  the  lower  lip  in  different  persons.  So  diverse  are 
these  forms  that  disputes  have  arisen  among  the  most  eminent 
anatomists  in  regard  to  the  number  of  muscles  comprised  in  the 
lips.  It  must  be  apparent  to  all  thouglitful  persons  that  as  each 
individual  mouth  is  associated  with  a  distinct  and  diverse  character 
(and  many  of  these  characters  widely  divergent  in  their  powers  and 
peculiarities),  so  each  mouth  would  present  an  entirely  distinct 
form  and  appearance.  This  is  really  the  case,  and  it  is  this  diver- 
sity of  labial  structure  that  had  led  anatomists  to  differ  so  radically 
in  their  opinions  and  descriptions  of  the  structure  of  the  lips. 

The  lower  lip  of  an  undeveloped,  miserly,  unsympathetic  in- 
dividual would  present  much  less  fibroid  and  glandular  development 


800  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTITIC   PHYSIOGNOMY 

than  the  lip  of  one  whose  character  was  precisely  the  opposite. 
Dissections  of  the  lower  lip  of  two  persons  thus  differing  in  struc- 
ture would  lead,  of  course,  to  entirely  conflicting  descriptions  of 
these  features.  Under  the  light  of  scientific  physiognomy  all  these 
discrepancies  are  cleared  away,  and  we  are  tlius  enabled  to  know 
that  a  description  of  one  pair  of  lips  will  not  suit  all  cases,  and 
that  only  a  general  description  of  the  labial  muscles  can  be  given. 
Swedenborg  has  noted  the  diflcrences  of  opinion  of  anatomists  on 
this  subject,  for  he  observes  that 

All  myologists  differ  both  in  their  plates,  descriptions,  and  jenumer- 
ations  of  the  labial  muscles.  Santorinus  saw  many  more  than  other  anato- 
mists. Verheyen  added  a  new  risor  muscle.  Winslow  discovered  several. 
"  So  much  variety,"  says  he,  "  is  met  within  the  muscles  of  the  lips  in 
different  subjects  that  it  is  not  surprising  that  anatomists  differ  in  their 
accounts.  In  some  subjects  portions  of  these  muscles  are  wanting  ;  in  some 
it  is  scarcely  possible  to  distinguish  them ;  in  others  there  are  particular 
fasciculi  which  are  not  generally  to  be  found."*  / 

Fortunately  for  the  cause  of  physiognomy  we  are  able  to 
study  the  racial  and  national  peculiarities  of  the  savage  face  from 
the  numberless  cuts  which  adorn  the  works  on  ethnology.  And 
in  civilization  art  is  the  handmaid  of  science  and  photography  aids 
our  scientific  study  of  the  face  by  its  numberless  "  counterfeit  pre- 
sentments "  of  all  classes  of  people,  and  thus  we  are  able  to  ob- 
serve the  labial  forms  of  those  who  are  or  have  been  eminent  in 
the  expression  of  Patriotism  and  Love  of  Home,  the  two  faculties 
whose  signs  lie  adjacent  to  and  just  below  the  lower  lip,  and,  in- 
deed, we  may  say  with  justice,  form  a  part  of  it. 

Patriotism,  or  love  of  country,  is  not  altogether  a  trait  of  civi- 
lization, neither  is  it  confined  exclusively  to  the  human  family,  al- 
though it  here  exhibits  its  highest  manifestation.  Various  animals 
exhibit  a  lively  affection  for  their  own  climate  as  well  as  for  their 
own  habitat  within  the  peculiar  zone  which  is  their  birthplace. 
This  is  their  form  of  patriotism.  Animals  manifest  a  strong  love 
of  country  in  many  ways  similar  to  man.  Many  animals  that  are 
carried  away  from  their  native  countries,  and  even  in  a  state  of 
freedom,  exhibit  intense  homesickness  and  often  die  from  the 
intensity  of  this  emotion. 

Fullness  of  the  lip,  as  seen  in  Figs.  25  and  26,  is  the  facial 
indication  of  love  of  one's  own  country.  It  is  wonderfully  de- 
veloped in  great  orators,  statesmen,  poets,  painters,  rulers,  leaders, 
and  reformers,  as  their  works  testify,  and  is  corroborated  by  their 
physiognomical  structure  of  the  lower  lip.  Some  men  have  this 
portion  of  their  face  concealed  by  a  beard,  hence  one  of  their  chief 

*  Animal  Kingdom,  Euiauuel  Swedenborg,  p.  63. 


THE   SIGNS   IN    THE   LIPS.  801 

facial  beauties  is  hidden ;  but  among  the  innumerable  persons  who 
have  shown  by  their  deeds,  as  well  as  by  their  words,  their  posses- 
sion of  this  trait,  I  may  mention  the  following,  taken  at  random 
from  portraits  before  me:  George  Washington,  Wm.  E.  Gladstone, 
Emperor  Alexander  II,  of  Russia;  Bismark,  von  Moltke,  Napo- 
leon I,  Lord  Brougham,  Henry  Grattan,  Thackeray,  Thos.  Moore, 
Goethe,  Rosa  Bonheur,  Robert  Burns,  Macaulay,  Count  Cavour, 
Ben.  Franklin,  Frederick  the  Great,  Fitz-Green  Halleck,  Daniel 
Webster,  Wm.  H.  Seward,  Lamartine,  Francis  Joseph,  of  Austria; 
Ericsson,  John  Quincy  Adams,  Harriet  Hosmer,  Admiral  Far- 
ragut,  Florence  Nightingale,  Walter  Scott,  Lady  Burdette-Coutts 
Bartlett-Coutts,  Abigail  xVdams,  John  Adams,  Henrj'  Clay,  Gerritt 
Smith,  Starr  King,  and  Bjorstjorne  Bjornson. 

All  truly  noble  characters  possess  this  trait,  and  in  many  com- 
prehensive philanthropists  it  widens  out,  and  such  minds  regard 
the  entire  world  as  their  country,  and  with  Thomas  Paine  they 
can  truly  say,  "The  world  is  my  country."  This  is  indeed  the 
highest  manifestation  of  patriotism. 

Under  the  centre  of  the  lower  lip,  and  between  the  signs  for 
Love  of  Home,  is  an  indentation  which  differs  in  depth  in  different 
faces.  Should  this  place  not  exhibit  an  indentation,  a  certain 
degree  of  symmetry,  of  beauty,  is  wanting;  and  as  all  physical 
and  facial  defects  argue  mental  or  moral  deficiencies,  so  we  shall 
find  that  the  cliaracter  whose  face  exhibits  no  indentation  here,  or 
who  shows  a  slight  fullness  instead  of  a  slight  depression,  is  not 
so  richly  endowed  with  good  sense,  true  sympathy  or  sensitiveness, 
as  where  this  part  exhibits  a  normal  indentation.  In  order  that 
the  lower  lip  should  curve^  and  also  that  the  levator  mend  muscle 
in  the  point  of  the  chin  should  round,  a  depression  must  neces- 
sarily exist  between  the  two  places.  If  it  does  not.  true  beauty 
and  true  sympathy  are  lacking. 

A  face  to  express  beauty,  strength,  and  fine  character  of  an 
artistic  nature,  must  abound  in  curves^  flexions,  indentations,  and 
undulations. 

A  face  to  express  beauty,  strength,  and  high  character  of  a 
mechanical  or  scientific  cast,  must  exhibit  both  curves  and  angles  ; 
but  it  must  disclose  one  curve  in  the  descent  from  the  forehead  to 
the  nose;  and  describe  two  curves  in  the  profile  outline  of  the 
chin, — one  curve  of  the  lower  lip,  the  other  a  curve  of  the  point 
or  lowest  portion  of  the  chin. 

A  handsome  or  well-formed  lower  lip  is  of  unspeakable  physi- 
ognomical value,  as  it  reveals  a  high  grade  of  character  in  a  cer- 
tain direction,  as  well  as  being  the  indicator  of  general  refinement. 

If  the  primitive  or  vegetative  faculties  have  become  refined 

61 


802  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

by  ages  of  culture,  this  development  will  be  revealed  in  the  mouth 
and  lips  pre-eminently ;  hence  it  follows  that  if  the  lips  exhibit  an 
abnormal  form  or  a  lack  of  development,  the  social,  sympathetic,  and 
domestic  faculties  are  correspondingly  defective.  No  better  proof 
of  this  statement  can  be  had  than  by  reference  to  the  lips  and  mouth 
of  undeveloped,  immature,  criminal,  miserly  or  unsympathetic  per- 
sons, and  by  comparing  them  with  those  of  the  most  refined. 

THE   EMBRYONIC    LOWER   LIP. 

The  mouth,  in  the  early  stages  of  embryonic  life,  is  a  rela- 
tively large,  irregularly  sliaped  opening  (Fig.  150),  occupying  nearly 
the  whole  of  the  space  which  is  afterward  the  region  in  which  the 
facial  features  make  their  appearance.  Later  in  gestation,  the 
development  of  the  body  and  bodily  organs  produces  the  develop- 
ment of  the  facial  features,  for  organ  and  function  develop  or 
appear  simultaneously  with  facial  feature  and  mental  faculty.  The 
figure  quoted  shows  how  exceedingly  low  in  development  the  lips 
are,  while  the  internal  visceral  organs  concerned  in  digestion  are 
as  yet  unperfected.  This  knowledge  is  a  part  of  the  science  of 
evolution,  and,  taken  in  connection  with  the  science  of  physiog- 
nomy, it  throws  a  fiood  of  light  upon  the  signification,  not  only  of 
mental  signs  in  the  face,  but  also  gives  us  a  great  amount  of 
knowledge  as  to  the  facial  signs  of  the  visceral  organs,  which  I 
have  discovered  and  localized. 

I  introduce  the  above  figure  in  order  that  a  general  knowl- 
edge of  the  evolution  of  tlie  mouth  and  lips  may  be  had,  and 
thus  by  following  systematically  the  onward  progress  of  these 
features  to  infancy,  thence  along  up  to  the  highest  development 
possible  to  humanity  as  it  now  exists.  From  this  rich  and  high 
growth  I  propose  to  show  their  retroversion  or  degradation  to 
abnormal,  impoverished  and  criminal  types,  such  as  are  exhibited 
in  the  countenances  of  the  idiotic,  the  feeble-minded,  the  miserly, 
the  unsympathetic  and  otherwise  defectively  organized  beings,  and 
which  are  the  result  of  long-continued  abuse  or  misuse  of  the 
bodUy  organs  and  functions;  and  as  these  internal  organs  develop 
progressively  as  the  features  develop,  so  tlieir  degradation  caused 
by  unhygienic  modes  of  life  is  registered  in  the  face,  for  this  is  the 
dial  or  register  of  what  is  contained  in  the  mind.  Long-continued 
want  of  nourishing  food  produces  such  impoverishment  of  the 
general  system  as  to  mark  its  conditions  upon  the  lips,  teeth,  cheeks, 
and  gums;  so,  also,  a  bountiful  supply  of  good,  nourishing  food  for 
generations  makes  its  effects  felt  both  in  the  internal  form  and 
action  of  the  alimentary  system,  and  also  stamps  its  effects  upon 
the  external  contour  of  the  body,  and  finally  registers  this  condi- 


THE   SIGNS   IN   THE   LIPS. 


803 


tion  in  the  shape  of  the  mouth  and  hps,  the  external  and  facial 
features  and  organs  of  nutrition  and  of  digestion. 

In  the  figure  spoken  of  there  are  no  indications  of  lips.  It  is 
only  later  in  embryonic  life  that  these  features  are  evolved,  and  at 
birth  the  normal  infant  exhibits  full,  red,  moist  lips.  The  infantile 
state  being  pre-eminently  the  age  of  alimentation,  its  facial  signs 
would  be  naturally  more  prominent  than  any  others;  such  is  the 
case  as  observed  in  well-nourished  infants. 


INFANTILE    LOWER   LIP. 

The  lower  lip  of  all  normal  infants  is  full,  pouting,  rosy,  and 
moist.  If  well  nourished  and  the"  digestion  perfect,  this  appear- 
ance continues  to  the  adult  stage,  and  shows  that  tlie  glandular 
system  is  normal  and  creating  warmth,  color,  and  adipose  tissue 


^ 


PlO.  leO.— MARY  AND  SUSIE, 

with  which  to  clothe  the  bony  framework  of  the  child.  The  re- 
region  about  the  mouth,  especially  at  its  comers,  is  full,  and  a  soft 
cushion  of  fat  appears  in  which  several  beguiling  little  dimples 
nestle  cosily,  and  speak  only  of  /ewe  and  hunger^  the  two  most 
pressing  demands  alike  of  infant  and  adult, — the  two  great  forces 
which  underlie  life  and  in  their  results  rule  the  world. 

Undeveloped  or  immature  infants  present  less  labial  develop- 
ment at  birth,  with  not  so  much  beauty  of  form  and  color  as  nor- 
mal infants,  and,  when  the  system  has  become  impoverished  by 
wasting  disease,  there  is  a  falling  off  in  size  and  color,  and  the 
shape  of  the  lips  presents  a  less  beautiful  appearance  than  when 
in  health.     The  distended  mouth  of  a  crying  infant  appears  some- 


804  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

what  like  the  irregular  opening  of  the  embryonic  form.  In  laugh- 
ing, the  lips  and  mouth  form  curves  of  beauty,  proving  that  the 
latter  act  is  normal ;  the  former  act  not  so  much  so. 

Happiness  and  comfort  are  the  ultimate  aims  of  life ;  laughter 
is  the  normal  expression  of  both ;  crying,  the  natural  outlet  for 
pain  and  suffering.  The  one  creates  strength  and  beauty;  the 
other,  in  excess,  weakness  and  ugliness. 

The  lower  lip  is  the  facial  sign  for  the  glandular  system,  and, 
as  the  chief  office  of  all  glands  is  to  secrete  liquid  material  for  the 
upbuilding  of  the  tissues  of  the  body,  we  shall,  therefore,  expect 
that  the  lips  of  those  who  live  mainly  upon  liquid  foods,  or  who 
indulge  greatly  in  soups,  sauces,  milk,  ale,  beer,  lemonade,  etc., 
would  disclose  this  propensity.  '  Observation  of  the  mouth  and  lips 
of  those  who  live  mainly  upon  a  liquid  diet  reveals  this  taste  by 
the  large  size  of  the  mouth  and  the  development  of  the  lips,  par- 
ticularly of  the  lower  lip.  Comparison  of  this  class  of  mouths 
with  those  who  are  poor  feeders  and  whose  digestion  is  feeble  will 
show  us  the  form  and  color  of  the  mouth  and  lips  just  the  reverse 
of  the  former.  Infants  are  liquid  feeders,  hence  their  mouths  are 
relatively  large  and  flexible.  The  intellect  has  not  as  yet  attained 
sufficient  power  to  shape  it  into  intelligent  expressions,  but  when  the 
child  begins  to  talk  and  think  the  lips  and  mouth  assume  more  intel- 
ligent forms,  and  after  the  diet  changes  from  a  liquid  to  solid  nutri- 
ment the  shape  of  the  lips,  cheeks,  and  corners  of  the  mouth  change 
materially,  the  globose  form  of  the  infant's  cheeks  is  changed  to  a 
more  artistic  curve,  and  the  lips  are  not  so  pouting. 

The  lower  lip  has  many  uses  besides  those  of  mastication, 
tasting,  and  articulation.  Its  changes  in  form  and  color  denote 
pathological  conditions  of  great  service  to  the  physician  in  detect- 
ing and  diagnosing  certain  diseases,  such  as  fevers,  etc.  Its  size 
and  color  in  the  healthy  subject  announce  power  in  the  direction 
of  digestion,  and  so  we  come  to  consider  the  gustatory  lip. 

THE  GUSTATORY   LIP. 

The  sort  of  lower  lip  which  detects  flavors  and  enjoys 
drinking  and  eating  is  full,  protrusive, 
red,  and  moist.  The  line  of  closure  will 
be  of  varying  form  according  to  the 
character  of  the  subject.  As  a  rule, 
however,  the  largest  eaters  have  the 
largest  mouths  and  the  fullest  lips. 
Nesrroes  make  ofood  cooks,  and  are  ffood 

Fm.  161.— ALEXANDRE  DUMAS.       .     P  n     n     ^  -,  5^""^ 

judges   01    flavors,   and    possess    large 
mouths  and  lips.     Individuals  with  small  mouths  (if  the  lips  are  full 


THE    SIGNS    IN    THE    LIPS.  805 

and  red)  have  considerable  gustatory  power  and  excellent  diges- 
tion, as  the  lower  lip  is  the  facial  sign  for  glandular  action,  as 
well  as  of  the  sentiments  and  feelings  which  flow  from  a  well- 
nourished  organization.  We  have  seen  formerly  that  an  organism 
full  of  ricli,  warm  blood  and  juices,  and  supplied  with  strong 
'  fibres  and  warm  tissues,  is  more  actively  helpful,  sympathetic,  and 
sociable  than  one  whose  body  is  wanting  in  blood;  color,  warmth, 
and  strength.  We  shall  expect  to  find,  then,  that  those  who  dis- 
close the  facial  sign  large  for  the  glandular  system  will  exhibit  more 
sociability,  more  linguistic  taste  and  capacity,  hence  greater  desire 
for  associating  with  others  at  meal-times  and  in  social  converse. 

This  combination  of  traits  would  naturally  have  their  signs 
registered  in  the  face  and  upon  features  devoted  to  their  exercise, 
viz.,  upon  the  mouth  and  lips ;  hence  it  will  now  be  in  order  to 
investigate  the  "sociable  lip." 

THE    SOCIABLE    LIP. 

This  lip,  by  its  size,  color,  texture,  and  moisture,  tells  us  of 
the  internal  alimentai'y  condition. 

A  very  full  and  red  lower  lip  of  coarse  quality  discloses  a  great 
eater  and  talker  (if  the  mouth  be  large).    If  the  quality  or  texture 
of  the  skin  be  fine,  with  this  appearance,  sym- 
pathy, generosity,  and  sociability  will  be  pres-  * 
ent,  and  the  language  chaste  and  refined. 

There  is  a  nice  distinction  to  be  made 
between  sociability  and  friendliness.  Examina- 
tion of  the  conduct  of  some  shows  them  to  be 
of  a  chatty,  talkative  disposition,  yet  lacldng  in 
the  active  offices  of  friendship.  This  class  wilijam  pitt. 
will  disclose  a  full  lower  lip,  usually  a  well- 
developed  upper  lip,  but  with  flat  upper  cheeks  where  the 
sign  for  Friendship  is  situated ;  while  others  will  exhibit  both 
sociable  traits  and  an  active,  friendly  spirit.  The  latter  are  char- 
acterized by  both  a  full,  rounding,  red  lower  lip,  and  a  full  upper 
cheek,  the  signs  for  Ijanguage  and  Friendship.  It  is  by  under- 
standing the  development  of  the  several  facial  signs  which  renders 
the  knowledge  of  individual  peculiarities  so  easy  of  comprehension. 

THE   LINGUISTIC   LOWER   LIP. 

The  lip  which  approaches  most  nearly  to  the  normal  form 
and  size,  if  of  fine  quality  and  of  bright,  healthy  color,  is  the 
best  adapted  to  language.  All  great  orators  and  actors,  as  well 
as  brilliant  conversationists,  exhibit  well-formed  and  well-propor- 
tioned lips  of  a  normal  color,  thus  showing  the  activity  of  the  blood 


806 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


and  juices  of  the  body.     This  activity  gives  warmth,  fervor,  and 

enthusiasm  to  the  language,  and  thus  the  speaker  is  able  to  impress 

his  hearers  more  forcibly  than  he  who  speaks 

in  a  weak,  faltering,  hesitating,  lackadaisical 

manner. 

The  linguistic  lip  is  well  curved,  firm  in 
appearance, — that  is  to  say^,  not  flaccid  or 
loose, — of  a  bright-red  color,  and  the  mouth 
relatively  wide. 

The  linguistic  lip  and  the  sympathetic  lip 
are  somewhat  similar  in  shape,  for  "out  of 
the  fullness  of  the  heart  the  mouth  speaketh," 
and  a  sympathetic  person  will  be  often  prompted  to  eloquence  in 
pleading  the  cause  of  the  sufl:ering.  No  one  can  succeed  as  a 
pleader  or  persuader  whose  lips  are  thin,  pallid,  dry,  and  ill-shapen; 
such  a  one  will  not  succeed  as  a  lawyer,  minister,  auctioneer,  or 
book-canvasser. 


Fig.  163. 
De  WITT  TALMAGE. 


Fig.  164.-JTJLES  FAVRE. 


THE   WITTY    LOWER   LIP. 

This  form  of  lip  shows  a  depression  through  the  centre.  It 
is  an  unfailing  indication  of  wit  and  mirth. 

Lips  too  large  cannot  enunciate  clearly 
and  concisely,  hence  the  tones  are  tliick  and 
blubbering,  like  "Brudder  Bones,"  of  the 
negro  minstrels.  Lips  which  are  too  thin 
are  too  weak  to  produce  strong  tones,  and 
so  emit  faint  and  sharp  notes,  which  fail  to 
command  respect.  A  voice  which  is  rich, 
full,  and  clear  always  commands  the  atten- 
tion and  respect  of  the  listener. 

Good  orators,  actors,  and  singers  not  only  exhibit  full 
lips,  but  the  parts  adjacent  to  the  mouth  are  well  developed ;  par- 
ticularly is  this  the  case  below  the  lower  lip  at  its  sides,  where  the 
signs  for  Patriotism  and  Love  of  Home  are  situated.  The  centre 
of  the  upper  lip  is  also  full  at  the  sign  for  Amativeness,  and  these 
traits  in  their  combined  power  yield  to  the  speaker  a  rich  endow- 
ment of  sentimental  emotion,  which,  when  portrayed  by  the  actor 
or  orator,  never  fail  to  arouse  the  feelings  of  the  audience  to  the 
highest  and  most  spontaneous  enthusiasm. 

THE   BENEVOLENT    OR    SYMPATHETIC   LOWER   LIP. 

There  are  so  many  forms  of  the  benevolent  or  sympathetic 
lip  that  it  would  be  impossible  to  describe  more  than  those  most 
commonly  observed.     Sympathy  may  always  be  predicated  where 


THE   SIGNS   IN   THE   LIPS.  807 

the  lower  lip  presents  a  normal  fullness,  normal  color,  and  is  moist, 

or  has  a  fresh  appearance.     A  lower  lip  which  is  congenitally  thin, 

pallid,  and  dry   hetokens  a  want  of  sympathy  through  lack  of 

bodily  vigor  and  power.     Let  it  be  understood,  however,  that  finely 

organized   persons — those    in    whom    the 

brain    system    is    dominant — will   exhibit 

relatively   less   size   of  tJie  lip,  but  more 

power,  by  virtue  of  quality  or  fineness  and 

keenness    of  organization    and   sensation. 

Many  of  the  latter  class  possess  far  more 

sympathy  and    benevolence   than   a   big-      fig.  i6o.-wilberforce. 

lipped  negro,  or  a  coarse,  burly,  thick-lipped 

gormand.     The  mental  class  show  their  benevolence  in  a  mental 

manner  by  wise  plans  and  schemes  for  the  amelioration  of  large 

numbers  of  the  needy,  and  this  may  be  known  by  the  general 

signs  for  the  brain  system. 

The  general  form  of  this  lip  is  elliptical  in  its  outward  curve, 
and  slightly  arched  from  corner  to  corner.  The  reader  will  observe 
more  and  more  as  he  progresses  in  the  study  of  the  face  that  arches 
and  curves  in  the  facial  features  indicate  activity,  health,  and 
beauty;  the  lack  of  them  relatively  less  health,  activity,  and 
beauty.  Exaggerations  of  the  normal  size  denote  either  coarseness, 
stupidity,  or  lack  of  activity,  and  consequently  less  beauty. 

If  the  lower  lip  is  exceedingly  protrusive  and  the  quality  of 
the  skin  coarse,  there  will  be  less  sympathy  and  benevolence,  and 
more  of  selfishness,  gluttony,  and  sensuality,  together  with  a  great 
capacity  for  "gab,"  instead  of  reasonable  conversation. 

Where  the  texture  of  the  skin  is  fine  and  the  lower  lip  very 
full,  a  great  deal  of  generous  feeling  will  be  manifested.  This 
exaggeration  of  tlie  normal  size  is  due  to  the  action  of  the  law  of 
compensation.  Usually  where  these  appearances  are  noted  we 
shall  find  a  deficiency  in  the  structure  of  the  cldn,  which  is  in  such 
cases  very  receding,  thus  indicating  a  want  of  firmness;  or  it 
may  be  narrow,  showing  lack  of  justice;  or  it  may  be  both  short 
and  narrow,  denoting  absence  of  both  these  faculties.  The  very 
full  under  lip  is  usually  associated  with  a  small  or  receding  chin. 
A  normally-shaped  chin  needs  no  counterbalancing  effect  of  undue 
benevolence,  for  a  balanced  justice  and  conscientiousness  will  see 
that  whatever  is  due  to  others  shall  be  meted  out  to  them.  Still, 
I  have  known  many  lovely  cliaracters  who  exhibited  this  unbal- 
anced form  of  lip;  they  were  very  kind  and  generous,  but  not 
firm,  persevering,  nor  severely  strict  in  their  demands  for  justice. 
Their  moral  conduct  came  from  the  strength  of  their  other  faculties, 
and  from  the  warmth  of  their  affections.     It  is  in  these  ways  that 


808  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMr. 

Nature  endeavors  to  level  up  or  balance  each  character  which  is 
possessed  of  faculties  which  are  excessively  strong  or  excessively 
weak. 

There  are  many  phases  of  the  sympathetic  feeling,  and  it  is 
manifested  in  a  variety  of  ways.  Some  feel  and  do  for  others; 
some  sympathize  and  give  of  their  means;  while  others  talk^  plan, 
and  ivrite  for  the  distressed,  or  use  their  influence  and  position  to 
assist  the  needy.  Another  class  become  missionaries,  and  endeavor 
to  save  souls.  Still  another  class  become  socialists,  and  strive  to 
save  bodies.  Others  look  entirely  to  mental  improvement,  and  thus 
this  feeling  fortunately  shows  in  as  many  ways  as  there  are  human 
needs.  The  signs  of  character  in  combination  with  each  individual 
lip  will  show  whether  sympathy,  generosity,  benevolence,  or  philan- 
thropy will  be  manifested,  for  all  these  are  different  phases  of  the 
same  faculty. 

The  lower  lip,  which  presents  the  most  normal  form  of  sym- 
pathy, is  also  the  best  for  conversation  and  oratory. 

THE   SECRETIVE    LOWER    LIP. 

Secretiveness  has  its  signs  in  botli  lips,  as  well  as  in  the  shape 
of  the  Une  of  closure  of  the  mouth.     The  signs  of  concealment  in 
the  lower  lip  are  known  by  thinness  and  sometimes 
dryness  of  the  red  part,  which   is  concealed   from 
view  when  the  mouth  is  closed. 

Small  mouths,  with  thin,  pallid  lips  are  ex- 
tremely uncommunicative.  When  we  reflect  that 
A  CONVICT.  the  lips  and  mouth  are  used  for  many  purposes, 
we  can  easily  understand  why  a  defectively  con- 
structed lip  indicates  a  lack  of  linguistic  and  other  capacities.  The 
mouth  and  lips  assist  gustatoiy  taste,  singing,  talking,  whistling, 
crying,  laughing,  chirping,  groaning,  shouting,  playing  upon 
musical  instruments,  and  often  are  used  as  a  prehensile  implement 
to  grasp  and  hold  on  to  objects.  From  this  exhibit  of  the  func- 
tions of  the  mouth  and  lips,  we  can  estimate  to  a  nice  degree  how 
much  power  and  variety  of  movement  inheres  in  a  well-developed 
pair  of  lips,  and  also  how  much  less  expression  in  many  directions 
one  is  capable  of  whose  lips  are  lacking  in  normal  development. 
It  has  been  said  that  the  oyster  in  one  respect  knows  more  than 
man — it  knows  when  to  sliut  up.  This  may  be  true,  but  it  is 
evident  that,  unlike  the  man,  it  does  not  always  know  when  to  open 
its  mouth,  else  it  would  not  be  so  often  devoured  by  its  aquatic 
enemies,  which  are  lying  in  wait  for  just  this  injudicious  act  on 
the  part  of  the  oyster. 

Nature  has  been  extremely  kind  to  defectively  organized  or 


THE   SIGNS  IN   THE   LIPS.  809 

unbalanced  beings  by  bringing  to  bear  upon  their  cases  the  law  of 
compensation;  for  when  we  find  a  very  uncommonly  defective 
person, — one  who  is  wanting  either  in  mental,  moral,  or  practical 
power, — we  observe  that  the  law  of  compensation  steps  in  to  his 
aid  and  shuts  the  mouth  tightly,  and  such  beings  are  very  chary 
of  opening  the  mouth  to  discuss  any  subject  which  may  be  under 
consideration  in  their  presence,  Ibr  should  they,  like  the  oyster, 
unguardedly  open  their  mouth,  their  lack  of  logic,  or  reason,  or 
truth,  or  common  sense  would  be  at  once  apparent;  hence,  the 
meaning  of  large  Secretiveness  is  self-explanatory — there  is  some- 
thing to  hide. 

The  form  of  the  secretive  lower  lip  is  various,  depending 
upon  the  general  corporeal  development  observed  in  each  subject. 
Sometimes  the  line  of  closure  forms  an  arched  shape,  thus :  ^^. 
In  others  it  is  just  a  simple  horizontal  cleft,  as  if  cut  with  a  knife. 

The  lips  of  secretive  people  are  usually  firm,  and  seem  held 
in  constraint  by  the  force  of  the  will.  This  is  really  true,  for  such 
persons  are  constantly  on  guard,  and  when  under  any  powerful 
emotion  they  give  way  to  speech  they  will  make  the  most  astound- 
ing disclosures,  such  as  no  well-balanced  judicious  mind  would 
ever  communicate. 

Secretive  people  are  very  fond  of  knowing  other  people's 
affairs,  and  will  listen  with  avidity  to  all  that  is  said;  sometimes 
even  getting  in  close  proximity  to  the  key-hole  in  their  greed  for 
knowledge,  and  when  they  are  seized  with  a  gushing  impulse  they 
are  quite  as  apt  to  reveal  the  affairs  of  others  as  well  as  their  own. 

Those  who  have  cultivated  Secretiveness  for  a  number  of 
years  shut  the  mouth  closely,  and  shut  in  all  or  nearly  all  of  the 
red  of  the  upper  lip,  and  sometimes  nearly  all  of  the  red  of  the 
under  lip,  which  is  revealed  when  the  mouth  is  opened. 

There  are  other  facial  signs  of  Secretiveness;  these  will  be 
treated  in  their  proper  order. 

THE    CRIMINAL    LOWER    LIP. 

The  lower  lip  of  congenital  criminals  is  almost  always  dis- 
proportionally  small  and  thin,  or  else  greatly  exaggerated  in  size. 
Often  the  two  Ups  are  unequal  in  size  and  the  line  of  closure 
irregular,  crooked  on  one  side,  or  raised  up  or  lowered  at  one 
corner,  or  by  some  irregular  or  ugly  shape  testify  to  their  departure 
from  a  normal  form. 

In  some  cases  the  upper  lip  is  thin  and  pallid,  and  seems 
drawn  to  the  lower  one  as  if  by  a  cord;  the  sympathetic  traits 
are  absent,  and  the  faculty  of  Benevolence  will  be  wanting. 

A  lower  lip  which  describes  a  bias  form — that  is,  one  which 


810  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY 

rises  upward  at  one  side  from  the  centre,  while  the  other  side 
remains  straight  or  horizontal — is  false,  untruthful,  prevaricating, 
and  unreliable  ;  that  is  to  say,  when  it  is  congenital. 

Criminals  usually  show  their  depravity  most  in  the  mouth 
and  eyes.  These  features  are  mobile  and  flexible  to  such  an 
extent  that  they  can  be  greatly  changed  from  their  normal  form,  as 
we  often  observe  in  the  countenances  about  us.  Congenital 
crookedness  of  these  two  features  argues  crookedness  in  speech, 
inasmuch  as  these  are  the  facial  signs  of  Language,  and  both 
dependent  upon  the  muscular  system  mainly  for  their  power  to 
perform  movements.  Now,  one  may  be  perfectly  honest  in  regard 
to  the  payment  of  just  dues  (if  his  bones  be  straight  and  square  he 
will  be  inclined  to  this  principle),  but  if,  at  the  same  time,  his  eyes 
are  crooked,  one  looking  in  one  direction  and  the  other  in  another 
direction,  or  liis  mouth  awry,  he  will  be  inclined  to  falsify  and 
misrepresent  the  truth,  even  when  the  truth  would  serve  him 
better. 

All  crookedness  of  the  muscles  indicates  either  crookedness 
of  the  language  or  lack  of  sexual  morality.  The  lower  joint  of 
the  leg  of  a  natural  rake  is  often  observed  to  be  crooked,  and  this 
appearance  of  this  limb  is  an  unfailing  indication  of  licentiousness 
or  unbridled  passion.  The  law  of  "  Skewism "  or  "  Sinistrality " 
throws  out  its  warning  signals  upon  various  parts  of  the  face  and 
body.  Even  the  crooked  position  of  the  feet,  or  the  shoulders,  if 
sloped  too  narrowly,  announce  the  crooked  or  slippery  nature  of 
those  thus  characterized ;  and  thus  Nature,  provident  mother  that 
she  is,  forewarns  us,  by  these  danger-signals,  of  tlie  presence  of 
immorality,  and  in  this  manner  attempts  to  guard  her  children 
from  the  sin  of  reproducing  progeny  from  such  defective 
types. 

The  laws  of  Form,  when  applied  to  every  part  and  feature  of 
the  human  being,  will  unfold  the  entire  character,  and  we  shall  be 
able  by  this  test  to  know  in  just  what  manner  or  method  a  man 
thinks ;  for,  says  one  of  the  greatest  of  artists : — 

A  man  generally  thinks  according  to  his  formation,  and  not  only  does 
he  think  according  to  his  formation,  but  he  acts  and  works  in  accordance 
therewith. 

A  knowledge  of  the  laws  of  Form,  together  with  the  inherent 
meaning  of  the  geometric  elements  of  Form  as  applied  to  the  human 
face  and  body,  will  enable  young  people  to  avoid  intermarriage  with 
crooked,  criminal,  weak,  and  defectively-organized  beings.  It  is 
in  this  manner  that  scientijic  selection  will  supplant  the  slower  and 
less  certain  method  of  "natural  selection,"  the  method  now  pur- 


THE   SIGNS   IN   THE   LIPS.  811 

sued  by  the  law  of  evolution  in  the  attempt  to  carry  forward  the 
race  to  physical,  moral,  and  mental  perfection. 

A  flaccid,  loose,  flabhy  lower  lip  is  also  a  sign  of  weakness, . 
and  denotes  both  a  lack  of  gustatory  taste  and  deficient  linguistic 
ability;  if  it  be  pale  as  well  as  flaccid,  a  dyspeptic  or  consumptive 
tendency  may  be  infen-ed.     Lavater  observes  of    this  condition, 
that 

A  perfect  agreement  may  be  observed  between  the  lips  and  the  char- 
acter ;  whether  the}'  be  firm  or  soft  and  flexible,  the  character  is  always  of 
an  analogous  description.* 

Lips  that  jerk,  twitch,  or  quiver,  or  that  are  tremulous  (when 
they  are  not  the  eflects  of  nervous  shock)  are  signs  of  either  imbe- 
cility, weak-mindedness,  debauchery,  or  criminal  tendencies.  All 
these  phenomena  are  the  reverse  of  the  normal  condition,  and  when 
a  feature  is  precisely  opposite  to  what  is  normal  it  has  its  origin 
in  weakness  or  criminality,  or  both. 

THE  UNDEVELOPED   LOWER   LIP. 

There  are  many  diverse  forms  of  undevelopment  of  the  lower 
lip,  each  of  which  signifies  a  certain  sort  of  deficiency  either  in 
sympathy,  gustatory  power,  or  vocality. 

A  tiiin,  flat,  dry,  pallid  lower  lip,  with  a  disproportionally 
small  mouth,  signifies  relative  lack  of  digestive  capacity,  together 
with  absence  of  the  sense  of  flavor,  taste, 

etc.,  also  relatively  feeble  linguistic  powers  ^^Ajlffiw^fi^^^ 

with  small  amount  of  sympathetic  feeling.         OTll&M/'^IS»^ffik 
If  the  lower  lip  be  thin,  flat,  and  red,  and        ^Mlli^^'^ 
the  mouth  of  normal  width,  the  gusta-        T     ^  ^yw^^^^m 
tory  capacity  will  be  greater  than  in  the  ^^^P'J^^mX' 

former  case,  and   the  sympathies  more  ^  "^^m^^F 

active.     Many  misers  and  hermits  exhibit  \^i^^^^ 

undeveloped  lips,  thus  showing  the  ab-  ^^^^^^^^1^ 

sence  of   those  beautiful  domestic  traits  /^z^^""'^^^  ^^ 

the  possession   of  whicli  lead   men  and         /'"^  "- 

women    to    desire   family   and    friendly     fig.  i67.-a  bashkir.    (After 
associations.     When  a  character   shows  Lavater.) 

by  the  impoverishment  of  his  lips  that  he  is  deficient  in  benevolence" 
or  sympathy,  love  of  home,  of  country,  of  children,  and  of  the 
opposite  sex,  he  is  poor  indeed,  and  does  well  to  hide  himself  away 
in  hut  or  cave.  His  company  could  benefit  no  one,  and  probably 
he  could  not  be  much  benefited  by  the  society  of  others.  Such 
beings  instinctively  feel  their    deficiencies,  and,  like   some   sick 

*  Lavater's  Essays,  p.  190. 


812  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

animals,  they  withdraw  themselves  from  the  society  of  those  to 
whom  they  would  be  only  a  nuisance. 

There  are  many  grades  of  undevelopment  shown  in  the  lower 
lip,  and  in  proportion  as  it  is  lacking  in  size,  color,  form,  and 
moisture  will  the  character  be  wanting  in  some  one  or  more  of 
the  traits  whose  signs  are  situated  upon  and  about  the  region  of 
the  lower  lip.  In  some,  the  lip  is  observed  to  be  habitually  dry. 
This  peculiarity  indicates  a  close-fisted  character ;  one  whose  heart 
will  never  run  away  with  his  head. 

Moisture  of  the  lips  denotes  activity  of  the  glands,  which  are 
the  sustaining  powers  of  the  domestic  emotions.  Accidental  dry- 
ness of  the  lower  lip  denotes  some  pathological  disturbance  of  the 
glandular  system;  so,  also,  does  change  of  color.  Physicians 
understand  the  significance  of  labial  changes  and  are  influenced 
by  them  in  their  diagnosis  and  prognosis  of  various  diseases. 

When  both  lips  are  undeveloped,  there  is  very  little  red  color 
in  the  lips  and  the  mouth  seems  like  a  mere  gash,  whose  lipless 
line  makes  it  appear  like  the  mere  opening  for  a  receptacle  for 
food.  This  form  is  a  reversion  to  low  animal  types,  and  resembles 
the  fish  mouth  in  its  line  of  closure.  The  mouths  of  many  species 
of  deer  present  this  form  also,  and  these  creatures  are  singularly 
silent^  rarely  uttering  a  sound,  except  when  in  great  pain. 

The  absence  of  the  curved  form  in  lips  shows  lack  of  power, — 
vocal  and  gustatory, — as  well  in  animals  as  in  man.  Herbivorous 
animals  have  relatively  less  labial  development  than  the  carnivor- 
ous classes,  whose  appetites  are  stronger  and  who  are  more  noisy 
in  the  demonstration  of  their  emotions.  Contrast  the  lips  of  the 
sheep,  the  goat,  the  horse,  and  deer  witix  those  of  the  cat,  the 
bull-dog,  the  Hon,  and  the  tiger,  and  their  facial  differences  will  be 
as  perceptible  as  are  the  traits  whose  signs  are  registered  in 
the  lips. 

THE   STUPID   LOWER   LIP. 

Lavater  gives  as  one  sign  of  stupidity  the  projection  of  the 
under  lip,  which  measures  one-half  the  width  of  the  mouth.  It 
is  also  one  sign  of  avarice. 

All  projections  forward  of  the  line  of  closure  of  the  under  lip, 
beyond  a  normal  fullness,  are  indicative  of  disagreeable  traits. 
Projections  forward  of  the  upper  lip,  beyond  a  line  dropped  perpen- 
dicularly by  the  side  of  the  nose,  although  they  may  reveal  a  want 
of  balanced  character,  are  more  favorable  to  character  than  the 
excessive  projections  of  the  under  lip.  In  many  cases  where  the 
entire  upper  lip  has  a  forward  direction,  commencing  at  tho  under 
part  of  the  nose,  there  is  a  positive  degree  of  kindly  generosity  or 


THE   SIGNS   IN   THE   UPS.  813 

active  sympathy;  but  this  formation,  and  its  accompanying  char- 
acteristic, is  the  compensation  for  some  defect  which  the  observer 
must  decipher,  as  the  defect  varies  in  different  persons.  In  some 
it  shows  by  a  want  of  normal  practicahty;  in  others,  absence  of  a 
large  degree  of  the  moral  sense,  or  a  lack  of  reasoning  power,  etc. 
The  cause  must  be  sought  for  in  each  individual  case. 

In  reading  the  meanings  revealed  by  the  form  of  the  lips,  wc 
must  bear  in  mind  the  rule  laid  down  by  Lavater,  that  "  All  diis- 
proportion  between  the  upper  and  lower  lips  is  a  sign  of  folly  or 
wickedness."  Now,  Lavater  did  not  bring  science  to  his  aid;  else 
he  would  have  modified  this  statement  somewhat  and  softened  the 
terms,  for  a  man  may  possess  a  disproportioned  upper  lip  without 
being  either  greatly  wicked  or  extremely  foolish.  That  he  will 
exhibit  some  defective  faculty  and  function  in  a  greater  or  less 
degree  I  am  certain,  and  this  defect,  together  with  its  compensatory 
trait  of  kindly-generosity,  are  both  revealed  by  this  form  of  lip. 

If  the  projection  of  the  upper  lip  exceeds  a  certain  degree,  it 
is  termed  "  prognathous,"  and  is  the  certain  sign  of  a  low  grade 
of  evolution,  as  observed  in  savage  tribes,  the  Ethiopian,  for  ex- 
ample. If  the  under  lip  assume  a  prognathous  form,  it  also  reveals 
undeveloped  character.  When  both  lips  are  extremely  full  with- 
out being  prognathous,  and  the  quaUty  coarse,  they  are  evidences 
of  coarseness,  gross  alimentiveness,  sensuality,  and  mental  dullness, 
and  exhibit  the  acme  of  powerful  animality;  but  if  the  quality  is 
of  an  average  fine  degree,  the  indications  will  be  soflened  to 
epicureanism  and  great  sociality,  and  disposition  to  loquacity  or 
fluent  conversation. 

THE   DB/sTRUCTIVE   LOWER   LIP. 

A  mouth  whose  lower  lip  curve''  downward  or  outward,  just 
where  the  canine  teeth  are  situatod^"  Quotes  destructive  and  cruel 
tendencies.  This  form  of  lip  is  seen 
in  the  lower  lip  of  cruel  and  ferocious 
ciarnivorous  animals,  notably  in  the 

lip  of  the  lion,  the  tiger,  the  panther,      i  ^^'^H^  i 

and  the  cat.  It  is  always  associated 
with  an  unfeeling  disposition,  partic- 
ularly if  the  eyes  be  very  light. 

I  have  observed  this  form  m 
several  intellectual  persons.  In  these 
the  destructive  tendency  was  shown  j^"'  jgg 

by  sarcasm,  invective,  and  a  dispo- 
sition to  combat  and  oppose  the  theories  advanced  by  others  in 
debate    and    by   writings.     In   others   it  may   be   shown   by   a 


814  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

tendency  to  destroy  clothing,  furniture,  etc.,  by  violent  and  im- 
proper use  of  them.  This  lip  always  shows  a  good  degree  of 
bright  color,  and  the  canine  teeth  are  well  set  out,  so  as  to  give  a 
sort  of  comer  or  squared  look  to  the  sides  of  the  lower  lip.  The 
mouth  of  the  bull-dog  gives  one  a  good  idea  of  this  peculiar 
formation. 

The  mouths  of  sheep,  and  other  graminivorous  animals,  are 
just  the  reverse  of  the  former.  The  canine  teeth  in  these  classes 
incline  inward^  and  the  jaw  curves  at  this  point,  instead  of  squar- 
ing, as  is  the  case  with  the  carnivorous  animals  and  destructive 
people.  In  conversation  and  in  laughter  this  peculiarity  of  feature 
is  most  apparent,  but  is  not  always  conspicuous  when  the  mouth  is 
closed. 

THE   UPPER   LIP. 

The  upper  jaw  being  a  comparatively  passive  feature,  and  the 
lower  jaw  a  most  active  and  flexible  one,  it.  is  evident  that  the 
lower  lip  would  express  more  active  passions  than  its  fellow.  The 
muscles  which  assist  the  lower  lip  in  its  movements  enable  it  to  do 
a  variety  of  things  of  which  the  upper  lip  is  incapable.  It  is 
true  that  the  upper  lip  has  a  superior  muscular  attachment,  but 
the  lower  lip,  by  its  attachment  to  the  more  freely-moving  lower 
jaw,  possesses  more  mobility.  It  is  thus  able  to  express  more 
active  sentiments  and  passions,  and  to  make  more  energetic  move- 
ments than  the  upper  jaw. 

DIVISIONS   OF   THE   UPPER   LIP. 

To  facilitate  the  reading  of  the  upper  lip  it  is  divided  into 
three  parts  (Fig.  169).  The  sign  for  the  faculty  of  Amativeness 
is  situated  in  the  centre,  while  the  two  signs  for  Love  of  Young 
are  placed  on  either  side  of  Amativeness. 


Fig.  170. 


The  upper  lip  may  also  be  divided  horizontally  into  two  parts 
(Fig.  170),  viz.,  the  red-colored  portion  and  the  part  which  lies 
above  the  colored  portion,  and  which  reaches  to  the  nostrils. 


THE   SIGNS   IN   THE   LIPS.  815 

The  colored  part  is  sensitive,  and  well  supplied  with  nerves 
and  glandular  tissue.  It  is  also  moved  by  a  portion  of  the  orhicvr 
laris  oris^  a  muscle  which  is  circular  and  extends  all  around  the 
mouth. 

The  signs  for  Amativeness  and  Love  of  Young  are  located  in 
the  colored  portion  of  the  ujopcr  lip;  Miithfulness  is  indicated 
by  the  upward  curve  of  its  corners;  while  Self-esteem  and 
Modesty  have  very  decided  facial  signs  in  this  feature.  It  is  thus 
shown  how  important  a  factor  in  physiognomy  is  a  well-developed 
upper  lip. 

Now  if  this  feature  be  thin,  pallid,  and  constricted  in  appear- 
ance, these  two  beautiful  domestic  faculties  are  relatively  weak ; 
not  only  are  the  sentiments  of  Amativeness  and  Love  of  Offspring 
lacking,  but  these  deficiencies  point  to  physical  defects  of  the  re- 
lated physiological  organs,  viz.,  of  the  generative  capacity,  and  of 
the  glandular  tissues  connected  with  the  function  of  lactation.  A 
want  of  development  of  the  features  of  the  face  always  refers  to 
and  is  the  index  of  impoverished  conditions  of  internal  organs  and 


Pig.  171. 


functions.  As  narrow  nostrils  denote  small  or  weak  lungs,  so  a 
thin,  upper  lip  announces  deiective  or  weak  conditions  of  the  re- 
productive forces  of  the  body. 

The  normal  pobition^  A,  of  the  upper  lip  is  perpendicular, 
while  the  convex  or  outward  curving  of  the  middle  portion,  B,  is 
an  exaggeration  of  the  proper  position.  This  last  form  is  observed 
in  great  egotists,  braggarts,  and  "  blowhards." 

All  variations  in  the  form  of  the  white  portion  of  the  upper 
lip  relate  to  Self-esteem  or  an  absence  of  it — to  great  self-hood, 
self-feeling,  independence,  dignity,  egotism,  or  to  its  opposite,  ex- 
cessive imitation,  and  a  lack  of  dignity  and  independence  and  cor- 
responding demand  for  the  approval  of  others. 

THE   EMBRYONIC   UPPER   LIP. 

In  the  human  embryo,  in  its  early  stages,  the  mouth  is  lipless 
(see  Fig.  150,  this  chapter),  and  the  places  where  lips  eventually 
evolve  do  not  at  all  resemble  the  perfected  lips  of  the  normal 
hunian  being,  nor  do  they  prefigure  such  development.     It  is  only 


816  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

in  the  latest  stages  of  prenatal  life  that  the  lips  are  perfected  as 
we  find  them  at  birth.  The  mouth  and  its  accessories  develop 
pari  passu  with  the  development  of  the  visceral  and  other  internal 
organs. 

As  the  evolution  of  the  digestive  organs  progresses  the  mouth, 
lips,  and  cheeks  assume  a  more  complete  form,  until  at  birth  the 
physiognomy  reveals  by  its  appearance  the  condition  of  the  di- 
gestive apparatus.  If  the  lips  and  mouth  are  normal  in  size  and 
shape  the  digestive  function  is  also  normal. 

The  foregoing  statement  teaches  why  undeveloped  lips  are  the 
indications  of  undeveloped  visceral  organs. 

An  embryonic  upper  lip  in  its  early  stages  is  characterized  by 
thinness  and  is  destitute  of  color.  The  mouth  is  a  mere  hole,  and 
the  lips  have  no  resemblance  to  human  lips,  nor  indeed  do  they 
resemble  the  lips  of  an  animal ;  they  are  expressionless  and  barely 
rudimentary.  Now,  the  nearer  the  approacli  of  adult  lips  to  this 
form,  the  closer  is  the  resemblance  to  rudimentary  lips  and  their 
allied  signification — undevelopment.  In  the  lips  and  mouth  are 
situated  the  signs  for  the  primitive  functions,  viz.,  digestion  and 
reproduction  ;  hence  the  appearances  noted  in  these  features  stand 
indicative  of  these  two  functions  and  their  associated  sentiments. 

The  upper  lip  tells  us  of  the  condition  and  development  of 
the  reproductive  system  ;  the  lower  lip,  of  tlie  state  of  the  glandular 
system  ;  and  both  together  announce  the  degree  of  amative  senti- 
ment and  sympathetic  feeling  to  be  found  in  the  character. 

We  kiss  with  love  and  kimhiess,  for  the  placing  of  the  two 
lips  against  those  of  the  beloved  object  is  a  spontaneous  act  of 
affection,  the  natural  language  of  both  passion  and  sympathy  ; 
for  kisses,  by  their  spontaneity  and  warmth,  indicate  sexual  or 
benevolent  feeling,  and  these  feelings  depend  for  their  expression 
upon  the  strength  of  the  organs,  to  which  they  are  physiologically 
related. 

When  one  is  excited  by  emotions  of  sympathy  or  amativeness 
it  never  occurs  to  one  to  pat  the  head  of  the  beloved  object  with 
the  hand ;  the  kiss  upon  the  lips  is  the  true  language  of  love,  and 
although  caressing  is  also  one  expression  of  love  it  is  a  secondary 
sign  and  subordinate  to  the  kiss  upon  the  lips. 

THE   UNDEVELOPED    UPPER    LIP, 

Those  upper  lips  which  are  thin,  flat,  and  white  down  to  the 
line  of  closure  of  the  mouth  are  to  a  certain  degree  undeveloped. 
Such  mouths  betoken  a  great  deficiency  of  Amativeness  and  Love 
of  Young;  hence  a  lack  of  procreative  energy  and  sympathy  for 
children,  and  in  this  case  the  individual  will  fail  to  care  for  or 


THE    SIGNS    IN    THE   LIPS. 


817 


Fig.  172. 
AN  IMBECILE. 


attract  either  the  opposite  sex  or  children.  It  is  true,  if  the  sub- 
ject possess  an  agreeable  disposition  and  fine  mental  gifts,  he  or 
she  may  attract  those  who  value  these  qualities  above  mere  physi- 
cal graces,  but  at  the  same  time  he  will  never  be  as  popular  with 
the  majority  of  the  opposite  sex  as  a  more  magnetic  person.  The 
fact  is,  that  each  mental  faculty  has  a  physical  base 
from  which  it  derives  support,  and  from  the  large 
development  of  which  it  is  able  to  give  out  an 
aura  or  force  quite  perceptible  to  those  who  come 
under  its  influence. 

There  is  no  faculty  of  the  human  mind  that 
exerts  a  more  powerful  influence  upon  others  than 
Amativeness ;  no  faculty  which  gives  out  a  stronger 
magnetism  ;  none  that  are  both  more  attractive 
and  more  repulsive.  Now,  as  the  procreative  function  is  the  base 
of  creative  talent  we  will  not  find  with  the  undeveloped  upper  lip 
much  originality  unless  the  brain  system  is  large  and  of  fine  quality 
and  of  a  suitable  form  for  mental  efl'orts.  In  this  case  it  will  take 
a  philosophic  turn  and  not  a  mechanical  or  artistic  one,  for  these 
professions  require  a  plentiful  supply  of  muscle,  and  a  thin,  defect- 
ive upper  lip  discloses  a  defect  of  muscular  and  glandular  tissues. 

Where  the  upper  lip  is  very  thin  and  colorless,  and  the  mouth 
small,  the  structure  of  the  reproductive  system  is  always  faulty 
and  wanting  in  power.  Females  with  such  a  lip  and  mouth  are 
poorly  adapted  to  wifehood  or  maternity ;  while  men  with  such  a 
formation  of  the  mouth  and  lip  will  scarcely  make  a  devoted, 
enthusiastic,  marital  companion. 


THE   PHILOPROGENITIVE   UPPER   LIP. 

This  long  and  awkward  word  is  meant  to  express  "love  of 
young,"  and  as  we  have  no  better  word  in  our  language  to  express 
this  sentiment  in  a  single  word  I  am  obliged  to  use  it.  The  upper 
lip  which  reveals  a  fine  degree  of  this  lovely  domestic  trait  is 
known  by  the  downward  droop  at  either  side 
of  the  centre  of  the  lip.  It  adjoins  the  sign 
for  Amativeness  and  lies  next  to  Mirthfulness, 
its  natural  and  necessary  associate. 

There  are  many  degrees  of  its  manifesta- 
tion, some  lips  exhibiting  delicacy  of  develop- 
ment ;  others  disclose  an  upper  lip  resembling 
the  lip  of  the  St.  Bernard  dog,  the  mastifi^,  and  retriever.     These 
all   have   the   outer  comers   of  the   upper   lip   overlapping   the 
lower  one  and  shaped  like  a  little  scallop.     This  exaggerated  form 
is  indicative  oi physical  love  of  off'spring,  and  is  shown  by  a  desire 

68 


Fig.  173. 


'818  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

to  have  many  children,  and  those  thus  characterized  are  particu- 
larly fond  of  them  in  infancy  and  regret  to  see  them  grow  out  of 
that  stage. 

The  normal  development  of  this  sign  in  the  upper  lip  (or 
even  its  exaggerated  sign)  is  a  mark  of  beauty  and  assists  in  form- 
ing that  lovely  curve  of  the  line  of  closure  of  the  mouth  known 
as  "  Cupid's  bow."  This  line  is  composed  of  three  perfect  curves, 
and  is  observed  in  the  mouths  of  all  who  have  a  fine  development 
of  Amativeness,  Love  of  Young,  and  Mirthfulness.  Examine,  for 
example,  the  mouths  of  Goethe,  Mozart,  David  Hume,  Edmund 
Burke,  D'Alembert,  Moliere,  Claude  Lorraine,  Cromwell,  Ad- 
dison, Benjamin  Franklin,  Sarali  Siddons,  William  Pitt,  Baron 
Cuvier,  and  Henry  Ward  Beecher.  In  all  of  these  the  signs 
for  Amativeness,  Love  of  Young,  and  Mirthfulness  are  quite 
marked ;  that  of  Benjamin  Franklin  is  particularly  decided  in  the 
sign  for  Love  of  Young.  This  last  trait  was  so  great  in  him  as  to 
lead  him  to  make  a  companion  of  his  illegitimate  son,  for  it  was 
he  who  assisted  him  in  his  kite-flying  expeditions  when  he  "  brought 
the  lightning  down  from  heaven."  A  rare  instance  of  parental 
love  for  a  man  to  exhibit,  and  certainly  very  commendable  in  him 
to  care  for  his  natural  child. 

Mouths  deficient  in  the  sign  for  Love  of  Children  are  straight, 
instead  of  drooping,  and  pale  and  dry  at  the  sides  instead  of  being 
moist  and  red. 

THE   MODEST   UPPER   LIP. 

Modesty,  like  all  faculties,  has  several  facial  signs.  Persons 
possessed  of  high  or  fine  quality  exhibit  some  phase  of  this  self- 
protective  trait.  Its  principal  facial  sign  is  found  in  the  depth  of 
the  groove  or  channel  which  runs  down  the  upper  lip  and  seems  to 

divide  this  feature  in  two  parts.  Another 
sign  of  Modesty  is  found  in  the  fineness 
of  the  texture  of  tlie  skin — in  its  purity 
and  clearness.  The  analysis  of  this  last 
sign  is  that  the  finer  the  skin,  the  more 
sensitive  the  person ;  and  sensitiveness 
of  the  nervous  system  leads  one  to 
SIR  wILter  SCOTT.  V^^^^^^l  ^^  tliouglit  as  well  as  to  cleanli- 

ness of  body. 
The  location  of  the  first-mentioned  sign  for  Modesty  is  note- 
worthy. It  divides  Self-esteem  and  runs  down  into  Amativeness. 
In  the  first  instance  it  tends  to  check  egotism,  and  in  the  second 
place  puts  a  guard  upon  Amativeness,  which,  unbridled,  would 
lead  to  impure  language  and  gross  conduct.    The  grouping  of  the 


THE   SIGNS   IN   THE   LIPS.  819 

signs  in  the  face  ot  related  faculties  is  not  the  least  wonderful  of 
the  facts  of  physiognomical  science. 

THE   IMITATI\TJ   UPPER   LIP. 

A  relatively  snort  upper  lip  with  an  inward  curve  is  an  un- 
failing indication  of  the  presence  of  some  phase  of  imitative  ability. 
Nature  always  tends  to  assist  or  compensate  every  character  for  its 
defects.  Now,  a  very  sliort  upper  lip  is 
a  departure  from  proportion.,  hence  is 
not  normal  or  balanced.  The  compen- 
sation which  restores  the  equilibrium  is 
in  giving  to  the  character  a  certain 
degree  of  imitative  ability,  or,  in  some 

^„  ^.        ^7^1.  \  •    1.     tx.        •     A-    -A       ^  Fig.  175.— MIRTHFUL  MAY. 

cases,  talent.,  by  which    the   individual 

is  able  to  attract  and  hold  the  affections  and  interests  of  others. 
Many,  if  not  most,  actors,  actresses,  musicians,  and  some  poets 
exliibit  this  form  of  upper  lip.  Shortness  of  the  lip  alone  is  not 
evidence  of  imitative  talent ;  this  latter  quality  depends  upon  the 
possession  of  fine  quality  of  the  brain  and  nervous  system. 

There  are  many  grades  of  each  faculty,  and  one  with  a  short 
upper  lip  of  coarse  quality  would  not,  of  course,  display  the  same 
degree  of  imitative  talent  that  one  would  who  possessed  a  high 
quality  and  a  suitable  brain.  A  short  upper  lip  denotes  relative 
lack  of  Self-esteem.  Nature  always  compensates  by  bestowing  a 
large  share  of  Approbativeness ;  hence,  we  shall  find  that  those 
with  this  peculiarity  of  feature  display  more  temper  and  are  pos- 
sessed of  less  dignity,  independence,  and  self-control  than  those 
with  a  longer  upper  lip.  As  a  rule,  they  are  more  entertaining 
and  amusing  through  the  power  of  their  imitative  ability.  They 
can  play,  act,  sing,  recite,  and  relate  stories  in  a  very  attractive 
manner.  Their  Approbation  leads  them  to  make  great  efforts  to 
gain  applause,  and  this  is  to  tliem  highly  gratifying. 

This  course  is  just  the  opposite  of  that  pursued  by  those  with 
large  Self-esteem.  The  latter  desire  the  approval  of  their  own 
judgment ;  the  former  seek  the  approval  of  others,  and  herein  lies 
their  satisfaction  and  reward. 

There  are  several  peculiarities  of  form  observed  in  the  short 
upper  lip  which  are  not  common  to  the  long  upper  lip.  In  many 
subjects  a  slight  outward  curving  of  the  lower  part  of  the  lip  is 
seen ;  in  some  others  this  outward  curving  is  very  marked,  and  the 
curvation  is  so  decided  as  to  prevent  the  closing  of  the  lips,  the 
upper  always  projecting  slightly  beyond  the  lower  one.  I  regard 
all  these  departures  from  the  normal  pei-pendicularity  of  the  upper 
lip  as  indicative  of  defects, — as  tokens  of  sllgltt  prognathism,  yet 


820  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

not  SO  decided  as  to  indicate  savage  or  barbarous  conditions  of 
mind.  Still,  persons  thus  characterized  will  be  uneven  and  litful  in 
temper, — ^now  calm,  and  again  exhibiting  a  sudden  and  violent  out- 
burst of  anger,  or  they  may  exhibit  violent  love  or  other  emotion. 
It  always  relates  Xo  an  unbalanced  state  of  the  emotions,  and  ab- 
sence of  equilibrium  is,  in  a  certain  degree,  undevelopment.  In 
coarse  persons  these  peculiarities  of  the  upper  lip  denote  animality 
in  many  ways.  In  some  it  is  related  to  gross  amativeness ;  in 
others,  selfishness ;  in  other  cases,  terrible  outbursts  of  passion, 
accompanied  with  unjust  and  unmerited  suspicions  and  accusations, 
are  the  proofs  of  a  lack  of  self-control  and  self-esteem.  Observa- 
tion of  all  the  other  features  in  each  individual  case  will  decide 
which  of  these  several  defects  is  the  exciting  cause. 

Where  the  upper  lip  is  relatively  short  the  muscular  will  be 
one  of  the  dominant  systems,  and  this  system  is  the  one  best  adapted 
to  art  and  imitation,  as  well  as  to  passion  and  emotion.  The  long 
upper  lip  is  always  the  sign  of  the  dominance  of  the  bony  system, 
for  the  lip  in  a  balanced  character  marks  the  length  of  the  bony 
structwe  of  the  upper  jaw  ;  this  is  longer  where  the  osseous  is  one 
of  the  dominating  systems.  Bone  gives  length ;  muscle  shortens 
and  rounds  those  features  in  which  it  is  the  principal  tissue. 

In  almost  all  of  the  typical  faces  of  the  ancient  Greeks  we 
find  all  of  the  signs  of  the  dominance  of  the  muscular  system,  or 
of  the  combination  of  the  brain  and  muscular  systems ;  and,  as 
they  were  an  art-loving  race,  we  sliall  find  that  these  physiognomies 
have  aU  the  signs  of  muscular  supremacy,  the  most  conspicuous 
features  of  which  are  the  short  upper  lip  and  the  curving  or 
"  dramatic  "  jaw.  It  is  in  the  peculiarities  of  these  two  features 
alone  that  we  can  prove  the  dominance  of  muscle  and  the  posses- 
sion of  the  imitative  faculty.  We  do  not  imitate  with  our  hones  any 
more  than  we  love  or  hate  with  our  bones.  Emotions  of  all  sorts 
are  the  offspring  of  soft  and  variable  tissues,  and  muscle  and  glands 
are  the  best  adapted  to  the  exercise  of  variable,  shifting  moods. 
Bone  alone  is  competent  to  display  the  more  solid  and  enduring 
traits. 

THE   SECRETIVE   UPPER   LIP. 

The  form  which  this  peculiar  feature  assumes  is  in  harmony 
with  its  purpose  and  interests.  It  is  often  pointed  downward  in 
the  centre,  and  seems  as  if  trying  to  overlap  or  close  entirely  the 
cleft  of  the  mouth.  In  some  countenances  the  whole  red  part  of 
the  upper  lip  is  hidden  from  view  when  the  mouth  is  shut,  and 
forms  with  the  lower  lip  only  a  horizontal  cut  or  cleft.  Some  very 
secretive  people  expose  a  certain  degree  of  the  colored  portion  of 


THE   SIGNS   IN   THE   LIPS. 


821 


Fig.  176. 

ROBESPIERRE. 

(The  Secretive 

Upper  Lip.) 


the  upper  lip.  This  is  where  Amativeness  is  well  defined.  Yet  it 
may  be  mentioned,  in  passing,  that  extremely  secretive  characters 
rarely  possess  a  large  degree  of  Amativeness ;  neither  do  they  pos- 
sess a  very  large  emotional  nature  of  any  sort,  and  what  little 
emotion  is  present  in  them  is  constantly  sui)pressed 
or  held  in  check,  and  thus  depreciates  through 
want  of  exercise. 

The  secretive  mouth  should  not  be  confounded 
with  the  meditative  mouth.  The  profound  tliinker 
talks  more  than  the  secretive  one,  but,  when  he 
does  speak,  wisdom,  good  sense,  and  truth  accom- 
pany his  utterances.  It  is  true,  he  does  not  show 
as  great  loquacity  as  the  linguistic  individual,  yet 
can  talk  to  the  purpose  and  intelligently  when  he 
does  converse.  The  upper  lip  of  the  most  silent 
animals  is  similar  in  form  to  the  secretive  upper 
lip  in  the  human  family.  The  mouths  of  the  several  deer  tribes, 
the  giraffe,  and  some  others  are  of  this  formation,  and  their  upper 
lip  projects  sUghtly  beyond  the  under  lip. 

THE    SELF-ESTIMATIVE   UPPER   LIP. 

Self-esteem  is  known  by  relative  length  of  the  entire  upper  lip, 
from  the  nostrils  to  the  line  of  closure  of  the  mouth.  Dispropor- 
tionately short  upper  lips  denote  a  want  of  Self-esteem,  but  always 

betoken  a  large  share  of  Approbativeness 
and  imitative  ability  of  some  sort.  Exag- 
gerated length  of  the  upper  lip  gives  to 
the  character  egotism  and  extravagant 
ideas  of  one*s  importance,  and  lends  a 
ludicrous  dignity  to  the  character  which  is 
apt  to  unduly  magnify  its  powers  and 
importance. 

A  normal  share  of  Self-esteem  is  a 
fine  possession,  for  it  shows  that  the  char- 
acter is  independent,  self-respecting,  dignified,  and  quite  opposed 
to  lowness,  meanness,  vulgarity,  and  quite  capable  of  holding  the 
feehngs  under  control. 

One  with  large  Self-esteem  may  or  may  not  have  the  sign  for 
Firmness  large,  yet  some  physiognomists  have  made  the  mistake  of 
placing  the  sign  for  Firmness  in  the  length  of  the  upper  lip.  It  is 
true  that  long-continued  persistency  in  any  direction,  whether  in 
thought  or  in  manual  labor  which  requires  great  perseverance,  will 
make  its  impress  upon  the  upper  lip.  It  tends  to  close  the  mouth 
firmly  and  gives  a  slight  fullness  to  the  central  portion  of  the  upper 


Fig.  1T7. 


822  PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

lip ;  but  these  are  secondary  signs,  and  are  the  result  of  the  firm 
set  of  the  lower  jaw-bone  which  always  characterizes  those  with 
bony  chins,  who  have  been  very  persevering. 

To  keep  a  "stiff  upper  lip"  is  an  oft-repeated  caution  to  those 
who  might  be  capable  of  breaking  down  from  the  position  as- 
sumed. The  complexity  of  tlie  muscles  about  the  mouth,  lips,  and 
jaws  renders  it  impossible  lor  any  of  the  features  to  act  with  or 
impress  their  movements  upon  one  set  of  muscles  alone;  hence, 
the  co-operation  of  the  muscles  of  the  upper  lip  with  those  of  the 
lower  lip  and  lower  jaw  affects  the  expression  of  all  these  features 
in  varying  degrees,  and  thus  stamps  the  result  of  their  action  upon 
all  the  features  in  close  proximity. 

The  locality  of  the  sign  for  Self-esteem  can  be  proven  by  ob- 
servation of  those  who  exhibit  a  long  upper  lip,  and  that  of  Firm- 
ness can  be  also  known  by  comparison  of  the  behavior  of  those 
with  a  long  chin  with  those  who  exhibit  a  short  or  receding  chin. 

Self-esteem  is  a  force  which  is  a  sort  of  will-power,  inasmuch 
as  it  holds  the  individual  to  a  certain  consistent  course  of  conduct, 
and  this  is  of  ii^eli  persistent^  a  secondary  sort  of  firmness,  and 
often  mistaken  for  it  by  those  unaccustomed  to  analyze  closely 
the  components  of  human  character. 

Nearly  all  of  the  traits  have  several  phases  of  action,  and 
these  must  be  comprehended  by  those  who  would  give  accurate 
delineations  of  character. 

For  good  examples  of  a  normal  or  balanced  degree  of  Self- 
esteem,  examine  the  portraits  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  Charles 
Bradlaw,  von  Bulow,  Horatio  Seymour,  Sir  Rowland  Hill,  Hon. 
William  M.  Evarts,  Lord  Brougham,  Zachary  Taylor,  Franklin 
Pierce,  General  Domingues,  Dom  Pedro  of  Brazil,  Lord  Ran- 
dolph Churchill,  Hon.  John  Marshall,  Fletcher  Harper,  and 
the  Duchess  of  Marlborough. 

THE   AMATIVE   UPPER   LIP. 

If  the  centre  of  the  upper  lip  present  an  unusual  degree  of 
fullness,  redness,  and  moisture,  the  sentiment  of  Amativeness  is 
excessive.  Where  there  is  a  good  brain  system  in  combination 
with  this  indication  we  may  expect  to  find  creative  talent  of  some 
sort;  either  a  talent  for  acting  or  painting,  for  poetry,  or  for  some 
other  form  of  art.  An  excessive  development  of  the  centre  of  the 
upper  lip  is  to  be  found  in  the  face  of  Ellen  Terry,  Nat  Goodwin, 
Madame  Modjeska,  Oscar  Wilde,  Bernhardt,  Annie  Louise  Carey, 
Eugenie,  Pappenheira,  Lucca,  Albani,  Trebelli;  quite  full  in  Mrs. 
A.  D.  T.  Whitney,  EHzabeth  Stuart  Phelps,  T.  B.  Aldrich,  Charles 
Egbert  Craddock,  and  in  the  upper  lip  of  the  eminent  painters 


THE  SIGNS  IN   THE   LIPS. 


823 


Fig.  178. 

HENRY  WARD  BEECHER. 

(Amative  Upper  Lip.) 


Raphael,  Vandyck,  and  thousands  of  others  well  known  to  fame 
as  original  creative  minds.  All  these  have  an  excellent  brain  in 
combination. 

If  tlie  centre  of  the  upper  lip  is  excessively  full  and  moist,  the 
red  portion  seems  loose  and  sliowing  horizontal  wrinkles,  the  inner 
side  turns  outward  in  lau<»]iin<j^,  and  the 
animal  phase  of  sex-love  is  dominant.  This 
peculiarity  is  observed  in  the  faces  of 
coarse,  low  characters.  It  is  not  accom- 
panied by  any  large  development  of  the 
brain  system,  but  may  co-exist  with  a  large 
development  of  the  muscles,  and  is  hence 
found  among  horse- jockeys,  low  comic 
actors  and  singers,  and  other  specimens  of 
low-class,  imitative  characters.  Imitation,  it  may  be  remarked,  is  a 
degree  lower  than  creation. 

Where  the  upper  lip  exhibits  an  excessive  development  of 
the  red  portion  and  there  is  a  corresponding  lack  of  intellect  or 
moral  power,  it  becomes  by  this  unbalanced  condition  a  criminal 
feature.,  and  those  thus  characterized  pursue  a  licentious  career  and 
are  among  those  wlio  commit  assaults  upon  helpless  women  and 
children,  and  who  are  guilty  of  sins  against  chastity  and  decency. 
They  really  constitute  a  morhid  variety  in  this  duection.  The  faces 
of  many  professional  criminals  disclose  great  disproportion  between 
the  size  of  the  upper  and  lower  lips,  indicating  small  benevolence 
or  sympathy  and  inordinate  amativeness  of  the  criminal  type. 

There  are  many  grades  of  power  of  this  faculty,  ranging  all 
the  way  from  undevelopment  to  tident  and  genius.  The  grade  of 
quality  of  the  subject  should  always  be  taken  into  account  in  sum- 
ming up  the  character;  also  the  amount  and  quality  of  the  brain 
system.  It  is  by  the  faculties  in  comhinatimi  with  Amativeness 
that  we  decide  as  to  its  method  of  action  and  its  power  of  control, — 
whether  it  be  normal  in  action,  or  exaggerated  to  an  immoral  degree. 

THE   NORMAL   UPPER    LIP. 

In  all  well-balanced  characters  the  colored  portion  of  the 
centre  of  the  upper  lip  will  be  of  a  decided 
red  or  pink  color,  moderately  full,  moist, 
and  firm,  and  in  finely-organized  subjects 
the  texture  of  the  skin  will  be  very  fine. 
These  appearances  indicate  a  normal  degree 
of  Amativeness  and  a  normal  development 
of  the  reproductive  system,  as  well  as  a 
balanced  degree  of  Love  of  Young.     The  form  which  a  normal 


PlO.  179.— NORMAL  UPPER 
UP. 


824  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

sign  for  Amativeriess  assumes  is  a  slight  curve  on  the  upper  edge 
of  the  red  portion  of  tlie  lip  and  a  rounding  curve  outwardly. 

An  upper  lip  to  be  normal  must  in  length  present  harmony 
of  proportion ;  neither  too  long  nor  too  short ;  neither  too  thick 
nor  too  thin  at  the  sign  for  Amativeness.  In  short,  it  must  present 
a  well-balanced  form  and  size,  such  as  would  appear  liarmonious 
to  those  having  a  good  share  of  the  faculty  of  Proportion.  In  a 
small,  narrow  face  the  width  would,  of  course,  be  less  than  in  a 
large,  broad  face, — in  accordance  with  the  laws  of  Proportion. 

THE    MIRTHFUL   UPPER   LIP. 

The  signs  for  Mirthfulness  in  the  human  face  are  so  numerous 
that  one  may  find  them  in  every  feature  in  the  face  except  in  the 

nose.  This  organ  being  pre-eminently  the 
indicator  of  thought,  we  shall  fail  to  find 
the  signs  for  any  of  the  softer  emotions  in 
its  outlines.  The  nostrils,  it  is  true, 
co-operate  in  the  emotions  of  surprise,  rage. 
Fig.  isn.-couNT  cAvouR.      reveugc,  jealousy,  and  also  in  mirthfulness 

to  a  degree,  but  are  not  particularly  dis- 
turbed by  laughter,  for  the  reason  that  this  act  opens  the  mouth, 
whereas  all  of  the  other  emotions,  except  surprise,  close  the  mouth, 
and  thus  doubly  expand  the  nostrils. 

Mirthfulness  in  the  upper  lip  is  shown  by  an  upward  curving, 
adjoining  and  externally  to  the  sign  for  Love  of  Young.  It  is 
properly  the  aid  and  ready  assistant  to  that  trait,  and  these  two 
faculties  are  always  seen  in  combination.  When  one  is  large,  the 
other  is  always  well  defined. 

The  sign  for  Mirthfulness  in  the  upper  lip  sets  a  sign  of 
beauty  in  the  face.  It  also  assists  in  giving  an  arch  and  piquant 
expression  to  the  mouth  in  conversation  and  in  laughter,  and  helps 
to  form  the  third  curve  of  the  upper  lip.  The  upper  lip  of  the 
most  noted  comic  actors  and  actresses  disclose  this  sign  and  its 
accompanying  expression,  which  expression  is  assisted  by  the  signs 
of  Mirthfulness  in  the  eyes  and  other  features,  and  all  combined 
add  a  charm  to  the  comicalities  of  such  actresses  as  Lotta,  Mrs. 
John  Wood,  Croizette,  Aimee,  Coquelin,  and  Nell  Gwynne. 

It  is  also  well  marked  in  humorous  writers.  Observe  the 
portraits  of  Hume,  Voltaire,  Madame  de  Stael,  Oliver  Wendell 
Holmes,  Lucy  Larcom,  T.  B.  Aldrich,  Phcebe  Gary,  S.  S.  Cox, 
Bret  Harte,  Col.  Robert  G.  IngersoU. 

Among  artists  it  is  large, — Hogarth;  "Cham,"  the  celebrated 
French  caricaturist,  and  Thomas  Nast.  Observe,  also,  the  physiog- 
nomies of  Charles  James  Fox,  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  and  Daniel 


THE   VOICE.  825 

Dougherty  (orators),  who  are  celebrated  for  humorous,  witty 
language. 

Short  upper  lips  are  more  mirthful  than  long  ones,  for  a  short 
Upper  lip  pre-supposes  an  imitative  cliaracter  instead  of  a  sedately 
individualized  one,  such  as  large  Self-esteem  creates.  Most  espe- 
cially is  the  short  lip  indicative  of  Mirthfulness  if  the  lip  shows 
signs  of  Love  of  Young  and  the  cheeks  indicate  large  Appro- 
bativeness,  as  is  usually  the  case  with  deficient  Self-esteem. 

All  of  the  imitative  classes  of  artists,  actors,  and  many  writers 
of  humorous  and  witty  works,  exhibit  a  short  upper  lip  somewhat 
curved  in  the  centre. 

The  Voice. 

The  elements,  features,  and  factors  concerned  in  the  produc- 
tion of  the  human  voice  and  language  are  shown  externally  by 
the  mouth,  lips,  nose,  frontal  sinus,  cheeks,  throat,  chest,  and 
abdomen.  Internally  the  organs  of  speech  are  the  diaphragm,  the 
lungs,  the  larynx,  the  pharynx,  the  tongue,  the  soft  palate  or  roof 
of  the  mouth,  the  nostrils,  the  frontal  sinus,  the  walls  of  the 
cheeks,  the  teeth,  and  lips. 

The  voice  is  related  to  the  ear,  and  this  feature  indicates,  by 
its  shape,  size,  and  quality,  the  capacity  of  the  voice,  and  also  re- 
veals the  personal  capacities  of  each  individual  in  regard  to  his 
ability  for  speaking  or  singing.  A  full  description  of  the  ear  will 
be  given  later  in  this  chapter. 

Further  analysis  of  the  active  voice  is  had  in  the  analysis  of 
the  faculties  of  "Music"  and  "Language"  in  the  preceding 
chapter. 

Knowledge  of  human  character  is  derived  mainly  from  three 
sources.  The  most  important  sources  from  whence  we  derive  this 
knowledge  are  the  face,  the  hand,  and  the  voice ;  these  three  parts 
of  the  organism  epitomize  the  entire  personality,  each  in  a  differ- 
ent manner  and  in  varying  grades.  The  hand  tells  of  some  things 
which  the  face  does  not;  it  also  corroborates  what  is  seen  in  the 
countenance.  The  voice  gives  us  a  clue  to  character  which  the 
secretive  individual  thinks  he  hides. 

The  intensity  of  emotion  is  best  expressed  by  the  voice ;  the 
pcnver  of  acticm  by  the  hand.  The  capacity  for  thought  is  shown 
by  the  face,  but  principally  in  the  outlines  of  the  nose  and  fore- 
head. Thus,  each  of  these  features  must  be  examined  in  order  to 
render  a  just  delineation  of  character.  There  are  other  aids  to  the 
comprehension  of  character  not  so  directly  decisive  as  those  above- 
named,  yet  very  useful  as  corroborative  of  other  indications. 
Among  these  may  be  mentioned  the  movement  in  walking,  the 


826  PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

gestures,  the  habitual  attitude,  the  set  or  position  of  the  shoulders, 
the  position  of  the  feet,  also  the  hand-writing  and  hand-shaking. 
Some  of  these  indications  are  shown  by  forms  concreted,  as  in  the 
outlines  of  the  shoulders,  nose,  and  forehead;  or  they  are  modes 
of  motion,  and  arise  from  the  movements  of  features;  concrete 
forms  translated  into  abstract  forms;  tlius  revealing  characteristics 
by  motion.  One  law  of  form  sliows  us  that  the  motion  made  by 
a  body  through  space  will  bear  direct  relation  to  the  form  of  the 
body  thus  moved ;  hence  the  movement  of  an  upright  and  square 
man  in  walking  are  just  the  opposite  to  that  of  an  angular  or  of  a 
sneakish  person. 

Every  movement  whatsoever  is  indicative  of  the  character,  and 
can  be  comprehended  by  applying  to  it  the  basic  laws  of  form.  , 

The  voice  being  a  mode  of  motion  will  now  be  analyzed.  It 
is  as  vital  a  motion  as  are  the  movements  of  the  hands  or  body, 
and  gives  expression  to  the  interior  states  of  mind  and  emotions 
through  its  relations  to  the  muscular  system,  and  to  the  sympathetic 
or  ganglionic  and  nervous  mechanism. 

Although  the  voice  cannot  be  termed  a  "  feature  "  in  the  sense 
that  other  physiognomic  features  are  spoken  of,  yet  as  the  mouth, 
Ups,  nose,  and  cheeks  are  all  concerned  in  the  production  of  vo- 
cality,  and  as  the  voice  is  one  of  the  most  important  factors  in  the 
exposition  of  character,  both  mental  and  physiological,  and  as 
sound  produces  abstract  forms,  it  would  be  a  seiious  omission  were 
I  to  ignore  this  most  important  department  of  human  nature. 

The  hand  has  been  aptly  termed  the  "second  face."  The 
voice  might,  with  equal  justice,  be  termed  the  second  person  or 
the  "double"  of  the  material  individual;  for  its  tones,  like  the 
gestures  of  the  hand,  express  almost  every  faculty  of  the  mind. 
Were  people  sufficiently  observant,  and  were  the  auditory  appa- 
ratus of  the  majority  of  the  civilized  human  family  of  normal 
power  and  construction^  there  would  be  no  hindrance  to  the  com- 
prehension by  the  masses  of  all  tlie  fine  gradations  of  character 
which  are  expressed  by  the  tones  of  the  voice  alone. 

Civilization  produces  so  many  disorders  and  imperfections  of 
the  vocal  and  auditory  apparatus  as  to  make  perfect  vocality  quite 
as  rare  as  perfect  hearing  or  perfect  sight;  yet  the  average  intel- 
ligence is  probably  equal  to  the  grade  of  development  of  the  sense- 
organs  and  mental  powers  as  now  developed. 

The  voice  reveals  the  dominant  system  or  systems  of  the 
organism,  and  thus  the  observer  can  learn  by  the  first  sounds 
emitted  to  which  class  of  mind  the  speaker  belongs,  and  thus  he  can 
assign  to  each  his  own  class  o^form.  It  unfolds  also  the  inherited 
degree  of  intelligence,  as  well  as  the  acquired  or  cultivated  condi- 


THE  VOICE.  827 

tion.  By  it  one  can  learn  the  grade  of  temper,  whether  mild, 
amiable,  cold,  indifferent,  sharp,  high-strung,  spiteful,  revengeful, 
malicious,  slow,  or  stu])id.  It  also  announces  sexual  states,  and 
tells  with  certainty  whicli  part  of  the  body  one  lives  the  most  in, 
for  the  glutton  has  an  entirely  different  voice  from  the  sensualist, 
and  both  differ  from  the  loving  and  affectionate  voice  of  purity 
and  moderation.  Independence  and  servility,  clearness  of  mind 
and  confusion  of  ideas,  nobility  and  lowness,  energy  and  dullness, 
force  and  feebleness,  courage  and  timidity,  with  all  the  varying 
degrees  of  each  of  these  traits,  are  surely  indicated  by  the  voice.  It 
needs  only  close  observation  and  keen  comparison  to  grade  and 
classify  each  one  of  these  several  types. 

Lavater,  the  greatest  of  physiognomical  observers,  was  so  pro- 
foundly impressed  with  this  idea  that  he  tells  us  that 

If  the  student  have  a  good  ear  he  will  certainly  acquire  the  knowledge 
of  temperament,  character,  and  what  class  the  forehead  belongs  to,  by  the 
voice. 

This  observation  is  scientifically  correct,  for  sound  and  form 
stand  in  the  most  intimate  and  direct  relation  to  each  other. 

I  have  shown  in  the  description  of  the  faculties  of  "Language" 
and  "  Music,"  Chapter  II,  the  essential  forms  and  shapes  of  tlie 
mouth,  nose,  and  face,  for  the  production  of  musical,  conversational, 
and  oratorical  tones,  but  in  order  to  go  into  the  analysis  of  tone  as 
a  revelator  of  individaal  character  the  forms  of  the  body  must  in  a 
measure  be  understood,  for  the  bodily  shape  has  much  to  do  with 
the  quality  of  tone  and  vocality,  aside  from  the  construction  of  the 
vocal  cords,  larynx,  soft  palate,  mouth,  cheeks,  etc. 

An  individual  in  whom  the  thoracic  system  is  dominant  speaks 
with  a  clear,  sonorous  tone,  and  uses  the  expulsory  muscles  of  the 
diaphragm  in  emitting  sounds.  Now,  this  tone  is  always  accompa- 
nied by  a  receding  forehead,  for  the  dominance  of  the  thorax 
creates  sharply-defined  outlines  and  causes  the  forehead  to  recede. 
There  are  other  causes  more  occult  and  abstruse  than  this,  but  I 
have  no  space  here  to  go  into  this  department  of  physiognomy. 
Such  is  the  fact,  however,  as  shown  by  all  those  whose  foreheads 
recede,  provided  they  have  a  normal  degree  of  health  when  the 
observation  is  made. 

The  voices  of  those  in  whom  the  vegetative  system  is  domi- 
nant speak  in  a  peculiar  throaty,  thick  tone,  unless  under  the 
influence  of  anger,  when  they  assume  a  shrill,  senseless  sort  of 
sound;  thus  this  voice  tells  us  what  sort  of  character  we  have  to 
deal  with.  Even  in  the  dark  this  voice  would  inform  the  listener 
who  had  studied  this  work  that  the  forehead  of  this  person  was 


828  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

low,  circular  in  outline,  and  inclined  to  the  perpendicular  in  profile, 
and  that  he  possessed  all  the  traits  and  peculiarities  belonging  to 
the  vegetative  individual. 

The  voices  of  those  in  whom  the  muscular  system  dominates 
are  of  two  general  kinds:  those  with  round  muscles  speak  in  a 
rich,  sonorous  tone,  and  convey  to  us  the  form  given  in  the  descrip- 
tion of  this  system;  those  with  the  flat  muscles  develop  a  finer, 
softer  tone,  with  less  roundness,  richness,  and  power.  Where  the 
muscular  system  is  dominant,  the  forehead  will  be  perpendicular 
in  profile ;  whether  it  be  square  or  round  depends  upon  the  sort  of 
bone  in  combination.  Where  the  brain  system  dominates,  the  voice 
is  apt  to  be  weak,  yet  decided,  somewhat  sharp,  clear,  and  not  en- 
ergetic, except  under  excitement,  when  it  becomes  sharp  and  shrill. 

As  a  rule,  the  clearer  the  voice,  the  clearer  the  mind;  the 
sweeter  the  voice,  the  more  affectionate  its  possessor.  Sensitiveness 
is  indicated  by  the  voice,  and  exhibited  by  a  rather  mild  and  slow 
way  of  speaking.  Some  voices  are  "too  sweet  to  be  wholesome;" 
such  voices  are  proofs  of  insincerity,  deceit,  or  secretiveness.  One 
of  the  most  belligerent  women  I  ever  met  had  assumed  a  tone 
which  was  ludicrous  in  its  softened  affectation  ;  her  entire  body  and 
head  as  well  were  of  the  most  pronounced  bull-dog,  fighting 
build.  The  most  casual  observer  would  have  known  that  her 
voice  and  face  did  not  correspond. 

Roughs  harsh  voices  denote  strong,  harsh  characters.  Affected 
speech  reveals  the  sly,  shallow,  or  conceited  character.  Indeed, 
all  affectations  are  assumed  to  cover  defects. 

Rich^fulL  and  rounded  voices  tell  us  that  some  form  of  art- 
talent  is  present,  and  that  the  social  gifts  are  well  developed. 

Lisping  tones  betray  a  want  of  good  balanced  judgment. 
Such  tones  are  infantile  in  their  nature,  and  if  found  beyond  the 
age  of  childhood  are  to  be  placed  in  the  category  of  relatively 
enfeebled  mentality  or  morality.  Lisping  in  an  adult  is  usually 
accompanied  with  untruthfulness  or  weak  judgment. 

My  experience  of  inherited  imperfections  of  the  organs  of 
speech  leads  me  to  the  conclusion  that  they  are  indicative  of  mental 
or  moral  defects.  Tongue-tied,  lisping,  stammering,  hesitating 
speech  certainly  denotes  enfeebled  intellect  or  deficient  moral 
power.  In  some  instances,  hesitation  and  unconscious  repetition 
is  exhibited  by  those  who  have  received  nervous  shocks,  and  also 
by  those  enfeebled  hy  age,  and  these  cases  are  proof  positive  of  the 
above  assertion,  for  these  classes  have  become  enfeebled  by  age  and 
accident.  Where  these  same  defects  are  congenital  the  accom- 
panying mental  or  moral  defect  will  be  apparent  upon  examination 
of  the  physiognomy. 


THE   VOICE.  829 

It  is  a  law  of  evolution,  as  well  as  of  physiognomy,  that  when 
undeveloped,  immature,  or  infantile  features  or  indications  are  ex- 
hibited in  the  adult,  the  trait  or  faculty  which  is  represented  by 
such  defective  feature  or  function  is  in  an  undeveloped  or  infantoid 
state.  No  law  can  be  sounder  than  this.  No  phenomena  easier 
to  demonstrate.  The  chief  obstacle  toward  a  recognition  of  the 
association  of  mental  faculty  with  physical  function  is  found  in  the 
existent  belief  in  the  minds  of  the  majority  that  mind  and  body 
are  two  separate  entities ;  whereas,  all  research  proves  that  they  are 
a  imity,  and  a  very  close  and  complex  one,  too, — so  close  and 
intimate  tliat  no  one  can  tell  where  mind  ends  and  the  physical 
begins.  If  we  are  to  ever  realize  the  fact  that  form  is  the  outward 
expression  of  interior  states  and  shapes,  we  must  certainly  believe 
that  congenitally-deformed  or  imperfect  conditions  of  the  mental 
mechanism  which  is  associated  with  it,  and  of  which  it  is  the 
exponent,  are  revealed  by  departures  from  the  normal  standard  of 
form. 

The  voice  is  mainly  exercised  by  the  aid  of  the  muscular, 
fibroid,  and  cartilaginous  system,  hence  belongs  to  the  motive 
system.  The  tongue  is  one  of  the  chief  organs  of  speech,  and 
therefore  part  of  the  motive  or  muscular  apparatus.  The  lips  are 
instrumental  in  the  production  of  tone.  The  line  of  the  mouth  is 
another  great  factor,  and  this  is  formed  and  shaped  by  the  orhicu- 
laris  oris^  a  circular  muscle  which,  extends  around  the  mouth.  The 
roof  of  the  mouth,  or  soft  palate,  is  an  effective  accessory  to  volume 
and  clearness.  It  is  partly  cartilaginous  and  partly  osseous.  It  is 
arched^  and  the  higher  and  broader  tlie  arch  the  better  is  it  adapted 
to  produce  sonorous  tones.  One  of  the  chief  differences  between 
the  mouth  of  the  ape  and  orang-outang  and  that  of  man  is  found 
in  the  formation  of  the  roof  of  the  mouth.  This  peculiarity  of 
structure  has  been  noted  by  many  observers,  and  the  learned  Dr. 
Cross  writes  of  this  appearance  thus: — 

It  is  in  virtue  of  this  hollow  in  the  roof  of  the  mouth  that  man  can 
mold  off  his  thought  into  words,  and  it  is  from  want  of  a  sufficient  hollow 
in  the  roof  of  the  mouth  that  the  ruder  part  of  mankind  and  many  idiots 
have  deficient  articulation.  Tlie  inability  of  the  orang-outang  to  speak  does 
not  arise  from  laryngeal  defect,  for  he  can  drive  the  voice  through  the 
mouth,  but  from  want  of  a  sufficient  concavity  in  the  roof  of  the  mouth, 
and  from  want  of  a  sufficient  brain.  Thus,  Nature  did  not  endow  her 
creatures  with  speech  until  they  had  acquired  brains  to  think  and  coolness 
to  arrange  their  thoughts.  The  more  deep,  ample,  and  regular  this  concavity, 
so  that  the  tongue  may  have  freedom  to  perform  its  innumerable  and  quick 
evolutions,  the  more  distinct  must  be  the  speech,  and  the  more  cool,  steady, 
and  persevering  must  be  the  animal  appetites.* 

*  An  Attempt  to  Establish  Fbysiognomy  on  Scientific  Principles,  J.  Cross,  M.D.,  pp.  190, 191. 


830  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

This  quotation  is  pregnant  with  meaning,  and  shows  that 
intellect  and  oral  capacity  stand  in  direct  relationship  with  e^ch 
other,  and  in  this  scientific  -truth  we  have  the  foundation  for  the 
claim  1  make  that  all  congenital  imperfections  or  defects  of  the 
mouth  and  lips  are  indicative  of  defective  or  enfeebled  meiitality  or 
morality^  and  also  that  the  basic  laws  of  Form,  when  applied  to  the 
external  forms  of  the  mouth,  lips,  and  cheeks,  are  indisputable 
indications  of  mental,  moral,  and  physiological  powers  and  weak- 
nesses, according  to  the  appearances  observed.  The  various  defects 
in  speech,  such  as  hsping,  hesitancy,  tongue-tied,  or  thickness  of 
expression,  as  if  the  mouth  were  full  of  saliva,  are  indications  of 
defects  and  peculiarities  which  must  certainly  be  associated  with  an 
intellect  which  partakes  of  these  conditions,  and  that  is,  in  corre- 
spondence and  harmony  with  them. 

An  eminent  teacher  of  elocution.  Prof.  Alfred  McLeod,  who 
has  exceptional  opportunities  for  observing  impediments  in  the 
speech  of  large  numbers  of  children,  has  given  us  some  most 
instructive  ideas  and  statistics  in  regard  to  the  imperfect  articula- 
tion of  school-children ;  his  observations  have  led  him  to  see  the 
connection  between  mental  deficiencies  and  defective  speech.  He 
observes : — 

When  we  come  to  consider  the  number  of  positions  and  motions  of 
the  vocal  apparatus  required  in  speech,  and  the  exquisite  delicacy  of  tliese 
operations,  we  cease  to  wonder  at  the  prevalence  of  defective  utterance. 
But  when  we  learn  how  dependent  speech  is  on  mental  processes,  on  mental 
associations  and  on  volition,  one  rather  wonders  that  impediments  and 
delects  are  not  more  common.* 

Among  the  impediments  to  perfect  articulation,  he  cites  the 
following: — 

Defective  hearing,  or  inability  to  "  catch "  the  sound  of  certain 
letters. 

This  defect  is  like  that  of  color-blindness,  where  the  subject 
is  unable  to  distinguish  more  than  two  or  three  colors.  Beyond 
these  he  can  make  no  distinction.  Many  persons  omit  or  drop 
certain  letters  and  parts  of  words  through  inability  of  the  hearing 
apparatus  to  perceive  them.  Others  have  the  same  habit  through 
carelessness.  Other  impediments  of  speech  arise  from  malforma- 
tion, among  which  Professor  McLeod  mentions  the  following: 
"  Cleft  palate,  high  palate,  palate  resting  upon  the  tongue,  hare-lip, 
teeth  resting  upon  the  tongue,  double  row  of  teeth  in  one  jaw, 
enlarged  tonsils,  tumor  on  the  base  of  the  tongue,  stammering, 
hesitation,  repetition;"  to  which  he  might  have  added  lisping  and 

*  The  Voice,  Alfred  McLeod,   Aberdeen,  January,  1888. 


THE  VOICE.  831 

tongue-tied  articulation.  This  observer  adds  the  highly-interesting 
information  that  the  different  percentage  between  the  sexes  is  very 
great;  the  p>ercentage  of  defective  articulation  of  boys  is  4.21,  as 
compared  to  1.17  in  girls!  This  wide  discrepancy  of  the  relative 
power  of  the  two  sexes  in  regard  to  the  perfection  or  development 
of  the  sense  of  hearing  and  speaking  is  matched  by  the  statistical 
knowledge  which  we  have  in  regard  to  the  relative  ability  of  the 
two  sexes  to  distinguish  colors.  The  discrepancy  existing  between 
the  male  and  female  sexes  is  in  this  department  very  much  greater 
and  almost  beyond  belief  I  have  given  the  estimates  in  the  part 
devoted  to  "Color,"  and,  taken  in  this  connection,  it  would  be 
interesting  to  learn  the  reason  why  the  sense  organs  of  the  male 
should  be  so  much  less  developed  and  less  perfect  congenitally  than 
the  same  faculties  and  sense  organs  in  the  female  sex. 

To  follow  out  this  line  of  investigation  and  seek  the  results 
of  the  numerous  observers  in  every  field  of  research  relating  to 
the  human  faculties  would  fill  a  large  volume ;  hence  I  have  only 
space  here  to  call  attention  to  the  fact  that,  however  interesting 
all  such  information  may  be  to  the  student  of  physiognomy,  it  must 
be  sought  for  in  the  reports  and  statistical  tables  of  teachers  in  the 
several  schools,  asylums,  homes,  etc.,  for  the  treatment  of  defect- 
ively-organized children  and  adults. 

Another  most  important  field  of  inquiry  is  the  construction 
and  evolution  of  Language  taken  in  connection  with  the  evolution 
of  the  voice.  Max  Miiller,  Prof  AMlliam  Whitney,  and  other 
philologists  have  written  many  important  works  upon  these  sub- 
jects; but  here  again  want  of  space  forbids  my  pursuing  these 
channels,  although  tliey  are  properly  a  part  of  the  physiognomical 
history  of  man.  It  is  sufficient  to  say  that  the  voice,  as  well  as 
the  language,  of  races  has  developed  and  perfected  in  the  pro- 
portion as  their  physiology  and  anatomy  have  developed  and  per- 
fected. And  this  explains  much  in  regard  to  the  congenital 
defects  of  the  voice  and  of  language  which  afflict  such  large 
numbers  of  children.  In  many  cases  it  is  a  real  atavism  or  rever- 
sion to  the  condition  of  the  vocal  organs  which  are  observed  in 
those  undeveloped  races  that  have  not  yet  arisen  to  the  higli 
grade  attained  by  the  most  perfected  human  races.  In  some 
instances,  as  in  hare-lip  and  split-lip,  the  imperfection  arises  from 
incompleteness  of  the  formative  process  in  prenatal  life.  The 
junction  of  the  two  edges  of  the  upper  lip  which  should  have 
united  at  the  centre  remains  open  until  after  birth,  when  a  slight 
surgical  operation  is  required  to  effect  a  closure,  and  this  condition 
creates  a  more  or  less  defective  articulation.  The  so-called  "  wolf's 
jaw  "  is  caused  by  failure  of  the  upper-jaw  processes  to  adhere  in 


832  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the  middle  line,  in  the  early  stages  of  foetal  life.  This  defect  of 
structure  leaves  "an  open  passage  from'  the  mouth  cavity  directly 
into  the  nasal  cavity"  (Haeckel).  Who  can  doubt  that  such 
serious  defects  of  structure  in  so  important  an  organ,  or  rather  in 
two  organs,  the  mouth  and  nose,  should  produce  corresponding 
imperfections  of  the  intellect  or  of  moral  sense"?  The  fact  that 
this  form  of  imperfection  involves  the  speaking  apparatus,  and  lies 
near  the  brain,  and  makes  its  impress  upon  the  face  should  be  a 
signal  proof  to  physiognomists  of  their  effects  upon  the  mental 
and  moral  status.  I  have  reason  to  believe  that  congenital  defects 
of  the  hand  and  feet  are  correlated  with  peculiarities  of  the  temper 
or  mental  and  moral  states,  but  in  a  relatively  less  degree  than 
where  cerebral  organs  or  facial  features  are  involved.  Byron  was 
club-footed,  caused,  it  is  said,  by  his  mother's  almost  insane  bursts 
of  anger  during  his  prenatal  life.  In  this  connection,  speaking 
of  the  moral  sense,  Emerson  remarks  that  "veracity  derives  from 
instinct  and  marks  superiority  in  organization."* 

If  mind  were  a  separate  entity,  then  the  acts  of  the  body  would 
not  affect  mental  conditions,  but  as  physiognomy  teaches  that  the 
mind  and  body  are  a  unity,  intermingled  and  interblended  in  the 
most  complex  and  subtle  manner,  so  it  is  apparent  that  all  bodily 
states  affect  the  mental  and  moral  powers,  and  vice  versd^  all  mental 
states  affect  the  bodily  organs;  hence  it  is  that  any  facial  appear- 
ance which  is  congenitally  abnormal  or  defective  points  to  abnormal 
or  imperfect  conditions  of  the  particular  faculty  of  which  that  im- 
perfect feature  is  representative.  The  organs  of  speech  are  indica- 
tive of  both  mental  and  moral  powers,  and  these  must  therefore 
be  enfeebled  by  defects  of  any  part  of  the  organs  of  voice,  speech, 
and  articulation. 

Every  slight  peculiarity  of  speech  betrays  some  individual 
characteristic  of  the  reflective  faculty.  Excessive  softness  betokens 
hypocrisy  and  is  the  natural  companion  of  a  too-smooth  face. 

Very  harsh  voices  belong  to  the  rude  and  unfeeling.  In  this 
connection  I  may  mention  that  I  have  observed  a  peculiarly  harsh 
or  coarse  voice  in  those  who  were  refined  and  intelligent,  but  who 
were  foredoomed  to  bronchitis  or  consumption.  In  these  cases  a 
peculiar  construction  of  the  lungs  and  larynx  produces  the  voice 
which  I  term  the  "consumptive  voice."  I  have  noticed  this  in  the 
voices  of  those  who  were  apparently  in  normal  health,  yet  who 
did  not  have  any  other  symptom  of  their  coming  doom,  and  this 
was  unknown  to  them.  The  voice  was  inherited  along  with  the 
peculiar  construction  of  lungs  and  larynx  which  produced  it. 

As  voices  cannot  be  described  accurately  by  the  pen,  it  is 

«  Englisb  Traits,  B>  W,  Emerson,  p.  120. 


THE   VOICE.  833 

impossible  to  give  the  reader  an  exact  understanding  of  these 
differences.  Now,  if  it  is  possible  to  read  one  trait  of  character 
in  one  instance  by  one  peculiarity  of  the  voice,  it  is  logical  to 
infer  that  all  mental  states  and  grades  can  be  also  thus  read  by 
the  tones  of  the  voices. 

Many  eminent  observers  have  remarked  the  signification  of 
tones.     The  following  is  to  the  point: — 

Words  reveal  the  intellectual  state.  So  we  have  the  incisive  and 
compact  utterance  of  the  clear  thinker  in  contrast  to  the  intellectual  status 
of  the  wordy  bankrupt.  Voice  reveals  the  sensitive  state.  None  fail  to 
appreciate  the  clear,  honest  voice  of  health  and  refinement, the  piincinjr  fop, 
the  mudd^"^  vocality  of  vice.  Inflections  reveal  the  moral  state.  The  posi- 
tive inflection  of  the  man  of  conviction,  the  circumflex  of  a  double  dealer, 
the  mechanical  and  nasal  whine  of  the  hypocrite  are  interpreted  by  all.* 

It  is  indisputable  that  all  are  spontaneously  and  unconsciously 
influenced  by  the  tone,  pitch,  and  quality  of  the  voices  of  those 
with  whom  they  enter  into  conversation,  and  they  as  unconsciously 
act  upon  the  knowledge  which  those  voices  reveal  to  them  of  the 
mentahty  and  general  character  of  those  with  whom  they  converse. 
Some  voices  soothe,  while  others  irritate ;  others  still  fairly  exaspei'- 
ate  one.  Let  a  person  with  a  rich  voice,  full  of  sympathy  and 
intelligence,  approach  a  company,  and  as  soon  as  the  tones  of  that 
voice  are  heard  all  are  at  once  attentive,  because  its  intonations 
announce  the  power  of  the  individual  to  whom  it  belongs,  and 
this  intelligence  is  conveyed  to  the  listeners  in  the  most  instan- 
taneous and  subtle  manner,  although  the  speaker  may  have  as  yet 
only  uttered  the  commonplaces  of  salutation.  Such  voices  com- 
mand attention  and  respect  where\  cr  heard.  Now,  if  intelligent, 
sympathetic  voices  involuntarily  produce  such  decided  effects  upon 
those  who  hear  them,  is  it  not  reasonable  to  suppose  that  voices 
of  the  opposite  class  convey  an  equal  amount  of  intelligence  as  to 
their  owner's  mental  and  moral  calibre'?  Let  one  with  a  sharp, 
thin,  nasal  twang,  on  a  high-pitched  key,  endeavor  to  be  heard,  and 
there  will  be  an  immediate  attempt  of  the  company  to  retire  to 
distant  parts  of  the  premises.  Such  voices  cannot  lioM  together 
any  number  of  people  for  long,  neither  can  such  a  voice  produce 
other  than  a  disagreeable  impression  upon  the  listeners,  no  matter 
how  interesting  the  subject  under  consideration  may  be. 

Sound  creates  form  as  it  moves  through  the  air,  and,  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  perfection  of  the  instruments  producing  it,  it 
will  make  an  agreeable  and  intelligent  or  a  disagreeable  impres- 
sion upon  the  listener.  Thus  voice  is  shown  to  be  a  real  and 
tangible  part  of  the  individuality,  and  so  much  a  part  of  the 

•  Vocal  and  Action  Language,  E.  N.  Kirby,  p,  83.    Boston,  1886. 
63 


834  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

physiognomy  that  it  cannot  be  dispensed  with  in  the  dehneation 
of  character.  I  consider  a  fine  conversational  voice  a  great  charm. 
It  is  more  rare  in  America  than  a  fine  singing  voice.  There  are 
several  causes  for  this.  In  the  first  place  Americans  are  relatively 
less  muscular  than  the  Europeans.  They  are  also  more  nervous. 
Adding  these  two  causes  together,  they  produce  the  thin,  high- 
pitched  nasal  tones  which  are  so  distinctly  American.  This 
national  peculiarity  could  be  in  a  great  measure  remedied  by 
parents  and  teachers  were  they  to  give  sllglit  attention  to  the  pitch 
of  the  voice  in  childhood,  and  thus  place '  the  child's  voice  upon 
an  agreeable  key  while  it  is  yet  unformed  and  easily  modulated. 
The  first  days  of  the  cliild  in  school  should  be  devoted  to  teaching 
it  how  to  breathe  properly,  and  how  to  pitch  its  voice  rightly  in 
speaking  and  reading.  No  mere  book-learning  should  take  pre- 
cedence of  these  two  most  important  matters.  General  develop- 
ment of  the  muscles  and  development  of  the  lungs  by  breathing 
exercises,  together  with  a  properly-pitched  voice,  are  studies  of 
great  importance  to  every  child,  for  they  conduce  to  health,  long 
fife,  and  certainly  to  beauty  of  form,  attitude,  speech,  and  phys- 
iognomical expression.  Whatever  aids  normal  exercise  of  the 
larynx,  mouth,  and  lips  assists  beauty  of  facial  expression.  This 
can  be  easily  proven  by  observing  and  comparing  the  dreadful 
contortions  of  the  mouth  and  gasping  for  breath  of  an  improperly- 
trained  singer,  with  one  who  has  had  the  best  instruction.  The 
latter  exhibits  lovely  expressions  of  the  mouth,  and  sends  forth  the 
loudest  tones  with  ease  and  freedom.  I  liave  seen  some  faces, 
which  in  repose  were  very  beautiful,  completely  distorted  by  the 
reckless  or  untrained  movements  of  the  muscles  in  talking  and 
laughing.  This  was  the  result  of  bad  habits  of  speaking,  and 
could  have  been  easily  remedied  by  practicing  before  a  mirror,  as 
do  many  fine  actors  and  elocutionists. 

Unconscious  imitation  is  often  the  cause  of  the  ugly  move- 
ments observed  in  some  faces.  Many  children  contract  strabismus 
by  playing  with  cross-eyed  children.  The  unconscious  imitations 
by  children  of  all  sorts  of  abnormal  muscular  movements  observed 
in  those  about  them  teach  us  two  important  things.  One  is  that 
children  should  not  be  permitted  to  play  with  those  afflicted  with 
cross-eyes,  Saint  Vitus'  dance,  or  jerking  and  twitching  of  the 
muscles,  and  trembling  of  the  eye  or  eyelids,  for  in  most  cases 
they  are  imitated  spontaneously^  without  special  design  on  the  part 
of  the  child. 

The  second  lesson  to  be  derived  from  this  marked  aptness  of 
the  muscles  for  unconscious  imitation  teaches  parents' with  what 
slight  effort  children  can  be  trained  to  perform  a  variety  of  things 


THE   VOICE.  835 

tending  to  a  knowledge  of  art  and  science,  by  the  use  of  simple 
objects,  such  as  are  used  in  the  kindergartens,  without  at  all  tax- 
ing the  intellect.  The  movements  of  the  child's  hand  in  piano- 
playing  are  among  the  harmless  methods  of  exercising  the  muscles 
without  at  all  overtaxing  the  brain,  and  children  may  be  taught 
this  or  the  use  of  any  other  instrument,  such  as  the  sewing- 
machine,  before  being  taught  to  read. 

Elocution  is  a  fine  study  for  young  children,  for  the  breathing 
exercises  and  light  gymnastics  practiced  by  the  Delsarte  system  in 
particular  not  only  develop  the  voice,  but  give  grace  and  supple- 
ness to  all  the  limbs.  The  effect  of  elocutionary  exercises  upon 
the  intellect  is  wonderfully  strengthening  to  the  brain  as  well  as 
to  the  body.  Instead  of  giving  a  child  hooks  to  study  to  improve 
its  thinking  powers,  a  course  of  lessons  in  elocution  would  attain 
that  object  with  more  certainty.  When  I  am  asked  to  prescribe 
treatment  for  a  dull  child  I  invariably  order  gymnastics  and  elocu- 
tionary exercises,  and  the  same  course  may  be  pursued  with  good 
effect  by  the  child  whose  precofAPj/  of  intellect  threatens  early  de- 
cline. It  is  to  be  understood,  of  course,  that  a  judicious  use  of 
these  hygienics  must  be  made  under  charge  of  a  competent  teacher. 

The  voice  is  capable  of  emitting  sound  independent  of  the 
organs  of  speech — the  tongue,  the  lips,  cheeks,  and  teeth;  hence 
by  this  division  of  functions  it  must  be  apparent  that  the  voice 
alone  would  indicate  some  traits  distinct  from  those  revealed  by 
the  articulate  powers.  This  is  really  the  case,  and  this  analysis  of 
powers  shows  how  the  voice  is  an  indicator  of  vital,  interior,  moral, 
and  physical  conditions;  while  the  organs  of  speech — the  lips, 
tongue,  teeth,  etc.,  together  with  their  manner  of  articulating — 
belong  by  pre-eminence  to  the  mental  powers,  with  a  subdominance 
of  the  moral  and  pliysiological  states.  Man  could  use  the  voice 
were  he  deprived  of  the  power  of  articulating  words,  and  use  it 
with  great  power  too,  if  he  sought  to  develop  it  by  proper  exer- 
cise. The  voice  proceeds  from  the  lungs,  sustained  by  the  muscles 
of  the  diaphragm,  and  thus  the  tone  of  the  voice  reveals  the  inner 
man — his  amount  of  vitality,  his  bodily  stnicture;  hence  the 
amount  of  energy,  clearness,  or  feebleness  of  mind  and  body. 
This  is  well  demonstrated  by  comparison  of  the  tones  of  the  differ- 
ent races  of  civilized  men  with  their  bodily  structure.  The 
French  speak  more  from  the  forward  part  of  their  mouth,  with 
the  teeth,  tongue,  and  lips.  The  Italian  speaks  more  from  the 
middle  of  the  mouth  and  the  lips,  while  "  the  Englishman  speaks 
with  his  whole  body.  His  elocution  is  stomachic,  as  the  Ameri- 
can's is  labial."*     I  think  Emerson  should  have  said  that  the 

*  English  Traits,  R.  W.  Emerson,  p.  108. 


836  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

American's  is  nasal,  for  in  comparison  with  other  nations  we  find 
that  the  majority  of  our  countrymen  and  women  pitch  the  voice  so 
as  to  speak  either  in  head  tones  or  nasal  tones ;  rarely  do  they  use 
the  chest  tones.  I  am  convinced  the  majority  could  develop  fine 
chest  tones  were  they  trained  to  use  them  in  childhood.  .  The 
English  are  very  muscular,  and  their  lungs  are  relatively  broad, 
and  herein  is  the  basis  of  a  powerful  and  sonorous  voice.  In  ac- 
cordance with  this  broad,  muscular  build,  the  larynx  must  also  be 
large  and  strong,  and  thus  we  have  the  foundation  for  those  rich 
and  beautifully-modulated  voices  heard  in  the  conversation  of  most 
English  people.  The  Englishman's  voice  reveals  his  sturdy, 
hearty,  positive,  sincere  mind,  as  well  as  his  compact,  healthy, 
hardy  body.  The  French  speech  is  truly  Celtic;  unUke  the  Eng- 
lishmen, they  use  the  least  energetic  manner  of  speaking,  i.e.,  with 
the  forward  part  of  the  mouth,  and  the  lips,  and  also  nasal  tones. 
This  method  is  more  indicative  of  surface  feeling ;  it  is  not  as 
interior,  vital,  and  positive  as  that  of  the  English.  It  is  for  this 
reason  that  the  French  supplement  their  language  with  such  an 
infinity  of  gestures,  and  the  effect  of  gestures  is  to  call  attention 
away  from  the  body,  hence  speech  which  requires  many  gestures 
to  assist  its  explanation  is  never  as  solid,  positive,  vital,  and  sin- 
cere as  a  language  that  contains  in  its  essence  all  tliese  qualities. 
Now,  the  language  of  a  race  belongs  to  and  is  in  harmony  with 
the  grade  of  development  to  which  the  race  has  attained.  And 
the  English  language,  in  its  construction,  is  like  the  Anglo-Saxon 
races  in  their  bodily  build,  and  its  peculiar  grade  of  development 
harmonizes  with  their  intellectual  and  moral  status  as  well;  and 
in  a  certain  degree  the  language  suits  the  mind  and  bodily  con- 
formation of  the  Anglo-American  people,  who  should  endeavor  to 
harmonize  more  completely  with  the  genius  of  the  English  tongue 
by  cultivating  the  chest  tones. 

The  American  method  of  using  the  voice  is  in  harmony  with 
their  use  of  the  language,  for,  unlike  the  English,  they  use  the 
adjective  portion  most,  whereas  the  English  use  more  the  Saxon 
part,  or  noun  element;  but  the  subtleties  of  this  subject  are,  per- 
haps, too  complex  for  a  work  intended  for  popular  reading.  Tlie 
science  of  physiognomy  has  its  occult  and  esoteric  department,  llhe 
all  things  in  Nature.,  but  this  I  have  endeavored  to  hold  in  abeyance 
in  writing  this  work,  for  tliat  which  is  most  interior,  liidden,  and 
abstruse  would  seem  to  many  who  do  not  tliinh  profoimdlij  to  be 
fanciful,  superstitious,  or  the  effect  of  mere  impractical  imagina- 
tion. I  should  wish  never  to  have  my  ideas  classified  upon  either 
of  those  bases,  yet  the  fact  remains  that  Nature  has  a  secret  arcana 
into  which  only  those  who  have  mastered  her  external  phenomena 


THE   MOUTH.  837 

can  hope  to  penetrate.  The  voice  comes  from  the  interior  of  the 
body,  and  is,  therefore,  one  of  the  guides  to  its  most  interior  mean- 
ings, and  this  is  why  it  is  so  proHiic  and  many-sided  in  its  revela- 
tions of  the  most  interior,  vital,  moral,  and  mental  states.  In  the 
translation  of  these  subtle  tones,  as  in  the  recognition  of  all  of 
Nature's  finer  manifestations,  the  greatest  degree  of  sensitiveness 
is  required.  Gross  beings  would  fail  entirely  in  comprehending 
them. 

Let  the  reader  by  all  means  study  voices,  compare  tones  with 
the  shape  of  the  forehead,  the  nose,  mouth,  lips,  and  ear.  He  will 
observe  that  the  faces  of  all  who  emit  powerful  tones,  either  in 
speaking  or  singing,  have  the  lower  third  of  the  face  relatively  long 
and  the  cheeks  round  and  the  lips  full.  The  forehead,  too,  of 
those  who  possess  sonorous  ^•oices  is  different  in  shape  from  those 
whose  voices  are  faint  and  low.  The  frontal  sinus  in  all  great 
speakers  is  large,  thus  giving  the  required  size  of  this  cavity  for 
producing  sonorous  reverberations.  In  order  to  attain  the  greatest 
effects  from  any  instrument  the  mechanism  involved  must  be  the 
most  perfect ;  hence,  in  deciding  upon  one's  ability  as  a  speaker  we 
must  have  in  consideration  the  form  of  the  iiose^  forehead^  chin, 
cheeks,  and  lips,  and  the  line  of  closure  of  the  mouth.  The  eyes 
assist  in  this  quest,  for  wliere  they  are  large  and  fidl  the  voice  is 
more  apt  to  be  strong  and  rich,  and  the  owner  inclined  to  exces- 
sive and  fluent  use  of  the  faculty  of  Language. 

The  Mouth. 

•  the  line  of  closure. 

The  line  of  closure  of  the  mouth  is  highly  significant  of  char- 
acter, taken  either  in  combination  with  the  shape  of  the  lips  or 
without  reference  to  them.     The  line  of  closure,  like  all  of  the 


Fig.  181.-N0EMAL  LINE.  PlQ.  182.— NORMAL  MARGIN. 


features,  has  its  foundation  in  the  curve.  This  is  its  primitive 
form.  A  feature  which  is  intended  for  so  many  purposes  as  is  the 
mouth  must  have  the  ability  to  execute  curves,  to  form  a  circle, 
when  necessary ;  hence,  it  is  a  most  fiexihJe  feature.     Now,  in  the 


838  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

most  perfected  mouths  we  find  that  the  line  of  closure  describes 
straight,  or  nearly  straight  forms,  for  the  mouth,  like  the  larynx, 
"  must  be  able  to  construct  every  gradation  of  form  from  the  line 
of  fissure  to  the  complete  circle." 

In  the  upper  edge  of  the  red  portion  of  the  iq^iier  lip,  we 
find  three  well-defined  curves  (see  Fig.  181,  normal  outline  of 
margin),  and  in  the  lower  edge  of  the  colored  portion  of  the  lower 
lip  there  are  generally  in  artistic  mouths  three  slight  curves  or 
undulations  (Fig.  182),  and  in  the  lower  lip  of  profound  thinkers 
this  lower  line  is,  as  a  rule,  formed  by  a  single  curve  extending  from 
one  corner  of  the  mouth  to  the  other.     (See  Figs.  186  and  187.) 

In  analyzing  a  mouth  there  are  certain  indications  which  must 
be  examined  if  we  wish  to  gain  an  accurate  knoivledge  of  that  de- 
partment of  character  which  is  represented  by  the  mouth.  Lava- 
ter  has  given  several  rules  for  this  purpose,  and  I  cannot  do  better 
than  to  translate  and  insert  them.     He  remarks  on  this  point : — 

Examine  carefully  in  every  mouth  : 

(a)  The  two  lips  properly  so-called,  i.e.,  the  upper  lip  and  the  lower 
lip  separately ; 

(6)   The  line  which  is  the  result  of  their  junction  ; 

(c)  The  centre  of  the  upper  lip ; 

(d)  The  centre  of  the  lower  lip,  each  of  these  parts  in  particular ; 

(e)  The  base  of  the  middle  line ; 

(/)  Finally,  the  corners  which  terminate  that  line,  and  where  they 
leave  off  at  each  side,  and  by  which  it  is  shaded  off.  Without  these  distinc- 
tions it  is  impossible  either  to  draw  a  mouth  well  or  to  form  a  correct 
judgment  of  it.* 

What  Lavater  terms  "the  base  of  the  middle  line"  is  the 
scallop  shape  formed  by  the  downward  projection  of  the  upper  lip 
at  the  place  where  I  have  located  signs  for  Love  of  Young;  for  this 
scallop-shaped  line  he  had  no  name,  as  he  gave  no  specific  names 
for  facial  signs. 

In  infancy  the  line  of  closure  is  more  curved  than  in  the  adult 
stage.  In  the  mouths  of  omtors  and  in  those  of  profound  thinkers, 
the  line  of  junction  is  usually  straight,  or  nearly  so.  The  curved 
form  accords  well  with  the  soft  flexibility  of  immaturity,  and  when 
the  line  of  junction  presents  three  slight  curves  or  undulations  in 
the  adult  stage  we  find  that  the  artistic  sense  is  the  dominant  one, 
and,  as  the  artistic  is  not  so  highly  a  developed  sense  as  the  scien- 
tific, so  in  the  most  developed  scientists  and  inventors  the  line  of 
closure  is  the  more  nearly  straight.  These  are  subtle  distinctions 
which  will  grow  upon  the  discriminating  observer,  and  will  by 
continued  observation  prove  (although  the  indications  are  minute) 

*  L'Art  de  Connaitie  les  Hoinmes  par  la  Pliysiognoinie,  p.  190.    Paris,  1820. 


THE  MOUTH.  839 

that  the  distinctions  are  great,  and  the  signification  in  entire  accord 
with  the  basic  laws  of  Form. 

Infancy  is  the  age  of  curves.  We  shall,  therefore,  find  in  the 
artistic  classes  (who  are  not  so  highly  developed  as  the  scientific 
and  mechanical  classes)  an  abundance  of  curves  in  and  about  the 
mouth  and  Hps. 

THE   GRAMINIVOROUS   MOUTH. 

The  mouths  and  faces  of  those  whose  taste  inclines  more  to  a 
grain  and  fruit  diet  than  to  meat-eating  are  usually  of  the  form  ob- 
ser\  ed  in  the  grain-eating  animals.  Their  mouths  are  small,  with 
delicately-formed  lips,  relatively  narrow  lower  jaw,  and  thin  cheeks. 
The  disposition  of  this  class  is  peaceable,  and  their  passions  are  not 
easily  aroused.  They  are  lacking  in  physical  courage  and  expend 
all  their  energies  upon  useful  industries.  They  are  never  leaders 
and  commanders,  but  follow  where  others  with  more  force  lead  the 
way. 

The  sheep,  the  horse,  the  deer,  and  other  grain-eating  animals 
present  the  same  facial  form  and  similar  mental  and  moral  charac- 
teristics. 

THE   SINGING   MOUTH. 

The  line  of  closure  of  the  singing  mouth  is  characterized 
generally  by  the  straight  form,  with  full,  red,  protrusive  lips. 
Alniost  all  singers  possess  a  tolerably  wide  mouth.  Rarely  is  it 
very  small ;  some  even  being  quite  wide,  as  is  the  case  with  Madame 
Christine  Nilsson,  Frau  Materna,  Sofia  Scalchi,  Emma  Thursby, 
Annie  Louise  Gary,  Albani,  ^"alleria,  Geistinger,  Madame  Sainton- 
Dolby,  Campanini,  Gatty,  Huntley,  and 
others.  One  great  point  of  difference 
between  the  singing  mouth  and  the  medi- 
tative mouth  is  that  the  latter  discloses 
less  of  the  red  portion  of  the  lips,  which 
are  not  usually  so  full  as  the  former.  It 
is  impossible  to  do  justice  to  the  singing 
mouth  without  at  the  same  time  firivine:  a 
description  of  the  accessory  pliysiognom-  ^iss  emma  thursby. 
ical    signs,   as    the  mouth   alone   forms 

only  a  portion  of  the  mechanism  concerned  in  the  production  of 
musical  sounds.'^  In  order  to  exhibit  any  form  of  art  the  mechan- 
ism suited  to  the  purpose  must  first  be  had  in  the  bodily  organiza- 
tion. Painters  must  possess  flexible  muscles  and  a  fine  endowment 
of  color.  Sculptors  must  have  a  good  mechanical  mind,  along 
with  artistic  tastes  and  imagination.     The  actor  must,  like  the 


840  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

singer,  possess  flexibility  and  an  excessively  emotional  and  sensi- 
tive organism.  The  singer,  in  order  to  produce  volume,  must  have 
space — area — in  the  construction  of  the  larger  mouth,  nose,  cheeks, 
and  frontal  sinuses. 

The  most  decided  facial  signs  of  a  singer  are,  then,  a  short, 
round,  muscular  nose,  full  cheeks,  length  of  the  face  from  the 
nostril  to  the  point  of  the  chin,  length  downward  and  forward  of 
the  chin,  and  height  of  the  roof  of  the  mouth.  This  formation 
gives  the  right  construction  for  the  production  of  loud,  sonorous 
tones. 

The  quality  of  the  sound  depends  upon  the  quality  of  the 
muscles  and  cartilages  of  the  vocal  cords  and  larj^nx,  and  of  the 
sensitiveness  of  the  auditory  nerves.  The  ears  of  all  good  singers 
are  rounding,  and  exhibit  width  and  depth  of  the  cavity  of  the 
auricle  or  shell  of  the  external  ear,  together  "with  a  large  pendent 
lobule."  For  further  descriptions  see  the  faculty  of  "Music,"  in 
Chapter  II. 

THE   ARTISTIC   MOUTH. 

There  are  manifold  forms  and  sizes  found  among  artistic 
mouths ;  yet  all  without  exception  are  conspicuously  carved  in  both 
hps,  and  with  a  serpentine  line  of  closure.  As  a  rule,  the  lips 
are  full  and  more  or  less  protrusive,  showing  a  bright-red  color. 

As  under  the  term  "artistic"  I  include  a  great  variety  of 
calling's  which  all  demand  the  supremacy  of  muscle  for  their  exer- 
cise, so  it  may  be  well  to  state  that  the  above 
form  of  mouth  with  many  variations  can   be 
found  in  the  physiognomies  of  painters,  poets, 
singers,   athletes,  actors,   etc.     Each    of  these 
classes   of  artists  have,    however,  some  slight 
differences  which  will  be  examined   seriatim, 
yet  all   possess  more  or  less   of  the  domestic, 
sentimental,  emotional,  and  sympathetic  facul- 
RosA  BONHEUR.        ^ics,  for  thcsc  are  the  bases  of  their  arts,  and 
must  have  their  signs  in  and  about  the  mouth 
and  lips.     Of  course,  one  expects  to  find  individual  peculiarities  of 
structure  in  the  singing  mouth  that  are  not  essential  to  the  poet 
or  painter;  yet  all  have  many  of  the  emotional  traits  in  common. 

THE   CONVERSATIONAL   MOUTH.     " 

All  good  conversationists  exhibit  in  the  formation  of  the  lips 
and  mouth  several  signs  in  common.  The  line  of  closure  is  wide, 
or  at  least  moderately  so ;  straight,  also,  with  full,  red,  moist  lips, 
in  which  the  colored  par^  is  quite  distinct.     These  lips  abound  in 


THE   MOUTH.  841 

curves.  Witty,  mirthful  talkers  have  the  outer  corners  of  the 
upper  lip  curved  tipward,  while  dimples  play  about  the  corners  of 
the  mouth  and  cheeks.  Indeed,  in  some  witty,  mirthful  faces  I 
have  observed  slight  dimples  in  various  parts  of  the  chin  and 

cheeks  while  the  subject  was  engaged  in 
conversation  of  an  amusing  nature.  Vol- 
taire, Sterne,  and  Samuel  S.  Cox  are  ex- 
cellent examples  of  this  mouth. 

The  following-named  persons  exhibit 
various  forms  of  the  conversational  mouth: 
pj^  jgg  Horatio  Seymour,  Thomas   Moore,  Oscar 

JEAN  JAQUES  ROUSSEAU.  Wildc,  OHvcr  Wcudell  Holmes,  Henry  D. 
(CoNVKKSATioNAi.  MOUTH.)  xhorcau.  Sir  John  Lubbock,  Harriet  Mar- 
tineau,  T.  B.  Macaulay,  William  E.  Dodge,  Count  Andrassy, 
Franz  Liszt,  Lady  Blessington,  Richard  Person,  Button,  Cuvier, 
Faraday,  Johanna  Baillie,  Tliomas  Arnold,  D.D.,  Ida  Pfeiffer, 
Prof.  Richard  Owen,  and  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe. 

There  is  a  wide  difference  between  conversation  and  mere  talk- 
ing. Fluency  is  not  conversation  ;  neither  can  loquacity  be  ranked  as 
such.  The  mouths  of  vulgar,  loquacious  gabblers  are  exaggerated 
forms  of  the  conversational  mouth.  Their  lips  are  full,  coarse, 
protrusive,  and  sensual-looking  ;  their  chief  lingual  characteristics 
are  fluency,  coarseness,  and  absence  of  good  sense.  This  class 
become  horse-jockeys,  bar-room  oracles,  patent-medicine  venders, 
peripatetic  "•  professors  "  of  hair-dye  and  corn-plasters,  and  "  cheap 
John"  auctioneers.  When  they  talk  and  harangue  their  audi- 
ences their  lips  are  so  loose  and  flabby  and  there  is  so  much  of 
them  that  it  appears  often  as  though  part  of  their  lips  would 
escape.  Their  language  is  of  the  same  quality  and  quantity  as 
their  lips — coarse  and  plenty  of  it. 

THE   ORATORICAL   MOUTH. 

If  the  mouths  of  all  great  orators  are  examined  we  shall  And 
that  they  invariably  show  the  line  of  closure  to  be  straight,  hori- 
zontal,' and  wide ;  the  lips  full,  red,  pro-  ^ 
trusive,  and  moist,  with  relative  length 
from  the  nostrils  to  the  point  of  the  chin. 
This  aftbrds  space  for  volume. 

To  make  a  practical  test  of  this  fore- 
going statement  examine  the  portraits  of 
John  C.  Calhoun,  Henry  Clay.  Starr  King,         ^^^^^^  quTnc?adams. 
John  Adams,  Charles  James  Fox,  Patrick 

Henri,  Comte  de  Mirabeau,  Edmund  Burke,  Abby  Kelley  Foster, 
Mary  Livermore,  or  any  other  eloquent  speaker,  and  these  signs  in 


842  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the  mouth  will  be  present,  together  with  large,  full  eyes  and  a 
normal  degree  of  color  of  the  eyes,  hair,  and  complexion. 

Almost  all  the  great  orators  have  possessed  a  great  deal  of 
color,  and  this,  added  to  their  mental  powers,  has  assisted  in  creat- 
ing fervor  and  enthusiasm.  A  pallid  orator  and  one  with  very 
light  eyes  has  never  appeared. 

One  very  marked  peculiarity  of  the  lower  lip  of  orators  is  the 
large  size  of  the  sign  of  "Patriotism,"  fullness  just  below  the  red 
portion  of  the  lower  lip  and  slightly  toward  the  sides. 

The  upper  lip  of  the  more  profound  orators — those  who  are 
engaged  in  the  attempt  to  solve  the  problems  of  government  and 
other  weighty  subjects — disclose  very  Uttle  of  the  colored  portion 
of  the  upper  lip.  This  pecidiarity  is  seen  in  the  physiognomy  of 
Henry  Clay,  Daniel  Webster,  and  Calhoun,  but  in  the  faces  of  the 
liumorous,  witty,  dramatic,  story-telling  orators  the  hps  show  the 
entire  red  and  are  quite  protrusive.  Observe,  for  specimens  of  this 
kind,  the  mouths  of  Henry  Ward  Beecher  and  Robert  G.  IngersoU; 
the  former  was  a  grand  comedian,  and  the  latter  is  very  humorous 
and  witty ;  Gough  also  was  a  tine  actor.  There  are  others  of  this 
stamp.  Such  I  class  among  artistic  mouths  rather  than  among 
those  who  are  profound  logicians  as  well  as  able  orators. 

THE   MEDITATIVE   MOUTH. 

All  physiognomists  who  have  described  the  mouths  of  thought- 
ful persons  agree  in  their  description.  Lavater,  tlie  most  accurate 
of  physiognomical  observers,  tells  us  that 

A  lightly-closed  mouth,  the  dividing  line  of  which  is  straight,  and  in 
which  the  outer  edges  are  not  visible,  is  a  certain  indication  of  a  studious 

mind.  When  the  lips  are  closed  gently  and 
without  an  effort,  and  their  outline  is  correct, 
they  indicate  a  thoughtful,  firm,  and  judicious 
character.* 


•  The  mouths  of  thoughtful  people  as 

Fig.  187.-SAMUEL  HOUSTON,     ^hcy  advaucc  in  life  become  more  aftd  more 

compressed,  so  that  very  little  of  the  colored 
portion  of  the  lips  is  seen.  The  red  of  the  upper  lip  is  almost 
entirely  hidden.  Profound  thinkers  live  more  interiorly  than  do 
artistic  people,  such  as  singers,  poets,  and  painters ;  hence,  tlie 
mouths  of  the  former  will  be  closed  firmly  and  the  red  portion  of 
the  upper  lip  particularly  will  be  nearly  hidden.  The  artistic 
classes  live  more  in  the  external^ — in  the  sensational  part  of  their 
natures, — and  they  show  the  greater  part  of  tlieir  lips ;  their  eyes, 

*  Translated  from  "  L' Art  de  Connaitre  les  Hommes  par  la  Physioguomie,"  p.  192. 


THE  MOUTH.  843 

also,  are  larger,  more  alert ;  their  lively  movements  and  gestures 
and  the  poise  of  the  head  all  show  that  they  live  mainly  in  the 
outside  of  themselves,  instead  of  in  the  interior — the  meditative 
part  of  their  organism. 

The  mouths,  as  well  as  the  eyes  and  poise  of  the  head,  of 
deep,  patient  scientists,  mechanics,  philosophers,  and  inventors 
change  greatly  with  advancing  age ;  their  lips,  which  in  youth 
have  been  full  and  red  and  somewhat  protrusive,  change  in  after- 
life, so  that  the  red  portion  is  not  nearly  as  visible ;  the  eyes  are 
lowered  and  thoughtful,  and  the  head  inclines  slightly  forward  and 
to  one  side.  All  these  changes  have  been  wrought  by  concentrated 
and  consecutive  meditation,  and  as  thought  is  interior  action^  so 
the  eyes  being  the  avenue  through  which  sensations  enter  the  mind 
and  the  mouth  the  mechanism  by  which  thought  is  communicated 
orally,  it  is  logical  to  infer  that  the  signs  of  long-continued  thought 
would  stamp  their  impress  upon  these  features. 

As  tlie  brain  is  the  part  of  the  mind  where  sensations  are 
translated  into  consciousness,  we  shall  find  that  this  organ  will  in- 
cline forward,  as  this  position  favors  reflection,  in  a  manner,  by 
shutting  out  passing  sights ;  so  we  shall  find  this  to  be  the  cus- 
tomary attitude  of  many  contemplative  minds.  See,  for  example, 
the  portraits  of  Dr.  Abemethy;  James  Watt,  the  inventor; 
Wollaston,  eminent  physicist;  Sir  Samuel  Romilly,  statesman; 
Sir  Joseph  Banks,  discoverer;  Captain  Cook,  navigator;  John 
Smeaton,  civil  engineer  and  inventor;  Samuel  Johnson  and  Noah 
Webster,  philologists ;  Samuel  Wesley,  divine. 

Benjamin  Franklin's  mouth  is  the  mouth  of  a  thinker  and 
talker  combined ;  so  also  is  that  of  Daniel  Webster.  The  follow- 
ing-named persons  present  excellent  specimens  of  the  "  meditative" 
mouth :  John  DoUond,  inventor ;  Lord  Mansfield,  Chief  Justice 
of  England ;  James  Bradley,  astronomer ;  Edmund  Halley,  astron- 
omer ;  Jjord  Shaftesbury,  philanthropist  and  statesman ;  Sir  John 
Herschel,  astronomer;  Henri  Mihie  Edwards,  scientist;  Vasco 
da  Gama,  discoverer;  Professor  Huxley,  scientist;  Matthew 
Vassar,  successful  manufacturer;  Elliott  C.  Cowden,  merchant; 
Daniel  Webster,  orator  and  profound  reasoner ;  James  B.  Eads, 
engineer;  Cyrus  W.  Field,  electrician ;  Edwin  D.  Morgan,  states- 
man; ex-President  Thiers,  and  Admiral  Napier.  All  the  above- 
named  persons  were  deep  thinkers,  and  their  eyes,  mouth,  and 
general  facial  expression  corroborate  this  characteristic. 

THE   COMMON-SENSE   MOUTH. 

A  mouth  of  medium  size,  with  the  line  of  closure  straight  and 
horizontal,  and  the  lips  showing  considerable  of  the  red  portion, 


844 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


and  of  medium  fullness,  gently  closed,  and  of  equal  proportions, 
is  certainly  indicative  of  a  well-balanced  mind.  Oliver  Cromwell's 
mouth  is  an  excellent  specimen  of  this  type,  and  is  the  most  beau- 
tiful feature  in  his  face.  Some  characters 
possess  a  talent  of  common  sense.  All 
their  acts  appear  to  be  well  done,  and  the 
best  that  could  be  done  under  the  circum- 
stances. This  class  of  people  are  noted 
for  the  general  excellence  of  all  they 
undertake  rather  than  for  any  special  gift. 
Robert  Morris,  one  of  the  signers  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  was  one  of 
this  class,  and  his  character  shone  pre- 
eminent in  all  his  endeavors.  His  mouth  discloses  a  well-balanced 
character.  So  also  do  those  of  Edward  Everett,  Gerritt  Smith, 
Thomas  B.  Macaulay,  Goldwin  Smith,  Albert  Barnes,  Harriet 
Martineau,  Lucretia  Mott,  and  Matthew  Vassar,  who  endowed 
Vassar  College  for  women. 

THE    ORDERLY   MOUTH. 

This  variety  of  the  mouth  is  most  met  with  among  scientists, 
mechanics,  and   those  who   are  extremely  orderly,   precise,  and 


Fro.  188. 
BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN. 


FiQ.  189.— (Wm.  E.  Gladstone.)  Fig.  190.— (Michael  Faraday.) 

TWO  TYPES  OF  THE  ORDERLY  MOUTH. 


accurate ;  hence,  the  osseous  will  be  one  of  the  dominant  systems. 
Lavater  describes  this  mouth,  and  I  cannot  do  better  than  to 
reproduce  his  description.     He  remarks  thus: — 

A  month  firmly  shut,  the  cleft  of  which  runs  in  a  straight  line  in  which 
the  margin  of  the  lips  does  not  appear,  is  certain  indication  of  coolness,  of 
the  spirit  of  application,  the  friend  of  order,  exactness,  and  neatness. 

THE   ECONOMICAL   MOUTH. 

This  mouth  presents  many  of  the  characteristics  of  the  com- 
mon-sense mouth,  for  triie  economy  is  based  on  good  judgment  and 
a  conscientious  regard  for  the  use  of  money,  material,  time,  strength, 
health,  friends,  and  opportunities.  This  mouth  is  wide,  the  semi- 
circle of  the  upper  and  lower  jaw-bones  both  presenting  an  uncom- 


THE    MOUTH.  845 

mon  width,  together  with  well-developed  lips  and  breadth  of*  chin 
(sign  for  Conscientiousness). 

A  talented  degree  of  economy  demands  high  faculties  and  a 
comprehensive  intellect;  and  one  sign  of  breadth  of  mind  is  seen 
in  breadth  of  the  jaw-bones,  or  rather  that  portion  of  them  which 
forms  the  semicircle  or  alveolar  process,  where  the  teeth  are  inserted 
in  the  jaw.  Breadth  of  this  semicircle  indicates  not  only  compre- 
hensiveness, but  also  larger  conscientiousness  than  where  the  semi- 
circle is  narrow  and  contracted,  and  the  teeth  overlapping  each 
other  for  want  of  space  to  grow  evenly  in  a  normal  manner. 

I  hold  that  true  economy  is  produced  by  a  combination  of 
Reason  and  Conscience,  both  large,  and  where  the  quality  of  the 
individual  is  fine  in  combination  we  find  the  best  exhibition  of  this 
trait. 

Now,  there  are  many  grades  of  the  saving  faculty,  from  a 
talented  degree  of  economy  to  a  petty,  paltry  method  of  hoarding 
for  the  love  of  accumulation,  which  is  exhibited  by  those  .whose 
mental  outfit  is  quite  limited,  and  who  are  incapable  of  giving  on 
a  large  scale.  Such  beings  are  compensated  by  the  faculty  of 
saving  by  littles.  In  this  class  are  many  industrious,  thrifty  persons 
who  are  not  misers,  but  who  are  yet  constructed  morally  and 
mentally  on  a  much  smaller  pattern  than  the  true  talented  econo- 
mist. These  characters  are  not  usually  possessed  of  fine  tastes  in 
art  and  Hterature;  hence,  their  nature  does  not  crave  the  materials 
and  opportunities  for  the  enjoyment  of  such  tastes;  therefore  they 
have  no  inclination  to  expend  time  and  money  in  this  direction. 
Their  want  of  intellectual  capacity  is  shown  by  narrow  jaws  and  a 
small  mouth,  and  this  same  narrowness  indicates  that  Conscientious- 
ness is  not  very  large^  nor  very  strong ;  hence,  this  class  of  indi- 
viduals will  not  be  actuated  by  the  Jdghest  motives  in  their  endeav- 
ors to  acquire,  but  will,  like  the  rat  and  other  rodents,  accumulate 
by  methods  not  always  the  most  honorable,  and  in  some  cases 
petty  stealing  will  be  practiced,  and  also  the  hoarding  up  by  littles 
what  is  thus  accumulated. 

As  before  remarked,  there  are  many  grades  of  this  faculty. 
Some  of  the  narrow-mouthed  economists  will  endeavor  to  acquire 
by  depriving  themselves  of  all  bodily  comforts,  or  what  normally- 
constituted  beings  consider  such ;  yet  some  very  saving  people  seem 
not  to  have  any  need  of  what  others  deem  actual  necessities.  It 
is,  therefore,  no  sacrifice  for  them  to  do  without  these  things. 
Then,  too,  their  happiness  is  derived  from  small  accumulations,  and 
the  knowledge  that  they  are  constantly  adding  to  them.  They  do 
not  seek  the  indulgence  of  such  expensive  luxuries  as  are  involved 
in  the  enjoyment  of  music,  literature,  and  hospitality,  and  in  the 


846  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

exliibition  of  aesthetic  tastes.  The  entire  facial  make-up  of  these 
small  savers  is  in  harmony  with  the  mouth  and  jaws.  The  eyes 
are  round,  small,  and  bright,  and  the  nose  never  very  large.  They 
resemble  in  looks  and  manners  the  squirrel,  the  'coon,  the  opossum, 
the  weasel,  tlie  ferret,  and  tlie  fox.  The  lips  are  thin,  and  closed 
tightly.  They  are  small,  active,  neat,  and  secretive,  and  always  on 
tlie  lookout  for  small  chances  to  gain  a  little^  and  are  great  chatter- 
ers of  small  talk.  The  acquisitive  or  saving  mouth  has  been  well 
described  by  J.  Stanley  Grimes  and  quoted  by  me  in  the  descrip- 
tion of  the  faculty  of  "Acquisitiveness,"  page  541. 

THE   DESTRUCTIVE   OR   CARNIVOROUS   MOUTH. 

This  mouth  is  in  direct  contmst  to  the  preceding  one,  for  it 
depends  upon  physical  capacity  and  power.     It  resembles  the  car- 
nivorous animals  in  size  and  form,  and  is  indicative  of  force,  cour- 
age, and  strong  passions  of  various  sorts.     It  is  wide,  and  the 
lower  jaw  and  lip  curve  outwardly  just  over 
the  lower  canine  teeth,  producing  the  appear- 
ance observed  in  the  mouth  of  the  lion,   the 
tiger,  and  other  carnivorous  beasts.    As  a  rule, 
those  who  exhibit  this  form  of  mouth  display 
a  combative  disposition,  and  seek  to  overcome 
CHIEF  GERONiMo.       their    oppoucuts   by    physical    means.      They 
also  evince  destructive  tendencies  of  all  kinds. 
I  have  observed  this  form  of  mouth  in  some  persons  of  refined 
tastes,  but  their  destructive  proclivities  were  shown  by  carelessness  in 
the  use  and  handling  of  articles,  ornaments,  etc.,  and  by  destroying 
their  clothing  and  furniture  by  abuse  of  them,  by  rough  handling, 
and  by  lack  of  proper  care,  etc. 

The  lips  of  the  destructive  mouth  are  very  red;  the  tongue 
large,  wide,  and  strong,  and  the  taste  for  flesh-meat  is  most  decided. 

CRIMINAL   MOUTHS. 

The  forms  of  the  mouths  of  congenital  criminals,  as  a  rule, 
"speak  louder  than  words,"  and  announce  their  grade  in  the  scale 
of  morals.  They  are  of  many  diverse  shapes  and  sizes.  In  some 
the  dividing  line  of  the  mouth  is  all  askew,  one  side  rising  higher 
than  the  other,  and  in  some  cases  one  side  v/ill  be  found  wider 
than  the  other,  measuring  from  the  centre  of  the  nose.  In  others, 
the  line  of  closure  is  similar  to  that  observed  in  some  batrachians, 
the  toad,  for  example.  In  others  it  resembles  the  forms  of  several 
of  the  fish  tribe.  I  have  seen  some  individuals  whose  mouths 
resembled  those  of  the  cod,  the  trout,  and  the  mackerel.  Those 
human  beings  who  possess  the  latter  form  of  mouth  are  said  to  be 


THE   MOUTH.  847 

possessed  of  an  inherited  appetite  for  intoxicants.  My  own  ob- 
servations confirm  this.  Now,  this  habit  is  abnormal,  and  leads  to 
every  species  of  wickedness.  This  peculiar  formation  of  the  month 
shows  that  it  is  abnormal,  for  it  is  a  reversion  to  a  lower-type  form, 
and  reveals  the  peculiar  characteristic  of  that  form,  viz.,  love  of 
fluids,  as  well  as  a  taste  for  intoxicating  fluids. 

The  curved  shape  of  these  several  classes  of  mouths  exhibit 
the  action  of  the  law  of  perversion^  or  the  law  of  the  skew ;  their 
obliquity  and  deviation  from  the  straight  and  horizontal  or  normal 
form  of  the  line  of  closure  of  the  mouth  betrays  their  departure 
from  the  strict  line  of  rectitude.     They  not  only  indicate  abnormal 
thirst,  but,  as  this  form  is  the  form  of  a  very  low  type  in  the  scale 
of  development,  it  denotes  either  relative  stupidity,  insensibility, 
or  brutality.     It  is  not  a  human  form  at  all.     Lavater  has  noted 
this  mouth,  and  ascribes  to  it  the  qualities  of  theft,  mendacity,  and 
brutality.     The  more  nearly  the  human  mouth  approaches  in  form 
that  of  any  animal,  the  more  the  ac- 
companying  characteristics    of    that       I       ^ 
species   will   be    exhibited,  and   the       %  di'Z'^^^^^^^ 
lower  in  the  scale  of  development  the         w^^^***^***^^^^ 
animal,  the  lower  will  be  the  moral         ^m^       ^  ,|# 
status  of  the  individual  thus  charac-  ^jjl^^  ■  .' 

Some    criminals    exhibit    their  ft  ..^^r 

vicious  propensities  by  great  dispro-  ^^a^^^^P'^ 

portion  of  the  lips.     In  some  cases       pi^.  m-A  sensual  mouth. 
the  lower   one   is  very  full,    coarse, 

and  proti-usive,  setting  far  out  beyond  the  upper  one,  which  is  thin 
and  pale.  In  others,  the  under  one  is  thin  and  flat,  and  the  upper 
lip  large,  thick,  and  projecting.  In  the  latter  case  there  will  be 
excessive  sensuality,  insensibility,  and  grossness  in  conversation, 
together  with  gluttonous  tastes. 

Observation  and  comparison  of  a  collection  of  notorious 
criminals  will  reveal  the  fact  that  the  signs  of  criminality  are  to  be 
found,  first,  in  the  motor  or  muscular  apparatus  of  the  face, — in 
the  mouth,  eyes,  and  in  the  soft  parts  of  tlie  cheeks;  secondly,  in 
the  motive  apparatus  of  the  trunk,  limbs,  feet,  etc.  All  these  indi- 
cations are  explained  elsewhere  in  several  places;  hence  I  sliall 
only  allude  to  them  here  in  order  to  show  that  it  is  upon  tlie  most 
flexible  and  malleable  parts  of  the  system  that  criminal,  vicious, 
stupid,  and  brutal  signs  appear. 

One  great  lesson  to  be  drawn  from  this  is,  that  inasmuch  as 
these  signs  appear  in  the  most  flexible  muscles  and  softest  tissues, 
the  attempt  to  improve  and  elevate  these  victims  of  transmitted 


848  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

faults  is  most  encouraging,  for  the  very  elasticity  of  these  parts 
proves  that  they  are  susceptible  of  modification,  for  where  the 
movements  of  muscles  are  often  repeated  in  the  same  direction 
they  become  permanent ;  then,  too,  there  is  a  law  of  automaiism 
of  the  muscles  and  a  periodicity  of  motion  of  the  nervous  system 
through  the  action  of  which  oft-recurring  sensations  and  move- 
ments of  these  two  classes  of  motor-powers  create  permanet  con- 
ditions and  forms. 

The  signs  of  criminal  disposition  are  treated  of  in  the  descrip- 
tion of  the  lips  and  eyes.  The  reader  can  refer  to  these  for  further 
instruction. 

That  the  principle  of  skewism,  scalenism,  or  sinistrality  was 
understood  in  its  practical  results^  at  least  by  Lavater,  is  shown  by 
the  following.     He  remarks: — 

Of  him  whose  figure  is  oblique;  whose  mouth  is  oblique;  whose  walk 
is  oblique;  whose  handwritiug  is  oblique, — that  is,  iu  an  unequal,  irregular 
direction, — of  him  the  manner  of  thinking,  character,  and  conduct  are 
oblique,  inconsistent,  partial,  sophistic,  false,  sly,  crafty,  whimsical,  contra- 
dictory, coldly-sneering,  devoid  of  sensibility.* 

The  Cheeks. 

general  remarks. 

The  cheeks  of  the  human  face  are  composed  entirely  of  soft 
tissues,  muscles,  fibres,  adipose  material,  nerves,  vascular  tissue, 
lymphatic  glands,  and  an  elastic  skin,  and  by  reason  of  their  being 
composed  entirely  of  the  soft  tissues  of  the  body  they  are  more 
susceptible  to  changes  of  their  form  tlian  those  features  which 
depend  upon  bone  or  muscle  exclusively  for  their  outlines. 

As  before  stated,  all  ficial  signs  of  character  are  situated  in 
the  tissue  or  constituent  from  which  the  associated  mental  faculty 
or  faculties  derive  their  power.  It  is  thus  that  Nature  points  us  to 
the  source  or  hose  of  supply  of  each  individual  faculty.  Now,  the 
origin  of  all  of  the  signs  of  character  found  in  the  lower  cheeks  is 
intestinal.  Hospitality,  Alimentiveness,  or  Digestion,  Friendship, 
Approbativeness,  and  Mirthfulness  are  directly  related  to  this 
system.  No  one  can  doubt  this  who  has  ever  made  observations' 
upon  the  changes  wrought  in  this  feature  by  good  digestion,  by 
dyspepsia  or  consumption,  or  by  the  sudden  falling  away  of  the 
cheeks  through  loss  of  appetite,  or  by  a  wasting  disease.  No 
animal  possesses  cheeks,  properly  so  called.  This  part  of  the 
physiognomy  is  in  them  wanting.     The  development  of  character 

»  Essays  on  Physiognomy,  Lavater,  p.  463. 


THE   CHEEKS.  849 

which  I  associate  with  this  portion  of  this  countenance  is  also  in 
them  measurably  lacking.  Animals  do  not  exhibit  in  a  refilled 
manner  those  traits  whose  signs  I  have  located  in  tlie  cheeks, 
although  they  do  possess  the  germs  of  all,  and  exhibit  them  in  an 
animal-like  manner  in  varying  degrees.  Instead  of  cheeks  they  have 
jowls  or  chops,  and  those  who  do  not  possess  these  are  devoid 
entirely  of  any  semblance  of  cheeks,  and  so  we  may  truly  say  that 
the  developed  cheeh  is  a  purely  human  feature.  Like  all  facial 
features,  it  observes  an  orderly  progress  in  evolution  and  develop- 
ment, and  in  the  perfectly-matured  human  being  one's  grade  in 
Sociality,  Friendship,  Hospitality,  and  Approbativeness  is  at  once 
settled  by  reference  to  tlie  cheeks.  Very  little  is  noted  in  regard 
to  the  significance  of  the  cheeks  in  works  of  art,  of  anatomy,  or  of 
expression.  This  neglect  is  so  wide-spread  that  when  I  came  to 
this  portion  of  my  work  I  found  scarcely  any  authority  by  which 
to  emphasize  my  own  deductions.  It  is  true,  anatomy  tells  us  all 
about  the  muscles,  fibres,  vascular  apparatus,  etc.,  of  the  cheeks, 
but  nothing  about  the  forms  which  are  developed  by  the  action 
of  the  juices  which  arise  from  the  collection  of  tissues  composing 
these  features.  Poets  and  lovers  have  written  the  most  upon 
"rosy  cheeks,"  "dimpled  cheeks,"  etc.,  but  I  cannot  accept  as 
correct  the  deductions  of  these  rather  unscientific  and  partial 
thinkers.  Art  has  perhaps  enlightened  us  the  most  as  to  tlie/o?7?i.9 
of  the  cheeks,  yet  nothing  in  art-writings  instructs  us  as  to  their 
physiognomical  significance,  except  in  a  vague  and  general 
manner. 

The  cheeks  in  the  human  face  are  of  great  assistance  both  to 
mastication  and  language.  The  space  gives  room  for  tlie  tongue 
in  comminuting  the  food  into  small  fragments,  while  the  same  area 
enables  the  singer,  orator,  and  linguist  to  produce  greater  volume. 
The  cheeks  of  all  great  singers  are  particularly  full  and  rounding ; 
they  are  full  naturally,  for  the  body  and  face  of  a  great  singer  are 
suited  to  the  performance  of  vocality  from  birth, — afterward  by 
cultivation  the  cheeks  become  more  distended  by  the  constant 
practice  of  loud  tones ;  yet  they  are  never  soft  or  globose,  for  the 
life-long  practice  of  loud  tones  develops  the  muscular  fibres  of  the 
cheek,  and  although  they  are  elastic,  as  is  required  for  vocal  utter- 
ance, yet  there  is  a  firm  and  tense  quality  of  the  tissues  which  is 
not  present  in  the  soft,  fat,  globose  cheek,  which  has  not  felt  the 
effect  of  vocal  gymnastics.  Let  the  reader  examine  the  cheeks  of 
all  great  singers  and  speakers,  and  I  dare  affirm  there  will  not  be 
found  one  with  hollow  cheeks  among  them.  See,  for  example, 
the  physiognomies  or  portraits  of  Matema.  Scalchi,  Patti,  Huntley, 
Neilson,  Madame  Sainton-Dolby,  Campanini,  Robert  G.  IngersoU, 


850  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Spurgeon,  Daniel  Dougherty,  and  Wendell  Phillips.  Among 
pulpit  orators  the  cheeks  of  all  who  are  in  health  present  a  rounded 
contour.  See  the  Rev.  Drs.  Field  and  Joseph  Thompson,  Bishops 
Elder,  Keane,  and  Simpson,  and  Rabbi  Samuel  M.  Isaacs.  Indeed, 
one  will  fail  to  find  thin  or  hollow  cheeks  in  the  countenance  of 
any  one  whose  profession  leads  to  constant  use  of  the  voice  in  the 
production  of  loud  tones ^  from  the  pulpit  orator  to  the  auctioneer, 
and  peripatetic  venders  of  all  sorts. 

Animals  are  incapable  of  producing  the  sweet,  melodious 
modulations  which  are  characteristic  of  the  human  voice,  for  the 
reason  that  they  lack  the  necessary  mechanism,  among  which  is 
that  development  of  cheek  observed  in  the  human  face ;  hence,  the 
members  of  the  animal  kingdom  bellow,  howl,  roar,  whistle,  mew, 
and  growl,  and  the  nearer  a  human  voice  approaches  any  of  these 
sounds,  the  more  defective  is  the  speaking  apparatus  and  the  more 
the  character  partakes  of  some  animal-like  I'aculty. 

A  use  for  rounded  cheeks  has  here  been  noted;  beauty  always 
follows  use.  as  a  matter  of  course;  that  is  to  say,  physiognomical 
beauty,  as  is  proven  in  the  case  of  the  rounded  cheeks  of  orators 
and  vocalists.  How  much  superior  in  form  are  these  to  the  hollow, 
sunken  cheeks  of  the  dyspeptic  or  consumptive ;  for,  says  Dr.  Cross, 

Every  organ  is  phj^siognomically  good  in  proportion  to  its  aptitude 
for  performing  its  whole  vital  and  animal  functions.* 

The  beauty  of  form  and  color  observed  in  the  cheeks  of  the 
most  beautiful  and  healthful  human  beings  proceeds  from,  firstly, 
inherited  form  and  quality;  secondly,  from  such  condition  of  the 
intestinal  system  as  will  continue  to  supply  the  quantity  and 
quality  of  blood  and  nutritive  juices  necessary  to  preserve  the 
original  form  and  color.  When  by  reason  of  old  age  the  cheeks 
shrivel  and  become  sunken  or  wrinkled,  these  changes  can  be 
accounted  for  mainly  upon  the  ground  of  a  less  vigorous  appetite 
or  enfeebled  nutritive  powers.  All  changes  of  this  part  of  the 
countenance  are  directly  traceable  to  the  condition  of  this  digestive 
function,  hence  we  are  justified  in  associating  the  signs  of  character 
observed  in  the  cheeks  with  the  intestinal  system  mainly. 

With  these  preliminary  remarks  I  shall  draw  your  attention 
to  the  two  general  divisions  of  the  cheeks. 

THE   TWO   DIVISIONS   OF   THE   CHEEKS. 

For  the  purpose  of  description  and  analysis  the  cheeks  may 
be  divided  into  two  parts,  the  upper  and  the  lower.  The  lower 
part,  as  we  have  seen,  is  almost  entirely  composed  of  soft  tissues. 

*  An  Attempt  to  Establish  Physiognomy  on  Scientific  Principles,  J.  Cross,  M.D.,  p.  3. 


THE   CHEEKS.  851 

At  the  same  time  it  is  somewhat  modified  in  form  by  the  shape  of 
the  lower  jaw-bone,  as  well  as  by  the  structure  of  the  alveolar 
process  (the  bone  in  which  tire  teeth  of  the  upper  jaw  are  inserted), 
also  by  the  size,  form,  and  condition  of  the  teeth. 

The  upper  part  of  the  cheek  depends  mainly 
upon  the  form  of  the  underlying  malar  bones 
and  the  muscles  of  mastication. 

Let  us  examine,  first,  the  several  forms, 
colors,  and  appearances  of  the  loicer  check,  and 
afttn'ward  follow  with  a  description  of  the  upper 
portion. 

The    several    general    forms    of  the    lower 
cheek  are  eight  in  number;  all  others  are  modi- 
fications or  combinations  of  some  one  or  more  of  yiq.  193. 
these  general  forms.     These  eight  forms  of  the 
lower  cheek  may  be  classified  as  follows:     The  embryonic,  the 
globose,  or  infantile ;  the  gluttonous,  or  exaggerated ;  the  oval,  or 
art-form;  the  rectangular,  or  moral;  the  irregular,  or  criminal;  the 
concave,  or  consumptive,  and  the  dyspeptic. 

THE   EMBRYONIC   CHEEK. 

In  the  early  stages  of  prenatal  life  the  human  embrj'o  has 
developed  very  little  of  that  rounded  appearance  of  the  cheeks 
which  characterizes  the  matured  infant.  At  the  second  month  of 
prenatal  existence  the  human  cheek  is  as  devoid  of  development 
as  that  of  the  hog,  which  it  somewhat  resembles,  and,  as  it  reveals 
at  this  stage  no  appearance  of  a  chin,  the  cheeks  are  very  meagre 
indeed.     (See  Fig.  214.) 

Now,  sickness  often  reduces  the  cheeks  to  such  an  enfeebled 
condition  as  to  cause  them  to  retrograde  to  an  almost  embryonic 
state.  There  are  also  some  undeveloped  races,  notably  the  native 
New  Zealander,  whose  cheeks  approach  the  embryotic  in  form,  or 
rather  in  lack  of  form,  for  in  these  races  there  are  many  who  ex- 
hibit such  a  formless,  shapeless,  chaotic  condition  of  the  cheeks  as 
would  justify  one  in  saying  they  had  no  cheeks,  only  a  place  where 
they  might  develop.  All  these  appearances  teach  us  that  the 
more  nearly  any  given  cheek  approaches  the  form  of  the  embryo, 
the  more  lacking  is  the  character  in  those  traits  of  which  the  normal 
cheek  stands  representative.  The  more  ,the  lower  cheek  approaches 
an  oval  or  rectangular  form,  the  more  is  it  indicative  of  normal 
powers  in  the  direction  of  friendship,  hospitality,  agreeability,  and 
health. 

In  the  earliest  stages  of  embryonic  life  the  intestinal  system  is 
not  perfectly  developed,  and  its  si^n  in  the  face  (the  lower  cheek) 


852  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

is  also  deficient  in  development.  It  will  be  discovered  that  facial 
features  and  physical  functions  advance  pari  passu,  step  by  step, 
all  along  tlie  line  of  progressive  growth.  It  is  precisely  the  same 
with  the  faculties  and  functions  of  the  human  organism.  The  devel- 
opment or  non-development  of  facial  features  not  only  marks  the 
progress  of  functional  or  physical  growth,  but  it  also  discloses  the 
grade  of  evolution  of  the  mental  and  moral  powers.  How  essen- 
tial, then,  is  it  to  the  student  of  physiognomy  that  he  should 
observe  with  the  eye  of  accuracjj  all  stages  of  growth,  and  all  dis- 
eased and  imperfect  grades  of  facial  development,  in  order  the 
more  thoroughly  to  comprehend  the  several  grades  of  the  most 
mature,  healthy,  and  perfect  forms.  All  imperfections  of  the  human 
face  register  and  reveal  imperfections  of  some  physical  function, 
and  consequently  disclose  moral  or  mental  deficiencies.  A  thorough 
comprehension  of  the  knowledge  of  progressive  evolution  of  the 
body  and  face  of  the  human  embryo,  taken  in  connection  with 
scientific  physiognomy,  will  point  at  once  to  the  origin  of  the 
defect  in  the  body  and  its  corresponding  facial  undevelopment. 
Deficient  development  of  facial  features  is  shown  mainly  by  con- 
cavities,  while  development,  power,  and  perfection  are  disclosed  by 
convex  or  full  forms;  hence,  full,  rounded  cheeks  disclose  more 
power  and  stronger  digestion  than  concave  or  hollow  cheeks.  A 
convex  nose,  if  broad,  is  indicative  of  greater  mentality  and 
stronger  constitution  than  a  concave  nose  of  the  same  width. 

Prominent  cheek-bones  announce  greater  strength  and  consti- 
tution than  those  which  are  flat.  Rounded  limbs  are  relatively 
stronger  than  flat  ones,  and  thus  by  comparison  of  forms,  and  by 
application  of  the  basic  laws  of  Form  in  all  stages  of  development, 
one  may  gain  a  wonderful  amount  of  accurate  physiognomic 
knowledge. 

THE  GLOBOSE  OR  INFANTILE  CHEEK. 

This  form  of  cheek  is  observed  in  infants,  vegetative  beings, 
gluttons,  and  some  idiots.  The  full,  globular  form  is  indicative.of 
primitive  growths.  In  infants  it  is  normal,  for  here  it  represents 
the  beginnings  of  development.  In  vegetative  adults,  it  denotes  a 
relatively  immature  condition  of  mind,  for,  as  has  been  shown,  the 
outline  of  the  body  denotes  the  form  or  condition  of  the  mind,  and 
primitive  forms  reveal  relatively  youthful  states. 

Many  idiots  retain  the  globular  form  of  the  lower  cheek 
throughout  life,  and  the  other  parts  of  the  body  harmonize  with 
this  facial  feature.  The  arms,  legs,  and  hands  of  such  subjects 
present  a  full,  puffy  appearance,  and  exhibit  a  characterless  expres- 
sion, and  one  can  readily  see  that  there  are  no  marked  chamcter- 


THE  CHEEKS. 


853 


istics  accompanying  their  limbs  and  hands.  Such  a  soft,  fatty, 
boneless  combination  possesses  no  force,  hence  the  mind  is  wanting 
in  capacity  to  express  ideas,  and  tlie  body,  of  course,  having  a  very 
weak  guiding  apparatus,  can  create  nothing. 

The  walk  of  this  class  reveals  their  immature  mental  condi- 
tion. The  motions  of  the  body  in  walking  are  irregular,  and 
create  a  i:olling  or  shuffling  gait,  lacking  in  precision  in  stepping 
and  marching,  thus  indicating  absence  of  the  faculties  of  Time 
and  Older.  The  arms  and  hands  are  relaxed,  and  "flap"  about 
without  any  attempt  to  carry  them  in  a  normal  or  graceful  manner. 


Fig.  194  — (^HERUB,   BY  RAPHAEL. 

There  are  many  degrees  of  feeble-minded  persons  who  exhibit 
this  formation,  more  or  less  modified  by  varying  degrees  of  bone 
and  muscle.  The  more  bone,  the  more  hard  sense;  the  more 
muscle  in  combination,  the  greater  the  capacity  for  art-works.  The 
vegetative  system  large,  with  a  good  share  of  muscle,  is  often 
accompanied  with  musical  capacity  and  a  good  voice  for  singing, 
and,  as  singing  does  hot  require  a  high  grade  of  mental  power,  we 
often  observe  these  two  systems  dominant  in  those  who  excel  in 
this  department  of  music. 

THE  GLUTTONOUS  CHEEK. 

Great  <?luttons  and  gormands  are  often  characterized  by 
round,  full  cheeks,  which  sometimes  hang  down  in  soft  folds  upon 


854 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


the  neck  and  breast.  Representatives  of  the  "Fat  Men's  Clubs 
are  good  illustrations  of  the  above.  Those  who  eat  voraciously 
without  exercising  sufficiently  are  prone  to  accumulate  a  large 
amount  of  soft,  fatty  tissue  in  all  parts  of  the  body;  most  especially 
does  it  develop  about  the  mouth,  lips,  cheeks,  and  abdomen.  Many 
large  eaters  work  off  the  surplus  Ikt,  and  thus  maintain  equiUb- 


Fig.  195.— the    "DIAMOND  FAT  LADY." 


rium  of  the  several  systems  of  functions,  but  in  most  cases  iiir^ease 
of  weight  induces  a  disinclination  to  exertion,  which  assists  the 
accumulation  of  the  carbonaceous  materials  of  which  fat  is  com- 
posed; and  as  this  accumulation  goes  on  the  subject  becomes  more 
inactive,  more  sleepy,  and  more  obtuse  mentally ;  the  respiration  is 
labored,  the  action  of  the.  heart  and  lungs  impeded,  and  the  visceral 
organs  clogged  by  adipose  matter,  and  thus  the  entire  system  takes 


THE   CHEEKS. 


855 


on  an  abnormal  condition,  which  often  ends  in  droDsy,  hypertrophy 
of  the  heart,  enlarged  liver,  or  other  disorders. 

Tlie  ghittonous  cheek  in  adults  who  possess  normal  mentality 
differs  from  the  globose  form  of  the  idiot  or  infant.  Once  seen 
and  compared,  they  cannot  be  confounded. 

Alexander  Dumas,  the  celebrated  French  novelist,  is  a  good 
illustration  of  the  gormand,  while  Daniel  l^ambert  is  the  highest 
type  of  the  glutton.  The  cheeks  of  Louis  XIV  of  France  and 
George  III  of  England  betray  their  gluttonous  appetites. 

Many  great  drunkards  develop  gluttonous  cheeks.  In  their 
case  they  are  tinged  with  a  dark-red  or  purplish  hue,  with  red  veins 
very  prominent.  Some  are  more  gluttonous  in  drinking  than  in 
eating.  This  class  exhibit  very  full,  round  cheeks,  which  are  often 
of  a  yellowish-wliite,  waxy  or  pasty-looking  color.  In  these  the 
facial  sign  for  Bibativeness  is  most  decided. 

OVAL   OR   ARTISTIC   CHEEK. 

The  oval  form  here,  as  elsewhere  in  the  face  and  body,  repre- 
sents the  art  side  of  Nature.     Those  who  exhibit  a  pure  oval- 


Fig.  196.— lady  PITT. 

shaped  face  are  possessed  of  aesthetic  tastes,  and  if  educated  accord- 
ingly will  excel  in  some  department  of  art,  being  better  adapted 
to  this  than  to  mechanical  pursuits.  They  are  graceful  in  motion, 
and  in  the  arrangement  of  flowers,  drapery,  clothing,  etc.,  display 
a  great  deal  of  taste,  and  as  far  as  possible  surround  themselves 
with  beautiful  objects,  and  seek  artistic  associations.     Those  with 


S56  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

this  form  of  cheek  possess  a  taste  for  belles-lettres,  such  as  poetry 
and  fiction,  and  with  a  good  brain  system  in  combination  will  in- 
cline to  metaphysics  and  speculative  religions.  The  hands  of  these 
classes  are  handsome,  and  the  bones  and  joints  almost  invisible, 
the  finger-joints  dimpled  and  tapering,  and  the  nails  oval. 

The  portraits  of  Madame  Recamier,  Nell  Gwynne,  Mary 
Anderson,  Patti,  Sarah  Siddons,  Raphael  Van  Dyck,  Landseer, 
and  scores  of  painters,  poets,  actors,  and  artistic  writers  display 
the  oval  form  of  the  cheek.  Many  oval-faced  persons  display 
beautiful  dimples  in  the  cheeks. 

THE    RECTANGULAR    OR   CONSCIENTIOUS   CHEEK. 

This  form  of  cheek  belongs  to  the  square-boned  individual, 
and  denotes  the  capacity  for  science  or  mechanism,  and  shows  the 
presence  of  large  conscientiousness  and  firmness ;  also  the  abihty 

to  comprehend  hard,  cubical,  solid,  concrete, 
common-sense  ideas. 

This  form  of  cheek  has  a  subdominance 
of  the  oval,  if  the  subject  be  in  good  health, 
for  where  digestion  is  perfect  it  always  gives 
a  certain  degree  of  roundness  or  curvation 
to  the  soft  tissues  of  this  part  of  the  face. 
roger"sherman.  The  limbs,  hands,  and  fingers  will  agree  in 
form  with  the  cheek,  and  exhibit  large,  bony 
joints  and  a  square  form  the  entire  length  of  the  fingers,  with 
square  tips  and  nails.  The  cheeks  of  Washington,  Lincoln,  Glad- 
stone, Tyndall,  Thomas  Jefierson,  von  Bulow,  John  C.  Calhoun, 
and  Lucretia  Mott  are  of  the  rectangular  form,  and  their  lives  and 
works  were  "  squared "  by  principles  of  right  and  justice. 

THE   DIMPLED    OR    BEAUTIFUL   CHEEK. 

Although  the  ancient  Greek  artists  in  their  works  ignored  the 
dimple  in  both  chin  and  cheek,  it  is  highly  significant  of  character 
wherever  found.  It  is  a  custom  of  writers  who  are  ignorant  of 
the  high  physiognomic  value  of  certain  features  to  deny  them 
any  precise  or  physiognomic  value  or  meaning.  To  illustrate  this 
I  quote  the  following  from  the  work  entitled  "  Romantic  Love  and 
Personal  Beauty."    Its  author,  Henry  T.  Fincke,  observes  thus : — 

One  of  the  most  essential  conditions  of  beauty  in  a  chin,  if  we  may 
judge  by  the  descriptions  of  novelists,  is  a  dimple.  Yet  it  is  doubtful 
whether  a  dimple  can  ever  be  accepted  as  a  special  mark  of  beauty.  Tem- 
porary dimples  (for  the  production  of  wliicli  there  seems  to  be  a  special 
muscle)  are  interesting  as  a  mode  of  transient  emotional  expression.* 

*  Page  412. 


THE   CHEEKS.  857 

How  very  singular  this  writer  should  so  lack  the  logical 
faculty  as  not  to  be  able  to  see  a  great  significance  in  a  feature  for 
which  "  there  seems  to  be  a  special  muscle  "  appropriated  "  for  its 
expression  !  "  One  would  think  that  muscle  material  was  so  plen- 
tiful that  Nature  in  a  random  mood  threw  out  muscles  all  over  the 
human  face  without  intending  them  for  any  permanent  use  and 
destitute  of  any  meaning  whatsoever.  If  this  were  the  intention 
of  Nature  she  chose  a  limited  field  for  her  exhibition  and  dis- 
played a  wanton  waste  and  ignorant  prodigality. 

The  several  varieties  of  dimples  are  produced  by  distinct 
causes  and  have  diverse  origins  and  significations.  The  dimples 
of  infancy,  such  as  are  observed  in  nearly  all  well-nourished  babes, 
are  caused  by  a  soft,  fatty  deposition  of  adipose  material  in  such 
quantities  as  to  cause  the  skin  to  form  the  little  dimpled  appear- 
ances seen  upon  the  breast,  body,  hands,  wrists,  and  about  the 
mouth.  The  class  of  dimples  observed  in  the  chin  and  cheeks  of 
adults  (who  are  not  of  the  vegetative  form)  are  caused  by  a  pecu- 
liar formation  of  the  muscles  which 
holds  down  the  muscles  in  these 
features,  and  thus  makes  a  perma- 
nent impression  there.  Dimples 
depend   for   their    form    upon    the  ^"   f     ^ 

form   of  the  underlying  bone,  and  / 

also   upon    the   peculiarity   of    the  ^s^^s^s^  -*•      .^' 

Can    I    ever    sufficiently    im-         fiq.  i98.-dimpled  cheeks. 
press  upon  the  mind  of  the  student 

of  physiognomy  that  "to  despise  the  minute  in  Nature  is  to  de- 
spise the  infinite"?"  Every  line,  wrinkle,  fold,  and  expression,  no 
matter  how  minute  or  transitory,  is  pregnant  with  meaning.  How 
much  meaning,  then,  must  there  be  in  so  large  a  facial  feature  as  a 
dimple  in  the  cheek,  such  as  is  very  often  observed  in  dramatic 
artists  and  in  many  greatly-gifted  social  characters,  whose  affability 
and  approbativeness  are  their  strongest  traits ! 

Dimpled  cheeks  are  seen  to  the  best  advantage  while  those 
who  display  them  are  engaged  in  the  active  duties  of  agreeable 
hospitality,  pleasant  conversation,  and  social  entertainment. 

The  dimple  in  the  chin,  although  more  permanent  in  its  ex- 
pression than  the  dimples  of  Mirthfulness  or  Approbativeness,  is 
so  highly  significant  of  character  as  to  enable  a  scientific  physi- 
ognomist to  decipher  one's  kindly  and  art-loving  tastes  and  tend- 
encies by  this  feature  alone,  and  not  only  may  these  two  faculties 
be  predicated  upon  the  possession  of  this  single  dimple,  but  the 
entire  body  can  be  described  by  one  look  at  this  little  "  imprint  of 


858  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Cupid's  finger " ;  so,  also,  by  this  feature  can  the  general  shape  of 
the  face  be  known,  for  in  this  case  it  will  be  oval  in  the  outline 
of  the  lower  part,  the  eyebrows  arched,  the  head  round,  the  joints 
small,  rounded,  and  supple,  and  their  bones  hidden  by  muscular 
development,  tlie  fingers  inclinhig  to  taper,  and  the  eyes  large  and 
prominent.  All  this  and  much  more  can  be  learned  by  the  obser- 
vation of  a  single  little  dimple  in  the  chin. 

Dissimilar-shaped  dimples  have  diverse  significations.  A  per- 
fectly round  dimple,  like  the  one  in  the  chin  of  Schubert,  the 
eminent  composer,  discloses  the  highest  capacity  for  art.  In  his 
case  this  form  is  caused  by  a  combination  of  round  muscles  with 
round  bones,  and  this  is  the  most  favorable  combination  for  play- 
ing upon  musical  instruments.  He  possessed  also  a  creative  brain 
system,  and  this  peculiar  combination  of  brain,  bone,  and  muscle 
imparted  sensitiveness  to  the  nervous  system,  and  creative  power, 
as  well  as  great  flexibility  of  the  motive  apparatus, — all  essential 
to  the  production  of  music. 

A  dimple  which  presents  a  straight,  clefl-like  form  has  a  sig- 
nification quite  different  from  the  perfectly  round  dimple.  The 
perpendicular  dimple  or  cleft  is  caused  by  a  combination  of  square 
bones  with  round  muscles,  and  also  a  combination  of  flat  muscles 
with  round  bones.  These  combinations  indicate  more  taste  for  art 
than  executive  ability  for  art-works,  yet  those  thus  characterized  are 
capable  of  achieving  a  fine  degree  of  proficiency  in  some  depart- 
ment of  art. 

Dimples  of  the  face  are  never  observed  in  infants  prematurely 
born,  nor  in  infants  who  are  poor  and  lean ;  neither  are  they  found 
in  the  physiognomies  of  congenital  idiots.  But  in  the  mature, 
healthy,  happy,  rosy,  well-nourished  babe  they  are  almost  univers- 
ally present,  and  are  found  about  the  mouth,  cheeks,  hands,  and 
body  in  several  places,  thus  evidencing  that  they  are  the  signs  of 
the  presence  of  comfort,  happiness,  and  mirth. 

There  are  two  classes  of  dimples  in  the  cheeks,  situated  in 
two  different  localities,  and  these  are,  like  the  dimples  in  the 
chin,  subdivided  into  two  general  sorts.  The  dimples  near  the 
comers  of  the  mouth  are  some  of  the  facial  evidences  of  mirthful- 
ness,  love  of  fun,  good  humor,  and  wit.  These  also  are  of  two 
sorts,  the  round  and  the  perpendicular.  The  round  ones  belong  to 
those  sportive  characters  who  can  create  mirth  in  various  ways. 
The  cleft-like  dimples  are  seen  in  the  faces  of  those  who  appreciate 
and  enjoy  mirth,  fun,  wit,  and  humor,  but  who  have  relatively  less 
ability  to  create  it.  In  these  mirth  is  not  as  spontaneous  as  in  tlie 
former.  Now,  in  all  comic  actors,  writers,  poets,  painters,  etc.,  the 
dimples  near  the  corners  of  the  mouth  are  very  apparent,  and  if 


THE   CfiEEKS.  859 

they  are  not  so  deep  as  to  be  seen  when  the  face  is  in  repose  they 
become  visible  upon  the  shghtest  attempt  at  conversation  and  in 
smiling. 

The  second  class  of  dimples  found  in  the  cheeks  is  situated 
one  or  two  inches  outwardly  from  the  mirthful  dimples.  These 
dimples  are  of  two  forms,  round  and  cleft-Uke,  or  they  assume  the 
form  of  perpendicular  lines  which  are  seen  in  smiling  and  laugh- 
ing. These  dimples  in  their  several  forms  indicate  varyuig  grades 
of  Approbativeness.  These  dimples  or  lines  are  always  Ibund  in 
the  faces  of  artists,  actors,  and  singers,  and  also  in  the  physiogno- 
mies of  those  refined  social  characters  who  are  gifted  in  the  art  of 
maldng  delicate  complimentary  speeches,  and  wlio  are  also  fond 
of  receiving  them  in  return.  Surely  a  talent  as  creative  as  this 
requires  a  "  special  muscle  "  for  its  expression  in  the  face ;  and  this 
it  has  and  retains,  as  any  one  may  prove  by  comparing  the  cheek 
of  a  very  approbative,  agreeable  lady  with  that  of  a  morose,  gruff, 
boorish  fellow.  The  signification  of  dimples  in  the  chin  has  been 
described  at  length  in  the  analysis  of  that  feature,  hence  unneces- 
sary here. 

In  all  my  reading,  research,  and  personal  observation  I  have 
never  learned  that  any  savage  race  has  exhibited  either  dimpled 
chins  or  cheeks.  I  have  never  observed  in  ethnological  works  a 
dimpled  cheek  or  chin  in  the  countenance  of  any  individual  among 
savage,  barbarous,  or  undeveloped  races.  The  engraving  of  the 
details  of  the  face  in  all  works  is  singularly  neglected ;  and  dimples 
may  have  appeared  in  some  semi-civilized  races,  and  not  have  been 
represented  by  the  artist's  graver.  Still,  I  do  not  believe  that  these 
characters  are  ever  present  in  the  savage,  for  the  reason  that  Mirth- 
fulness  is  never  well  developed  in  them ;  therefore  its  facial  signs — 
its  wrinkles  and  dimples — are  not  exhibited  in  their  physiognomies. 
It  is  logical  to  conclude  that  they  have  not  reached  such  stage  of 
refinement  and  of  muscular  evolution  as  would  produce  either  this 
beautiful  feature  or  its  associated  talent  and  signification. 

If  the  Greeks  did  not  reproduce  this  facial  sign  in  their  grand 
works  of  art,  it  was,  as  Winkelmann  states,  for  the  reason  that  they 
wished  to  approach  as  nearly  as  possible  to  their  conception  of  the 
divine,  and  avoid  as  much  as  possible  the  imitation  of  any  particu- 
lar human  being.  I  supposes  they  regarded  the  dimple  as  a  feature 
of  lightness,  mirth,  and  sociality,  hence  not  sufficiently  grand  and 
awful  for  the  expression  of  divine  character.  It  is  strange,  how- 
ever, that  they  did  not  introduce  the  dimple  in  their  ideals  of  Venus, 
Daphne,  Cupid,  and  other  light  and  joyous  characters. 

Dimples  of  the  cheek  and  chin  are  tokens  of  the  affectional 
nature,  and  denote  the  active  passions  of  amativeness  and  a  desire 


860  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

to  please  and  attract  the  admiration  of  others,  hence  they  are  sig- 
nificant of  fine  powers  which  tend  to  race-improvement.  For  my 
own  part,  I  consider  dimples  among  the  most  pleasing  and  beau- 
tiful features  to  be  found  in  the  face,  highly  expressive  and  signifi- 
cant of  great  beauties  of  both  mind  and  talent.  They  are  certainly 
indications  of  evolutionary  elevation  and  refinement. 

Dimples  upon  the  hands  and  body  will  be  treated  of  in  their 
own  connection. 

THE  CONCAVE  OR  CONSUMPTIVE  CHEEK. 

The  physiognomical  principle  that  hollows  and  depressions 
of  the  features  denote  weakness  and  lack  of  beauty,  and  that  full 
or  convex  features  indicate  strength  and  beauty,  is  nowhere  better 
illustrated    than    by   a   comparison    of    hollow 
cheeks  with  those  which  are  full  or  rounding. 
Where   the  cheeks   are   extremely  hollow,  we 
may  conclude  that  the  process  of  digestion  is 
very  feebly  performed,  and  this  inability  tends  to 
both  dyspepsia  and  consumption.     Where    the 
Fig.  199.  tendency  is  toward  consumption  the  cheeks  will 

not  only  be  hollow,  but  the  jaws  and  chin,  as  a 
rule,  will  be  narrow  and  almost  perpendicular  instead  of  curving 
outwardly  like  the  "  dramatic  jaw."  The  nostrils  will  be  narrow, 
and  in  some  a  pinched  appearance  of  these  features  is  observed. 

There  are  several  methods  used  to  remedy  hollow  cheeks 
other  than  by  using  plenty  of  good  food.  Rubbing  them  a  few 
minutes  every  day  round  and  round  with  the  hands  develops  the 
muscular  fibres  of  the  cheek.  Talking  is  a  light  gymnastic  method 
of  producing  plumpness.  Playing  upon  a  wind  instrument  is  still 
another  method  of  filling  out  the  cheeks  and  at  the  same  time  of 
strengthening  the  lungs.  Singing  and  elocutionary  exercises  are 
pleasant  methods  of  inducing  a  better  shape  of  the  cheek,  but  no 
remedy  is  as  good  as  plenty  of  well-digested  food  and  out-of-door 
exercise  in  the  sun.  This  is  a  radical  cure.  Many  persons  have 
overcome  a  tendency  to  consumption  by  blowing  upon  a  wind  in- 
strument, and  their  cheeks  have  filled  out  finely  from  this  exercise. 
The  cheeks  of  all  professional  singers  are  round  and  tense ;  never 
soft,  flabby,  or  shapeless. 

THE   CONCAVE   OR   DYSPEPTIC   CHEEK. 

One  of  the  forms  which  denote  weakness  of  the  digestive 
function  is  shown  by  hollowness  of  the  cheeks  in  the  lower  part, 
and  sometimes  in  the  upper  part  as  well.  Where  this  is  congeni- 
tal it  is  almost  impossible  to  remedy  it,  yet  much  may  be  done  to 


THE   CHEEKS. 


861 


strengthen  and  develop  feeble  powers  of  assimilation  and  nutrition 
by  a  judicious  diet  and  by  plenty  of  fresh  air  and  rest.  Food 
suited  to  the  taste  and  that  which  digests  easily  is  most  essential 
in  these  cases.  Change  of  climate  is  often  one  of  the  greatest  in- 
centives to  a  precarious  appetite  and  an  enfeebled  digestion.  Those 
who  live  on  the  sea-coast  should  (if  the  lungs  are  tolerably  large  and 
sound)  go  to  the  mountains  or  to  the  hill-country;  while,  on  the 
other  hand,  those  who  reside  in  tlie  mountains  or  hills  should  seek 
the  invigorating  effects  of  the  ocean  breezes. 

Sponge-baths,  quickly  applied,  are  an  efficient  aid  to  the  dys- 
peptic, but  on  no  account  should  hollow-cheeked  persons  take  a 
fuU  bath  unless  there  is  a  good  red  color  in  the  cheeks  and  a  vig- 
orous circulation.  As  a  rule,  hollow-cheeked  people  do  not  ex- 
hibit very  deep  color  of 
the  complexion.  Very 
often  they  display  a  pal- 
lid, ashen,  or  sallow  tint 
of  the  skin,  and  when 
the  latter  is  present 
complications  of  the 
liver  may  be  predicated. 

Those  who  from 
birth  have  hollow  or  flat 
cheeks  are  congenital 
dyspeptics,  and  are  con- 
sequently not  as  strong 
in  the  friendly,  social, 
and  hospitable  traits  as 
those  whose  cheeks  are 
the  reverse.  In  order  to 
exhibit  these  traits  in 
their     highest     power, 

there  must  be,  first,  a  large  supply  of  nutritive  material, — good 
warm  blood, — in  order  that  strength  shall  be  created  to  carry  for- 
ward the  active  duties  of  friendship  and  hospitality ;  and,  second, 
to  enable  one  to  "  warm  "  toward  others,  else  the  desire  to  fraternize 
will  be  absent.  Friendship  and  hospitality  are  the  most  active 
and  spontaneous  in  those  wliose  cheeks  exhibit  normal  fullness, 
and  where  they  are  too  full  for  a  normal  size  and  shape  a 
gluttonous  or  selfish  tendency  is  present. 

All  exaggerations  of  normal  fonn  and  size  lead  away  from  the 
true  and  proper  function,  and  tend  to  grossness  or  coarseness. 
Deficient  size  and  abnormal  forms  point  to  feeble  action  and  weak- 
ness of  function  and  reveal  defective  faculties.     This  statement  is 


Fig.  200— CONCAVE  OR  DYSPEPTK^   CHEEK. 


862 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


verified  by  comparison  of  hollow-cheeked  individuals  with  those 
who  exhibit  a  normal  development  of  the  lower  cheek,  together 
with  those  wlio  possess  an  exaggerated  or  gluttonous  form  of  the 
features. 

There  is  no  animal  as  gluttonous  as  the  hog,  and  its  body  ex- 
hibits in  its  adult  stage  the  same  appearance  as  the  human  hog, 
who  has  crammed  and  stuffed  until  his  skin  is  overlaid  with  deep 
wrinkles,  and  his  eyes,  like  those  of  the  hog,  are  scarcely  discerni- 
ble on  account  of  the  rolls  of  fat  which  he  has  manufactured  out 
of  the  good  things  which  he  did  not  share  hospitably  with  others. 

There  are  other  indications  of  weak  digestion  and  dyspepsia, 
which  will  be  noted  in  their  proper  connection. 

THE   CRIMINAL   CHEEK. 

Many  congenital  criminals  exhibit  a  peculiar-shaped  lower 
cheek,  which  is  unlike  any  other  form  previously  mentioned.  It  can- 
not be  classed  with  the  globose 
nor  artistic,  and  certainly  not 
with  the  rectangular  or  any 
true  form.  It  is  the  result  of 
the  operation  of  the  law  of 
sinistrality,  or  the  law  of  the 
skew.  It  is  a  chaotic,  soft, 
flabby,  and  repulsive-looking 
cheek,  without  any  marked 
outlines  such  as  characterize 
all  the  other  forms,  and  is 
always  allied  to  other  criminal 
features. 

The  criminal  cheek  does 
not  present  the  characteristics 
either  of  the  infantile,  globose, 
or  gluttonous  cheeks.  It  gives  one  the  idea  of  a  mass  of  soft, 
doughy  substance,  which  has  fallen  into  a  chance  or  hap-hazard 
form,  and  has  not  been  acted  upon  by  any  normal  law  of  shaping ; 
and  this  is  really  the  case.  To  the  keen  physiognomist  it  reveals 
a  long  tale  of  broken  laws,  of  neglect,  of  open  defiance  of  moral 
and  hygienic  rules,  and  such  a  course  would  naturally  produce 
ugliness,  uncomeliness,  and  positively  hideous  forms,  as  well  as 
absence  of  decided  moral  and  mental  tendencies. 

All  soft  tissues  under  the  operation  of  normal  law  assume 
either  the  globose  state  of  infancy  or  the  oval  form  of  the  adult 
stage,  and  this  regular  action  of  normal  law  produces  quite  dif- 
ferent results  in  form  from  those  created  by  the  law  of  perversion  or 


Fig.  201.— A  CONVICTED  THIEF. 


THE  CHEEKS.  863 

irregularity  described  in  the  chapter  on  "  The  Basic  Principles  of 
Form." 

All  criminals  are  not  characterized  by  this  form  of  cheek,  but 
a  large  number  of  them  exhibit  irregular  or  chaotic  shape  of  this 
feature ;  yet,  wherever  it  is  observed,  some  other  sinister  feature  or 
features  will  be  found  in  company  with  it,  and  are  thus  additional 
evidence  of  the  action  of  the  law  of  sinistrality,  or  imperfect 
curvation. 

All  deviations  from  normal  types  reveal  departures  from  nor- 
mal action  in  the  nutritive  system ;  hence,  all  exaggerated  forms, 
as  well  as  those  that  are  undeveloped  or  wanting  in  normal  full- 
ness or  roimdness  of  outline,  indicate  defective  methods  of  the 
assimilative  processes. 

Those  who  exhibit  criminal  cheeks  seldom  possess  a  fine, 
healthy  color  in  them,  for  a  criminal  state  of  mind  goes  with  a  de- 
fective body,  and,  as  color  is  evolved  mainly  from  the  digestive  pro- 
cess, so  these  unfortunate  beings  sliow  by  the  absence  of  a  bright, 
fresh  color  of  the  cheeks  the  abnormal  operation  of  the  digestive 
function.  Very  few,  if  any,  congenital  criminals  exhibit  a  fine, 
bright,  clear  red-and- white  color  of  the  complexion.  Some  have 
thick,  muddy-looking  skins,  or  present  a  dull,  leaden  hue,  or  a 
waxy-looking  skin,  or  one  thick  with  pimples  or  blotches. 

It  is  true  that  some  criminals  exliibit  oval  and  rectangular 
faces,  but  these,  as  a  rule,  are  not  congenital  criminals,  but  have 
fallen  into  crime  through  some  great  temptation  or  under  the 
influence  of  bad  associations  and  bad  examples. 

THE   NORMAL    UPPER   CHEEK. 

The  upper  cheek  is  very  greatly  influenced  in  its  form  by  the 
shape  of  the  underlying  malar  bones.  Prominent  cheek-bones  are 
in  some  cases  a  national  type,  as,  for 
example,  the  Mongolians,  the  North 
American  Indians,  the  Siamese,  the 
Esquimaux,  the  Papuans,  the  Samoieds, 
the  Calmucks,  and  others.  Among 
European  races  the  Hollanders,  the 
Scotch,  the  Scandinavians,  and  Swiss 
exhibit  several  varieties  of  height  and 
breadth  of  the  malar  bones,  and  in 
these  races  are  almost  universally  high.  ^^  202. 

Of    what     use     in     the     animal         normal  upper  cheek. 
economy  are  high  and  strong   cheek- 
bones I    This  is  always  the  first  question  to  ask  in   regard   to 
physiognomical   appearances,      Lar^e    and   strong   bones   every- 


864 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


where,  and  in  every  animal  organism,  are  found  attached  to  strong 
and  large  muscles,  hence  their  chief  use  is  for  motion  or  to  pro- 
duce motive  power.  The  larger  the  muscles,  the  greater  power 
they  can  exert,  and  large  size  shows  that  they  have  been  greatly 
exercised.  Large  bones  are  produced  by  the  use  of  foods  in  which 
bone-making  elements  preponderate,  and  also  by  lime-water  and 
sunlight.  Large  cheek-bones,  hence,  belong  to  those  whose  ances- 
tors have  led  an  outdoor  life,  and  who  have  lived  on  bone-making 
foods,  such  as  grains,  etc.,  and  who  have  been  accustomed  to 
eating  food  which  required  an  unusual  degree  of  power  in  its 
mastication.  The  races  in  which  this  formation  is  most  marked 
are  those  that  live  mainly  out-of-doors,  or  the  descendants  of  those 
that  have  thus  lived. 

As  evolution  advanced  man  from  a  nomadic,  arborean  exist- 
ence to  that  of  semi-civilization,  his  foods  became  of  an  entirely 
different  nature  from  those  formerly  used.  Instead  of  having  to 
tear  and  grasp  bones  with  his  jaws,  he  has  learned  to  soften  his 
nutriment  by  cooking,  and,  as  he  began  to  cultivate  grains  and 
fruit,  mastication  became  more  and  more  easy;  hence  tlie  muscles 
of  the  jaws  and  cheeks  and  the  malar  bones  decreased  in  size  and 
power,  until  now,  in  some  subjects  in  civihzed  races,  the  jaws  have 
become  so  small  from  the  use  of  very  soft-cooked  food  for  ages  as 
to  cause  them  to  be  abnormally  narrow,  and  the  proper  num- 
ber of  teeth  are  unable  to  find  room  in  the  contracted  jaw-bones. 
The  cheek-bones,  too,  have  grown  smaller  and  smaller  until  their 
narrowness  is  one  of  the  physiognomical  signs  of  weakness  and 
shortness  of  life. 

ABNORMAL  FORM  OF  CHEEKS. 

Cheeks  that  are  flat  at  the  malar  bones,  and  which  present 
a  perpendicular  line  where  a  curve  should  be,  denote  consumptive 
tendencies,  as  well  as  intestinal  weakness,  as 
shown  by  Fig.  203. 

The  jaws  are  still  used  by  savage  tribes 
as  a  prehensile  implement,  and  in  civilization 
sailors  and  others  often  make  use  of  the 
mouth  in  grasping  knives  and  other  imple- 
ments, when  both  hands  are  occupied. 
Occasionally  a  "woman  with  an  iron  jaw" 
appears  in  entertainments,  and  edifies  her 
auditors  with  feats  of  skill  in  lifting  chairs 
and  other  heavy  articles  by  means  of  her 
jaws  alone.  All  this  goes  to  show  that 
decrease  in  the  size  of  the  cheek-bones,  to  a  certain  degree,  is  in 
the  ratio    of  advancing   civilization   and  refinement,  and  this   is 


Fig.  203. 
ABNORMAL  CHEEKS. 


THE  CHEEKS. 


865 


supplemented  by  a  corresponding  increase  in  beauty,  according 
to  both  art  and  physiognomical  standards,  but  beyond  a  certain 
decrease  in  size  it  denotes  weakness. 

At  any  rate,  the  most  beautiful  of  all  the  civilized  races  are 
found  with  such  development  of  the  bones  and  muscles  of  the 
cheeks  as  to  serve  in  shaping  the  contour  of  the  face  into  a  beau- 
tiful oval,  or  such  modification  of  the  oval  as  contributes  to  a  sym- 
metrical appearance  of  the  face,  as,  for  example,  the  rectangular. 
Symmetry  also  has  its  signification  in  this  instance;  it  denotes 
comparative  refinement  as  well  as  the  proper  strength  for  the  use 
to  which  the  improved  form  is  put,  viz.,  the  grinding  and  crushing 
of  cooked  foods,  and  the  emission  of  loud  yet  melodious  sounds. 

High  cheek-bones  also  have  their  physiognomical  significance. 
In  savage  tribes  they  indicate  brute  force,  ferocity,  prehension, 
gross  feeding  powers,  and 
combative  propensities.  In 
civilized  beings  all  of  these 
indications  have  toned  down. 
Combativeness  is  softened 
to  active  self-defense^  to  de- 
fense of  one's  family  and 
friends,  instead  of  aggressive 
warfare.  No  races  are  more 
clannish  than  the  Holland- 
ers, Highlanders,  and  Scan- 
dinavians, and  in  these 
classes  the  high  cheek-bone 
has  this  significance.  One 
peculiar  modification  of  the 
malar  bone  stands  for  the 
sign  of  natural  physician.  This  sign,  and  its  accompanying  heal- 
ing instinct,  is  large  in  the  North  American  Indians.  The  modi- 
fications and  refinements  of  this  sign  are  very  subtle,  yet  to  the 
cultivated  physiognomist  and  evolutionist  they  appear  plain, 
simple,  and  natural.  All  of  the  great  physicians  of  the  world 
present  a  certain  slight  protuberance  of  the  malar  bone  which 
cannot  be  mistaken  in  character  afler  being  once  observed  and 
located.  Many  natural  healers  exhibit  this  formation  without  the 
mental  development  of  the  former.  Yet  in  these  the  cheek-bones 
are  so  formed  as  to  show  that  the  healing  instinct  and  power  are 
present.  See,  for  example,  the  portraits  of  Drs.  Rush,  Conneau, 
Warren,  Abemethy,  Sir  Astley  Cooper,  Hahnemann,  Thompson, 
founder  of  the  "  Thompsonian  "  system ;  Priessnitz,  founder  of  the 
"  water-cure  "  system ;  and  Dr.  Tanner. 


Fig.  204.— savage  chekk-bones. 
(An  Indian  Chief.) 


866  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Thus  it  is  shown  that  what  was  in  the  savage  a  disposition  to 
defend  Ufe  and  gain  a  living  by  brute  force  becomes,  in  its  more 
cultivated  aspect,  self-defense,  and,  going  higher  still,  it  is  refined 
into  the  desire  and  capacity  for  protecting  life  by  remedial  efforts. 
Such  is  the  evolution  of  this  one  species  of  selfish  force, — a  won- 
derful lesson  which  Nature  affords  us,  both  in  progress  and  evolu- 
tion, and  in  progressive  physiognomy. 

In  all  good  surgeons  Force  is  one  of  the  dominant  traits. 
When  this  is  allied  to  skill  the  ability  is  present  for  performing 
those  great  operations  upon  the  human  subject  which,  without  a 
large  degree  of  force,  could  not  be  successfully  accomplished. 

One  of  the  signs  for  Sanativeness  is  relative  development  of 
the  malar  bones.  Width  of  the  hony  structure  of  the  face  at 
this  point  is  one  of  the  signs  of  longevity. 

Very  high  cheek-bones,  in  combination  with  coarse  quality, 
are  indicative  of  commonness  and  coarseness.  The  same  develop- 
ment, with  a  finer  quality,  denotes  self-defense,  clannishness, 
natural  capacity  for  nursing  and  healing  by  laying  on  of  hands 
and  manipulation. 

The  natural  physician  has  a  smaller  development  of  this 
bone  than  the  former,  and  those  who  are  flat  at  this  part  are  never 
good  nurses,  and  dislike  exceedingly  to  undertake  the  care  of  the 
sick. 

Such,  in  detail,  is  the  significance  of  the  malar  bones  in  their 
several  physiognomic  aspects. 

The  Nose. 

THE  evolution  OF   THE   NOSE. 

A  comprehensive  history  of  that  greatest  of  facial  features, 
the  nose,  would  fill  a  large  volume,  but  as  the  scope  of  this  work 
precludes  such  amplification,  I  shall  endeavor,  within  the  limits 
allotted  me,  to  give  the  reader  such  data  as  will  enable  him  to 
have  a  fairly  good  idea  of  the  immense  significance  of  this  almost 
sublime  feature, — a  feature  far  removed  from  an  animal  form, 
although  serving  an  animal  function  in  the  human  economy. 
This  feature  is  of  such  vast  physiognomic  importance  that  Lavater, 
speaking  of  it,  observes  that 

A  nose  physiognomically  good  is  of  unspeakable  weight  in  the  balance 
of  physiognomy.     It  can  be  outweighed  by  nothing  whatever.* 

As  the  reader  progresses  in  this  chapter,  I  opine  he  will  be 
quite  in  accord  with  the  above  opinion  of  this  great  observer,  and 

*  Easaya  on  Physiognomy,  Lavater,  p.  472,  • 


THE   NOSE.  867 

will,  I  hope,  imbibe  some  of  my  own  enthusiasm  in  regard  to  this 
facial  member,  which  is  both  organ  and  feature, — both  highly 
mental  and  highly  physiological  in  its  form,  function,  and  sig- 
nificance. As  this  part  of  the  chapter  will  be  very  lengthy  I  shall 
at  once  proceed  to  a  slight  description  of  the  evolution  of  the 
nose,  as  shown  by  Haeckel,  and  then  quote  some  of  the  masterful 
analyses  of  Dr.  Cross  in  support  of  my  theories  upon  the  mental 
significance  of  this  regal  feature. 

Fortunately  for  the  advancement  of  scientific  physiognomy, 
it  is  able  in  this  era  to  draw  upon  the  most  advanced  and  com- 
prehensive methods  of  evolution,  anatomy,  physiology,  and  cog- 
nate sciences.  These  sciences  not  only  aid  in  the  analysis  of 
human  nature,  but  also  verify  my  conclusions  drawn  from  ob- 
servations of  the  form  of  the  features,  and  the  colors  and  qualities 
of  the  human  face  and  body.  Had  these  ideas  been  promulgated 
in  the  preceding  century  they  might  have  been  regarded  only  as 
tentative  or  empirical,  but,  like  many  other  subjects  of  human  re- 
search, they  have  appeared  contemporaneously  with  other  ad- 
vanced theories,  and  thus  receive  their  support  and  verification. 

It  is  an  axiom  that  the  laws  of  all  phenomena  are  correct  if 
they  agree  with  the  operations  of  the  phenomena,  and  are  in  har- 
mony with  other  estahlished  laws,  hence  it  is  that  I  so  oflen  appeal 
to  the  writings  of  the  best-known  minds  of  this  age  for  that 
authority  which  might  be  denied  my  own  rather  positive  theories ; 
and,  again,  these  extracts  afford  instruction  in  many  sciences  which 
could  not  be  elaborated  within  the  limits  of  this  work.  To  the 
reader  who  desires  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  features  of  the 
face,  the  following  description  of  the  evolution  of  the  nose  by  Pro- 
fessor Haeckel  will  be  most  interesting.  Its  farther  evolution 
(afler  birth)  of  the  flat  and  snubbed  noses  of  the  savage  and  imma- 
ture classes  will  be  considered  under  the  head  of  the  "Forms  of 
the  Nose":— 

The  history  of  the  development  of  this  sense-organ  (the  nose)  is  of 
high  interest.  Although  the  human  nose,  externally  viewed,  seems  simple 
and  single,  yet  in  man,  as  in  all  higher  vertebrates,  it  consists  of  two  perfectly 
distinct  halves  of  aright  and  left  nasal  cavity.  These  two  partitions  are 
entirely  separated  b}'  a  vertical  partition,  so  that  the  passage  into  tlio  right 
nasal  cavit}'  lies  onl}'  through  the  right  nostril,  and  intothe  left  cavity  only 
through  the  left  nostril.  Posteriorly,  the  two, nasal  cavities  open  seijaratel}' 
through  the  two  posterior  nasal  apertures  into  the  head  of  the  pharynx,  so 
that  the  pharynx  may  be  entered  without  touching  the  cavitj'  of  the  mouth. 
This  is  the  passage  by  which  air  is  usually  inhaled.  The  mouth  being  sliut, 
it  enters  the  pharynx  and  thence  passes  through  the  windpipe  into  the  lungs. 
Both  nasal  cavities  are  separated  from  the  mouth-cavity  by  the  horizontal, 
bony  palate-roof,  to  the  back  of  which  the  soft  palate  and  the  uvula  are 
attached  like  a  hanging  curtain.     In  the  upper  and  hinder  portion  of  both 


868  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

nasal  cavities  the  olfactory  nerve  extends  over  the  raucous  membrane 
which  lines  these  parts.  This  is  the  first  pair  of  brain-nerves  which  issue 
from  the  skull-cavity  through  the  sieve-bone.  Its  branches  extend  partly 
over  the  partition  wall  and  partly  over  the  inner  walls  of  the  nasal 
cavities,  to  which  are  attached  the  "shells"  or  spongy  bones  of  the  nose, — 
complex  bony  structures.  These  "  shells" are  much  more  further  developed 
in  many  of  the  higher  mammals  than  in  man.  In  all  mammals  there  are 
three  of  these  "  shells  "  in  each  of  the  two  nasal  cavities.  The  sensation  of 
smell  is  produced  by  a  current  of  air  containing  odoriferous  matters  passing 
over  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  cavities  and  there  coming  in  contact  with 
nerve-ends. 

The  peculiar  characters  which  distinguish  the  olfactory  of  mammals 
from  that  of  lower  vertebrates  are  represented  in  man.  In  all  specific 
points  the  human  nose  exactly  resembles  that  of  the  Catarhine  apes,  some 
of  which  indeed  possess  an  entirely  human  external  nose.  (See  Semnopithe- 
cus  nascius.)  The  first  rudiment  of  the  olfactory  organ  in  the  human 
en\hri/o  does  not,  however,  show  any  signs  of  the  fine  form  of  the  future 
Catarhine  nose.  Indeed,  it  first  appears  in  the  same  form  which  persists 
for  life  in  fishes, — in  the  form  of  two  simple  pits  or  grooves  in  the  skin  of 
the  upper  surface  of  the  head.  In  all  fishes  two  of  these  mere  blind  nose- 
pits  are  found  in  the  upper  surface  of  the  head.  Sometimes  the}'^  are  situ- 
ated at  the  back  near  the  eyes;  sometimes  near  the  snout;  or,  again,  near 
the  mouth-opening.  They  are  lined  by  mucous  membrane  in  folds,  over 
which  the  end-bi-anches  of  the  olfactory  nerves  spread.  Comparative 
anatomy  thus  still  shows  us  simultaneously  in  the  ascending  series  of  the 
double-nostriled  vertebrates,  from  fishes  up  to  man,  all  the  various  stages 
of  development  of  the  nose,  which  the  very  highly-developed  olfactory  organ 
of  the  higher  mammals  has  passed  through  successively  in  the  different 
periods  of  its  tribal  history.  2'he  first  rudiment  of  the  organ  of  smell  in 
the  embryo  of  man^  and  in  that  of  all  the  higher  mammals,  makes  its  appear- 
ance in  the  same  entirely  simple  form,  which  is  retained  throughout  life  by 
the  nose  of  fishes. 

At  a  very  early  stage,  and  while  no  trace  of  the  characteristic  facial 
structure  of  man  is  yet  visible,  a  pair  of  ,6mall  grooves  appear  on  the  front 
of  the  head  and  before  the  primitive  mouth-cavity.  These  were  first  dis- 
covered by  Baer,  and  b}^  him  properl^^-enough  named  "olfactory  grooves." 

The  external  nose  is  not  developed  until  long  after  all  the  essential 
internal  parts  of  the  olfactory  organ  have  been  formed.  The  first  trace  in 
the  human  embryo  during  the  first  month  shows  that  originally  there  is  no 
trace  of  the  external  nose.  It  afterward  grows  out  of  the  anterior  nasal 
portion  of  the  primitive  skull.  The  form  of  nose  which  is  characteristic  of 
man  does  not  appear  till  a  period  far  later. 

Much  stress  is  usually  laid  on  the  shape  of  the  extei*nalnose  as  a  noble 
organ,  occurring  exclusively  in  man;  but  there  are  apes  which  have  very 
human  noses,  as,  for  instance,  the  nosed-ape  already  mentioned.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  external  nose,  the  fine  shape  of  which  is  so  extremely 
important  to  the  beaut}'  of  the  facial  structure,  possesses  in  certain  inferior 
races  of  man  a  shape  anything  but  beautiful.* 

The  preceding  account  of  the  evolution  of  the  nose  shows  us 
that  it  first  appears  in  the  human  embryo  as  two  simple  pits. 
This  rudimentary  stage  and  appearance  has  its  counterpart  in  the 
faces  of  some  individuals  of  the  undeveloped  races,  whose  pictured 

*  The  ETolution  of  Man,  Ernst  Haeckel,  vol.  ii,  p.  240  et  acq. 


THE   NOSE.  869 

representations  by  Lavater  and  by  writers  on  ethnology  show  their 
noses  to  be  Uttle  more  than  two  round  holes  in  the  plane  of  tlie 
face  where  the  nostrils  are  usually  situated.  These  classes  of 
noses  indicate  animal  characteristics  almost  entirely  devoid  of  any- 
thing of  a  mental  cast.  Now,  from  this  low  form  of  the  nose  up 
to  the  most  perfect  nose  of  the  scientist  or  philosopher  are  many 
intermediate  forms,  each  increasing  in  size ;  each  indicating  higher 
grades  of  mentality ;  thus  proving  that  the  basic  law  of  physiog- 
nomy, viz.,  that  "the  size  of  the  nose  controlled  by  quality  is  the 
measure  of  power,"  is  in  harmony  with  Nature's  manifestations, 
and  that  the  flat  nose  of  the  negro  and  the  snub-nose  of  many 
Caucasians  are  indices  of  comparative  undevelopment  of  other 
parts  of  the  body  and  mind. 

The  prominent  part  which  the  nose  plays  in  speech  and  in 
vocalization  must  be  borne  in  mind.  The  savage  tribes  have  a 
language  which  lacks  resonance  and  richness.  Their  vocabulary 
is  extremely  limited,  being  confined  to  a  few  hundred  words  at 
most,  and  totally  incapable  of  the  melodious  vocalization  of  the 
more  advanced  races.  Not  only  are  they  incapable  of  compre- 
hending ideas  involved  in  the  language  which  the  highest  races 
use,  but  they  are  also  physiologically  defective  in  the  structure  of 
the  throat  and  nose,  and  in  all  the  parts  involved  in  fine  vocality. 
Mind  and  function  develop  together,  and  when  they  are  on  a  low 
grade,  both  mentally  and  physiologically,  their  noses  and  mouths 
disclose  their  low  mental  as  well  as  low  linguistic  status.  The 
variations  in  lingual  capacity  are  far  less  marked  among  indi- 
viduals of  the  civilized  races,  yet  between  the  ornate  and  fluent 
language  used  by  a  Webster  or  a  Clay  to  the  limited  vocabulary 
used  by  a  commonplace  or  feeble-minded  youth  there  are  many 
gradations. 

There  are  many  variations  of  structure  of  the  labial,  laryngeal, 
and  nasal  organs.  The  more  developed  these  organs,  the  more 
comprehensive  and  fluent  the  language. 

These  structures  in  infants  being  unperfected,  prevent  the 
perfect  enunciation  which  characterizes  their  later  eftbrts,  while 
the  same  organs  in  the  feeble-minded  and  idiotic  are  very  far  from 
the  normal  standard  in  form  and  size.  In  these  classes  imperfcf.t 
cw'vatlon^  not  only  of  cellular  tissue  but  of  the  organs  as  a  wJioJc, 
is  apparent;  hence,  the  manifold  defects  in  speech  tliat  are 
observed  in  asylums  for  these  unfortunate  creatures  prove  a 
valuable  lesson  to  the  physiognomist. 

The  nose  and  mouth  of  these  two  classes  would  disclose  these 
differences  in  grade  without  referring  at  all  to  the  brain  or  form 
of  the  head. 


870  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  development  of  the  human  nose  from  childhood  to  the 
adult  stage  is  most  instructive.  In  infancy  it  has  the  form  which 
is  characteristic  of  those  races  that  never  arrive  at  a  highly 
developed  stage.  Later,  as  the  mind  becomes  active  and  the  larynx 
and  the  bones  of  the  nose  and  head  are  developed  and  perfected, 
the  nose  rises  and  at  about  the  age  of  puberty  assumes  the  size 
and  form  that  it  permanently  exhibits.  This  lesson  in  nasal 
development  in  connection  with  mental  development  is  witnessed 
in  the  progress  of  every  individual  from  birth  to  adult  life,  and  yet 
it  seems  to  have  failed  in  impressing  upon  observers  any  very 
important  physiognomic  lesson.  So  true  it  is  that  what  is  common 
and  habitual  to  man  impresses  him  the  least.  Were  each  one  of 
us  to  look  upon  a  human  face  for  the  first  time  in  our  lives,  after 
arriving  at  manhood,  we  should  regard  it  as  the  most  singular 
object  which  we  had  ever  beheld,  and  immediately  commence  an 
investigation  of  it;  but,  as  it  is  the  most  common  and  familiar 
object  we  behold,  by  a  strange  inconsistency,  less  is  known  of  its 
real  significance  than  that  of  any  other  object  with  which  we  are 
familiar. 

As  the  nose  and  nostrils  develop  in  size,  the  lungs  become 
larger,  and  as  respiration  on  a  large  scale  gives  the  power  for 
active  movements,  so  we  shall  find  that  it  also  energizes  the  mind. 
Dr.  Cross  analyzes  this  function  as  follows: — 

As  the  nose  is  the  proper  entrance  into  the  respiratory  organ,  and  as 
the  energy  is  proportioned  to  the  respiration,  so  the  size  of  the  nostrils 
must  stand  indicative  of  the  whole  energy  of  the  animal.  By  the  nostrils 
are  to  be  understood  not  uierel}'  the  two  external  orifices,  but  also  the  two 
nasal  passages  in  their  whole  extent.  Although  the  nose  is  less  complicated 
in  structure,  in  function,  and  in  physiognomical  expression  than  the  mouth, 
yet,  as  breadth  is  more  nearly  connected  with  life  than  food,  and  as  the 
chest  is  situated  above  the  body  and  the  nose  above  the  mouth,  so  the  nasal 
organ  must  indicate  qualities  of  a  stronger  and  more  dignified  nature  than 
animal  appetites  and  passions, — indicates,  indeed,  that  very  energy  which  it 
is  the  great  business  of  the  passions  to  rouse  into  action.  The  nose  may 
be  said  to  occupy  all  the  upper  jaw  above  the  roof  of  the  mouth  or  the  floor 
of  the  nostrils.  Above,  it  is  separated  from  the  brain  by  the  cribriform 
plate  of  the  ethmoid  bone  and  by  the  clinoid  processes,  or  sella  turcica  of 
the  sphenoid  bone.  On  either  side  it  is  bounded  by  the  orbits  and  by  the 
cheek-bones ;  below  it  rests  upon  the  roof  of  the  mouth.  Thus  the  nose  forms 
a  long,  arched  vault,  broad  below,  narrow  above,  the  two  anterior  extremi- 
ties of  which  look  into  the  atmosphere  ;  the  posterior  into  the  gullet.  The 
nasal  cavity  also  extends  on  each  side  into  the  maxillary  caves,  upward 
into  all  the  spongy  bones  and  frontal  sinuses,  and  backward  into  the  cellu- 
lar structure  of  the  sella  turcica.  Thus  the  nasal  cavity  is  extended  and 
enlarged  in  every  possible  direction,  and  has  actually  b3-"its  encroachments 
hollowed  out  and  undermined  the  whole  fabric  of  "the  upper  face.  Thus 
the  two  openings,  mouth  and  nose,  which  lead  into  the  two  great  vital  organs^ 
occupy  nearly  the  whole  face. 


THE   NOSE.  871 

In  making  a  study  of  the  evolution  or  development  of  the 
nose,  we  are  first  led  to  examine  the  noses  of  animals,  among 
which  the  elephant  takes  first  rank  in  nasal  structure,  as  his  pro- 
boscis is  not  only  nose  but  hand,  and  capable  of  many  diverse 
intelligent  acts.  Its  length  and  flexibility  are  qualities  which  ex- 
cite our  attention,  for  it  is  the  most  unique  feature  presented  by 
any  animal.  Compare  the  mind  of  the  elephant  with  the  size  or 
length  of  his  proboscis  (for  thus  does  its  size  show  forth),  and  we 
shall  find  that  its  intelligence,  reason,  and  intellect  are  in  direct 
relation  with  this  feature.  No  other  animal  possesses  his  sagacity, 
his  foresight,  his  carefulness,  for  length  of  nose  is  indicative  of  all 
these  qualities  ;  most  particularly  of  Cautiousness,  as  shown  in  the 
long  noses  of  the  Hebrew  race,  the  most  provident,  far-sighted, 
and  cautious  of  all  races. 

The  horse  and  some  species  of  dogs  come  next  in  rank  in  the 
size  of  nose,  shown  mainly  by  length.  Some  dogs  are  short-nosed, 
and  these  are  not  so  intelligent  as  those  with  a  longer  one;  they 
are  less  careful,  also.  Several  of  the  ape  tribes  have  long  noses, 
but  their  physiognomic  value  is  neutralized  by  the  close  approxi- 
mation of  the  eyes  to  the  nose,  which  in  man  or  beast  denotes 
relatively  less  breadth  of  mind  and  less  intelligence  than  where 
the  width  is  greater,  as  in  the  dog,  horse,  and  elephant.  And  so 
we  might  continue  the  analysis  of  the  nose  as  related  to  animal 
intellect  indefinitely,  but  we  must  pass  on  and  note  the  absence  of 
development  of  all  infantile  noses.  Without  exception  they  are 
all  flat  in  the  centre,  and  resemble  the  forms  which  many  immature 
persons  exhibit  throughout  life. 

Among  the  undeveloped,  rude,  barbarous,  and  savage  races 
that  retain  a  relatively  undeveloped  form  of  nose  are  the  following, 
viz.:  The  Mongolian,  the  native  Austrahan,  the  Negro,  the  Cal- 
muck,  the  Malay,  the  Polynesian,  and  the  Esquimau.  Unde- 
veloped noses,  depressed  in  tlie  centre,  with  nostrils  spreading  out 
low  and  flat  are  found  among  the  undeveloped,  immature,  and 
poorly-organized  of  the  Caucasian  races,  also  in  infants  and  many 
feeble-minded  persons,  and  idiots,  and  other  comparatively  defective 
human  beings. 

A  tliorough  investigation  of  the  faces  of  all  the  previously- 
named  classes  will  show  that  the  nose  advances  in  the  ratio  of 
intelligence,  and  that  a  finely-formed  nose  is  not  only  indicative  of 
improved  functional  powers,  viz.,  those  of  scent  and  of  resonance 
of  the  voice,  but  it  is  the  best  facial  indication  of  intellect^  showing 
not  only  the  kind  or  sort  of  mentality,  but  also  the  degree  of  force 
or  power  which  will  be  exhibited. 

All  of  the  several  aspects  of  the  nose  will  be.treated  seriatim, 


872  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

commencing  with  its  physiology  and  its  three  divisions,  followed  by 
the  physiological  and  mental  signs  which  Nature  has  placed  upon 
it,  and  which  I  have  been  so  fortunate  as  to  discover. 

Before  entering  upon  the  analysis  of  this  grand  facial  feature, 
I  deem  it  necessary  to  define  my  use  of  descriptive  terms,  inas- 
much as  there  seems  to  be  a  woeful  absence  of  precision  in  the 
application  of  these  terms,  and  also  great  confusion  of  ideas  in 
regard  to  the  comprehension  of  the  forms  of  the  facial  features. 
The  majority  of  people  are  apparently  more  unobservant  of  the 
forms  of  the  human  lace,  its  lines  and  features^  than  of  any  other 
objects;  while  they  are  able  to  discuss  intelligently  a  picture,  or 
describe  a  gown  or  hat,  with  the  utmost  accuracy,  I  have  been 
amazed  at  the  utter  ignorance  displayed  by  otherwise  intelligent 
people  as  to  the  precise  form,  color,  and  texture  of  faces  and 
features  which  they  daily  observe.  I  am  also  surprised  at  the  lack 
of  precise  terminology  used  in  attempted  descriptions  of  the  several 
parts  of  the  features.  To  clear  up  this  confusion  I  subjoin  the 
following  definitions,  hoping  that  their  application  may  assist  in 
the  comprehension  of  my  analyses  and  delineations  of  the  nose : — 

The  under  part  of  the  nose  I  term,         .  The  base. 

The  two  openings  at  the  base,         .         .  The  nostrils. 

The  outer  and  lower  sides  at  tlie  nostrils, .  The  wings,  or  alae. 

The  extreme  point, The  tip  or  lobe. 

The  top  of  the  nose  from  the  root  to  the 

tip, The  back  or  dorsum. 

The  partition  between  the  nostrils,  .  The  septum. 

The  fine  hairs  inside  the  nostrils,    .         .  The  cilia  or  vibrissae. 

The  highest  part  of  the  back  of  the  nose,  Tlie  bridge. 

The  sides  of  the  nose  above  the  wings,  .  The  sides. 

The  point  of  junction  with  the  forehead,  The  root. 

With  these  definitions  of  the  several  areas  of  the  nose,  my 
analyses  and  descriptions  can  be  fully  understood. 

THE   PHYSIOLOGY   OF   THE   NOSE. 

In  accordance  with  the  method  pursued  throughout  this  work, 
I  shall  discuss,  first,  the  physiological  aspect  of  the  nose;  afterward, 
its  mental  significance. 

The  physiological  uses  of  the  nose  are  many  and  varied.  It 
is  used  primarily  for 

(a)  Breathing,  inhaling,  and  exhaling. 

(h)  Scenting,  to  protect  the  lungs  and  stomach  from  noxious  gases, 
foods,  and  drinks. 

(c)  Warming  the  air  to  protect  the  sensitive  lungs. 

(d)  Carrying  the  blood  to  the  brain  rapidlv,  and  in  large  quantities. 
(  e)  Assisting  the  general  circulation  of  tlie  blood. 


THE   NOSE.  873 

{f)  Assisting  the  voice  in  producing  sonorous  tones. 
(  g)  Energizing  bodily  movements. 

{h)  Filtering  the  air  by  its  passing  through  the  cilia,  thus  excluding 
dust,  etc. 

The  larger  the  nose  and  its  accessories,  the  more  powerfully 
will  all  of  these  I'unctions  be  manilested,  provided  fine  quality  be 
present. 

The  deeper  the  inhalation,  the  stronger  will  be  the  mental 
manifestation ;  that  is  to  say,  the  better  the  breathing  capacity  in  a 
given  individual,  the  better  able  will  that  individual  be  to  manifest 
his  mental  power.  It  will  not  make  him  more  mental,  nor  give 
his  brain  a  higher  quality  than  was  his  birthright,  but  it  will 
enable  him  to  make  more  useful  that  which  he  already  has ;  it  will 
increase  his  mental  powers  in  the  direction  of  activity. 

Large,  high,  and  broad  noses  exhibit  more  nearly  the  sense 
of  scent  than  narrow  and  high,  ordepressed  noses.  In  the  animal 
kingdom  this  is  well  illustrated  by  comparison  of  the  greyhound 
with  the  bull-dog  and  blood-hound.  The  former  has  little,  if  any, 
sense  of  scent,  while  the  latter  displays  an  intense  carnivorous 
phase  of  the  scenting  function. 

A  long  and  broad  nose  will  warm  the  air  which  enters  the 
lungs  more  than  a  flat  or  thin  nose,  for  the  reason  that  the  air 
passes  over  a  greater  siirface  before  reaching  the  sensitive  lungs. 
Thus  does  a  long  nose  better  protect  the  body  (physiologically) 
than  a  short  or  narrow  one.  Later,  we  shall  find  that  the  longer 
the  nose  the  more  watchful,  guarded,  and  careful  is  the  individual 
(mentally).  The  noses  of  the  majority  of  consumptives  are  eitlier 
high  and  very  thin,  with  very  narrow  nostrils,  or  very  short,  and 
depressed  at  the  centre. 

Deep  hreatldng  (through  the  nose)  assists  the  general  circu- 
lation, and  a  large  nose  and  nostrils  reveal  this  power,  for  the  rate 
of  the  moticm  of  the  blood  stands  in  direct  relation  with  the  size 
of  the  nose,  lungs,  and  heart. 

The  functional  action  of  the  brain  is  also  strengthened  by  the 
impulse  given  to  the  volume  of  blood  sent  to  that  organ  by  power- 
f\il  and  deep  inspirations. 

The  voice  is  most  especially  affected  by  the  size  and  form  of 
the  nose  and  nostrils  and  the  accessory  organs  the  frontal  sinuses. 
The  size  and  form  of  the  nose,  together  with  the  development  of 
the  sinuses,  contribute  to  produce  sonorous  tones. 

Energetic  movements  of  the  body  depend  mainly  upon  the 
amount  of  air  inhaled.  Those  who  possess  large  lungs  and  heart 
are  the  most  rapid  and  continuous  in  motion.  The  race-horse  is  a 
good  example  of  this  structure ;  the  various  deer  tribes,  also,  whose 


§74  PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

thoracic  development  is  relatively  greater  than  the  muscular  system. 
The  mind  is  also  clear  and  active,  and  the  sensations  intensely  keen, 
with  this  development. 

Large  lungs,  associated  with  small  or  medium-sized  brain, 
afford  the  best  combination  for  rapid  locomotion  and  mental  ac- 
tivity. A  large  brain  with  average  or  small  lungs  indicates  slow 
movements.  The  brain  seems  by  its  co-operation  with  the  lungs 
to  be  the  controller  of  bodily  movements.  It  may  be  considered 
as  an  organ  of  co-ordination,  for  it  certainly  by  its  relative  size 
affects  the  movements  of  the  limbs.  A  large  front  brain,  unless 
associated  with  a  large  nose,  nostrils,  and  large  lungs,  is  a  sign  of 
either  great  stupidity  or  excessive  slowness  of  thought  and  move- 
ment. The  ancient  writers,  from  Aristotle  down,  are  aU  agreed 
upon  the  idea  that  a  great  forehead  indicates  great  dullness.  They 
did  not  apparently  relate  the  lungs  to  the  brain  as  I  do.  Had 
they  done  so  they  would  have  given  a  more  enlightened  view  of 
the  size  of  the  forehead.  Daniel  Webster  had  a  forehead  of  noble 
proportion,  but  his  chest-cavity  and  digestive  powers  were  equally 
great ;  hence  his  ability. 

The  preceding  are  the  purely  functional  or  physiological  uses 
of  the  nose  and  its  accessory  organs.  When  we  arrive  at  the  con- 
sideration of  the  mental  significance  of  the  nose  we  shall  find  that 
it  has  many  more  mental  meanings  than  physical  offices. 

The  intimate  relation  of  the  brain — the  principal  mental 
organ — will  then  become  apparent,  for  the  respiratory  system,  the 
nose,  and  the  intellect  advance  pari  passu  in  development  from 
the  ape  to  the  man. 

Observation  of  those  races  that  have  remained  fixed  and  sta- 
tionary in  their  undevelopment  for  thousands  of  years  (as  the 
negro,  for  example,)  shows  that  their  noses  have  retained  the  same 
form  that  their  ancestors  then  bore.  The  sculptured  remains  of 
Egyptian  and  other  schools  of  art,  as  discovered  by  archaeologists, 
prove  this  to  be  the  case.  All  of  which  goes  to  show  that  the 
development  of  intellect  and  the  nose  stand  in  direct  relationship 
and  rise  and  fall  together. 

Doubtless  the  width  of  the  nose  at  its  root  in  the  negro  af- 
fords such  expansion  of  the  olfactory  ganglia  as  creates  in  him 
powerful  scenting  capacity.  Yet  I  doubt  that  his  scent  is  as  sus- 
ceptible to  delicate  odors  as  one  less  wide  but  of  higher  quality. 
The  width  of  the  root  of  the  nose,  of  the  back,  and  of  the  nos- 
trils all  denote  more  power  of  those  functions  and  faculties  which 
they  respectively  represent  than  if  these  parts  are  narrow.  Breadth 
always  indicates  vigor  or  power,  and  narrowness  denotes  weakness, 
unless  the  quality  is  sufficiently  high  to  offset  mere  size  or  quantity. 


THE  NOSE.  875 

Thus,  breadth  of  the  nostrils  always  announces  large,  capacious 
lungs,  on  the  principle  of  homogeneity.  Nature  makes  every  part 
to  match  every  other  part,  and  wherever  there  is  a  large  thoracic 
cavity  the  nostrils  are  large  in  order  to  assist  the  ingress  and 
egress  of  the  large  volume  of  air  required  to  fill  the  lungs.  Large 
nostrils  presuppose  a  powerful  heart,  for  the  lieart  stands  in  direct 
and  intimate  relationship  with  the  lungs,  and  if  the  latter  are  large 
the  heart  must  be  correspondingly  vigorous  to  assist  the  process  of 
circulation.  Thus,  we  have  in  the  nose  the  signs  for  the  lungs 
and  heart. 

The  part  performed  by  the  liver  in  the  process  of  clarifying 
the  blood  is  no  less  important  to  mental  manifestation  than  it  is  to 
physical  purity  and  soundness.  The  liver  is  a  "clearing-house" 
for  the  blood  ;  it  is  in  this  organ  that  the  purification  of  the  blood 
takes  place ;  hence,  this  organ  must  be  on  the  most  intimate  terms 
witli  the  lungs  and  heart,  as  all  three  are  equally  interested  in  the 
circulation  of  the  blood.  The  relative  position  of  each  of  these 
organs  in  the  body  is  such  as  to  favor  their  associated  efforts. 
Their  signs  in  the  face  are  also  in  such  contiguity  as  to  point  to 
the  intimacy  of  their  action.  The  sign  for  the  Hver  is  the  down- 
ward development  of  the  septum  of  the  nose ;  its  situation  is  between 
the  two  nostrils,  which  are  the  signs  of  the  lungs.  All  three  of 
these  organs  contribute  by  their  power  and  development  to  create 
the  necessary  nourishment  for  powerful  cerebral  action ;  hence,  the 
more  vigorous  these  three  organs  collectively,  the  greater  the  ability 
of  the  brain  to  think  clearly  and  profoundly.  The  liver  by  its 
vigor  assists  directly  to  clear  the  blood,  and  when  thus  purified  it 
is  sent  directly  to  the  brain.  It  is  thus  shown  how  directly  the 
brain  is  dependent  upon  the  action  of  the  liver  for  ability  to  think 
clearly.  Thus,  we  see  that  those  who  exhibit  the  sign  of  an  active 
liver  in  the  septum  of  the  nose  exhibit  also  the  faculty  of  analyz- 
ing— of  clear  thinking.  It  does  not  follow  that  they  also  think 
profoundly — that  is  seen  by  other  signs ;  but  they  will  be  able  to 
analyze  clearly  whatever  they  are  attracted  to  by  the  combination 
of  their  other  faculties. 

I  cannot  now  name  any  person  eminent  as  a  logical  thinker 
in  whose  face  or  portrait  the  sign  for  analysis — for  an  active  liver 
— ^is  absent. 

The  sign  for  one  other  grand  function  is  found  in  the  nose. 
At  the  bridge  the  sign  for  the  stomach  is  found.  If  the  nose  be 
broad  and  Jdgh  at  this  point  the  stomach  is  congenitally  vigorous, 
but  where  the  nose  is  very  flat,  or  thin  and  high  at  this  part,  the 
stomach-digestion  is  relatively  weaker.  In  order  that  the  brain, 
as  well  as  the  body,  may  be  vigorous,  it  is  essential  that  the 


876  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

stomach  be  strong  and  normal  in  all  its  operations,  in  order  to  be 
able  to  prepare  the  aliment  received  into  it  for  the  next  stage  of 
digestion,  viz.,  that  performed  by  the  intestinal  tract.  Where 
both  these  divisions  of  the  digestive  system  are  vigorous,  perfect 
assimilation  of  all  the  food  received  is  accomplished,  and  a  large 
supply  of  that  nourishing  fluid,  the  blood,  is  created,  and  thus  the 
entire  system,  the  brain  not  only,  but  the  nerves,  the  bones,  the 
muscles,  and  all  other  tissues  of  the  human  economy  are  supplied 
with  the  nutriment  essential  to  the  manifestation  of  strength  of 
body  and  mind.  Where  the  digestion  is  perfect,  the  liver  active, 
the  breathing  apparatus  sound,  and  the  circulatory  system  har- 
monizes with  the  digestion,  we  may  reasonably  expect  a  mani- 
festation of  great  strength  of  body  or  great  mental  vigor,  or  both 
combined. 

All  of  the  above-named  organs,  viz.,  the  lungs,  the  heart,  the 
liver  and  stomach,  are  closely  related  in  the  process  of  creating, 
distributing,  and  cleansing  the  blood.  Mental  power  and  vigor 
depend  upon  the  quantity  and  quality  of  blood  furnished  to  the 
brain,  and  this  last  statement  reveals  how  and  why  the  nose  be- 
comes the  indicator  of  both  mental  faculties  and  physiological 
functions. 

It  is  thus  shown  that  in  order  to  have  perfect  intellects  we 
must  seek  to  have  perfect  bodies,  composed  of  organs  that  are 
normal  in  size  and  activity.  Tlie  most  powerful  mental  characters 
in  the  world's  history  have  been  men  of  large  physical  powers, 
and  these  men,  loitliout  exception^  have  exhibited  large  noses. 
Mental  force  demands  fuel,  and  this  fuel  is  manufactured  in  the 
stomach,  heart,  liver,  and  lungs.  These  together  form  a  great 
"steam  box,"  or  driving  power,  for  that  mighty  engine — the 
human  mind. 

The  intestinal  system  has  representation  in  the  nose,  through 
the  sign  for  Acquisitiveness;  also  by  the  color  of  this  feature,  for 
as  color  is  evolved  from  the  glands  and  exhibited  by  the  arteries 
and  veins,  so  the  color  of  the  nose  denotes  the  health-conditions 
of  the  blood.  The  fullness  of  the  sides  of  the  nose,  just  above 
the  wings  (see  the  sign  for  Acquisitiveness)  denotes  both  intestinal 
and  muscular  vigor.  Weakness  in  these  functions  is  shown  by 
concavities  or  a  pinched  appearance  at  this  place,  as  is  often  seen 
in  the  noses  of  congenital  consumptives.  Thus  is  the  physiological 
mapping  of  the  nose  completed.  Its  mental  chart  is  yet  more 
wonderful,  for  as  every  tissue  of  the  body  is  comprised  in  the  nose, 
viz.,  bone,  nerve,  ganglia,  muscle,  cartilage,  skin,  blood-vessels, 
arteries,  mucous  membrane,  glands,  and  cilia,  so  also  do  the  signs 
of  the  mental  faculties  which  are  situated  upon  the  nose  find  their 


THE   NOSE.  8T7 

representation  in  these  several  tissues.  The  more  forceful  traits, 
such  as  Executiveness,  are  shown  by  hone  development ;  the  softer 
and  more  yielding,  as  Constructiveness,  Imagination,  Imitation, 
etc.,  are  exhibited  by  the  muscular  or  fibroid  development.  Thus 
is  another  link  added  to  the  marvelously  complex  cliain  of  both 
revelation  and  evidence,  which  are  piled  like  Ossa  upon  Pelion,  in 
order  that  the  proofs  shall  appeal  to  many  sides  of  our  intelligence, 
and  that  they  may  be  remarked  by  many  diverse  explorers. 

THE   ANATOMICAL   FORMATION  OF   THE   NOSE. 

The  consistency  of  the  nose  is  dependent  upon  the  kind  of 
tissue  that  enters  most  largely  into  its  structure.  Bone,  muscle, 
and  cartilage,  together  with  veins,  glands,  and  nerves,  are  the 
main  constituents. 

The  size  as  well  as  the  shape  of  the  nasal  bones  varies,  yet 
the  number  is  the  same  in  all  civilized  races  at  least. 

TABLE  OF  ELEMENTS  TO  BE  CONSIDERED  IN  RELATION  TO  THE  NOSE. 

In  order  to  make  anything  like  a  systematic  analysis  and  de- 
scription of  the  nose,  the  following  conditions  and  details  should 
be  examined,  as  well  as  the  evolution,  the  physiology,  the  anatomy, 
and  the  signs  of  intellect  which  Nature  has  placed  in  the  nose : — 

(a)  The  three  general  forms :   The  concave  or  negative,  the  straight  or 

passive,  the  convex  or  positive.  \y 

(b)  The  three  general  sizes  :  Small,  i»edium,  large. 

(c)  The  three  widths:  Narrow,  medium,  wide. 

(d)  The  three  general  heights  :  Flat,  medium,  high. 

(e)  The  three  general  lengths  :  Short,  medium,  long.         ^ 

(/)  The  three  general  forms  of  the  nostrils  :  Narrow,  oblong,  round. 

(g)  The  three  positions  of  the  nose  relative  to  the  plane  of  the  face :  Hori- 
zontal, upward,  downward.  1/         I  . 

(h)    The  characteristics  of  these  three  positions  :  Noble,  aspimig,  ignoble. 

(i)  The  three  stages  of  development  of  the  septum  :  Down Wi'd,  even  with 
the  lower  edge  of  the  nostrils,  above  the  nostrils,  i 

(j)    The  three  general  widths  of  the  septum  :  NarroWj^edium,  wide. 

(k)  The  three  forms  of  the  lobe  or  tip  :  Pointed,  rounded,  angular  or  bevel- 
edged. 

(I)  The  three  horizontal  divisions  :  Artistic  and  literary,  executive,  self- 
willed. 

(m)  The  three  principal  constituents  :  Cartilage,  muscle,  bone. 

(n)   The  three  grades  of  consistency  :  Soft,  flexile,  hard. 

(o)  The  four  physical  functions,  the  signs  of  which  are  situated  in  the  nose : 
Breathing,  circulation,  digestion,  motion. 

(p)  The  six  organ  systems,  the  signs  of  which  are  found  in  the  nose :  The 
lungs,  the  liver,  the  heart,  the  stomach,  the  muscular  and  the 
osseous  systems. 


878  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  evolution  and  physiology  of  the  nose  will  also  be  dis- 
cussed, and  an  exhaustive  analysis  o^  forms  will  be  made.  What- 
ever may  be  hvvc  omitted  in  regard  to  this  most  wonderful  feature 
of  the  face  must  be  learned  from  the  living  subject. 

GENERAL   REMARKS. 

We  can  very  easily  facilitate  the  analysis  of  the  nose  by  sub- 
dividing it  into  three  parts — ^lower,  middle,  and  upper;  for  as  the 
nose  is  a  most  developed  and  significant  feature,  so  is  it  complex 
in  its  multiform  meanings.  It  is  true  that  it  is  not  as  complex  in 
its  mechanism  as  the  eye  or  ear,  but  there  are  reasons  which  pre- 
clude the  necessity  for  such  complexity.  In  the  first  place,  it  is 
an  external  organ,  mainly;  yet  it  has  accessory  organs  that  are 
hidden  from  sight.  External  features  never  exhibit  the  same  com- 
plexity as  internal  ones,  for  they  have  arisen  out  of  that  occult 
stage,  leaving  the  intricate  machinery  hidden,  and  stand  forth 
simplified,  yet  significant  of  many  things. 
This  is  the  case  with  the  external  part  of  the 
ear,  while  the  more  complex  and  intricate 
mechanism,  which  renders  it  so  susceptible  to 
the  subtleties  of  sound,  is  buried  deep  be- 
neath its  bony  encasement.  The  external 
shell  or  auricle  reveals  the  most  hidden  mean- 
ings as  to  the  capacity  of  both  sound  and 
Artistic  ^'^'^  \  hearing.  At  the  same  time  it  discloses  many 
^'*""^  JL...^^ift^JI  characteristics,  which  will  be  discussed  later 
under  their  own  proper  headings. 
Fig.  205.  The  olfactory  nerve,  which  is  devoted  to 

the  perception  of  scents  and  odors,  sends 
forth  its  branches  and  filaments  to  the  nose,  at  the  root  of  which 
lies  the  olfactory  bulb.  From  this  bulb  arise  filaments,  which  are 
distributed  to  the  nose  and  nostrils  in  a  very  liberal  manner.  It 
is  this  elaborate  and  affluent  nervous  distribution  upon  the  inner 
walls  of  the  nostril,  and  upon  its  surface,  that  gives  to  the  devel- 
oped nose  of  the  highly-bred  Caucasian  its  grade  as  a  first-class 
representative  of  the  intellect. 

The  subtleties  of  nervous  mechanism,  and  of  nervous  ramifi- 
cation, together  with  high  quality,  are  the  causes  which  conduce 
to  a  high  grade  of  development  of  an  organ  or  feature;  hence  it 
is  logical  to  infer  that  the  ramifications  of  the  olfactory  nerve  in 
the  brain,  and  throughout  the  whole  extent  of  the  nose,  would  be 
more  diffused  in  the  higher-organized  being  than  in  the  brain  and 
nose  of  the  immature,  defective,  or  barbarous  classes.  Reference 
to  the  inner  mechanism  of  the  olfactory  nerve,  both  within  the 


THE   NOSE. 


879 


brain  and  within  the  external  nose,  will  show  that  it  has  high 
duties  to  perform,  and  it  is  by  the  physiological  analysis  of  the 
mechanism  of  a  feature,  added  to  its  external  shape  and  observa- 
tion of  its  use  and  purpose,  that  we  arrive  at  a  just  and  compre- 
hensive knowledge  of  its  rank  and  importance  in  the  human 
economy. 

Added  to  this  is  the  fact  that  scenting  is  one  of  the  more  primi- 
tive functions — for  as  inhalation  of  the  atmospheric  air  is  the  first 
act  of  life,  so  the  sense  of  scent  acts  in  unison  with  it,  and  scents 
the  air  even  before  it  reaches  the  lungs.  I  have  shown  that  all 
primitive  functions  are  the  most  important,  and  exert  a  controlling 
influence  upon  the  individual;  hence  the  olfactory  apparatus  must 
take  rank  as  among  the  very  highest  in  the  human  economy. 
And  the  nose,  viewed  from 
every  -stand-point,  is  the 
most  important  feature  of 
the  face,  and  is  significant 
of  more  functions  and  fac- 
ulties than  any  other  feature. 

The  nervous  mechan- 
ism of  the  developed  Cau- 
casian nose  must  be  much 
more  elaborate  in  its  rami- 
fication than  that  of  imma- 
ture beings;  for  nerve 
elaboration  and  sensitiveness 
are  two  of  the  most  impor- 
tant factors  in  the  develop- 
ment of  a  finely-formed  and 
finely-organized  nose;  hence 
I  use  as  an  illustration  the 
so-called   Greek    nose,    this 

form  describing  the  mean  between  the  most  powerful  nose,  the 
executive,  and  the  flat  nose — the  feeblest  of  noses. 

Language  utterly  fails  to  adequately  describe  the  full  sig- 
nificance of  the  nose;  yet  science  makes  the  attempt^  for  no  other 
department  of  knowledge  could  do  even  this  with  any  hope  of 
success. 

The  lowest  part  of  the  nose  exhibits  the  signs  for  the  lungs 
by  the  two  apertures — the  nostrils.  These  are  also  the  principal 
signs  for  Pneumativeness. 

The  sign  for  the  liver  is  shown  by  development  of  the  septum. 

The  sign  for  the  intestines  is  fullness  of  the  sides  above  the 
wings. 


Fig.  206.— location  IN  THE  NOSE   OF   THE 
SIGNS  OF  THE   VISCERAL   ORGANS. 


880  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  sign  for  the  heart  is  shown  by  the  size  of  the  nostrils 
and  the  color  of  the  skin. 

The  sign  for  the  muscular  development  is  shown  by  general 
fullness  and  roundness  of  the  entire  feature. 

The  sign  for  the  nervous  system  is  shown  by  general  develop- 
ment of  the  lobe  or  tip  of  the  nose,  and  by  the  quality  of  the  texture 
of  the  sTcin-covering . 

The  sign  for  the  bony  system  is  shown  by  height,  width,  and 
solidity  of  the  upper  part,  and  relative  length,  for  the  dominance 
of  the  muscular  system  shortens  and  the  dominance  of  the  osseous 
system  lengthens  the  nose. 

The  sign  for  the  stomach  is  shown  by  height  and  width  at 
the  bridge,  and  width  or  fullness  of  the  sides  just  below  it. 

The  roQt  of  the  nose,  if  full,  broad,  as  well  as  high,  and 
nearly  on  a  level  with  the  forehead  at  its  junction,  is  a  corrobora- 
tive sign  of  the  muscular  system. 

These  are  the  physiological  aspects  of  the  nose  and  the  situa- 
tion of  the  physiological  signs. 

The  wonderful  harmony  existing  between  the  human  mind 
and  body  finds  its  most  convincing  witness  in  the  signs  in  the  nose, 
from  the  fact  that  all  signs  are  situated  in  and  exhibited  by  the 
particular  tissue  upon  which  the  associated  faculty  depends  for  its 
ability  to  manifest  its  power.  The  sign  for  Executiveness,  for  ex- 
ample, is  exhibited  by  the  ho7ies  of  the  bridge  of  the  nose,  and 
this  faculty  depends  upon  a  fine  development  of  bone  to  manifest 
itself 

The  sign  for  Acquisitiveness  is  found  in  muscular  and  adipose 
tissues,  and  this  faculty  relies  upon  the  development  of  these  two 
systems  for  ability  to  act  in  a  talented  manner,  and  thus  of  each 
sign  in  the  face,  as  well  as  in  the  nose.  Every  sign  wiU  exliibit 
itself  in  its  own  appropriate  tissue.  These  are  examples  of  the 
beautiful  harmony  of  Nature,  as  well  as  of  the  far-reaching  dis- 
coveries of  this  system  of  physiognomy,  for,  although  these  har- 
monious proofs  have  existed  since  man  came  into  existence,  no 
system  has  hitherto  brought  forward  all  of  these  subtle  links  of 
the  complex  chain  of  evidence  of  the  relations  of  mind,  body,  and 
face. 

LOWER   DIVISION. 

Mental  Signs  :  Artistic  and  Literary. 

The  signs  of  most  of  the  artistic  faculties,  as  well  as  of  several 
of  the  literary  and  constructive  traits,  are  situated  in  the  Imiyest 
division  of  the  nose.     Some  of  the   faculties   employed  in  the 


THE    NOSE. 


881 


investigation  of  science  are  also  located  in  this  part.  The  greater 
the  width  of  the  lobe  and  depth  of  the  septum,  tlie  better  developed 
are  the  artistic  and  literary  I'aculties,  or  that  portion  of  them  wliich 
depends  upon  nervous  sensitiveness  and  muscular  action  for  their 
expression. 

Hope  is  an  enterprising  faculty  and  is  required  to  sustain  the 
efforts  of  the  artist,  poet,  writer,  mechanic,  and  painter.  It  irra- 
diates with  a  golden  effulgence  the  ambitions  of  the  struggling 


UatliemaUeal  and  Reatoning. 
(6) 


Mwhanical  and  Fraotical. 


Arttftlo  and 
Litarary.      25 

(2^        ZO 


Domeatie,  Moral,    15 
and  Social. 


Fig.  207.-LOCAL  SIGNS  FOR  THE  MENTAL  FACULTIES. 

This  table  of  numbered  names  refers  to  the  numbers  upon  the  above  outline. 
There  are  several  which  are  omitted  from  this  list,  for  the  reason  that  the^  have 
several  facial  and  bodily  signs  or  are  general,— Color,  for  example.  Those  which  are 
omitted  are  described  in  their  own  proper  order:  these  are  Color,  tianatireness, 
Force,  Time,  Order. 

16.  Self-esteem. 

17.  Modesty. 

18.  Resistance. 

19.  Secretiveness. 

20.  Cautiousness. 

21.  Hope. 

22.  Analysis. 

23.  Mental  Imitation. 

24.  Sublimity. 

25.  Ideality. 

26.  Human  Nature. 

27.  Acquisitiveness. 

28.  Constructiveness. 

29.  Veneration. 

30.  Executiveness. 


1.  Conscientiousness. 

2.  Firmness. 
8.  Economy. 

4.  Love  of  Home  (centre). 
6.  Patriotism  (side). 

6.  Benevolence. 

7.  Bit)ativei»ess. 

8.  Aliinentivenesa. 

9.  Amativeness. 

10.  Love  of  Young. 

11.  Mirthfulness. 

12.  Approbativeness. 

13.  Friendship. 
14    Hospitality. 

15.  PneumatiTeness. 


81.  Self-wUl. 

82.  C'redenciveness. 

83.  Prescience. 

34.  Form. 

35.  Size. 

38.  Observation. 

37.  Memory  of  ErentSL 

38.  Locality. 

39.  Weight. 

40.  Language. 

41.  Music. 

42.  Calculation. 

43.  Causality. 

44.  Comparison. 

45.  Intuition. 


66 


882  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

aspirant  for  fame,  and  gives  to  every  leaden  cloud  a  golden  lining. 
It  is  a  necessary  component  of  all  aspiring  characters,  and  enables 
the  starving  inventor  and  the  destitute  genius  to  bravely  and 
cheerfully  work  out  the  grand  conceptions  by  which  they  hope  to 
immortalize  themselves.  The  sign  for  this  bright  star  of  character 
is  found  upon  the  septum  of  the  nose,  just  where  it  joins  the  upper 
lip.  (See  No.  15,  Fig.  207.)  The  next  sign  in  the  septum.  Analy- 
sis, just  forward  of  the  latter,  is  indicated  by  the  width  of  the 
septum  as  well  as  by  its  downward  projection.  (See  No.  22,  Fig. 
207.)  The  office  of  this  mental  faculty  is  to  separate  the  component 
parts  of  an  idea  or  object,  and  judge  of  its  constituents  and  related 
uses.  It  is  as  useful  to  the  poet  as  to  the  scientist.  The  pliilolo- 
gist  requires  its  powers,  as  well  as  the  writer,  actor,  and  painter. 
The  inventor,  mechanic,  composer,  and  orator  rely  upon  it,  also, 
for  correct  knowledge  of  the  various  substances  and  elements  with 
which  they  deal;  hence,  all  well-endowed  artistic,  literary,  scien- 
tific, musical,  and  mechanical  minds  disclose  the  sign  of  Analysis 
in  varying  degrees. 

The  third  sign  upon  the  septum  is  Mental  Imitation  (No. 
23,  Fig.  207).  This  sign  is  situated  just  forward  of  and  adjoining 
the  sign  of  Analysis,  and  includes  the  under  part  of  the  lobe  or  tip 
of  the  nose,  which  projects  downward  where  this  trait  is  well 
developed.  This  faculty  is  required  by  all  classes  of  people  who 
pursue  avocations  that  involve  mental  discriminations. 

The  fourth  sign  (No.  25,  Fig.  207)  in  this  division  of  the  nose 
I  term  Ideahty — Taste — Imagination,  for  it  manifests  these  several 
aspects  of  what  is  clearly  a  single  faculty.  The  skilled  physiog- 
nomist will  be  able  to  discern  which  of  these  phases  presents  itself. 
This  trait,  like  its  companions  upon  the  septum,  is  needed  not  only 
by  artists,  but  also  by  scientists  and  inventors.  The  latter  classes 
have  made  many  brilliant  discoveries  by  the  assistance  which  this 
faculty  has  afforded.  It  is  shown  by  ividth  and  height  of  the  lobe 
of  the  nose.  A  flat  and  broad  lobe,  like  that  of  the  negro,  would 
indicate  neither  taste  nor  imagination.  Such  flattened  forms 
denote  the  purely  animal  indications  of  the  nose,  and  the  tip  is  like 
that  of  many  animals — broad  and  flat. 

The  sign  for  Sublimity  is  so  closely  associated  with  that  of 
Ideality  as  to  require  close  observation  upon  the  part  of  the  begin- 
ner in  order  to  distinguish  them  and  to  give  each  its  due.  All 
noses  which  exhibit  large  Sublimity,  as  a  rule,  have  a  large 
development  of  Ideality.  These  two  traits  are  the  attributes  of 
high  development,  and  characters  in  which  these  faculties  are 
largely  represented  are  uncommon  characters,  for  very  common- 
place persons,  devoid  of  the  four  last-mentioned  mental  traits,  dis- 


THE   NOSE.  883 

close  noses  comparatively  undeveloped  at  the  tip,  which  in  them 
is  usually  sharp-pointed  or  deficient  in  septal  development,  or  else 
gross  and  bulbous, — the  exaggeration  which  is  always  a  proof  of 
abnormal  development,  and  which  argues  coarseness  or  gross 
living ;  and  this  bulbous  form  shows,  by  its  swollen  veins  and 
purplish  hue  either  degrading  or  abnormal  habits  of  its  owner, 
or  else  inherited  inflammatory  tendencies.  Looked  at  from  every 
stand-point,  it  is  unnatural  or  abnormal. 

Another  grand  trait  which  has  its  sign  in  the  development  of 
the  lobe  of  the  nose  is  Human  Nature  (No.  26,  Fig.  207).  This 
is  known  by  lieight  of  the  nose  above  the  plane  of  the  cheeks,  and 
shows  by  a  projecting  forward,  as  if  the  nose  were  intent  upon 
exploration  of  objects  not  easily  reached.  Width  and  height 
combined  would  give  more  power  to  this  faculty.  A  shai-p,  high, 
and  thin  point  would  manifest  only  commonplace  curiosity  in 
regard  to  Human  Nature, — would  like  to  know  more  of  the  every- 
day doings,  habits,  and  affairs  of  people  than  of  their  scientific, 
physiological,  and  hygienic  conditions.  The  latter  would  be  the 
subjects  of  inquiry  of  those  exhibiting  the  broad  and  high  nose. 
Breadth  of  any  feature  or  of  any  part  of  it  always  discloses  more 
power  of  the  trait  it  represents  than  where  it  is  narrow.  Now,  all 
great  artists,  such  as  actors,  painters,  writers  of  fiction,  poets,  etc., 
require  the  best  sense  of  Human  Nature.  Accordingly,  we  find 
in  their  noses  the  point  standing  high  out  from  the  plane  of  the 
face.  Scientists,  too, — those  who  treat  of  ethnology,  physiology, 
anatomy,  and  hygiene, — exliibit  fine  development  of  this  sign.  It  is 
necessary  for  the  salesman  and  superintendent,  the  executive 
officer,  the  detective,  and  teacher,  and  this  peculiarity  of  the  nose 
is  found  well  defined  in  all  of  these  classes  who  greatly  excel  in 
their  vocations. 

All  who  have  to  deal  with  large  numbers  of  the  human 
family,  as  well  as  with  the  animal  races,  need  this  trait,  and  if 
successful  will  exhibit  it.  It  brings  them  en  rapport  with  all 
animate  nature. 

One  other  most  useful  as  well  as  ornamental  member  of  this 
galaxy  of  stars — and  one  often  relied  upon  by  all  the  others  in 
this  group — is  Constructiveness  (No.  28,  Fig.  207).  This  sign  is 
close  to  the  sign  of  Ideality,  and  all  first-class  poets,  painters, 
writers,  mechanics,  and  scientists  exhibit  a  large  share  of  this 
faculty.  Its  sign  is  fullness  at  the  sides  of  the  nose,  just  above 
the  wings.  It  is  muscular  development  aided  by  sensitive  nerves 
that  makes  this  fine  faculty  most  effective.  The  noses  of  all  good 
or  great  mechanicians  are  quite  full  just  at  this  place;  so,  also,  are 
the  noses  of  writers  of  fiction,  history,  plays,  and  sermons,  for  all 


884  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHTSIOGNOMT. 

classes  of  constructive  mentality  require  its  assistance  in  the 
arrangement  of  their  several  works.  The  more  of  this  faculty  they 
possess,  the  more  ingenious  and  original  will  be  the  machine, 
statue,  play,  poem,  or  \Aot  which  is  brought  forth. 

The  associated  group  of  signs  in  this  division  of  the  nose 
announces  the  presence  of  distinguished  company.  Let  us  see 
who  are  these  noble  visitors  who  delight,  evidently,  in  "high 
society."  First  we  observe  "Miss  Starry  Hope,"  with  all  her 
illusive  smiles;  next,  the  Grand  Analyzer,  who  does  not  disdain 
to  pick  a  sonnet  to  pieces  nor  to  look  cynically  upon  a  Voltairean 
witticism,  nor  to  kindly  criticize  the  fine  colors  of  a  picture  hang- 
ing upon  the  wall  of  the  "  salon ; "  neither  is  he  averse  to  the  dis- 
cussion of  the  principles  of  Sound  and  Light;  nor  would  he  shrink 
from  the  task  of  reviewing  the  works  of  Racine,  Newton,  or  Byron, 
and  would  undertake-  the  task  of  writing  an  elaborate  criticism 
upon  the  acting  of  Rachel  or  Ristori.  So  versatile  is  this  gentle- 
man's genius  that,  "like  the  atmosphere,  it  touches  everything." 
For  close  companion  he  has  Mental  Imitation.  This  associate  is 
needed,  for  he  also  attempts  to  not  only  imitate  but  to  improve 
upon  all  the  mental  powers  exhibited  by  all  about  him,  and  thus 
often  succeeds  in  going  beyond  them  all.  This  is  his  office — up- 
ward progress. 

Sublimity,  a  close  companion  of  the  last,  is  a  grand  character 
which  does  not  stop  short  in  his  investigation  of  the  stars  and 
comets,  but  he  pulls  them  to  pieces,  and  analyzes  the  nebulae  out 
of  which  they  are  made.  The  more  vast  and  magnificent  an  object 
or  theory,  the  better  is  this  grand  companion  pleased.  The  sculp- 
tor, painter,  poet,  and  actor  often  call  upon  him  for  aid. 

Then  comes  the  lovely  maid,  Imagination,  or  Ideality,  with 
all  her  subtle  witcheries  to  enchant  and  enthrall  all  of  the  before- 
mentioned  grand  old  gentlemen.  Will  she  succeed'?  Yes,  every 
time.  Not  only  will  she  ensnare  the  proud  and  refined  of  earth, 
but  she  reckons  among  her  captives  the  Indian  in  the  forest 
amid  his  whispering  deities ;  the  negro  on  the  sands  of  Africa,  who 
sees  his  angry  god  or  avenging  spirit  in  the  lightning's  flash  and 
thunder's  roll,  and  the  rustic  lover,  awakened  by  the  mystic  spell 
of  love's  imaginings,  looks  upon  his  first  beloved  as  a  goddess.  So 
potent  is  the  influence  of  this  mighty  yet  gentle  maid  that  she  may 
bid  her  subjects  see  gold  in  every  leaden  sky,  and,  behold !  the 
gold  is  there.  The  transformations  which  this  wonderful  power 
creates  defies  even  Father  Time  himself,  for  she  puts  new  hearts 
into  old  bodies,  but  I  am  afraid  she  can  scarcely  perform  that  other 
miracle  so  much  desired, — the  placing  of  old  heads  upon  young 
shoulders. 


THE   NOSE.  885 

In  this  company,  so  distinguished,  so  "  thoroughbred,"  and  so 
exclusive  (that  tliey  keep  always  by  themselves  in  the  lower  third 
of  the  nose)  we  have  a  remarkable  group  of  signs  which  are  highly 
developed  in  the  noses  of  the  finest  artistic  and  scientific  characters 
only.  And  this  group  thus  shaped  is  proof  conclusive  that  the 
evolution  of  the  nose  at  this  part  has  reached  its  acme,  for  when 
it  becomes  exaggerated  in  form,  as  in  the  "bulbous"  nose  of  the 
drunkard  or  vulgarian,  it  is  indicative  of  traits  just  the  opposite  of 
these,  so  highly  refined.  All  further  evolution  of  tliis  part  of  the 
nose  will  be  in  the  direction  of  increased  fineness  or  quality^ 
not  in  size. 

Not  the  least  insignificant  in  this  group  of  gentlefolks  is  Ac- 
quisitiveness (Fig.  207).  Now,  were  all  the  rest  of  this  notable 
company  destitute  of  materials  with  which  to  build  and  decorate 
their  fine-art  objects,  we  should  have  neither  picture,  poem,  statue, 
or  temple,  nor  would  the  ingenious  architect  and  mechanic  be 
able  to  build  bridges,  houses,  or  any  other  useful  edifice ;  so  kind 
Nature  aids  by  giving  to  these  muscular  companions  the  assist- 
ance of  Acquisitiveness.  This  gives  the  desire  to  collect  money, 
materials,  and  food.  Thus  supplied,  all  goes  well  with  the  noble 
ladies  and  gentlemen,  for  they  must  have  resources,  and  so  Nature 
gives  to  nearly  all  artistic  people  the  love  of  acquisition.  One  likes 
best  to  gain  money ^  another  fame  and  applause,  another  strives  to 
collect  old  books,  pictures,  statues,  pottery,  while  others  are  satis- 
fied with  second-hand  rubbish.  Each  has  his  "fad"  to  strive  for. 
It  is  well  when  Acquisitiveness  does  not  degenerate  into  a  vice,  as 
has  been  observed  in  the  characters  of  some  of  the  "old  masters" 
of  art,  who  resorted  to  dishonest  practices  by  passing  off  their 
pupils'  pictures  as  their  own  work  in  order  to  gratify  an  abnormal 
development  of  acquisition.  Some  even  become  inveterate  game- 
sters with  the  hope  of  gaining  gold  rapidly. 

In  a  balanced  degree  this  is  a  most  useful  trait,  and  conduces 
to  future  comfort  by  urging  its  possessor  to  renewed  struggles  for 
money  and  materials.  Every  human  being  has  need  of  its  power, 
and  its  sign  is  placed  most  significantly  right  among  the  mechani- 
cal, artistic,  scientific,  and  literary  signs,  thus  showing  that  all 
these  works  require  its  aid. 

The  whole  mechanism  of  the  face  in  regard  to  the  placing  of 
the  signs  for  fticulties  I  regard  as  the  most  ingenious,  the  most 
wonderful,  and  most  sublime  piece  of  divine  art,  science,  and 
mechanism  in  the  whole  range  of  universal  construction.  No 
mere  words  can  express  my  feelings  upon  this  point.  The  more  I 
contemplate  this  fact,  the  greater  is  my  wonder  and  admiration. 
Would  that  I  could  excite  something  of  this  feeling  in  my  readers! 


886  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

MIDDLE   DIVISION. 
Mental  Signs  :  Constructive. 

AboTe  the  preceding  interesting  group  of  signs  Nature  places 
those  which  are  required  to  more  fully  carry  forward  and  conserve 
the  works  wrought  out  by  those  lower  down.  Without  the  ability 
to  respect  and  cmitrol  one's  self,  one's  works,  and  also  to  control 
others  and  their  works,  man's  usefulness  in  art,  science,  and 
mechanism  would  be  unavailing.  Accordingly,  we  find  the  signs 
for  the  faculties  of  Veneration  and  Executiveness  adjoining  and 
lying  above  the  literary  and  artistic  group,  yet  sufficiently  near  not 
only  to  make  the  nose  beautiful  in  form,  but  also  near  enough  to 
assist  the  character  by  self-control,  and  assist  it  to  submit  to  law. 
A  great  architect  must  be  possessed  of  a  resolute  will,  able  not  only 
to  control  himself,  but  also  able  to  dominate  hundreds  of  others 
who  may  be  in  his  employ,  or  whom  he  may  have  to  sustain  or 
oppose.  In  this  case,  Executiveness,  Veneration,  and  Self-will 
must  be  present  in  a  talented  degree.  The  executive  force  mani- 
fested by  such  characters  as  Brunei,  Vauban,  De  Lesseps,  Roeb- 
ling,  and  Stephenson,  is,  in  itself,  a  great  talent^  aside  from  their 
constructive  ingenuity,  which  is  of  the  first  order.  So,  too,  the  in- 
domitable icill  of  Farragut  showed  in  his  naval  career  as  a  talent 
which  "  backed  up  "  his  other  great  and  splendid  traits,  and  ena- 
bled him  to  make  them  all  effective.  Genius  and  talent  must 
have  the  assistance  of  forcible,  energetic  qualities  to  sustain  them. 

The  sign  for  Veneration  (No.  29,  Fig.  207)  is  large  in  the  nose 
of  Michael  Angelo  and  other  great  artists.  So,  also,  are  Executive- 
ness and  Self-will  (same  figure).  Veneration  is  found  in  varying 
degrees  in  male  and  female  noses,  and  is  shown  by  a  slight  upward 
curve  just  below  the  bridge  of  the  nose.  Its  office  is  to  aid  the 
character  in  its  efforts  to  respect  and  submit  to  law,  order,  pro- 
priety, God,  old  age,  and  all  persons,  places,  and  things  entitled  to 
respect.  The  concave  and  pug-nosed  classes,  not  possessing  any 
of  this  faculty,  cannot  show  it  in  their  actions,  and  are,  therefore, 
unable  to  control  themselves  properly,  and  totally  unable  to  con- 
trol and  command  others  except  by  bullying  or  by  force.  Their 
lack  of  Veneration  is  sliown  by  their  impudent  behavior.  Those 
who  have  the  faculties  of  Veneration  and  Executiveness  large  are 
able  to  command  and  control  themselves  as  well  as  others,  through 
being  permeated  with  the  principles  of  submission  and  command, 
for  he  who  can  best  understand  law  is  best  able  to  enforce  its  pro- 
visions as  well  as  to  obey  its  commands.  Executing  law  is,  in 
reality,  obedience  to  laws  that  have  been  made  for  the  guidance  of 
the  executive  officer,  as,  for  example,  our  President  is  the  servant 


THE   NOSE.  887 

of  the  sovereign  people,  and  must  obey  the  laws  by  which  he  was 
placed  in  office.     He  obeys  and  commands  also. 

The  post  of  honor  in  the  nose  belongs  of  right  to  Executive- 
ness,  the  commander  and  conqueror,  and  this  faculty,  when  ex- 
hibited in  a  large  degree,  rises  high  in  a  curved  form  at  the  highest 
point  of  the  back  of  the  nose.  So  true  is  it  that  the  arched  form 
represents  power,  for  in  this  form  of  the  nose  Executiveness  finds 
its  highest  illustration  in  the  noses  of  the  most  aggressive  com- 
manders of  ancient  and  modern  times.  As  Veneration  gives  no- 
bility and  high-mindedness  to  the  character,  so  Executiveness  goes 
farther  and  compels  others  to  come  up  to  the  law,  and  thus,  whether 
they  wish  or  not,  they  are  compelled  to  defer  to  the  laws  of  the 
place  and  country  in  which  they  reside,  or  pay  the  penalty. 

In  this  middle  division,  then,  we  find  a  company  of  stern 
companions,  of  great  use  to  those  other  friends  in  the  lower  division 
and  of  great  use  to  the  character  every  way,  and  of  the  greatest 
importance  to  the  community  as  well.  There  are  comparatively 
few  great  leaders.  Were  it  not  for  the  few  natural  superintend- 
ents, overseers,  commanders,  etc.,  humanity  would  resemble  a 
flock  of  sheep  without  a  leader.  By  a  wise  ordering  of  provi- 
dence great  leaders  have  appeared  just  when  a  great  cause  re- 
quired their  aid.  Martin  Luther,  Washington,  Elizabeth  Cady 
Stanton,  and  other  leaders  came  forward  when  the  mental  and 
moral  status  of  the  masses  were  sufficiently  advanced  to  recognize 
the  value  of  their  services.  All  these  diameters  possessed  large 
Veneration  and  Executiveness,  hence  they  were  able  to  be  the  law 
makers  for  thousands  who  now  rise  up  and  call  them  blessed. 

UPPER   DIVISION. 
Mental  Signs  :  Executive. 

The  upper  division  is  situated  above  the  sign  for  Constructive- 
ness,  and  fills  out  the  nose  between  the  eyes  with  muscular  tissue, 
and  creates  the  sign  for  Self-will.  It  causes  a  fullness  at  this  place, 
and  the  greater  the  fullness  the  more  powerful  is  the  will.'  It  can 
be  readily  distinguished  from  bone.  If  it  exceed  a  certain  degree 
of  fullness,  and  assume  a  perfectly  straight  outline  of  the  nose 
where  it  joins  the  forehead,  it  is  in  a  sense  an  abnormal  develop- 
ment of  the  faculty,  and  selfish  will  is  the  result,  instead  of  Self- 
will,  balanced  by  reason  and  justice.  This  sign  is  composed  entirely 
of  muscle.,  hence  its  propriety  as  a  sign  for  pure  will. 

All  departures  from  the  normal  standards  of  form  in  any 
feature,  whether  those  appearances  be  more  exaggerated  or  less 
than  the  normal  size  and  form,  are  to  be  regarded  as  abnormal  in 


888  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

action  unless  rectified,  moderated,  or  balanced  by  some  other 
feature.  Now,  Lavater  tells  us  that  "  the  nose,  to  be  physiognomi- 
cally  good  or  great,  must  exhibit  some  gentle  inflexions  or  un- 
dulations," particularly  in  the  descent  from  the  forehead  to  the 
nose,  and  where  Self-will  is  too  greatly  developed  to  be  normal  no 
undulation  appears  at  this  place ;  hence,  the  perfectly-straight  out- 
line here  is  not  according  to  the  normal  or  highest  standard. 

Extremely  selfish  imll  is  an  indication  of  stupidity;  hence, 
where  the  descent  from  the  forehead  to  the  nose  is  described  by  a 
right  line  without  any  inflexion  whatever,  it  is  indicative  not  only 
of  selfish  will,  but  of  stupidity  to  a  certain  degree.  The  very  fact 
that  selfishness  is  dominant  is  the  proof  of  an  obtuse  mind.  A 
selfish  policy  is  ever  a  short-sighted  one,  and  a  comprehensively- 
benevolent  mind  will  plan  on  so  large  a  scale  as  to  gain  more  in 
the  end  than  he  who  looks  only  for  present  petty  gratifications. 

The  perfectly-straight  line  should  occur  but  three  times 
(normally)  in  the  face,  viz.,  in  the  nose  below  the  brows,  in  the 
upper  lip,  and  in  the  mouth,  which  should  be  straight  and  hori- 
zontal. In  regard  to  the  so-called  Greek  profile,  Winkelman 
observes : — 

The  nearer  the  approach  to  the  perpendicular,  the  less  is  there  char- 
acteristic of  the  wise  and  graceful. 

Noses  greatly  depressed  or  very  thin  and  narrow  between  the 
eyes  exhibit  very  little  pure  will,  and  the  owners  of  such  noses 
are  relatively  deficient  in  muscle  all  over  the  body,  but  may  have 
great  Firmness,  which  is  a  sort  of  compensation;  hence,  an  observer 
remarking  this  small  portion  of  the  face  alone  could  be  able  to 
describe  the  form  of  the  head,  eyes,  eyebrows,  neck,  limbs,  body, 
hands,  and  feet,  as  well  as  the  dominant  traits  and  voice.  Of 
course  he  would  have  to  understand  the  principles  of  scientific 
physiognomy  to  enable  him  to  do  this. 

The  sign  for  Self-will  stands  alone,  yet  connects  two  remark- 
able groups.  The  executive  and  the  practical  signs  are  here 
grouped,  the  one  below  and  the  other  above  the  local  sign  for 
Executiveness.  Both  groups  need  the  aid  of  an  intelligent  and 
balanced  will  to  make  their  labors  of  the  highest  efiiciency,  and  it 
seems  to  be  the  plan  of  Nature  to  always  closely  associate  in  the 
body  those  organs  and  functions  which  require  mutual  aid  of  each 
other.  To  make  this  interior  plan  harmonize  with  the  exterior, 
the  signs  of  these  several  functions  and  faculties  are  observed 
always  in  such  contiguity  as  to  facilitate  the  task  of  locating  them, 
and  of  deciding  upon  their  power  or  weakness. 

With  these  remarks,  the  description  of  the  three  divisions  of 


THE   NOSE.  889 

the  nose  is  completed.  Taken  in  consideration  with  what  has 
preceded  it,  and  with  what  will  follow  upon  the  subject  of  this 
organ,  the  reader  will,  I  opine,  have  a  rather  exalted  regard  for 
that  most  noble,  most  human  feature — the  nose. 

The  nose  is  the  great  central  feature  around  which  all  the 
other  features  revolve,  so  to  speak.  It  is  the  sun  of  the  facial 
system,  and  reveals  at  the  first  glance  the  most  interior  conditions 
of  both  mind  and  body ;  it  gives  us  the  most  positive,  direct,  and 
incontrovertible  knowledge  of  the  interior  man,  and  instantane- 
ously reveals  a  man's  capacity  for  thought  and  action. 

The  main  part  of  the  nose  is  osseous,  and  the  soft  or  cartilagi- 
nous parts  take  their  form  from  the  nasal  bones  in  a  measure. 
Bone  and  flexible  muscles  constitute  the  principal  constituents  of 
the  nasal  organ.  .  The  skin,  the  blood-vessels,  the  nerves,  and 
coloring  pigment  assist  in  its  expression. 

The  nose  is  more  indicative  of  character  than  any  other 
feature,  or,  I  might  say  with  more  accuracy,  it  reveals  more  charac- 
teHstics^  both  mental  and  physiological,  than  any  other  facial 
feature  or  pair  of  features.  The  nose  is  the  facial  indicator  of  the 
collective  mind.  The  form  of  the  nose  announces  the  direction  or 
dominant  tastes,  proclivities,  and  powers  of  the  individual,  while 
its  size  reveals  the  degree  of  power  and  energy  which  will  be 
applied.  We  have  previously  noted  what  the  mouth,  chin,  lips, 
and  cheeks  disclose,  but  neither  of  these  features,  taken  singly, 
give  as  much  information  concerning  mental  traits  and phi/siological 
functions  as  this  great  central  feature.  The  mouth  instructs  us 
in  regard  to  the  digestive  capacity,  and  the  mouth  and  lips  inform 
us  as  to  the  offectional  or  emotional  nature^  but  the  nose  exhibits 
the  signs  for  several  physiological  functions,  and  also  points  out  the 
dominant  mentality,  together  with  the  degree  of  energy  which  will 
be  manifested  in  the  exhibition  of  mind. 

The  eyes  may  appear  to  poets  and  lovers  to  be  the  "  mirror  of 
the  soul,"  and  the  forehead  may  seem  to  phrenologists  to  be  the 
"dome  of  thought;"  but  when  the  aforesaid  "dome"  is  covered 
by  a  hat,  or  thick  head  of  hair,  and  the  "mirror"  closed  by  sleep, 
injury,  or  death,  the  scientific  reader  of  character  is  not  hindered 
in  his  task  of  reading  the  human  mind  and  body  by  all  of  these 
obstacles.  If  he  once  get  a  glance  at  the  noble  outline  of  the  nose 
and  nostrils  he  can  render  a  just  verdict,  and  no  art  of  dissimula- 
tion, no  muscular  trick  or  affectation,  can  here  avail ;  for  the 
fair  proportions  of  the  nose  cannot  be  made  to  assist  in  any  conceal- 
ment of  the  mental  powers.  This  feature  thus  stands  the  positive 
indicator  of  the  most  interior  recesses  of  the  human  mind  and 
body.     I  do  not  claim  that  it  reveals  any  knowledge  of  the  "soul," 


890  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

for  my  work  deals  mainly  with  a  material  mind  in  a  physical  body. 
I  therefore  leave  to  those  more  learned  on  the  subject  of  soul-power 
the  task  of  describing  its  locality  and  appearances.  I  should  like 
to  be  able  to  do  this,  but  as  I  lack  the  ability  I  will  not  profess 
what  I  cannot  perform.  The  study  of  the  human  body  and  mind 
is  surely  a  noble  pursuit,  and  worthy  the  best  efforts  of  the  most 
capable  and  benevolent  of  the  race.  Generations  of  students  will 
not  suffice  to  reveal  all  that  there  is  to  be  known  upon  the  subject, 
for  human  nature  is  progressing  under  the  inexorable  law  of  evolu- 
tion, and  its  interpreters  must  advance  with  this  upward  movement, 
and,  like  the  astronomers,  eacli  generation  must  add  its  quota  of 
knowledge  to  be  added  to  and  built  upon  by  those  who  follow. 

A  comparison  of  the  noses,  first,  of  infants  and  immature 
adults,  such  as  idiots,  the  feeble-minded,  and  dwarfs,  with  those  of 
the  most  normal  and  developed  adults,  leads  us  to  the  conclusion 
that  one  basic  principle  of  scientific  physiognomy  is  correct,  viz., 
that  "the  size  of  the  nose,  controlled  by  quality,  is  the  measure 
of  mental  and  physical  power,"  and  a  comparison  of  all  of  these 
classes  with  savage  and  undeveloped  races  proves  another  basic  law, 
viz.,  "the  shape  or  form  of  the  nose  indicates  the  kind  or  direction 
of  mental  power."  With  these  two  principles  as  a  guide  to  the 
analysis  of  the  nose  I  will  commence  the  description  of  the 
morphology  of  this  grand  organ,  for  it  is  both  organ  and  feature 
combined. 

The  general  and  universal  laws  of  form  may  be  applied  to  the 
analysis  of  the  nose.  The  several  combinations  of  these  forms 
will  reveal  individual  characteristics.  It  is  thus  that  individual 
noses  are  constructed,  yet  each  one  can  be  assigned  to  a  particular 
class.  When  we  reflect  that  there  are  in  the  world  no  two  noses 
precisely  alike,  it  is  evident  that  nothing  less  than  the  application 
of  basic  principles  of  form  would  be  adequate  to  discover  their 
meanings.  Notwithstanding  the  immense  number  of  diverse  noses 
that  have  been  and  are  now  in  the  world,  no  two  could  have  been 
exactly  alike,  for  the  circumstances  which  mold  one  human 
being  never  surround  another,  and  it  is  the  minute  circumstances 
which,  aggregated,  affect  the  organism  of  man.  Even  twins,  who 
usually  resemble  each  other  greatly,  could  not  be  exactly  ahke. 

Let  me,  by  way  of  premise,  observe  that  the  basic  laws  of 
Form  control  and  expound  most  emphatically  the  meanings  of  the 
nose,  and  the  student  is  asked  to  apply  these  laws  to  the  several 
forms  of  the  nose  and  carry  them  to  their  logical  conclusions. 

The  horizontal  line  of  the  nostril  (Fig.  208)  is  the  most 
perfected  type  of  outline  for  this  part  of  the  nose ;  hence,  is  the 
normal  standard  of  form  for  this  line.  It  betokens  noble  charac- 
teristics. 


Tr» ':    **'>«>T' 


891 


The  upward  outline  of  the  nostrils  (Fig.  209)  is  relatively 
less  perfect  and  mature,  and  discloses  infantoid,  inquisitive,  and 
hopeful  tendencies. 


Fig.  208.— Horizontal.  Fio.  209.— Upwarji.  Fig.  210.— Downward. 

THE  THREK  GENERAL  OUTLINES  OF  THE  NOSTRILS. 

The  downward  line  of  the  nostril  (Fig.  210)  indicates  a  melan- 
choly, groveling,  or  malicious  character.  Any  departure  from 
a  normal  form,  either  upward  or  downward,  in  any  feature, 
signifies  a  departure  from  the  highest  or  most  perfect  method  of 
action.  These  three  classes  of  forms  of  nose  will  be  treated  at 
length  in  the  pages  which  follow. 

THE  FORM  OR  OUTLINE  OF  THE  NOSE. 

Seen  in  profile  the  nose  presents  three  basilar  or  general 
forms.  All  others  are  modifications  or  compounds  of  these 
primitive  forms.  In  the  outline  of  the  nose  and  nostrils  nearly 
all  of  the  basic  elements  of  Form  are  found,  and  when  applied 
reveal  characteristics  in  harmony  with  those  laws.  These  three 
basilar  forms  of  the  nose  are  as  follow :  the  concave  or  negative, 


Fig.  211.— Concave.  Fig.  212.— Straight.  Fig.  213.— Convex. 

THE  THREE  BASILAR  FORMS  OF  THE    NOSE. 

Fig.  211 ;  the  straight  or  passive.  Fig.  212;  the  convex  or  positive, 
Fig.  213. 

The  concave  or  rudimental  nose  is  observed  in  all  infants,  in 
many  immature  beings,  such  as  the  commonplace,  the  feeble- 
minded, and  idiots,  and  among  many  undeveloped  races,  as,  for 
example,  the  Russian  peasants,  the  Tartar,  the  Esquimau,  the 
Hottentot,  the  Malay,  the  native  AustraHan,  and  the  Ethiopian. 


892  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

THE   CONCAVE   OR   IMMATURE    NOSE   OF    THE    ADULT. 
NEGATIVE    CHARACTER. 

There  are  several  forms  of  the  concave  nose  observed  in 
adults.  One  presents  a  concavity  from  the  root  of  the  nose  to  the 
end,  where  two  apertures  appear  facing  the  observer,  as  is  seen  in 
the  noses  of  animals.  As  the  arched  form,  wherever  observed, 
denotes  power  and  energy,  health  and  beauty,  so  the  opposite 
form — the  concave — ever  indicates  the  opposite  quahties.  Let  it 
be  understood  that  the  concavity  of  the  nose,  where  the  depres- 
sion is  found  at  the  part  termed  the  "  bridge,"  or  at  the  place  that 
is  usually  highest  in  well-developed  noses,  is  generally  observed 
in  combination  with  a  very  short,  muscular,  turned-up  sharp  tip. 
Where  this  is  the  case  we  have  the  most  immature  and  the  least 
developed  of  adult  noses.  Such  noses  do  not  indicate  ability  for 
command,  nor  even  for  much  self-control.  The  energy  of  this 
class  is  mainly  expended  in  opposition — in  fractious,  unreasonable 
conflicts,  whenever  its  owner  is  willing  to  put  forth  any  great 
amount  of  energy.  It  is  this  quarrelsome  trait  that  has  earned 
for  this  species  of  nose  the  term  "pug-nose;"  hence  "pugnacity," 
the  verb  expressive  of  a  quarrelsome  disposition,  harmonizes  with 
this  shaped  feature. 

There  are  many  shades  and  grades  of  character  represented 
by  the  nose  which  exhibits  a  marked  depression  at  its  centre.  Its 
significance  ranges  all  the  way  from  simple  dullness  or  feebleness 
of  intellect,  through  lack  of  executiveness  and  self-control,  to 
passive,  patient,  or  inert,  inoffensive  behavior,  without  forceful, 
aggressive  proclivities. 

The  tip  of  the  nose  must,  in  each  individual  case,  be  taken 
into  account  in  reading  character,  as  well  as  the  concavity  of  the 
back  of  the  nose.  Some  concave  noses  turn  up  bluntly,  while 
others  are  inclined  to  be  pointed;  others  still  stand  out  from  the 
plane  of  the  face,  and  are  indicative  neither  of  rudeness  nor  of 
pertness.  The  latter  class  are  seen  in  the  faces  of  many  excellent 
artistic  minds,  quite  skillful  in  painting  and  music,  yet  not  greatly 
executive,  or  with  only  very  limited  powers  of  command  and  self- 
control.  This  class  are  inclined  to  be  matter-of-fact  and  plain 
spoken,  are  apt,  when  under  the  influence  of  anger,  to  be  blunt, 
brusque,  and  thoughtless  in  speech,  and  are  afterward  sorry  for 
the  same.     Of  this  short,  concave  nose  Lavater  remarks: — 

I  have  seen  the  purest,  most  capable,  and  noblest  persons  with  small 
noses  and  hollow  in  profile,  but  their  worth  most  consisted  in  suffering, 
listening,  learning,  and  enjoying  the  beautiful  influences  of  imagination; 
provided,  the  other  parts  of  the  form  were  well  organized.* 

»  Essays  on  Physiognomy,  Lavater,  p.  391. 


THE   NOSE.  893 

Noses  that  are  depressed  at  the  root  or  pomt  of  junction  with 
the  forehead  are  not  to  be  classed  with  the  concave  nose,  if  the 
rest  of  tills  feature  rises  icell  above  the  plane  of  the  face.  This 
pecuHar  depression  signifies  relative  absence  of  will-power,  and 
also  want  of  muscle.  From  this  concavity  alone  one  is  justified 
in  saying  that  the  entire  body  of  the  subject  is  relatively  deficient 
in  muscle.  Concavity  of  any  part  of  the  nose  indicates  feeble- 
ness of  the  faculty  of  which  that  part  stands  representative.  If 
the  tip  of  the  nose  is  depressed  or  rises  only  slightly  above  the 
plane  of  the  face,  the  breathing  powers  are  relatively  feeble,  and 
the  knowledge  of  Human  Nature  and  of  other  faculties  is  very 
Hmited.  This  is  also  one  indication  of  short  life,  owing  to  the 
small  size  of  the  lungs.  If  the  centre  of  the  nose  is  concave,  the 
character  is  lacking  in  energy  and  executiveness,  and  also  in 
nobility,  high-mindedness.  The  depression  at  this  point  would 
denote  a  very  weak  stomach,  and  this  is  one  sign  of  short  life. 
Thus  it  is  shown  that  the  application  of  the  laws  of  Form  applied 
to  concave  outlines  reveals  the  conditions  of  feebleness  and  ab- 
sence of  true  beauty.  As  a  rule,  noses  that  are  depressed  in  the 
centre,  so  that  they  scarcely  rise  above  the  plane  of  the  face,  do 
not  rise  very  high  above  any  portion  thereof,  and  the  point  or 
blunt  end,  where  the  nostrils  are  situated,  is  also  not  high,  but 
where  the  central  concavity  is  only  partial  we  often  find  average 
length  and  height  of  the  end.  In  this  case  the  tastes  seem  to  run 
in  the  direction  of  singing,  or  some  other  form  of  art.  Although 
a  high,  broad  nose  is  essential  to  the  production  of  the  most 
sonorous  tones  and  of  volume  in  singing  and  in  oratory,  I  cannot 
recollect  the  face  of  any  eminent  singer  or  speaker  whose  nose  is 
greatly  depressed  in  the  centre,  for  the  nose  and  frontal  sinuses 
are  properly  a  part  of  the  organs  of  speech,  and  are  developed  in 
proportion  as  the  voice  is  powerful  and  the  enunciation  perfect. 
The  nose  of  Henry  Ward  Beecher  was  short  in  proportion  to  his 
other  features,  but  was  high  its  entire  length  and  veiy  broad. 
The  noses  of  many,  if  not  most,  great  singers  are  very  short, 
round,  and  muscular,  the  bones  scarcely  perceptible.  These  noses 
are  also  soft  and  flexible.  This  is  essential  to  the  movements  of 
the  nostrils^  which  in  singing  are  very  frequent. 

The  pug-nose  of  the  Caucasian  races  is  quite  difierent  from 
the  concave  noses  of  undeveloped  tribes^.  The  Tartar  is  said,  by 
travelers,  to  have  no  nose  at  all,  but  "he  breathes  through  holes 
in  the  face."  AH  of  the  races  whose  noses  are  of  this  type  have 
scarcely  any  elevation  at  the  tip  of  the  nose,  and  one  can  look 
directly  into  the  interior  of  this  organ  from  a  front  view.  Among 
Caucasians,  notably  in  the  Celtic  races,  do  we   observe  several 


894  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

modified  forms  of  this  peculiarity.  It  indicates  lowness,  brutality, 
animal  passions,  such  as  jealousy,  spite,  malice,  vindictiveness,  etc. 
These  will  all  be  figured  and  described  in  their  order  later. 

Any  departure  from  the  normal  standard  of  this  form  of  the 
nostril  js  highly  significant,  and  shows  that  the  subject  is  more 
animal  than  mental,  for  when  the  nose  retrogrades  to  the  mere 
function  of  breathing,  the  less  is  it  expressive  of  mental  energy. 

The  concave  or  negative  nose  is  pa?'  excellence  the  nose  of 
childhood.  In  infants  this  form  is  normal,  but  when  observed  in 
pdults  it  is  always  significative  of  relative  mental  immaturity.  It 
is  just  the  opposite  of  the  convex  nose,  which  is  positive,  forcible, 
and  executive  in  character,  the  law  of  the  arch  here  revealing  the 
strongest  capacities  of  mind.  There  are  many  varieties  of  the 
concave  nose.  The  principal  ones  will  now  be  figured  and  de- 
scribed. They  are  as  follow :  the  embryotic,  the  infantoid,  the 
immature,  the  idiotic,  the  snub,  the  pug,  the  reiroussee,  and  the 
singing  nose. 

The  concave  noses  of  all  classes  are  principally  cartilaginous 
or  muscular.  The  straight  nose  is  composed  of  nearly  equal 
quantities  of  bone  and  muscle,  the  muscle  slightly  predominating; 
while  the  convex  or  positive  nose  shows  more  of  bone  than  of 
any  other  elemental  tissue. 

EMBRYOTIC   TYPE. 

In  following  the  order  of  the  progressive  development  of  the 
nose,  it  is  proper  that  we  examine  this  feature  in  its  embryotic 
state ;  thence  follow  the  course  of  its  rise  and  progress  through  its 

several  higher  phases,  as  it  rises  up 
through  the  immature,  the  infantoid,  and 
the  artistic  to  the  highest  forms — the 
executive  and  scientific. 

In  the  early  stages  of  the  embryon 
the  nose  is,  as  shown  by  evolution, 
merely  two  small  pits  or  minute  holes. 
Later,  the  nose  resembles  a  short,  thick, 
blunt,  pug  shape,  which  bears  no  resem- 
blance to  the  pretty  little  nose  of  infancy, 
but  does  resemble  more  nearly  the  imma- 
'''''• '"•(^t^rXeckeu''^^'^-     turo  uoscs  of  somc  of  the  undeveloped 

races  and  peoples  occasionally  met  in 
civilized  races.  Not  until  the  full  term  of  prenatal  life  is  com- 
pleted does  the  nose  assume  that  peculiar  infantoid  form  observed 
at  birth.  The  above  figure  shows  the  nose  of  the  embryon  at 
about  the  sixth  week  of  prenatal  existence. 


THE   NOSE.  895 

All  of  the  forms  of  the  nose  within  the  concave  class  present 
one  of  the  forms  of  the  embryotic  nose, — that  is,  shortness, — or 
one  of  the  forms  of  the  infantoid  nose,  viz.,  a  depressed  ridge  or 
an  upturned  tip,  and  it  is  the  presence  of  these  peculiarities  of 
structure  that  decides  their  relationship  to  the  concave  class. 

INFANTOID   TYPE. 

(See  Fig.  194,  page  853.) 

The  noses  of  most  infants  present  a  concave  form  from  the 
root  to  the  point;  others  are  concave  or  depressed  only  in  the 
centre  of  the  back  of  tlie  nose.  As  age  advances  the  depression 
becomes  less  marked,  and  as  ossification  of  the  bones  ensues  the 
back  of  the  nose  rises  and  assumes  either  a  straight  form  or  one 
in  which  there  are  several  gentle  inflections,  or  else  one  pronounced 
prominence,  as  seen  in  those  noses  which  exhibit  the  sign  for 
Executiveness  large. 

The  noses  of  all  newborn  infants  of  all  races  present  almost 
similar  forms,  but  the  infants  of  the  most  developed  of  the  Cau- 
casian race  take  on  a  more  developed  form  quite  early,  generally 
at  about  one  year  old,  while  the  oft'spring  of  the  immature  races 
retain  a  more  or  less  concave  shape  throughout  life.  The  noses  of 
children  do  not  assume  their  just  and  permanent  proportions  until 
the  age  of  puberty  or  a  little  later,  when  perfect  ossification  of  the 
bones  takes  place.  Neither  the  bones  of  the  nose  nor  the  char- 
acter has  developed  greatly  until  this  process  is  completed. 

The  concave  form  is  thus  shown  to  be  Nature's  method  of  re- 
vealing undeveloped,  immature,  feeble,  or  non-mental  conditions. 
This  law  will  apply  to  all  of  those  features  whose  normal  form  is 
full  or  rounded.  Hollow  cheeks,  for  example,  betoken  weak  di- 
gestive powers;  hollow  forehead,  poor  reflective  faculties;  con- 
cavities of  the  sides  of  the  nose  above  the  wings,  lack  of  Con- 
structiveness ;  and  so  we  may  apply  the  law  of  the  concave  form 
indefinitely  and  never  find  it  fail. 

Observation  of  the  progressive  evolution  of  the  nose  of  a  child 
from  birth. to  manhood  is  a  most  interesting  physiognomic  study. 
The  changes  observed  in  the  forehead  are  perhaps  the  next  most 
interesting  and  remarkable ;  the  mouth  and  eyes  less  so,  for  the 
reason  that  they  change  least.  The  nose  and  forehead,  being  the 
features  which  are  more  indicative  of  mental  power  than  the  other 
features,  naturally  change  with  the  progressive  development  of  the 
intellect.  They  are  also  more  purely  human  in  their  contour  than 
the  other  features,  if  we  except  the  chin ;  for,  although  this  feature 
in  its  perfection  is  also  purely  human,  we  find  that  the  lion  has  a 
fairly  good  rudimentary  chin,  and  this  feature  approaches  more 


896  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHTSIOGNOMT. 

nearly  the  shape  of  the  human  chin  than  does  the  nose  of  the 
Tartar  or  low  Ethiopian  that  of  the  perfected  nose  of  the  Caucasian. 

In  the  form  of  the  nose  of  infancy  there  is  nothing  that  is  re- 
pulsive or  ugly,  as  is  the  case  with  the  noses  of  the  lower  classes 
of  Russia,  Tartary,  China,  and  Africa.  There  is  a  congruity  and 
harmony  in  the  features  of  the  infant  which  suit  the  immature 
nasal  organ,  but  this  is  not  the  case  with  those  adults  who  exhibit 
immature  concave  noses,  for  in  their  case  the  pretty  infantile  form 
is  lacking,  and  a  certain  resemblance  to  emhryotic  forms  is  present. 
Again,  their  other  features  exhibit  an  adult  form,  hence  the  incon- 
gruity existing  between  the  adult  features  and  the  immature  nose 
makes  the  discrepancy  between  them  seem  very  great. 

Infancy  is  the  gristly  age,  and  all  parts  of  the  body  and  mind 
are  plastic  and  yielding,  and  this  flexibility  is  due  to  the  immaturity 
of  the  tissues  primarily. 

IDIOTIC   TYPE. 

Many  idiots  and  feeble-minded  beings  retain  through  life  the 
infantoid  form  of  nose,  and  they  remain  mentally  in  an  immature, 
undeveloped  condition.     And  this  fortn  of  nose  is,  in  their  case, 
only  one  of  the  many  signs  of  mental  feeble- 
ness.    The  walk  and  movements  of  the  body, 
hands,  feet,  and  head  participate  in  the  general 
degradation    of  mind.     The  walk  of  a   partial 
idiot  is  characteristic,  and  his  lack  of  mental 
equipoise  is  disclosed  by  his  physical  inability  to 
walk  and  balance  himself  in  a  normal  manner. 
There  are  many  idiotic  and  feeble-minded  beings 
who  have  become  such  by  accident  during  pre- 
FiG.  215.  natal  life.     Many  of  this  class  exhibit  a  normal- 

^^^^forehead:^^  shaped  nose,  while  others  who  have  become 
feeble-minded  after  birth,  through  disease  in 
infancy,  present  quite  a  well-formed  nasal  organ.  Such  a  variety 
of  causes  contribute  to  produce  idiocy  which  do  not  tend  to  pro- 
duce the  concave  nose  that  it  cannot  be  said  rightly  to  be  a 
characteristic  type  of  idiocy  unless  it  should  be  merely  rudi- 
mentary, lying  level  with  the  cheeks,  and  with  but  slight 
apertures  for  nostrils.  Then  its  form  indicates  the  utter  absence 
of  all  mental  perception.  Arrested  development  of  the  embryon 
would  be  almost  certain  to  produce  this  form ;  so,  also,  is  it  likely 
to  appear  in  the  countenances  of  offspring  born  of  parents  suffer- 
ing from  consumption  and  other  depleting  disorders.  In  examin- 
ing the  statistics  of  homes  for  the  feeble-minded  and  idiotic  I 
learned  that  large  numbers  of  the  inmates  were  the  offspring  of 


THE   NOSE. 


897 


consumptive  parents,  while  another  large  proportion  were  the 
progeny  of  mothers  who  had  suffered  great  domestic  misery  while 
pregnant.  In  one  case  physical  delects  and  feebleness  caused 
idiocy;  in  the  other,  mental  anguish  produced  it. 

Some  idiots  exhibit  very  large  noses.  In  those  cases  the/orw 
of  the  nose  shows  absence  of  intellect.  In  this  state  it  is  a  huge 
jphysical  organ.  The  celebrated  "Aztec  children,"  so  called,  who 
were  really  partial  idiots,  had  very  large  noses, — so  large  that  they 
formed  the  larger  part  of  their  faces,  but  were  placed  at  such  an 
angle  with  the  face  that  their  abnormal  character  was  at  once  ap- 
parent. I  have  observed  among  idiots  many  large  noses,  but  in 
some  instances  these  subjects  became  idiotic  by  accident  or  disease 
after  having  been  bom  normal.  Yet  those  who  are  characterized 
by  an  uncommonly  large  nasal  organ  exhibit  their  lack  of  intelli- 
gence either  by  the  pecvdiarities  of  its  form  or  by  the  position  it 
assumes  in  relation  to  the  other  features.  These  noses  are  exag- 
gerations of  the  normal  size,  and  all  exaggerations  betoken  abnor- 
mal conditions.     They  are  really  caricatures  of  Nature. 


SNUB   TYPE. 

The  snub-nose,  with  its  numerous  varieties,  is  to  be  classed 
with  the  concave  nose,  inasmuch  as  it  expresses  relative  immaturity, 
although  of  a  higher  grade  than  the  primitive  or  infantoid  type. 
The  back  of  this  nose  may  be  straight  and  moderately  long,  yet 
have  a  blunt  end  turned  for- 
ward  or  outward  to  the  beholder, 
and  presenting  an  interior  view 
of  the  nostrils.  There  are  sev- 
eral varieties  of  the  snub-nose 
that  may  be  analyzed.  The 
flattened  snub-nose  exhibits 
quite  different  characteristics 
from  the  snub-nose  that  is  not 
flattened  at  the  centre  of  the 
back.  Lavater  remarked  these 
differences,  for  he  observes  that 


Fig.  216.— SNUB-NOSE.    (After  Lavater.) 


A  hundred  flat  snnb-noses  may 
be  met  with  in  men  of  great  prudence, 
discretion,  and  abilit}'  of  various 
kinds,   but  when   the   nose  is  very 

small  and  has  an  inappropriate  upper  lip,  or  when  it  exceeds,  a  certain  degree 
of  flatness,  no  other  feature  or  lineament  of  the  countenance  can  rectify  it.* 


*  Essays  on  Physiognomy,  J.  C.  Lavater,  p.  473. 
67 


898  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

A  snub-nose  that  is  not  depressed  at  the  bridge,  and  that 
has  average  width  its  entire  length,  is  indicative  of  more  energy 
and  intelHgence  than  the  flat  snub-nose;  yet  this  form  is  inchned 
to  be  despotic.  No  two  snub-noses  are  ahke,  but  each  presents 
individual  differences  to  which  tKe. character  responds,  yet  the  gen- 
eral Jaios  of  form  apply  to  them  as  stated,  and  these  laws  show  all 
classes  of  the  snub-nose  to  be  relatively  undeveloped ;  not  by  any 
means  idiotic, — far  from  it, — but  revealing  much  less  executive 
power  and  less  logical  ability  than  noses  that  are  high,  broad,  and 
long^  for  length  is  a  most  important  factor  in  the  development  of 
the  nose.  Very  short,  thick  noses,  no  matter  liow^  high,  do  not  re- 
veal great  logical  powers,  for  muscle  is  their  dominant  tissue,  and 
for  logic  and  reason  we  must  have  a  certain  amount  of  solid  tissue, 
and  the  dominance  of  the  bony  system  tends  to  lengthen  the  nose, 
while  muscle  tends  to  shorten  and  widen  this  feature. 

A  snub-nose,  with  small  and  narrow  nostrils,  is  the  indication 
of  feeble  physical  as  well  as  of  didl  mental  powers.  If  the  nos- 
trils are  large  and  round  with  the  snub-nose,  there  is  more  vigor 
of  mind  and  body  than  with  the  former. 

PUG   TYPE. 

This  form  of  nose  has  many  diverse  meanings,  depending 
upon  the  shape  of  the  upper  part  in  each  case  for  their  full  signifi- 
cance.  Then,  too,  the  interpretation  of  character  is  in  consonance 
with  the  peculiarities  of  the  form,  whether  it  be  a  rounded  blunt 


M     . 

\ 

Pig.  217.-PUG-NOSE,  Fig.  218.-BLUNT  PUG-NOSE. 

pug  or  a  sharpened  narrow  pug.  In  regard  to  its  meanings,  it  in- 
dicates lowness,  coarseness,  or  commonplace  mentality.  If  it  be 
relatively  sharp  the  character  is  more  acute  and  the  subject  quicker 
hi  his  perceptions  than  where  ?i  blunt  pug  is  exhibited,  yet  all  of 
this  class  of  noses  have  the  same  general  meaning  in  absence  of 
reasoning  power,  pugnacity,  instability,  quarrelsomeness,  and  op- 
position. With  the  blunt  pug  a  coarse,  brusque  temper  is  asso- 
ciated, and  its  possessor  speaks  in  a  short,  blunt,  and  sometimes 


THE   NOSE.  899 

bnital  manner,  while  the  sharp  pug  accompanies  a  sharp,  fretful, 
scolding,  contrary  disposition. 

Many  of  the  principal  pugilists  of  the  world  exhibit  one  or 
the  other  of  these  formations.  Heenan,  the  great  ("?)  American 
prize-fighter,  has  the  blunt  pug-nose,  while  Tom  Sayers,  the 
English  champion,  shows  a  decidedly  sharp  pug.  For  example  of 
the  several  styles  of  the  pug-nose,  examine  the  portraits  of  Dan. 
Collins,  Tom  King,  and  James  Mace,  all  prize-fighters  of  renown. 
These  two  forms  of  the  pug  are  common  among  the  Irish  peasantry, 
and  are  probably  the  result  of  years  of  impoverishment  and  absence 
of  all  educational  and  refining  influences,  together  with  want  of 
proper  food  and  homes.  That  this  is  the  cause  of  this  moral  and 
mental  degradation  is  proven  by  the  fact  that  the  higher  and  more 
comfortable  classes  of  that  race  exhibit  more  finely-shaped  noses. 
The  pug-nose  classes  of  Irish  and  of  other  races  are  quarrelsome 
and  low-minded. 

Nearly  all  pug-noses  are  more  or  less  concave  in  their  outline. 
The  lower  the  concavity,  tlie  lower  the  character,  morally  and  men- 
tally, and  the  weaker  the  stomach.  This  form  shows  an  entire 
absence  of  Veneration  and  Executiveness, — both  elevating  traits. 

The  pug-nose  is  never  found  associated  with  the  highest  moral 
and  intellectual  character.  Thus,  form  alone  becomes  the  indicator 
of  grade  as  well  as  of  faculty. 

The  sharp  pug  must  not  be  confounded  with  the  nose  termed 
by  the  French  retroussee.  This  is  quite  another  form,  and  betokens 
quite  different  traits. 

The  blunt  pug  is  quite  common  among  the  lower  classes  of 
England,  and  the  characteristics  of  this  people  con'espond  to  this 
form  of  nose.  The  sharp-pointed  pug-nose  is  more  commonly  seen 
in  the  physiognomies  of  the  French,  Irish,  and  other  Celtic  races. 
I  have  observed  many  excellent  artists  of  various  departments  of 
art  with  the  pug-nose,  the  upper  part  of  which  was  of  an  average 
height.  Yet  these  noses  could  not  properly  be  classed  with  the 
straight  or  convex  nose.  They  are  the  highest  variety  of  the  con- 
cave noses,  yet  are  rarely  accompanied  with  a  high  gmde  of  abstract 
reasoning  power.  The  sort  of  analytic  power  such  noses  reveal  is 
the  sort  applicable  to  art  subjects  and  objects,  and  not  the  kind 
necessary  to  abstract  ideas. 

RETROUSSEE   TYPE. 

The  French  word  retroussee  means  literally  "  tumed-up,"  but, 
as  this  word  or  any  other  in  our  language  fails  to  describe  the 
precise  form  of  this  class  of  noses,  I  have  no  other  choice  but  to 
apply  this  term,  as  do  the  French,  to  a  variety  of  the  concave  nose, 


900  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

which  is  indicative  of  more  refinement,  wit,  and  brightness  than 
any  others  within  the  concave  class.  1  place  it  in  this  class  be- 
cause those  who  possess  it  exhibit  the  inquisitiveness,  vivacity,  and 
abandon  of  childhood,  along  with  a  spice  of  arch  coquetry  which 
is  not  at  all  infantile. 

In  deciding  as  to  which  class  a  nose  belongs,  we  must  have  in 
consideration  the  form  of  the  tip,  and  the  form  of  this  part  assists 
us  to  readily  classify  each  special  one  under  consideration. 

All  noses  that  are  in  any  way  "tip-tilted"  must  be  assigned 
to  the  concave  class,  as  the  main  characteristic  and  configuration 
of  the  outline  will,  upon  close  scrutiny,  show  them  to  be  of  the 
infantoid  order;  the  turned-up  tip  being  the  evidence  of  the  class 
to  which  Nature  has  assigned  them. 

The    nez    retroussee    is    frequently    observed    presenting    a 

certain  degree  of  depression  of  the  ridge.     The  depression  varies 

from  a  decided  scoop  to  a  slight  deflexion  of  the 

""^^  back   of    the    nose,    terminating   in    an    upward 

curve  at  the  tip.    It  is  met  with  in  many  interesting 

characters. 

It  is  quite  commonly  observed  among  French 
women  particularly,  altliough  we  find  it  in  the 
countenances  of  numbers  of  people  among  all  the 
civilized  races. 

The     characteristics     accompanying     it     are  i 
THE  NEz  RE-       showu  by  a  quickness  of  perception  and  impulsive  1 
(Ellen  Terry.)      curiosity,  especially  in  regard  to  Human  Nature. 
This  combination  gives  to  its  possessors   an    apt 
comprehension  of  motives  and  a  facility  at  repartee,  which  in  a 
refined  woman  is  quite  charming,  piquant,  cunning,  witty,  and 
altogether  fascinating.     With  those  of  less   refinement   the  wit 
degenerates  into  pertness,  sauce,  and  impertinence.     The  curiosity 
takes  on  a  vulgar  phase,  and  although  those  in  this  class  may  be 
very  entertaining  in  their  own  circle^  they  are  far  from    being 
agreeable  to  persons  of  cultivated  tastes.     A  retroussee  nose,  with  \ 
a  fine  quality  of  skin  and  hair,  indicates  high  quality,  while  coarse  ) 
hair  and  thick  skins  would  denote  relatively  less  fineness.     The 
sharpness  of  the  slightly  turned-up  point  indicates  penetration  and 
curiosity,  and  if  the  tip  of  the  nose  stands  high  above  the  plane 
of  the  face,  a  fine  development  of  the  faculty  of  Human  Nature 
is  present. 

Sharpness  of  any  feature  denotes   keenness  of  the  trait   of  | 
which  that  feature  is  representative ;  for,  as  often  observed  in  tliese 
pages,  forms  convey  their  own  meaning  if  their  natural  significance 
is  understood.     Now  the  lobe  or  tip  of  the  nose,  when  well  de- 


THE   NOSE.  901 

veloped,  denotes  high  powers;  if  it  is  broad,  the  faculties  there 
represented  are  powerful  and  permanent;  if  sharp,  they  are  more 
acute  and  not  so  permanent  as  the  former;  hence  sharp-pointed 
noses  denote  more  acute  powers,  but  less  stable  ones.  It  is  this 
capacity  for  rapid  change  of  subject  whicli  gives  such  novelty  to 
the  conversation  of  the  owners  of  the  iiez  retrouss^e.  Many  comic 
actresses  exhibit  tliis  nose,  and  are  noted  for  their  droll,  arch,  and 
mirth-provoking  manner  and  speech  upon  the  stage.  Aimee  had 
one  variety  of  this  type.  The  physiognomies  of  Lotta  and  Nell 
G Wynne  present  two  varieties,  and  many  others  on  the  mimic  stage 
prove  that  this  form  is  allied  to  the  sharp,  witty,  penetrating 
faculty.  Voltaire  had  a  shai*]>pointed  nose,  though  not  turned  up, 
and  his  wit  was  caustic,  mirthful,  and  penetrating  to  that  degree 
that  he  held  the  superstitious  theologians  of  Europe  at  bay  for 
over  fifty  years  by  means  of  his  pungent  pen  and  voice. 

The  nez  retroussee  is  never  found  associated  with  very  de- 
cidedly strong  intellects,  but  belongs  rather  to  the  more  volatile, 
artistic,  and  amusing  class  of  minds.  Solid  minds  have  solid 
noses,  composed  of  firm  material;  hence  a  bony  nose  announces  a 
firm,  substantial  character,  while  the  soft,  gristly,  cartilaginous 
nose  tells  us  of  art,  motion,  emotion,  variety,  changeability,  etc. 

SINGING   TYPE. 

The  true  singing  nose,  or  the  form  best  adapted  to  this  art,  is 
a  modification  of  the  concave,  although  it  is  not  always  concave ; 
yet  it  belongs  more  to  the  undeveloped  class  mentally  than  to  any 
other,  hence  I  must  consider  it  as  belonging  to 
this  form  in  a  comprehensive  arrangement  of 
the  nose.     A  short,  round  nose,  either  straight 
in    its    outline    or    very   slightly  concave,    is 
found  in  the  countenance  of  many  excellent 
and  powerful  singers.     This  is  so  general  as 
to  be  almost  without  exception,  and  warrants 
us  in  applying  the  term  "musical  nose"  to  this 
form.     It  cannot  be  termed  a  snub-nose  prop- 
erly, but  may  in  some  cases  be  called  a  pug- 
nose,  owing  to  the  shortness,  slight  concavity,  ^  fig.  220. 
and  width  of  the  tip.     Examine,  for  example,     (annielouiskcarey.) 
the  noses  of  Hans  von  Biilow,  Annie  Ijouise 
Carey,  Emma  Abbott,  Minnie  Hauck,  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan,  and 
Sofia  Scalchi,  and  the  idea  of  this  form  will  be  comprehended. 
It  may  be  set  down  as  a  rule  that  all  powerful  singers  have  rela- 
tively short  noses.    It  could  not  be  otherwise  and  give  the  area  re- 
quired for  producing  sonorous  tones,  for  the  lower  third  of  the  face 


902  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

must  have  the  space  for  this  purpose ;  hence  many  first-class  singers 
have  a  large  endowment  of  the  vegetative  system,  and  it  is  this 
system  largely  developed^  with  the  muscular  system  dominant^  which 
gives  the  length  and  tmdtli  of  the  lower  part  of  the  face  so  necessary 
to  produce  powerful  tones.  The  uncommon  length  of  the  faces  of 
singers  from  the  tip  of  the  nose  to  the  point  of  the  chin  gives 
height  to  the  roof  of  the  mouth  and  fills  out  the  cheeks;  thus 
they  have  the  two  dimensions  so  essential  to  volume,  viz.,  height 
and  width  of  the  mouth-cavity. 

Another  essential  factor  in  producing  softness  and  mellowness 
of  tone  is  a  sufficiency  of  the  softer  tissues,  and  these  cannot  he 
produced  where  the  bony  system  is  dominant.  Bony  individuals 
cannot  bring  forth  as  melodious  and  sympathetic  tones  as  can  those 
who  combine  the  muscular  with  the  vcgatative  system.  Madame 
Parepa  Rosa  was  a  nottible  example  of  this  combination.  There 
are  many  other  eminent  singers  who  approach  her  form  very 
nearly. 

The  muscular  system  must  be  one  of  the  most  developed 
systems  of  the  body,  in  order  to  create  a  rich,  mellow,  and  strong 
voice,  and  as  the  dominance  of  this  system  shortens  the  nose^  so 
shortness  of  the  nose  becomes  one  of  the  signs  of  a  musical  en- 
dowment. Where  the  osseous  system  dominates^  the  bones  of  the 
nose  are  longer  than  with  the  preceding,  and  hence  there  is  less 
room  below  the  nose  for  producing  powerful  tones  and  less  rich- 
ness of  quality,  owing  to  the  non-resonant  nature  of  bone. 
Muscle  alone  has  the  quality  of  resonance  and  elasticity.  Bone 
assists  reverberation,  as  in  the  sinuses,  and  in  the  ear  the  petrous 
bone,  as  well  as  the  three  small  bones,  the  incus,  the  stapes,  and 
malleus,  assist  the  reception  of  sound  in  a  manner  which  will  be 
elaborated  when  the  ear  is  analyzed.  I  believe  the  reader  will 
have  no  trouble  to  confirm  all  of  this  analysis  by  reference  to  the 
physiognomies  of  any  number  of  good  singers  taken  at  random. 

A  purely  singing  nose  does  not  express  great  mental  powers, 
for  those  exhibiting  large  reasoning  faculties  must  have  the  stable 
assistance  of  bone;  yet  many  singers  show  average  intellectual  and 
some  commercial  ability,  while  many  remain  in  a  comparatively 
childish  state  of  mind.  Their  mission  is  vocal,  not  mental,  and 
the  good  singer  is  able  to  make  thousands  of  people  happy  who 
can  think  well  but  who  are  not  so  constituted  as  to  be  able  to 
entertain  with  their  voices,  as  do  the  world-renowned  song-birds. 
Singers,  as  a  rule,  are  like  children  in  their  gayety  and  joyous  dis- 
positions. They  are  also  easlhj  pleased  and  as  easily  affronted. 
They  are  fond  of  pets  and  ornamental  attire  and  surroundings. 
They  possess  domestic  tastes,  although  often    compelled  by  the 


THE  NOSE.  903 

exigencies  of  their  profession  to  wander  far  from  home ;  but  they 
always  carry  their  pet  animals  along,  and  so  set  up  a  home  with 
them  at  every  hotel  where  they  may  chance  to  stop. 

STRAIGHT   CLASS — PASSIVE   CHARACTER. 

General  Observations. — The  straight  nose  is  characterized  by 
a  perfectly  straight  outline  of  the  back  its  entire  length,  from  the 
root  to  the  tip.  It  presents  no  undulations  except  at  its  jimction 
with  the  forehead.  It  differs  slightly  from  the  so-called  Greek 
nose ;  the  latter  descends  in  a  perfectly  straight  line  from  the  fore- 
head to  the  tip  of  the  nose,  without  the  slightest  incurvation  at  the 
root,  and  this  very  minute  modification  at  this  place  denotes  very 
great  differences  in  character.  The  straight  nose  indicates  refine- 
ment, sense  of  fitness  and  propriety,  aesthetic  tastes,  art-capacities, 
and  a  certain  degree  of  sensuousness.     If  the  nose  be  long  and 


Fig.  221.— greek  NOSE.  Fig.  222. -STRAIGHT  NOSE. 

broad,  as  well  as  stmight,  the  mind  inclines  to  philosophy,  as  well 
as  to  polite  literature,  the  belles-lettres,  and  tlie  art  side  of  litera- 
ture, such  as  poetry,  essays,  etc.  Those  with  this  combination  are 
politic,  polite,  and  inclined  to  voluptuousness  and  the  enjoyment 
of  the  senses.  The  characters  of  those  with  the  straight  nose, 
then,  will  exhibit  some  one  or  more  of  the  following  tastes  and 
proclivities ;  Amativeness,  refinement,  good  taste,  aestheticism,  love 
of  poetiy  and  fine  literature.  They  are  usually  mathematical,  and 
with  a  good  brain  in  combination  are  fond  of  philosophy. 

If  the  nose  be  relatively  short  and  thick,  as  well  as  straight, 
the  tendencies  are  toward  art  or  ornamental  work,  such  as  em- 
broidery, lace-making,  etc.  This  form  of  nose  is  constructive 
mainly.  I  have  seen  it  in  the  physiognomies  of  some  excellent 
housekeepers  who  exhibited  great  taste  in  house-decoration  and  in 
the  ornamentation  of  clothing,  as  well  as  in  the  tasteful  arrangement 
of  table-equipage  and  the  furniture.    It  is  not  so  inclined  to  high  art, 


904  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

literature,  and  philosophy  as  the  Jong  and  straight  nose.  The  latter 
finds  representation  in  the  countenances  of  David  Hume,  Sir  W. 
Herschel,  liavoisier,  D'Alembert,  Napoleon,  Milton,  Byron,  Mrs. 
Hemans,  Murillo,  Voltaire,  Sarah  Bernhardt,  Mdlle.  Rachel, 
Madame  Modjeska,  Adelaide  Neilson,  Raphael,  Louisa  Alcott, 
T.  B.  Aldrich,  and  Bjorn  Bjornson.  A  small,  short,  and  narrow 
straight  nose  denotes  much  less  power  than  a  long^  broad,  and 
straight  nose. 

The  straight  nose  does  not  display  the  forcible,  aggressive 
character  which  is  exhibited  by  the  convex  nose,  yet  it  is  indicative 
of  a  great  degree  of  SeJf-iciU,  and  those  with  this  nose  possess 
power  for  pushing  forward  any  work  which  their  taste  prompts 
them  to  undertake. 

Nearly  all  the  members  of  the  celebrated  Beecher  family  pos- 
sess the  straight  outline  on  the  back  of  the  nose,  and  tliey  are 
broad  as  well,  and  this  accounts  for  the  energy  with  which  they 
pushed  their  ideas  and  projects  to  success.  Catherine  Beecher,  in 
one  of  her  books,  wrote  that  "  if  circumstances  were  against  us  we 
must  create  circumstances."  Now,  this  might  be  possible  to  one 
with  strong  self-will,  but  it  is  not  so  easy  for  the  negative  character 
to  compass.  She  made  the  mistake  so  common  to  human  beings, 
of  thinking  that  others  can  work  with  their  individual  wills. 

Many  singers  exhibit  straight  noses,  and  some  composers  also. 
Among  these  may  be  mentioned  Franz  Abt,  Robert  Heller,  Bee- 
thoven, Handel,  Virginia  Gabriel,  Minnie  Hauck,  Scalchi,  Emma 
Abbott,  Sontag,  Grisi,  Persiani,  and  Gerster.  The  noses  of  the 
above-named  singers  are  short,  while  those  of  the  composers  are 
relatively  long. 

In  order  to  understand  the  significance  of  the  straight  nose 
one  must  take  into  consideration  its  length,  width,  and  size.  No 
matter  how  small  the  nose,  if  the  outline  describe  a  straight  line 
there  will  be  a  taste  for  ornamentation  and  a  certain  degree  of  re- 
finement, if  nothing  more.  If  it  be  long  and  broad  the  intellect 
is  on  a  larger  scale,  and  will  exhibit  literary,  philosophical, 
mathematical,  or  architectural  powers.  Some  noses  reveal  the 
presence  of  many  of  these  talents,  while  others  denote  only  one  or 
two  of  them. 

The  straight  line,  as  a  basic  element  of  Form,  finds  normal 
representation  in  the  human  face  in  two  features,  viz.,  in  the  mouth 
and  in  the  so-called  Greek  nose,  and  in  all  of  these  features  the 
muscular  formation  is  the  cause  of  this  peculiarity  of  form ;  and 
as  the  straight  line,  wheresoever  found,  is  indicative  of  truth  or 
normalcy,  so  we  may  infer  tliat  the  nose  which  presents  a  straight 
outline  its  entire  length,  from  the  root  to  the  tip,  is  in  a  certain 


THE   NOSE.  905 

sense  the  indicator  of  one  form  of  truth,  viz.,  the  art  side  of  truth, 
as  illustrated  in  architecture,  numbers,  and  the  power  to  produce 
perfect  curvation.  All  noses  that  present  a  straight  outline  upon 
the  back  denote  artistic  or  aesthetic  tastes  and  capacities.  The 
forms  of  other  parts  of  the  nose  and  the  (jnalitij  of  the  subject  njust 
decide  which  phase  of  art  is  indicated,  and  the  power  or  rank  which 
he  holds  in  the  realm  of  art.  Now,  all  classes  of  noses  may  be 
straight, — that  is  to  say,  set  squarely  in  the  centre  of  the  face  witli- 
out  turning  either  to  one  side  or  the  other, — but  at  the  same  time 
all  are  not  straight  in  their  outline,  hence  cannot  be  classed  with 
the  straight  or  Greek  nose.  So,  also,  the  Greek  nose  may  be  long, 
short,  or  medium.  In  each  of  these  classes  it  combines  with  its  art- 
nature  the  quality  attributed  to  each  of  these  lengths.  A  very  long 
and  straigJif  nose  will  show  more  conservatism  and  foresight  than 
either  the  medium  or  short  nose  with  the  same  outline. 

The  title  of  "  Greek "  is  given  to  the  straight  nose  for  the 
reason  that  this  is  the  form  almost  universally  observed  in  the 
classic  works  of  the  great  Greek  artists.  It  is  seen  in  their  grand 
statues,  bas-relievi,  medals,  bronzes,  coins,  etc.  On  this  point  Lava- 
ter,  quoting  Winkelmann,  writes  thus: — 

Tlie  forehead  and  nose  of  the  Greek  gods  and  goddesses  form  almost  a 
straight  line.  The  heads  of  famous  women  on  Greek  coins  have  similar  pro- 
files, where  the  fancy  might  not  be  indulged  in  ideal  beauties.  Hence,  we 
may  conjecture  that  this  form  was  as  common  to  the  ancient  Greeks  as  the 
flat  nose  to  the  C'almuck  or  the  small  eye  to  the  Chinese.  The  large  e3'es 
of  Grecian  heads  support  this  theory.  If  onl^-  one  such  countenance,  how- 
ever, had  presented  itself  to  the  genius  of  art,  it  would  have  been  sufficient 
for  its  propagation  and  continuance.  This  is  less  our  concern  than  the 
significance  of  such  a  form.  The  nearer  the  approach  to  the  perpendicular, 
the  less  is  there  characteristic  of  the  wise  or  graceful ;  the  higher  the  char- 
acter of  worth  and  greatness,  the  more  obliquely  the  lines  retreat ;  the  more 
straight  and  perpendicular  the  forehead  is,  the  more  does  the  upper  part  of 
the  forehead  approach  a  right  angle,  from  which  wisdom  and  beauty  will  fly 
with  equally  rapid  steps.  In  the  usual  copies  of  those  ancient  lines  of 
beauty  I  generally  find  the  expression  of  meanness,  and,  if  I  dare  say  so,  of 
vague  insipidit3' ;  I  repeat — in  the  copies.* 

The  full  and  straight  nose,  which,  in  classic  figures,  represents 
grandeur,  can  be  made  to  represent  meanness  and  insipidity  by  a 
slight  diminution  of  the  fullness. 

The  causes  which  impelled  the  almost  universal  use  of  this  out- 
line by  the  Greek  artists  are  founded  in  the  ver/j  nature  of  their 
awn  forms  and  minds,  and  are  as  cogent  as  they  are  instinctive. 
It  is  a  law  of  human  nature  that  each  individual  is  best  able  to 
reproduce  in  his  own  works  the  principles  and  forms  which  are 
most  strongly  represented  within  his  own  organism, — within  his 

*  Lavater's  Essays,  p.  312. 


906  .        PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

mind  as  well  as  within  his  body.  Now,  the  ancient  Greeks  were 
a  muscular  race,  and,  as  I  have  shown  throughout  these  pages,  the 
muscular  system  is  founded  on  curves  and  elasticity  (the  qualities 
essential  to  art-work) ;  and,  as  the  straight  nose  is  one  of  the  signs 
of  "muscular  supremacy,  therefore  the  straight  outlhie  of  nose  must 
have  been  quite  common  among  them,  and  it  is  thus  the  repre- 
sentative of  art-capacities.  They  had,  then,  a  double  reason  for 
reproducing  it  in  their  works  of  art.  They  used  it  instinctively 
and  irresistibly  as  an  unconscious  outworJcing  of  their  own  forms, 
and  they  imitated  the  forms  of  their  greatest  artists,  philosophers, 
architects,  and  mathematicians  in  their  attempts  to  illustrate  the 
grandeur  of  the  human  physiognomy  as  exhibited  in  the  faces  of 
their  most  talented  men  and  women. 

The  normal  outline  of  the  straight  nose  describes  a  slight 
incurvation  at  its  junction  with  the  forehead,  for,  says  Lavater, 

Without  a  slight  undulation  at  the  root  no  nose  can  be  pliysiognomi- 
cally  good  or  great. 

Now,  this  particular  form  of  straight  nose  is  observed  in  profiles 
of  many  of  the  ancient  Greeks,  as  figured  on  coins  and  bas-relievi, 
while  some  are  of  other  diverse  forms,  proving  that  a  great  variettj 
of  nasal  forms  existed  among  them,  as  is  the  case  in  all  highly- 
developed  races.  The  perfectly-straight  line  observed  in  the  de- 
scent from  the  forehead  to  the  nose,  as  seen  in  their  ideal  statues 
portraying  heroes,  gods,  and  goddesses,  is  an  exaggeration  of  their 
own  most  customary  form  of  this  part  of  the  physiognomy, — an 
unconscious  attempt  to  create  divine  grandeur  by  exaggerating 
human  greatness.  Now,  as  I  have  shown  that  all  exaggerated 
forms  denote  abnormal  or  unbalanced  tendencies,  so  we  shall  find 
that  those  persons  who  exhibit  this  particular  form  of  nose  also 
exhibit  unbridled  will,  and  this  argues  great  stupidity,  lor  he  who 
uses  his  selfish  will  excessively  does  so  because  he  lacks  intelli- 
gence, benevolence,  or  reason  ;  hence  he  is  wanting  in  one  or  more 
of  these  faculties,  and  the  presence  of  tlie  straight  line  in  other 
than  its  normal  place  announces  at  the  first  glance  the  absence 
of  good  sense  and  the  presence  of  blind,  selfisli  will. 

The  significations  of  form,  it  is  thus  shown,  are  very  involved 
and  very  subtle,  one  signification  involving  anotlier,  and  this  a 
third,  and  this  a  fourth,  and  so  on  and  on,  until  we  reach  the  basic 
principles  of  the  form  in  question,  when  the  signification  of  the 
form  thus  analyzed  is  revealed  in  accordance  with  the  supreme  and 
unchangeable  law  of  Form,  which  comes  up  to  us  through  all  of 
Nature's  work,  from  the  microscopic  cell  to  the  revolving  planet. 

An  exammation  of  the  physiognomies  of  the  Apollo  Belvidere, 


THE   NOSE.  907 

by  an  unknown  sculptor,  the  Olympian  Jupiter,  the  Minerva 
of  Phidias,  the  Laocoon  of  Agisander,  and  the  numerous  statues 
of  Venus  by  Greek  artists,  shows  the  descent  of  the  nose  from  the 
forehead  in  an  uninterrupted  straight  line.  The  reasons  for  thus 
portraying  grand  and  divine  character  by  an  exaggeration  is 
variously  accounted  for  by  different  writers.  Those  who  take  the 
art-view  merely,"  without  knowledge  ol'  the  true  scientific  interior 
meaning  of  this  outline  at  this  part  of  the  physiognomy,  of  course 
commend  it;  but  Lavater  and  one  or  two  others  criticize  it  from 
the  physiognomical  stand-point,  hence  they  do  not  favor  it  as  an 
expounder  of  fine  character.  Lavater  says  that  "  Nature  in  all 
her  works  abhors  straight  lines."  Now,  Lavater,  having  never 
arisen  to  a  scientific  knowledge  of  the  basic  principles  of  Form, 
makes  this  assertion  without  explanation — in  a  dogmatic  manner. 
This  assertion  is  true  only  when  applied  to  features  and  members 
whose  normal  form  is  other  than  straight ;  as,  for  example,  if  the 
line  of  descent  of  the  nose  from  the  forehead  be  perfectly  straight 
it  is  an  abnormal  development  and  reveals  undeveloped  or  ill- 
balanced  characteristics,  as  previously  shown.  The  normal  form 
of  the  line  of  closure  of  the  mouth  is  characterized  by  a  straight 
and  horizontal  line ;  any  other  Ibrm  of  this  feature  is  not  normal. 
This  straightness  of  this  line  proceeds  from  the  muscular  develop- 
ment of  the  mouth,  which  should  be  so  shaped  as  to  draw  equally 
in  all  directions^  and  when  relaxed  cause  perfect  straightness  of 
the  line  or  fissure.  The  straight  outline  of  the  nose  always  an- 
nounces the  dominance  of  the  muscular  system — or  at  least  that  it 
is  (me  of  the  signs  of  a  good  development  of  that  system.  So, 
also,  the  perpendicular  forehead  tells  the  same  story.  All  these 
straight  lines,  it  is  true,  must  have  straight  hones  underneath  the 
muscles  in  order  to  produce  that  perpendicularity  of  the  forehead 
and  nose,  and  this  is  why  I  said  in  the  beginning  of  this  analysis 
that  the  straight  nose  represented  the  art  side  of  truth.  With 
this  formation  of  the  nose  and  forehead  a  curved  lower  jaw-bone  is 
always  found  combined.  This  is  most  decidedly  apparent  in  the 
Greek  physiognomies,  as  well  as  in  the  countenances  of  many 
modem  poets,  actors,  and  dramatic  writers.  It  is  this  form  of  jaw 
to  which  I  have  given  the  name  of  the  "dramatic  jaw."  It  is  ob- 
served in  the  physiognomies  of  many  talented  persons,  and  all  who 
exhibit  it  possess  either  talent  or  taste  for  dramatic  representation 
eitlier  in  poetry,  fiction,  upon  the  stage,  or  in  real  life.  Given  a 
straight  outline  of  the  nose,  and  the  dramatic,  artistic,  philosophic, 
mathematical,  creative,  or  constructive  capacities  of  the  character 
are  at  once  revealed  in  varying  degrees,  from  a  shght  taste  for 
these  arts  up  to  great  genius. 


908  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  dominance  of  the  muscular  system  always  produces  large, 
convex  eyes,  and  this  denotes  linguistic  power.  Language  was  one 
of  the  greatest  talents  exhibited  by  the  Greeks,  and  the  fame  of 
their  orators  has  come  down  to  modern  times  undimmed  by  the 
lapse  of  ages. 

Although  straightness  of  the  muscular  system,  as  represented 
by  the  straight  nose,  discloses  the  art  side  of  truth,  yet  it  is  not  so 
indicative  of  the  highest  integrity  as  that  perfect  straightness  of 
the  bones  which  is  exhibited  in  that  subject  in  wliom  the  osseous 
system  predominates.  The  flexibility  of  the  muscles  argues  easy 
change  of  position  not  only,  but  easy  and  facile  movements  of  the 
limbs,  and  where  muscle  dominates  it  creates  an  inclination  to 
change  opinions  often — to  shift  and  turn ;  hence,  philosophy, 
policy,  and  suavity  are  especial  attributes  of  those  with  the  muscu- 
lar as  one  of  the  supreme  systems ;  therefore,  the  most  consistent, 
steadfast,  reliable  conduct  cannot  be  expected  of  this  class  of  minds. 
Says  Jebb : — 

The  Greek  idea  of  human  perfection  was  a  wise  mind  in  a  beautiful 
body  ;  good  counsel  joined  to  noble  action.  Noble  action  is  pre-eminently 
represented  by  Sylla,  good  counsel  by  Odysseus.  Odysseus  is  brave,  but 
he  is  especially  the  man  of  subtle  intellect  and  ready  resource.  It  was  a 
grave  fault  of  the  Greeks  that  they  cared  too  little  whether  that  quickness 
of  wit  which  they  so  much  admired  was  or  was  not  honest.  It  is  not  strange 
that  the  noble  Homeric  conception  of  Odj'sseus  should  have  been  lowered 
by  later  Greek  poets,  who,  dwelling  chiefly  on  his  subtlety  and  sensitiveness, 
made  him  an  unscrupulous  knave,  reckless  of  everything  except  personal 
gain.''' 

It  is  thus  shown  by  the  greatest  literary  work  of  the  Greeks 
that  their  idea  of  morality  was  dominated  by  their  sense  of  wisdom 
and  beauty. 

The  Greeks,  having  been  more  marked  in  the  development  of 
muscle  and  brain  than  any  other  race,  afford  us  a  grand  field  for 
the  analysis  and  knowledge  of  what  sort  of  character  this  combi- 
nation produces.  The  best  test  of  character  is  its  outcome  or 
results.  Now,  the  works  of  the  ancient  Greeks  have  come  down 
to  us  in  the  form  of  philosophy,  mathematics,  logic,  language, 
oratory,  the  drama,  sculpture,  architecture,  and  fine  hterature. 

Their  chief  types  of  poetry  are  the  epic,  lyric,  and  dramatic,  while 
the  chief  types  of  prose  are  the  historical,  philosophical,  and  oratorical.f 

This  whole  class  of  knowledge  indicates  the  creative  energy 
of  a  race  in  whom  the  muscular  and  brain  systems  are  regnant, 
and  the  ascendency  of  these  systems  produces  long,  broad,  high, 
and  straight  noses,  as  seen  in  the  physiognomies  of  many  of  our 

*  Greek  Literature,  R.  C.  Webb,  M.A.,  p.  25.  t  Jebb. 


THE   NOSE.  909 

modem  philosophers,  poets,  artists,  and  architects,  as  well  as  in 
the  models  of  the  same  classes  of  people  among  the  ancient 
Greeks.  The  Greeks,  like  all  muscular  people,  exhibited  the  play 
of  the  softer  emotions  of  love  and  sensuousness,  as  well  as  the 
stronger  emotions  of  rage,  cruelty,  and  revenge.  Their  gods  were 
a  reflex  of  their  own  minds  magnified,  for  they  represented  them 
not  only  as  colossal  in  size,  but  portrayed  their  loves  and  liates 
upon  a  grand  scale.  Greek  mythology  reveals  this  reflected  char- 
acter in  all  its  descriptions  of  the  imaginary  gods,  goddesses,  fates, 
fairies,  and  demons  with  which  it  abounds.  Now,  the  free  play 
of  the  emotions  is  not  conducive  to  morality ;  they  require  an  elas- 
tic  material  for  their  exhibition.  Morality,  on  the  other  hand, 
must  have  a  more  stable  material  to  represent  it ;  so,  also,  must  it 
have  a  calm,  reasonable  condition  of  mind  to  conserve  it,  and  the 
highest  reason  and  morality  are  found  best  exhibited  by  those  in 
whom  the  bone  and  brain  systems  are  supreme ;  hence  it  is  that 
the  Greek  idea  of  morality  was  not  so  high  as  that  which  obtains 
in  those  races  which  evolution  has  brought  up  to  a  higher  state 
of  structure.  I  do  not  mean  to  state  that  muscular  people  are  not 
moral ;  simply  they  are  not  so  "  rigidly  righteous "  as  those  with 
more  hard  material  in  their  organisms.  Emotional  religions  best 
suit  and  hold  them  to  moral  law. 

As  philosophy  (questioning)  precedes  the  discovery  of  laws, 
so  it  was  necessary  in  the  evolution  of  the  world's  progress  that 
philosophy  should  precede  science.  The  present  age  ushers  in  the 
dawn  of  the  scientific  age — the  era  wherein  the  discovery  and 
demonstration  of  natural,  positive  law  is  made.  For  this  purpose 
another  class  of  beings  are  required;  not  so  beautiful,  curvilinear, 
creative,  imaginative,  emotional,  and  artistic  as  the  Greeks,  but 
possessed  of  more  solidity,  morality,  conscientiousness,  and  square- 
ness than  they ;  hence,  we  find  in  this  age  that  the  supremacy  of 
the  hmie  and  hrain  systems  gives  the  sort  of  forms  essential  to  the 
discovery  and  comprehension  of  jposltive  law^  for  natural  law  is 
founded  in  truth,  justice,  and  equilibrium.  Were  it  not  so  the 
world  could  not  revolve  and  life  could  not  continue.  Examine 
the  personality  and  physiognomies  of  the  majority  of  modem  emi- 
nent scientists  and  mechanicians,  and  we  shall  find  the  osseous 
and  brain  the  supreme  systems.  The  result  of  this  combination 
is  observed  in  the  numerous  and  wonderful  inventions,  and  in  the 
discovery  and  application  of  natural  laws  and  forces  to  the  world's 
needs  and  for  its  progressive  evolution.  This  change  is  shown  in 
the  human  physiognomy  by  a  different  shape  of  the  nose,  for  scien- 
tific noses  diifer  not  only  in  i\\e  form  but  in  the  material  compos- 
ing them.     They  exhibit  much  less  muscle  and  relatively  more 


910  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

bone — less  beauty  according  to  art-standards,  but  more  solidity^  irir 
tegrity,  and  morality.  This  class  of  noses  will  next  demand  our 
attention,  for  the  transition  from  muscle  to  bone  is  the  physiologi- 
cal order  of  development,  and  it  should  be  our  endeavor  to  always 
follow  Nature's  footsteps  in  our  methods  of  investigation. 

POETIC    TYPE. 

One  of  the  most  beautiful  types  of  the  straight  nose  may  be 
justly  termed  the  poetic,  inasmuch  as  it  is  the  distinguishing  out- 
line of  the  noses  of  many  of  the  most  eminent  poets  of  all  ages 
and  all  nationalities.  In  them  it  denotes  that  the  muscular  is  one 
of  the  dominant  systems,  and  in  combination  with  a  sensitive  brain 
system  it  affords  the  requisite  mechanism  for  poetic  expression.  It 
is  often  observed  that  many  of  the  straight-nosed  poets  possess  a 
soft,  rounded,  and  dimpled  chin,  also  a  curved  "dramatic  jaw" — 
all  indications  of  the  presence  of  a  fine  degree  of  round  7nuscle^ 
the  highest  factor  in  linguistic  and  emotional  expression.  No  mere 
brain,  even  of  the  highest  quality,  unaccompanied  with  fine 
muscle,  could  create  the  wonderful  poetry  of  Byron,  Shelley, 
Dante,  or  Rosetti.  Let  the  reader  examine  the  noses  of  Shakes- 
peare, Tasso,  Chaucer,  Tennyson,  Burns,  Pope,  Corneille,  Cowper, 
Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning,  Akenside,  Dryden,  and  other  poets, 
and  he  will  become  convinced  that  the  straight  outline  of  nose  is 
one  of  the  salient  hieroglyphs  of  a  poet's  physiognomy.  The 
student  should  not  overlook  the  large  eye  and  arched  brow  charac- 
teristic of  most  poets.  These  all  announce  the  muscular  as  one 
of  the  dominant  systems  so  necessary  to  this  dramatic  and  emotional 
class  of  beings.  Let  it  be  remarked  also  that  all  of  these  noses 
are  long,  relatively  high,  wide,  and  well  developed  at  the  tip, 
where  the  signs  for  Analysis,  Mental  Imitation,  Ideality,  and  Sub- 
limity are  situated;  also  that  Constructiveness  fills  out  the  sides, 
and  thus  shows  that  the  principle  of  mechanism,  so  necessary  to 
creative  thought  as  well  as  to  material  creation,  is  present  in  all 
great  original  and  inventive  minds. 

ARTISTIC   TYPE. 

So  many  eminent  artists  of  all  ages  and  of  all  races  have 
exhibited  the  straight  outline  of  the  nose  that  we  are  perfectly 
justified  in  placing  them  in  this  class  of  noses.  How  could  it  be 
otherwise,  when  we  consider  the  nature  of  muscle  and  all  that 
inheres  in  its  potentiality'?  Art  is  founded  on  curves,  so  is  muscle; 
hence  the  peculiar  adaptation  of  the  latter  to  the  former.  I  use 
the  term  art  in  this  description  to  designate  painters  more  particu- 
larly, although  in  its  most  comprehensive  sense  it  includes  many 


THE   NOSE.  911 

who  use  muscle  as  the  basis  of  their  art-works.  Great  painters 
must  possess  a  fine  quality  of  nerve  and  brain.  I'hey  must  be 
keenly  alive  to  all  external  sensation,  as  well  as  highly  susceptible 
to  internal  promptings,  to  vivid  imagination,  and  to  sublime  emo- 
tions, and  a  color-sense  that  thrills  and  permeates  the  entire  beinj^. 
Such  beings  carry  the  signs  of  all  these  lofty  traits  in  the  nose,  as 
well  as  in  the  eye  and  other  parts  of  their  physiognomies.  No 
observant  person  can  overlook  them.  The  intelhgent  and  pene- 
trating glance  of  an  Angelo,  a  Giotto,  a  Fra  Angelico,  or  a  Raphael, 
could  not  fail  of  arresting  the  attention  of  the  observer.  Their 
portmits,  which  have  come  down  to  us  from  the  ages,  reveal  a 
glance  at  once  bold,  original,  penetrating,  observant,  and  sensuous 
— all  concomitants  of  an  aTtistic  mind. 

To  come  down  to  more  modern  times,  and  look  upon  the 
living  countenances  of  a  Dore,  a  Vernet,  a  Munkacsy,  a  De 
Neuville,  a  De  Haas,  or  a  Greatorex,  we  shall  find  that  they  are 
characterized  not  only  by  tlie 
straight  outline  of  nose,  but  0 
also  give  evidence  of  aesthetic  i® 
taste  and  creative  power  in 
the  eye,  upper  lip,  and  lower 
jaw,  as  well.  In  all  great  or 
even  good  countenances  there 
is  stamped  Nature's  unmis- 
takable record  of  power.  It 
is    only   necessary   for   us    to 

know  hoio  these  very  remark-        fig.  223.-artistic  NosEr  (murillo.) 
able  evidences  are  shaped,  and 
where  situated,  for  children,  even,  to  be  able  to  point  them  out. 

The  length  of  artistic  noses  varies  considerably.  The  most 
original,  the  grandest  of  all,  such  as  those  exhibited  by  Michael 
Angelo,  Rubens,  Titian,  and  Raphael,  and  other  great  creators^  are 
very  long,  as  well  as  high,  broad,  and  straight.  The  creative 
artist  in  any  branch  of  art  must  have  a  broadly-expansive  mind, 
hence  we  find  in  this  class  large  and  long  noses.  Copyists — those 
who  are  excellent  painters  without'  great  original  genius — exhibit 
noses  relatively  short ;  some  are  of  the  "  pug"  order, — short,  round, 
thick,  and  constructive,  somewhat  like  the  "singing"  nose;  but 
where  there  is  true  greatriess^  originality^  or  genius,  the  nose 
by  its  size  and  form  announces  this  fact,  and  the  eye  by  its  bright- 
ness, and  the  skin  by  its  fineness,  and  the  muscle  by  its  devel- 
opment and  flexibility,  all  combined,  corroborate  and  accentuate 
the  high  significance  of  the  nose.  The  utmost  accuracy  in  paint- 
ing is  required  in  that  class  who  depict  the  human  countenance 


912  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

from  the  living  subject.  One  might  say  with  truth  that  this  is 
certainly  the  highest,  as  it  is  the  most  difficult,  branch  of  the 
art.  It  certainly  is  the  most  abused,  for  good  portraits  are 
scarce  indeed.  In  this  department  of  art  imagination  is  not  so 
essential,  but  a  keen  eye,  large  Form  and  Size,  Human  Nature, 
accurate  observation,  fine  color-sense,  Analysis,  and  Conscientious- 
ness are  needed  to  give  fidelity  and  thoroughness  to  the  wcjrk;  a 
fine  mingling  of  the  artistic  elements  of  character  being  required 
in  this  department  of  art. 

Many  parts  of  tlie  organism  present  corroborative  signs  of 
the  artistic  capacity.  The  wrists  will  be  round  and  flexible;  the 
bones  hidden  by  muscle;  the  fingers  inclined  to  taper,  and  the 
joints  not  conspicuous;  the  forehead  rounding  at  the  temples;  the 
eyes  large  and  full;  the  face  inclined  to  the  oval  form;  the  body 
and  limbs  round  and  muscular ;  the  instep  arched ;  and  the  feet 
relatively  short,  broad,  and  thick. 

LITERARY  TYPE. 

*  Among  the  various  departments  of  art  as  exhibited  by  straight- 
nosed  people  are  very  many  literary  characters  to  be  found.  The 
class   of  literary  taste  and  talent  displayed  by  this  formation  is 


Fig.  224.— (Dickens.)  Fig.  225.— (Ouida.) 

TWO  FORMS  OF  THE  LITERARY  NOSE. 

mainly  dramatic,  fictitious,  poetic,  and  classic.  These  various  types 
are  exhibited  in  varying  degrees  of  power  in  accordance  with  other 
indications  observed  in  the  subject. 

In  order  to  discern  the  peculiar  class  of  literature  for  which 
one  is  best  adapted,  the  entire  form  and  size  of  the  nose  must  be 
analyzed,  as  well  as  the  eyes,  the  jaws,  and  other  features.  With 
the  dramatic  jaw  in  combination  the  mind  will  be  turned  to  dramatic 
representation,  as  we  see  in  Byron,  Milton,  Racine,  Corneille,  and 
Joanna  Bailey.  If  classic  tastes  are  present,  the  nose  and  other 
features  will  present  forms  similar  to  those  of  Addison,  for  example. 


THE   NOSE.  913 

Fiction  being  always  more  or  less  dramatic  in  its  nature,  finds 
representation  in  many  diverse  types  of  nose,  yet  nearly  all  coming 
under  the  head  of  the  straight  nose,  or  some  one  of  its  many 
modifications.  Examine,  among  the  highly  dramatic,  the  following 
among  modern  writers:  Charles  Dickens,  William  Black,  Miss 
Thackeray,  George  MacDonald,  Thomas  Hardy,  Walter  Besant, 
Mrs.  Trollope,  and  Wilkie  Collins.  Among  writers  of  the  modern 
classics  the  noses  of  Madame  de  Stael,  Thomas  Babington  Ma- 
caulay,  William  Ellery  Channing,  Ruskin,  and  Carlyle  disclose 
the  talent  and  taste  for  fine  Hterature,  which  is  well  illustrated  in 
their  works. 

The  poetic  nose  has  been  amplified  elsewhere.  The  nose  of 
each  of  the  above-mentioned  persons  may  be  classed  with  the 
"straight"  class,  yet  are  of  difierent  lengths,  size,  and  development 
about  the  bridge,  sides,  and  tip ;  and  all  disclose  varying  degrees 
of  Constructiveness,  Imagination,  Sublimity,  Analysis,  and  Mental 
Imitation, — all  essential  faculties  to  the  litterateur. 

critic's  type. 

In  this  illustration  the  nose  represents,  at  its  point  particu- 
larly, the  nose  of  a  natural  critic.  It  is  divided  at  the  point 
by  an  almost  invisible  cleft.    The  minds  of  those  who  exhibit  such 


Fig.  226.— CRITIC'S  NOSE.  PiG.  227.— PHILOSOPHIC  NOSE. 

(Ivan  Tourguenieff.)  (Lord  Eldon.) 

a  nose  are  critical,  keen,  and  penetrating;  they  will  manifest  ability 
to  criticize  intelligently  all  subjects  which  their  combination  of 
traits  are  best  adapted  to  comprehend. 

PHILOSOPHIC   TYPE. 

The  purely  philosophic  nose,  when  talented,  is  distinguished 
by  such  combination  of  bone  and  muscle  as  to  give  height,  length, 
fullness,  or  a  rounded  form  to  the  outlines,  and  with  a  dominance 
of  the  muscular  tissue  over  the  osseous.  Such  noses  belong  to 
the  artistic  class,  for  philosophy  is  an  art,  not  a  science,  and  its 


914  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOAIY. 

best  exponents  are  artists  in  thought  and  expression,  and  most 
largely  developed  upon  the  art  side  of  their  natures.  Their 
writings,  when  tried  by  the  rigor  of  scientific  law  and  exactitude, 
often  fail;  such  was  the  case  with  the  theories  of  many  of  the 
ancient  Greek  philosophers,  such,  for  example,  as  those  of  Xeno- 
phanes,  Zeno,  Heraclitus,  Empedocles,  and  others  of  that  era. 
That  their  philosophy  was  only  an  art  and  not  founded  on  a  scien- 
tific basis  it  is  only  necessary  to  mention  the  fact  that  none  of 
their  theories  are  now  in  use;  they  have  not  succeeded  in  holding 
a  place  in  modern  thought.  If  their  philosophies  had  been  based 
upon  demonstrable  fact  and  natural  law,  they  would  be  now  emi- 
nently influential.  A  good  thinker  has  remarked  tliat  "a  law 
once  demonstrated  is  good  for  all  time,"  and  laws  which  are 
demonstrated  by  the  operations  of  Nature  will  outlast  all  the 
vicissitudes  and  mutations  of  time. 

Now,  great  philosophers  are  endowed  with  a  capacity  for 
reasoning,  yet,  as  the  muscular  system  usually  dominates  the 
osseous,  it  is  not  essential  to  them  that  they  have  truths  to  reason 
upon ;  it  is  with  them  a  species  of  mental  gymnastics,  and  they  are 
ready  to  reason  upon  any  premise  if  it  happen  to  strike  their 
fancy — for  fancy  and  imagination  play  a  great  part  in  pure  meta- 
physics; accordingly,  we  find  in  the  philosophic  nose  the  straight 
outline,  and  this  gives  the  art  side  of  truth  and  an  ornate  style  of 
elaborating  a  subject. 

Philosophic  noses  bear  a  strong  resemblance  to  poetic  noses 
and  a  certain  type  of  the  painter's  nose,  and  in  essence  the  philo- 
sophic mind  partakes  of  both  these  natures  and  often  exhibits  an 
imaginative,  speculative  style  that  borders  on  the  romantic,  and 
which  cannot  be  always  proven  by  the  facts  of  Nature.  The  busts 
of  Plato  reveal  a  first-class  philosophic  nose. 

In  modem  times  we  find  this  form  showing  forth  in  the 
physiognomies  of  divines,  lawyers,  poets,  and  'others  of  tlie  artistic 
classes.  The  nose  of  Robert  G.  Ingersoll,  Henry  Ward  Beecher, 
of  Whittier,  the  poet,  of  Thomas  Jefferson  and  Benjamin  Franklin 
presents  four  phases  of  this  type.  The  nose  of  Beecher  and  Inger- 
soll resemble  each  other  somewhat,  while  Franklin's  nose  is  on  a 
broader  scale  than  either,  and  this  peculiarity  was  shown  in  his 
writings — by  their  greater  breadth  and  comprehensiveness.  Frank- 
lin's nose  illustrates  the  scientific  side  of  art  by  its  larger  bones. 
Thomas  Jefferson's  nose  is  more  bony,  and  this  denotes  integrity, 
hence  the  justness  of  his  conclusions  and  the  morality  and  integrity 
of  his  life.  David  Hume's  nose  is  a  first-class  specimen  of  the 
philosophic  nose,  and  more  beautiful  in  its  outlines  and  proportions 
than   any   above   named.      Voltaire   also   presented   a   beautiful 


THE   NOSE.  915 

philosophic  nose  in  his  youth,  but  which  in  old  age  assumed  a 
hooked  appearanc,  owing  probably  to  the  loss  of  his  teeth. 

The  philosophic  nose,  when  compared  with  the  scientific  nose, 
is,  as  a  rule,  somewliat  shorter,  rounder,  and  with  less  hone.  Some 
philosophic  noses  illustrate  by  their  form  the  artistic  phase  of 
philosophy,  and  arig  speculative  rather  than  accurate;  while  others 
exhibit  the  scientific  aspect  of  philosophy,  and  reason  from  facts 
and  laws  rather  than  from  assumptions.  Some  philosophers  are 
profound  like  Franklin,  others  skim  the  surface  like  Voltaire ;  and 
all  this  is  to  be  learned  by  reference  to  the  nose  alone.  These 
differences  are  plainly  discernible  in  the  peculiarities  of  the  nose, 
while  tliey  receive  modifying  influences  from  other  elements  in 
combination,  such  as  color,  quality,  social  development,  etc. 

In  order  that  the  reader  may  form  a  correct  idea  of  the  rela- 
tive value  of  philosophy  and  science,  I  insert  the  following  from 
the  grand  work  of  Lewes : — 

Philosophy  has  been  ever  in  movement,  but  the  movement  has  been 
circular;  and  this  fact  is  throw n  into  stronger  reliel' by  contrast  with  the 
linear  progress  of  science.  Instead  of  perpetually  finding  itself  after  years 
of  gigantic  endeavor  returned  to  the  precise  point  from  which  it  started, 
science  finds  itself  year  by  j'ear,  and  almost  daj-  by  day,  advancing  step  by 
step,  each  accumulation  of  power  adding  to  the  momentum  of  its  progress  ; 
each  evolution,  like  the  evolutions  of  organic  dcvelojHnent,  bringing  with  it 
a  new  functional  superiority,  which  in  its  turn  becomes  the  agent  of  higher 
developments.  Not  a  fact  is  discovered  but  has  its  bearing  on  the  whole 
body  of  doctrine ;  not  a  mechanical  improvement  in  the  construction  of 
instruments  but  opens  fresh  sources  of  discovery.  Onward  and  forever 
onward, mightier  and  forever  mightier  rolls  this  wondrous  tide  of  discovery, 
and  "  the  thoughts  of  men  are  widened  by  the  process  of  the  suns."  While 
the  first  principles  of  philosophy  are  to  tliis  day  as  much  a  matter  of  dispute 
as  they  were  two  thousand  years  ago,  the  first  principles  of  science  are 
securely  established.* 

DRAMATIC   TYPE. 

Many  of  the  most  distinguished  actors  and  actresses  are 
characterized  by  a  straight  outline  of  the  nose  or  ^^^  ^ 

some  one  of  its  modifications,  and,  as  acting  is  a  f 

literary  as  well  as  a  dramatic  faculty,  we  should  \ 

naturally  expect  to  find  the  nose  of  some  of  the  \ 

best  exponents  of  the  mimetic  art  thus  shaped.  f^""     \ 

A  few,  like  Madame  Ristori,  disclose  a  convex  w"^^^ 

outline  of  the  back  of  the  nose,  and  thiLS  serve  to  J^ 

illustrate  the  tragic  power  within;    yet  many  of  fig. 228. 

the  most  eminent  may  be  classed  with  the  straight-     ^(H^NRJiKviNaf ' 
nosed  artists,  for  this  is  the  general  tendency  of 
the  outline-form  of  their  nasal  feature.    Examine,  for  examples, 

*  Biographical  History  of  Philosophy,  Q.  H.  Lewes,  pp.  11, 12.    New  York,  1885, 


916  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the  noses  of  the  following  named :  Adelaide  Neilson,  Edwin  Booth, 
Frederick  Lemaitre,  Mdlle.  Barretta,  M.  Coquelin,  Ellen  Terry, 
Joe  JeiFerson,  Jane  Hading,  Mary  Anderson,  Fannie  Davenport, 
and  Miss  Calhoun.  There  are  many  others  in  this  class,  but 
space  forbids  mention  of  them. 

A  large  class  of  comic  actors  and  actresses  present  a  modifica- 
tion of  the  concave  nose.  The  retroussee  finds  its  illustration 
among  many  of  this  class.  Their  phase  of  acting  does  not  need 
as  much  intellect  and  intelligence  as  is  required  to  depict  grand 
characters  such  as  are  enacted  by  the  above-mentioned  class  of 
creative  dramatists.  A  lighter,  more  vivacious  and  mirthful  talent 
is  jiecessary  for  the  portrayal  of  comic  character;  hence  we  see  in 
the  nose  of  Mdlle.  Aimee,  Mdlle.  Croizette,  Mrs,  John  Wood,  Lotta, 
Lydia  Thompson,  Mabel  Santley,  and  Pauline  Markham,  and 
others  of  this  class,  a  tendency  to  concavity,  as  shown  by  the  "  tip- 
tilted  "  appearance  of  the  lower  extremity  of  the  nose.  Those  with 
this  form  of  nose  are  arch,  vivacious,  piquant,  mirthful,  hopeful, 
approbative,  and  with  a  keen  sense  of  human  nature  and  love  of 
young, — ^all  essential  factors  in  comic  acting.  They  bear  the  same 
relation  to  the  dramatic  art  that  mere  singers  do  to  the  art  of  com- 
position, and  the  noses  of  these  two  classes  expound  and  reveal 
the  grade  of  mentaUty  possessed  hy  each.  Other  features,  of  course, 
corroborate  the  presence  of  the  dramatic  instinct,  talent,  or  genius. 
The  eyes  as  well  as  nose  are  indicative  of  dramatic  power.  They 
must  be  large,  full,  and  well  colored  to  express  linguistic  and 
emotional  capacities.  The  lower  jaw,  too,  is  seen  to  be  well  curved 
in  many  good  tragic  artists,  whether  actors,  poets,  or  writers, — 
another  proof  of  creative  or  original  powers.  The  chin  of  many 
actors  is  dimpled,  the  brows  arched,  and  the  face  oval  or  inclined 
to  that  form.  Indeed,  every  part  of  the  physiognomy  of  actors, 
as  well  as  every  part  of  the  body,  announces  capacity  for  imitation 
and  expression.  The  fingers  are  flexible,  muscular,  and  tapering; 
the  body  round  and  lithe;  the  movements  easy  and  graceful;  and 
the  emotional  nature  dominant.  They  are  easily  excited  to 
laughter  or  tears,  to  jealousy  and  quarreling,  and  are  as  easily 
restored  to  calmness  by  most  trivial  circumstances.  How  could 
they  be  otherwise  when  they  are  called  upon  in  the  course  of  an 
evening  to  impersonate  several  diverse  characters,  all  of  the  lightest 
calibre'? 

In  this  class  of  minds  the  muscular  is  a  dominant  system,  and 
this  is  the  system  that  assists  motion  and  emotion;  hence,  emi- 
nently well  adapted  to  imitation  and  frequent  change  of  feelings. 
In  the  higher  class  of  dramatic  artists  the  nose  is  high  at  the  sign 
for  Self-will,  for  this  trait  is  most  essential  to  those  who  must  con- 


THE  NOSE.  917 

quer  their  own  individuality  sufficiently  to  put  another  entirely 
different  character  in  the  place  of  their  own.  Then,  too,  it  re- 
quires a  tremendous  amount  of  Self-will  to  sustain  an  alien  char- 
acter through  five  long  acts,  as  many  of  them  do  in  the  course  of 
an  evening  wliile  delineating  the  plays  of  Shakespeare,  Racine, 
and  other  grand  playwrights.  Let  the  reader  make  a  comparison 
of  several  of  the  most  eminent  of  the  creative  class  of  actors  with 
some  of  the  most  talented  of  the  imitative  or  comic  class,  and  he 
^vill  find  a  very  great  difference  in  the  form  of  the  noses  of  these 
two  classes. 

CONSTRUCTIVE   TYPE. 

All  noses  that  are  included  in  the  artistic  class  present  more 
or  less  Constructiveness  in  their  outlines.  This  trait  is  essential  to 
every  department  of  art;  yet  there  is  a  class  pre-eminently  dis- 
tinguished for  constructive  skill,  as  shown  in  mechanical  work  and 
invention,  which  I  designate  the  constructive  class.  These  noses 
are  short  rather  than  long,  soft  and  mus- 
cular rather  than  bony,  very  thick  at  the 
signs  for  Constructiveness  and  Acquisitive- 
ness, and  the  general  contour  round. 

The  nose  of  John  A.  Roebling,  con- 
structive engineer,  the  architect  of  the 
celebrated  Brooklyn  Bridge,  and  Captain 
Eads,  the  architect  of  the  Missouri  Bridge 
and  the  New  Orleans  ietties,  are  excellent  fig.  229. 

r.  ,,  ^         i.-  -HT         1  CONSTRUCTIVE  NOSE. 

specimens  ot  the  constructive  nose.  Muscle  (e.  b.  bigelow,  inventor.) 
is  founded  on  curvilinear  power  and  motion ; 

running  machinery  is  also  based  on  circular  movements;  hence  the 
mind  that  is  the  accompaniment  of  a  well-developed  muscular 
system  is  well  calculated  to  comprehend  rotatory  law.  This  state- 
ment can  be  verified  by  an  obsefvation  of  the  physique  of  all 
those  who  are  skillful  in  those  pursuits  that  require  circuloid 
motions  in  their  exercise,  and  this  leads  us  soon  to  the  discussion 
of  athletes,  which  in  this  age  is  acquiring  an  interest  (among  men 
at  least)  which  its  importance  demands. 

Constructiveness  is  one  of  the  prime  elements  in  all  talented 
actors.  See  the  portraits  of  Modjeska,  Edwin  Booth,  Bernhardt, 
William  Warren,  and  others.  It  is  one  of  the  dominaid  traits  of 
literary  minds  also.  The  nose  of  Dickens  is  a  most  remarkable 
specimen  of  this  class  of  nose.  His  mechanical  talent  is  well 
shown  in  the  skillful  mechanism  of  the  plots  and  characters  which 
he  invented  and  described.  Poets,  novelists,  operatic  singers,  all 
find  need  of  Constructiveness,  and  according  ks  it  is  developed  in 


918  PRACTICAL  AND  SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

their  nose  and  body,  just  in  that  degree  do  they  manifest  ingenuity^ 
originality^  and  mechanical  skill  in  the  management  of  their  several 
pursuits.  All  of  the  artistic  classes  require  the  use  of  circular  or 
curved  motions,  as  in  gestures,  piano-playing,  dancing,  singing 
(for  sound  is  based  on  curves),  arrangement  of  drapery,  in  draw- 
ing and  painting,  and  in  the  rhythmic  flow  of  language  in  poetry. 
The  most  material  and  tangible  use  of  the  curve  principle  is 
shown  in  movements  of  machinery  which  is  run  by  bands,  pullies, 
and  wheels,  and  in  the  manipulation  of  the  mechanism  connected 
therewith ;  but  its  highest  manifestation  is  exhibited  by  those  great 
inventors  who  have  applied  the  principle  of  circular  motion  to 
machines  which  they  have  invented.  An  observation  of  their 
noses  will  disclose  a  muscular  rather  than  a  bony  formation;  broad 
rather  than  narrow;  togetlier  with  all  the  salient  signs  in  their 
entire  organism  of  the  dominance  of  the  muscular  system.  It  is 
true  there  is  a  suitable  brain  in  combination,  but  it  is  the  brain  of 
a  miiscular  individual^  who,  without  this  development  of  the 
muscles,  would  not  be  competent  to  put  the  constructive  principle 
into  operation;  thus  showing  that  every  system  of  the  body  is 
mental. 

ATHLETIC  TYPES. 

Art  in  its  most  comprehensive  sense  includes  all  pursuits 
which  in  their  exercise  use  the  curve  as  the  prime  element.  Under 
this  classification  we  must  include  singers, 
actors,  elocutionists,  writers,  philosophers, 
who  think  round  thoughts  or  around  a 
subject  in  the  primitive  manner,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  square  or  cubical  thought 
of  the  scientist  (but  this  is  abstruse  for 
the  general  reader,  yet  based  on  natural 
law),  as  well  as  those  who  follow  the 
athletic  sports  as  professions,  such  as  box- 
i^io-23o.  inff,  rowinar,    fencing,  runninar,   arymnastics, 

ATHLETIC    NOSE.  ^ %  9'.  ,  .     "',.  ,     °'.   ^•'       ^      .■ 

(Edward  hanl AN.)  uiarksmanship,  bicychng,  dancmg,  skatmg, 
billiards,  ball-playing,  etc. 
In  the  noses  of  all  these  classes  we  shall  find,  of  course,  great 
diversity  of  shape,  size,  and  proportion  ;  yet  there  will  be  observed 
in  every  case  certain  general  characteristic  traits  and  forms.  The 
signs  for  Self-will  and  Constructiveness  are  both  well  defined,  while 
the  sign  for  Weight  in  the  forehead  near  Self-will  is  another  well- 
developed  faculty  in  all  these  classes.  Most  particularly  is  it  ob- 
served in  the  faces  of  ball-players,  billiardists,  marksmen,  and 
dancers,  yet  it  is  needed  in  varying  degrees  in  all  who  follow  any 


THE   NOSE.  919 

of  the  above-named  sports.  The  sense  of  aim  and  direction  is 
.another  faculty  that  marksmen  require,  and  in  all  of  those  who 
excel  in  this  art  it  is  very  largely  developed.  Let  the  reader  ob- 
tain the  portraits  of  the  celebrated  rifle-teams  and  boat-crews  that 
have  competed  for  supremacy,  and  he  will  make  a  most  interesting 
study  in  class-physiognomy  ;  he  will  find  the  signs  which  I  have 
indicated  as  dominant  to  be  universally  present  in  all  of  their 
physiognomies, — another  proof  of  the  muscular  basis  of  art  and 
artists.  In  all  of  these  classes  of  athletes  the  form  of  the  nose, 
together  with  its  cartilaginous  condition,  will  announce  athletic 
powers;  the  texture  or  (piaJity  of  the  skin  will  give  the  grade  of 
the  subject,  while  the  development  of  the  form  and  size  of  the 
nose  and  nostrils  will  reveal  the  more  mental  aspects  of  the  char- 
acter. Analysis  and  the  laws  of  Form  must  here  work  together  in 
order  to  arrive  at  the  entirety  of  the  character  under  consideration. 

CONVEX   CLASS OSSEOUS   SYSTEM   DOMINANT — POSITIVE   CHARACTER. 

General  Observations. — The  basic  principles  of  Form  are 
richly  illustrated  by  the  convex  nose  and  the  class  of  character 
exhibited  by  its  possessors.  It  is  the  highest  of  all  noses  in  its 
outline,  and  when  it  combines  breadth  as  well  as  height  it  is  the 
largest  of  human  noses.  It  has  been  known  for  ages  as  the 
"  Roman  nose,"  and  the  ancient  sculptors  often  made  use  of  this 
form  to  depict  heroic  character.  This  probably  arose  from  the  fact 
that  many  ancient  conquerors,  leaders,  and  rulers  possessed  this 
nose  or  some  one  of  its  most  striking  modifications.  The  under- 
lying bone  is  the  foundation  of  its  form,  but  all  persons  endowed 
with  this  nose  exhibit  a  large  share  of  muscle  in  combination, 
and  this  assists  their  bold,  aggressive,  dauntless,  and  courageous 
conduct. 

Height  of  the  nose  denotes  elevation;  breadth  announces 
comprehensiveness;  length  gives  caution,  far-sightedness,  perspi- 
cacity. Thus,  the  three  dimensions  of  height,  breadth,  and  length, 
when  found  combined  in  the  nose  in  a  large  degree  and  with  a 
good  quality,  give  the  world  the  assurance  of  a  very  powerful 
character. 

As  the  reader  is  already  aware  (if  he  has  followed  the  course 
of  these  pages)  that  the  signs  for  the  great  visceral  organs — the 
heart,  the  stomach,  the  liver,  and  lungs — are  situated  in  the  nose, 
it  follows  that  if  these  organs  are  large  the  nose  will  correspond 
in  size,  and  if  the  bony  structure  be  well  developed  the  bones  of 
the  nose  will  be  broad  and  high  and  proportionately  long ;  thus 
the  grandest  of  all  noses.     The  most  commanding  types  are  found 


920  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

in  the  visages  of  those  men  and  women  who  have  governed,  con- 
trolled, dominated,  or  led  the  world  in  its  wars,  reforms,  govern-- 
ments,  or  grand  enterprises  of  whatsoever  nature. 

Those  most  influential  in  energetic  movements,  either  as 
rulers,  warriors,  executive  oflicers,  commercial  kings,  superintend- 
ents, teachers,  or  capable  parents,  will  in  every  instance  be  found 
to  possess  some  variety  or  modification  of  the  convex  nose ;  while 
those  lacking  the  power  to  command,  control,  or  manage  will  ex- 
hibit a  nose  wanting  in  the  essential  outlines  or  proportions  of 
this  class  of  nose. 

The  dominance  of  bone  in  the  organism  of  the  executive  in- 
dividual endows  him  with  that  solidltij  of  structure  which  (when 
combined  with  a  due  share  of  muscle)  enables  him  to  exhibit  firm- 
ness, integrity,  and  unyielding  power,  all  of  which  are  essential 
factors  in  one  who  would  command.  The  bones  must  be  square 
as  well  as  long  if  the  highest  expression  of  executive  judgment  is 
required,  for  Force  must  be  accompanied  with  Conscientiousness — 
integrity — or  law  degenerates  into  lawlessness  or  despotism  ;  and 
square  bones  give  the  quality  of  righteousness  to  the  character  as 
well  as  positiveness  and  decision. 

The  convex  class  of  noses  includes  in  its  modifications  the 
executive,  the  argumentative,  the  commercial,  the  dishonest,  the 
scientific,  and  one  type  of  the  mechanical.  The  scientific  nose  is 
in  its  essential  nature  mechanical,  for  it  represents  character  that 
is  endowed  with  the  principles  which  enable  it  to  comprehend  the 
mechanism  of  Nature,  and  conversely  one  class  of  natural  me- 
chanics comprehend  intuitively  the  scientific  aspect  of  mechanical 
laws  and  operations.  Those  convex  noses  that  are  the  highest  in 
the  upper  third  have  the  osseous  system  dominant,  and  this  gives 
love  and  appreciation  for  law,  order,  justice,  and  similar  noble  senti- 
ments ;  but  where  the  highest  curve  is  lower  than  this  a  less  noble 
and  more  selfish  character  is  manifested,  for  this  curving  is  caused 
by  the  dominance  of  muscle  or  cartilage,  and  hence  shows  more 
predaceous  tastes ;  all  of  which  harmonizes  with  the  chief  char- 
acteristics of  bone  and  muscle  in  their  manifestations. 

A  nose  in  which  bone  is  the  principal  constituent  announces 
a  more  solid  character  than  the  nose  which  is  composed  of  soft, 
flexible  muscle.  Starting  with  the  knowledge  of  character  by  the 
comprehension  of  the  diflerences  in  constituent  tissues,  tlie/o?*m 
next  engages  our  attention. 

The  highest  or  most  developed  of  the  osseous  noses  is  shown 
by  a  convexity  of  the  bridge  or  the  highest  point  thfit  is  attained 
by  its  outline.  This  height  is  observed  just  where  the  sign  for 
Executiveness  is  placed,  and  this  facial  sign  represents  the  faculty 


THE   NOSE.  921 

whicli  is  among  the  highest  evolved  by  the  osseous  system.  The 
capacity  to  execute  law  must  ever  be  one  of  man's  grandest  attri- 
butes, for  it  presupposes  Conscientiousness  or  Justice,  and  he  who 
is  imbued  with  a  spirit  of  justice,  and  has  the  abihty  and  desire  to 
administer  it,  has  certainly  a  superior  character.  Now,  mental 
capacity,  which  depends  upon  energy  to  exhibit  its  action,  can  pro- 
ceed primarily  from  none  other  than  physical  power.  Accordingly, 
we  find  that  those  who  exhibit  the  faculty  of  Executiveness  in  a 
large  degree,  or  even  in  a  moderate  degree,  possess  a  structure  of 
bone  and  muscle  suited  to  energetic  movements.  The  internal 
structure  of  certain  of  the  visceral  organs  are  also  found  to  be 
more  developed  than  is  the  case  where  the  nose  is  inferior  in  size 
and  form.  The  heart  and  lungs  co-operate  to  assist  energetic 
motions  as  well  as  to  carry  to  the  brain  a  large  volume  of  blood 
to  supply  that  organ  with  the  stimulus  necessary  in  grand  and 
long-continued  mental  operations.  It  is  thus  again  proven  that 
mind  and  body  are  one  and  indivisible — a  material  unity  which 
God  has  joined  and  which  no  man  ought  (theoretically,  even)  to 
put  asunder. 

The  heart  is  the  largest  muscular  organ  in  the  body ;  the 
lungs  are  not,  strictly  speaking,  muscular,  yet  contain  a  good  share 
of  elastic  tissue,  and  according  as  the  heart  is  large  and  strong, 
and  according  as  the  lungs  are  capacious  and  powerful,  so  is  the 
character  able  to  express  energy,  promptness,  and  decision  in  both 
mental  operations  and  physical  movements.  Hence,  when  the 
nose  is  convex  and  broad  in  its  convexity  the  character  will  ex- 
hibit the  highest  capacity  for  command,  such  as  was  shown  by 
the  Duke  of  Wellington  (the  "  Iron  Duke,"  as  he  was  termed),  as 
well  as  by  Admiral  Sir  Charles  Napier,  Hannibal,  Julius  Caesar, 
and  others  among  the  world's  great  conquerors.  Wellington's 
nose  was  like  a  battle-axe  in  shape  ;  very  superior  in  this  respect 
to  Napoleon's,  who  met  in  him  his  conqueror.  Many  of  our  gen- 
erals in  the  late  Rebellion  possessed  this  form  of  nose  or  some  one 
of  its  many  modifications.  It  requires  a  good  share  of  Benevolence 
to  balance  this  trait  in  order  to  prevent  its  possessor  from  becoming 
tyrannical  and  overbearing. 

The  convex  nose,  as  I  have  shown,  argues  superior  physio- 
logical structure,  and  superior  structure  always  discloses  greater 
ability  than  an  inferior  construction.  This  is  most  particularly 
the  case  as  regards  tlie  lungs  or  thoracic  system.  The  influence 
of  color  in  combination  with  this  form  may  be  taken  into  account 
with  profit  to  the  observer.  As  a  rule,  the  very  light  color  of  eyes 
and  hair  are  seldom  or  never  met  united  with  the  Executive  nose 
for  the  reason  that  bone  development  is  caused  by  life  under  the 


92^  fRACflCAL  AND   SClENTmc  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

sun's  rays  mainly,  and  this  course  is  calculated  to  color  the  blood ; 
hence,  bone  growth  and  purity  of  blood  proceed  jKiri  j^f^su  for 
generations,  and  from  this  double  development  of  physiological 
forces  proceeds  that  enormous  energy  that  has  characterized  the 
world's  greatest  leaders,  conquerors,  and  heroes.  Emerson  has 
emphasized  his  knowledge  of  this  correlation  of  growths  thus: — 

The  soundness  of  bone  ultimates  itself  in  a  peach-bloom  complexion. 

The  colors  that  characterize  those  who  possess  large  executive 
noses  are  either  the  black  hair  and  dark  eyes,  with  olive  and  red 
complexion,  or  very  dark-brown  hair,  blue  eyes,  and  clear,  decided 
red  and  white  complexion,  and,  as  color  creates  force,  so  the  energy 
of  the  character  is  greatly  enhanced  by' the  presence  of  a  large 
amount  of  color  in  the  system. 

It  requires  genemtions  of  normal  living  to  develop  the  forces 
requisite  to  make  a  hero  or  a  leader.  A  man  who  can  found  a 
great  nose  or  assist  in  this  grand  work  is  a  benefactor  to  the  whole 
human  race,  but  in  order  to  do  this  he  must  obey  natural  laws  and 
live  mainly  in  the  open  air,  bathe  in  sunlight,  and  live  on  simple, 
wholesome  diet.  Heroes  do  not  possess  small,  weak  lungs.  Great 
men,  as  a  rule,  are  not  great  invalids.  It  takes  generations  to 
produce  the  numerous  and  complex  strands  that  go  to  make  up 
such  a  character  as  a  Shakespeare  or  a  Newton.  Man  has  so  long 
been  studied  from  theories  and  not  from  facts  that  the  human  race 
is  utterly  ignorant  of  the  laws  of  heredity  and  descent.  Not  until 
the  societies  which  have  been  formed  for  the  purposes  of  inves- 
tigating and  disseminating  this  branch  of  science  have  imbued  the 
community  with  their  ideas  will  any  accurate  knowledge  of  the 
laws  of  life  and  race-building  be  comprehended,  and  all  attempts 
to  make  this  information  practical  will  fail  unless  studied  and  ap- 
plied in  connection  with  the  laws  and  principles  of  scientific  and 
practical  physiognomy. 

The  question  of  nose-building  is  the  dominant  one  in  race- 
culture,  and  nowhere  will  the  observer  find  a  better  illustmtion  of 
the  relation  between  nasal  development,  mental  ability,  and  visceral 
power  than  in  the  faces  and  physiques  of  those  eminent  men  and 
women  who  exhibit  the  highest  types  of  the  Executive  nose. 

ARGUMENTATIVE   TYPE. 

One  of  the  principal  modifications  of  the  convex  nose  is 
observed  in  the  noses  of  those  who  are  naturally  logical  and 
talented  in  argument  and  debate.  The  noses  of  those  thus  char- 
acterized are  relatively  long,  high,  and  broad;  bony  rather  than 
muscular.     Many  exhibit  a  certain  degree  of  height  where  the 


THE  NOSH.  92S 

sign  for  Executiveness  is  situated,  while  others  have  only  a  gentle 

undulation  or  curve  at  this  part  of  the  nose.     The  most  talented 

noses,  however,  exhibit  considerable  breadth  of  the  nose  at  this 

part,  as  well  as  general  width  of  the  entire  back,  and  stand  quite 

high  above  the  plane  of  the  face.     Flat-nosed- races  and  people 

are  never  logical  or  argumentative,  but 

rather  inclined  to  be  disputatious  and 

loquacious,  and   given  to  believe  that 

the  assertion  of  personal  opinion  is  as 

good  as  logic  and  perfectly  conclusive. 

Length,    height,    and    breadth    of   the 

nose,  if  good  or  high  quality  is  present, 

denote  the  thinker,  ana  good  thinkers 

are  capable  of  logical  ratiocination,  and 

will  manifest  it  by  voice  or  pen. 

The  earnest  expression  of  logical 
thought  requires  high  bodily  powers  as  fig.  231. 

,,^  -i.    T_i        u       •  1.  A  ARGUMENTATIVE  NOSE. 

well  as  a  suitable   brain    system.      A      (william  ewart  Gladstone.) 

man  who  can  think  logically  and  well 

"  on  his  feet,"  and  can  state  his  ideas  clearly  and  impressively 

in  that  position,  must  needs  possess  a  physiological  endowment 

suited  to  such  efforts,  and  his  nose  will  announce  that  fact  to  all 

beholders. 

There  are,  of  course,  many  diverse  forms  of  the  argumenta- 
tive nose,  varying  in  height,  widtli,  and  length  to  suit  the  bodily 
build  of  their  possessors.  The  reader  can  examine  with  profit  the 
nasal  organ  and  bodily  structure  of  the  following-named  persons: 
Lord  Erskine,  Charles  James  Fox,  AVilberforce,  Voltaire,  John 
Marshall,  Alexander  Hamilton,  Charles  Sumner,  Stephen  A. 
Douglas,  William  M.  Evarts,  Wilham  E.  Gladstone,  Tliaddeus 
Stevens,  Goldwin  Smith,  Gerritt  Smith,  and  Prof  Richard  Owen. 
The  noses  of  these  men  represent  various  types  of  the  argumen- 
tative capacity ;  yet  all  were  clear,  logical,  and  impressive,  each  in 
his  own  peculiar  line  of  thought.  Many  philosophers,  literary 
persons,  and  scientists  exhibit  the  argumentative  type.  These 
will  be  considered  later. 

COMMERCIAL  TYPE. 

There  are  two  general  types  of  the  commercial  nose,  both  of 
which  belong  to  the  convex  class.  The  one  most  pronounced  in 
its  outlines  may  be  termed  the  Jewish  or  Hebrew  nose.  It  is 
strongly  convex  just  helov)  the  sign  for  Executiveness,  and  re- 
sembles the  beak  of  the  bird  of  prey,  and,  according  to  the  basic 
principles  of  Form,  the  curve  of  this  feature  at  this  place  denotes 


924  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

rapacity  and  the  love  of  and  capacity  for  overcoming.  This  curved 
form  of  beak,  as  seen  among  birds,  is  confined  entirely  to  the  class 
termed  "  raptores,"  or  ra])acious  birds,  and  can  be  studied  with 
profit  in  the  forms  and  habits  of  the  following-named  birds :  the 
lammergeyer,  the  condor,  the  turkey-buzzard,  the  Arabian  vulture, 
the  eagle,  the  falcon,  the  hawks,  the  merlin,  the  kestrel,  the  spar- 
row-hawk, the  hen-harrier,  and  the  several  species  of  owl.  These 
creatures  are  all  carnivorous,  and  have  the  power  to  seize,  over- 
come, and  devour  their  prey.  The  higher  classes,  such  as  the 
eagles  and  Arabian  vultures,  possess  considerable  mental  ability 
and  keenness  of  vision.  Tlieir  bodily  build  shows  a  wonderful 
development  of  the  thorax,  just  as  it  is  seen  in  the  structure  of  the 
great  commercialists  among  men.  This  peculiarity  of  form  gives 
the  courage,  enterprise,  and  daring  which  are  required  in  large 
commercial  enterprises,  as  well  as  the  physical  capacity  to  sustain 
tlie  efforts  consequent  upon  such  enterprises.     Their  physiognomic 


Pig.  232.— commercial.  Fig.  233.— EXECUTIVE.       Fig.  234.— COMMERCIAL. 

peculiarities  are  similar  to  the  class  of  commercialists  above  men- 
tioned, viz. :  round  heads ;  long,  cautious,  curved  beaks  or  noses ; 
large,  round,  convex  eyes ;  curved  claws,  deep  chests,  and  veiy 
strong  muscles.  The  several  classes  of  eagles  are  domestic  and 
entirely  monogamous.  In  this  respect  they  are  much  superior  to 
many  men. 

The  various  modifications  of  this  form  of  nose  are  many,  yet 
all  announce  similarity  of  characteristics.  As  this  is  one  of  the 
most  pronounced  type,  and  as  it  is  characteristic  of  large  numbers 
of  an  old  and  perfected  race,  as  well  as  of  individuals  of  other 
races,  it  deserves  more  than  ordinary  attention.  It  possesses  great 
interest  for  the  scientific  physiognomist,  for  here  he  finds  the  con- 
firmation, proof,  and  explanation  of  many  theories  advanced  in 
these  pages. 

In  the  first  place,  the  Hebrew  commercial  nose  is  the  result 
of  ages  of  development  of  character  in  a  given  direction,  and  has 
been  intensified  by  ages  of  intermarriage  with  similar  type-forms. 


THE   NOSK  ^'•^s**'*^  925 


The  hygienic  law  of  the  Hebrew  race,  as  formulated  and  enforced 
by  that  great  law-giver,  Moses,  has  resulted  in  making  it  the  most 
vital,  the  longest-lived,  and  worldly-successful  race  in  existence, — 
a  proof  of  the  triumph  of  natural  law  bringing  its  sure  reward. 
The  reader  may  read  with  profit  the  books  of  Exodus  and  Le- 
viticus, in  the  Bible,  and  will  there  learn  that  Moses  was  an  ex- 
cellent physiognomist  as  well  as  hygienist.  It  has  been  by  the 
observance  of  natural  or  hygienic  measures  that  the  Hebrew  race 
has  attained  to  and  preserved  its  strong  individuality  and  identity 
as  a  perfected  race,  notwithstanding  the  numberless  and  deci- 
mating persecutions  to  which  it  has  been  subjected  for  thousands 
of  years.  Another  circumstance  which  has  preserved  them  is 
their  strong,  or  I  might  say  talented,  management  of  the  domestic 
institutions, — the  home  and  children.  The  success  of  a  race  rests 
primarily  upon  the  skill  displayed  in  the  rearing  of  offspring,  in 
the  perpetuity  of  and  justice  in  the  marriage  relations,  in  all  of 
which  the  Hebrews  -excel  all  other  peoples. 

Not  until  the  mind  divests  itself  of  religious  bigotry  and 
narrow  prejudices  can  it  do  this  splendid  race  justice.  Prejudice 
always  leads  to  narrowness  and  ignorance,  and  those  who  indulge 
in  those  petty  vices  cut  themselves  off  from  many  rich  fields  of 
knowledge,  much  of  which  may  be  gleaned  by  investigating  the 
habits,  literature,  and  history  of  this,  the  oldest  of  civiHzed  peoples. 
Those  who  are  familiar  with  the  writings  of  Moses  in  the  Bible  need 
not  be  told  of  the  grand  hygienic  system  wliich  he  presented  to  his 
followers,  and  notwithstanding  that  the  Hebrews  are  burdened  with 
the  results  of  "  breeding  in  and  in,"  or,  in  other  words,  of  too  closely 
intermarrying  without  crossing  the  race,  they  still  retain  great 
energy,  both  moral,  intellectual,  and  physical,  which  is  not  sur- 
passed by  any  other  civilized  people.  A  fine  lesson  in  heredity  or 
the  transmission  of  type-lbrms  and  features  is  afforded  by  the  study 
of  the  so-called  Hebrew  nose.  •  As  a  rule  these  people  intermarry 
within  their  own  race-boundaries ;  thus  all  race-peculiarities  and 
facial  features  are  inherited  in  an  intensified  form ;  and  as  religious 
persecutions  drove  them  to  become  traders  by  forbidding  them  to 
own  lands,  the  tmding  instinct  became  developed  almost  univer- 
sally among  them ;  although  literature,  art,  and  science  have  found 
among  them  many  grand  exponents,  yet  commerce  has  been  their 
chief  employment  for  centuries,  and  thus  acquisition  has  become 
one  of  their  dominant  traits;  and  as  it  is  one  of  the  ruling  forces 
of  their  mental  structure,  it  is  imprinted  not  only  upon  their  bodily 
form,  but  also  leaves  its  facial  representative,  in  accordance  with 
the  basic  principles  of  Form,  upon  that  feature  which,  more  than 
any  other,  illustrates  the  action  of  predaceous  energy,  viz.,  the  nose. 


926  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  form  or  outline  of  this  type  of  the  commercial  nose  dis- 
closes to  us,  as  in  the  case  of  the  bird  of  prey,  a  large  and  power- 
ful visceral  structure — large  lungs,  heart,  and  feeding  capacity. 
The  highest  curve  of  the  so-called  Hebrew  commercial  nose  is 
made  just  helow  the  sign  for  Executiveness,  and  is  allied  to  it  in 
character,  for  predaceous  energy,  such  as  commercialists  exhibit, 
requires  the  exercise  of  large  governing,  commanding,  and  aggres- 
sive powers.  Now,  one  rule  to  be  observed  in  translating  form 
into  character  is  formulated  by  the  basic  principles  of  Form,  and 
shows  that  height  means  nobility  or  power ;  its  opposite  appearance 
denotes  dissimilar  characteristics,  viz.,  lowness  and  weakness.  The 
highest  ridge  of  the  nose  gives  us  the  noble  quality  of  Executive- 
ness, and  where  the  ridge  rises  highest  below  this  we  have  Vener- 
ation,— a  faculty  which  bows,  submits  to,  or  respects  law;  but  where 
the  curve  takes  its  rise  from  the  root,  and  presents  but  one  curve 
to  the  tip,  showing  no  marked  undulation  at  either  of  these  signs, 
it  reveals  quite  another  character;  and  as  we  must  always  refer  for 
our  interpretation  to  allied  forms  in  Nature,  we  find  tliat  this  form 
is  similar  to  that  of  the  beak  of  the  birds  of  prey,  and  here  is  our 
interpretation :  An  examination  of  the  plans,  methods,  and  systems 
of  commerce  of  all  sorts  proves  it  to  be  one  vast  system  of  robbery, 
trickery,  rapine,  fraud,  and  conscienceless  extortion.  This  is  be- 
coming more  and  more  apparent  in  these  days  of  "trusts,"  "rings," 
"corners,"  and  "vile  monopolies."  In  all  of  these  schemes  the 
men  or  company  who  produce  nothing  stand  with  both  hands  out- 
stretched, demanding  tribute  from  both  the  producer  and  consumer, 
and  if  they  do  not  comply  they  must  starve.  One  class  of  mer- 
chants combine  to  ruin  another  class.  The  mercantile  rulers  of 
one  nation  combine  against  other  nations,  and  all  with  perfect 
unanimity  of  action  prey  upon  the  producers  and  consumers 
wherever  found.  The  men  most  prominent  in  these  infamous 
schemes,  whether  in  banking,  railroad  monopolies,  wheat  corners, 
whisky  rings,  or  sugar  trusts,  as  a  rule,  disclose  one  or  the  other 
of  the  two  most  decided  forms  of  the  commercial  nose,  i.e.,  they 
exhibit  either  the  so-called  Hebrew  nose,  or  the  long,  straight^  high, 
and  thick  commercial  nose.  Examine  for  illustrations  of  the  latter 
class,  the  noses  of  the  so-called  "railway  magnates"  of  Wall 
Street,  viz.,  those  of  AV.  H.Vanderbilt,  H.  J.  Jewett,  Sydney  Dillon, 
Jay  Gould,  C.W.  Field,  W.  A.  H.  Loveland,  Henry  Villard;  also 
the  noses  of  the  following  celebrated  merchants  and  manufacturers : 
Elliot  C.  Cowdin,  Matthew  Vassar,  I.  Friedlander,  the  "wheat 
king"  of  California. 

These  two  classes  of  noses  indicate  commercial  ability,  although 
those  with  the  curved  commercial   nose  show  more  acquisitive 


THE   NOSE.  921 

powers  than  the  other  type.  The  methods  pursued  by  those  ex- 
hibiting these  two  classes  of  nose  will  be  in  harmony  with  their 
forms.  There  are  many  persons  in  all  civilized  races  and  nation- 
alities who  exhibit  the  so-called  Jewish  nose.  Their  methods  will 
accord  with  this  formation. 

The  leading  characteristics  of  the  straight  commercial  nose 
are  breadth  and  length,  with  a  rather  uniform  thickness,  the  entire 
length.  The  length  denotes  both  caution  and  perspicacity-^-clear- 
ness,  far-sightedness.  The  height  at  the  point  announces  large 
Human  Nature.  Large  nostrils  reveal  a  strong  heart  and  lungs. 
Height  and  width  of  the  bridge  of  the  nose  are  signs  of  a  strong 
stomach,  all  of  which  afford  the  requisite  vigor  to  sustain  great 
mental  excitement  and  physical  fatigue.  The  combination  of  width 
and  height  at  this  point  betokens  large  administrative  capacity — a 
species  of  Executiveness.  Nearly  all  disclose  a  large  mouth  and  a 
long  upper  lip.  The  former  indicates  good  linguistic  capacity,  as 
well  as  large  assimilative  powers;  the  latter  announces  a  strong 
spinal  column,  as  well  as  dignity,  independence,  and  decision.  A 
very  large  ear  is  usually  found  upon  the  heads  of  all  great  com- 
mercialists. 

It  is  thus  shown  that  those  who  hold  a  prominent  position  in 
vast  commercial  enterprises  must  be  very  capable  men — organized 
on  a  large  plan.  What  a  pity  that  the  masses  are  not  imbued  with 
sufficient  intelligence  and  justice  to  formulate  a  more  honest  and 
just  system  of  distributing  tlie  products  of  labor !  Then  all  of  this 
splendid  talent  could  be  utilized  in  relieving  distress  and  suffering — 
the  producers  getting  their  just  share  of  their  productions  instead 
of  permitting  them  to  be  used  to  stimulate  the  greed  and  avarice 
of  a  few,  and  thus  developing  the  animal-like  traits  of  rapacity, 
dishonesty,  avarice,  and  unrighteous  domination.  You  may  say 
that  their  methods  are  legal ;  true,  but  legality  is  not  always  the 
highest  form  of  justice.  It  was  once  legal  to  buy  and  sell  human 
beings,  a  system  of  commerce  very  profitable  to  the  purchaser,  but 
what  to  the  purchased? 

MELANCHOLY   TYPE. 

One  peculiar  variety  of  the  convex  type  of  nose  is  exhibited 
by  those  who  manifest  congenital  melancholy,  and  this  trait  in- 
creases as  age  advances,  and  in  some  cases  a  tendency  to  dementia 
and  suicide  is  developed.  Some  of  the  most  talented  poets  and 
other  writers  possess  this  form,  and  their  writings  as  well  as  their 
lives  reveal  the  depressing  influence  of  this  sad  trait.  The  melan- 
choly nose  may  be  large  or  small,  yet  its  outline  will  assume  a  curve 
which  causes  it  to  dip  downward,  as  if  pointing  toward  the  body. 


928  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

This  is  a  most  significant  formation,  for  those  who  exhibit  it 
are  prone  to  dwell  much  upon  their  bodily  feelings,  conditions,  and 
slight  ailments,  and  if  they  contract  any  disorder,  especially  if  it 
be  of  a  chronic  sort,  no  matter  however  slight,  they 
are  apt  to  give  way  to  gloomy  fancies  and  forebod- 
ings. I  have  heard  those  with  this  form  of  nose 
often  express  themselves  as  having  no  joy  in  life,  and 
wishing  themselves  dead,  when  there  appeared 
nothing  to  cause  such  desire,  except  the  inherited 
tendency  to  melancholy. 

I^avater  has  given  us  his   impressions  of  the 
Fig  235  tumed-dowu  nose.     He  remarks : — 

melan(;holy  ^.t  ,  .  ,  u  ^         j  j  j 

NOSK.  Noses  which  are  much  turned  downward  are  never 

(Dante.)  truly    good,    truly    cheerful,   or    noble,  or    great.     Their 

thoughts  and  inclinations  always  tend  to  earth;  they  are 
close,  cold,  heartless,  incomnninicative,  often  maliciously  sarcastic,  ill- 
humored,  or  extremely  hypochondriac,  or  melancholic.  When  arched  in 
the  upper  part,  they  are  timid  and  voluptuous.  * 

The  nose  in  the  portrait  of  Edmund  Spenser,  poet,  is  long 
and  pointed  downward,  showing  both  caution  and  melancholy. 
The  upper  portion  is,  however,  straight  and  finely  formed.  The 
nose  of  Dante  is  of  the  same  form  also.  Every  minute  portion  of 
the  nose  expresses  character,  whetlier  we  regard  the  size,  the  out- 
line, the  breadth,  the  length,  or  the  bones  and  muscles  found  in  it. 
We  must  take  all  these  into  consideration  before  passing  judgment; 
we  must  note  its  height,  where  it  is  straight,  and  where  curved ; 
where  thick,  and  where  thin ;  in  what  direction  it  points,  and  where 
it  is  hollow  and  where  filled  out.  A  word  of  caution  is  here  neces- 
sary; the  inexperienced  observer  is  apt  to  confound  the  acquisitive 
or  commercial  type  with  the  melancholy.  Close  observation  and 
comparison  are  here  required  in  order  to  avoid  erroneous  con- 
clusions. 

DISHONEST   TYPE. 

One  modification  of  the  convex  class  of  nose  is  often  observed 
among  the  criminal  classes,  and  upon  the  countenances  of  many  in 
respectable  society  who  are  tricky  and  dishonest,  and  who  practice 
dishonorable  methods  in  business  and  in  other  ways.  This  form  is 
an  abnormal  or  degraded  variety  of  the  commercial  nose,  and  is 
exhibited  by  the  crook  or  curve  upon  the  ridge  of  the  nose,  in  a 
position  other  than  that  which  is  occupied  by  the  noblest  or  highest 
normal  position.  If  the  nose  curve  below  the  sign  for  Veneration 
it  indicates  descending  grades  of  nobility  and  strength,  in  varying 

*  Lavater's  Essays,  p.  472, 


THE   NOSE. 


929 


Fig.  236.— dishonest  nose. 
(LoKD  Bacon.) 


proportions.     It  is  usually  slight  in  its  curvation  here,  yet  suffi- 
ciently so  to  claim  the  attention  of  the  keen  observer. 

The  nose  of  the  Bedouin  Arabs  well  illustrates  this  form,  and 
other  predaceous  habits  reveal 
its  accompanying  characteristics. 
In  this  class  of  people  there  is 
usually  great  breadth  of  the  , 
nasal  organ,  indicating  their 
visceral  power, — constitutional 
vigor,  as  well  as  large  Acquisi- 
tiveness,— the  dominant  traits 
of  this  race.  The  curve  in 
this  nose  is  very  near  the  tip 
or  point,  and  thus  shows  its 
relatively  ignoble  character.  The 
combination  of  breadth  with  this 
low-placed  curve  denotes  a  com- 
bative spirit,  directed,  of  course,  in  the  direction  of  gain  by  conquest. 
All  outward  curvations  of  the  nose,  no  matter  upon  which  part 
of  the  ridge  they  appear,  indicate  some  form  of  the  aggressive, 
combative,  or  energetic  powers.  Noses  of  this  form  have  their 
attention  directed  more  upon  material  things  than  upon  abstract 
ideas;  hence,  their  curiosity  is  attracted  to  material  subjects  and 
to  domestic  matters,  within  the  family  and  social  circle.  This 
class,  like  those  with  the  Jewish  nose,  are  fond  of  the  pleasures  of 
the  table,  and  love  to  converse  upon  subjects  connected  with  the 
cuisine,  etc.;  especially  is  this  the  case  where  the  nose  is  broad  as 
well  as  hooked. 

Those  who  exhibit  the  curve  at  this  point  of  the  nose  are 
quick  and  apt  at  bargains,  and  with  ability  for  "getting  the  best 
of  a  bargain"  they  enjoy  shopping,  if  not  in  trade;  and  if 
engaged  in  commerce,  often  overreach  themselves  by  palming  off 
upon  their  customers  inferior  articles  for  a  first-class  price.  This 
class  of  people  should  bear  in  mind  that  "honesty  is  the  best 
policy ; "  also,  that  a  policy  which  is  an  honest  policy  is  the  best  busi- 
ness principle,  and  the  one  by  which  to  make  the  most.  This 
form  indicates  not  only  trickery  and  dishonesty  in  business,  but  it 
also  imparts  the  same  spirit  to  all  the  acts,  and  is  apt  to  tincture 
the  entire  nature ;  at  least,  it  will  influence  much  of  the  conduct  in 
other  directions  than  that  of  trade. 

The  curved  commercial  nose  is  sufficiently  overbearing  and 
oveiTeaching  in  its  manifestations,  and  where  the  nose  is  large  it 
is  exhibited  on  a  grand  scale  ;  but  the  curve  seen  in  the  lower  part 
of  the  ridge  does  not,  as  a  rule,  belong  to  talented  commercialists, 

69 


930  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

but  rather  discloses  less  ability  or  a  petty  variety  of  the  commercial 
type.  I  have  observed  this  form  in  the  noses  of  sneak-thieves  and 
other  petty  criminals,  as  well  as  upon  the  noses  of  respectable 
people  with  a  taste  for  close  bargains.  It  is  not  necessarily  crimi- 
nal^ yet  in  spirit  it  desires  the  best  and  the  most  for  the  money, 
and  if  cultivated  degenerates  in  the  best  characters  into  sharp 
practices,  to  say  the  least. 

Many  refined  and  generous  people  possess  some  slight  curva- 
ture at  the  lower  third  of  the  nose.  In  such  it  is  not  an  indication 
of  criminal  intent,  but  indicates  an  aptitude  for  commerce.  The 
physiognomist  must  always  take  into  account  quality  and  other 
modifying  influences  in  making  up  the  entirety  of  a  character. 
With  a  coarse  quality,  this  peculiar  form  of  nose  denotes  a  tricky, 
dishonest  disposition ;  but  in  combination  with  a  refined  mind,  the 
tendency  is  to  trade,  and  such  characters  will  be  usually  successful 
in  commercial  transactions. 

SCIENTIFIC   TYPE. 

Almost  all  persons  possessed  of  eminent  scientific  tastes  and 
talents  exhibit  noses  straight  rather  than  convex ;  yet,  as  they  are 
composed  mainly  of  bone  they  must  be  classed  as  positive  in 
character;  hence  I  place  them  in  the  convex  class;  then,  too, 
almost  all  of  this  class  exhibit  a  considerable  degree  of  convexity, 
ranging  from  large  Executiveness  to  a  subdued  type  of  Veneration, 
and  nearly  all  good  scientists  possess  a  large  share  of  this  element 
in  their  mental  make-up.  Obedience  to  law  is  one  of  the  attri- 
butes of  a  scientific  mind ;  such  minds  respect  or  venerate  natural 
law,  until,  as  in  the  case  of  Charles  Darwin,  it  constitutes  their 
entire  religious  creed  and  worship.  Again,  in  almost  all  scientific 
noses  there  is  found,  in  combination  with  the  slight  convexity  of 
the  bridge,  a  considerable  degree  of  icidtJi  at  this  part  and  often 
along  the  entire  length  (the  latter  is  the  form  exliibited  in  all  who 
are  eminent  in  science).  See,  for  example,  the  noses  of  the 
Herschels,  Francis  Bacon,  Copernicus,  Sir  John  lAibbock,  Rudolf 
Virchow,  Robert  Wilhelm  Bunsen,  Paul  Broca,  Professor  Charles 
Thomas  Jackson,  Louis  Pasteur,  and  Schleiden,  and  the  noses  of 
other  renowned  scientists  present  both  width  and  height  at  the 
bridge  and  at  other  parts  of  the  bridge  and  back  of  the  nose. 

The  main  constituent  of  the  scientific  nose  is  bone,  and  this 
gives  height  and  length,  also  width  at  the  bridge;  while  muscle  or 
cartilage  fills  out  the  sides  and  tip.  The  length  denotes  caution 
and  perspicacity;  width,  comprehensiveness;  the  height  at  the 
bridge,  elevation  or  development.  The  peculiarities  of  the  form 
of  the  sides  and  tip  will  reveal  the  characteristics  peculiar  to  each 


THE   NOSE.  931 

individual  subject  under  consideration.  All  long,  high,  and  bony 
noses  denote  capacity  for  reflection,  and  if  they  are  broad  as  well 
as  high,  they  indicate  breadth  of  perception  as  well  as  logical 
capacity.  The  osseous  element  affords  the  practicality  essential  to 
the  investigation  of  Nature's  laws,  while  it  also  gives  calmness, 
perseverance,  observation,  stability,  and  integrity  to  all  mental 
efforts.  The  last-named  quality  is  most  essential  to  the  characters 
of  those  who  would  seek  to  pierce  the  veil  of  Nature's  secret 
arcana.  The  keenest  obserAation  is  required  in  scientific  and 
mechanical  investigation,  in  order  to  insure  accuracy  of  description. 
The  bony  system  develops  this  trait  in  its  highest  degree.  It  is 
therefore  the  distinguishing  mark  of  all  good  or  great  scientists 
and  mechanicians. 

Natural  laws  are  based  on  justice,  equilibrium  or  balance 
being  the  mathematical  foundation  upon  which  all  Nature  reposes; 
hence,  in  order  to  understand  the  laws  of  God  as  shown  through 
the  operations  of  Nature,  Conscientiousness  must  be  paramount, 
and  this  trait  is  evolved  from  a  developed  osseous  system,  made 
perfect  primarily  through  the  perfection  of  the  fluid  system  of  the 
body,  having  tlie  kidneys  for  its  chief  agent  in  the  purifying  and 
constructive  process.  Conscience  has  been  naturaUij  evolved,  and 
not  snperncduraJhj  imimrted.  The  high  moral  character  of  scien- 
tists as  a.  class  demonstrates  the  possession  by  them  of  a  large  share 
of  Conscientiousness.  In  their  moral  natures  they  are  exceeded 
by  no  class  whatsoever. 

Where  the  noses  of  scientists  is  observed  to  be  rather  shorter 
and  broader  than  those  who  exhibit  the  longest  type,  they  will  be 
found  to  operate  more  upon  the  art  side  of  science,  rather  than 
upon  the  more  material  phases;  they  will  incline  to  experiment; 
as,  for  example,  they  may  be  expert  in  microscopy,  photography, 
in  experiments  with  light  and  heat,  with  chromatics,  in  operative 
surgery,  in  practical  chemistry,  etc.  In  the  latter  class,  the  nose 
of  James  Prescott  Joule  is  an  excellent  illustration.  Bunsen's 
nose  is  on  this  order,  as  also  that  of  John  AVesley  Powell. 

The  noses  of  many  eminent  surgeons  are  relatively  short,  and 
broad  at  the  end,  proving  that  muscle  is  one  of  the  dominant 
tissues;  also,  that  Constructiveness,  Mental  Imitation,  and  Anal- 
ysis are  large.  See,  for  example,  the  noses  of  John  Hunter  and 
Edward  Jenner,  celebrated  surgeons ;  the  latter  was  the  flrst  to 
apply  inoculation  as  a  preventive  for  the  small-pox ;  the  former 
was  the  discoverer  of  the  "life  of  the  blood"  and  other  veiy  im- 
portant natural  laws.  In  his  Museum  of  Comparative  Anatomy, 
now  owned  by  the  English  government,  he  made  more  than  ten 
thousand  anatomical  and  physiological  preparations,  and  founded 


932  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the  finest  anatomical  museum  ever  collected  and  arranged  by  one 
individual.  To  give  the  reader  a  slight  idea  of  his  method  of 
illustrating  the  lunctions  of  the  human  economy,  I  extract  the 
following  from  a  description  of  his  labors.  His  biographer 
remarks : — 

Dr.  Hunter  found  it  impossible  to  explain  the  functions  of  life  by  the 
investigation  of  human  anatomy  unaided  by  comparison  with  the  simpler 
organization  of  brutes,  and  therefore  he  undertook  the  amazing  labor  of 
examining  and  preparing  the  simplest  animals,  gradually  advancing  from 
the  lowerto  the  higher,  until  by  the  process  of  synthesis  the  structure  of 
the  human  body  was  demonstrated  and  explained.  Let  us  take  one  small 
compartment  in  order  to  understand  the  etiect  of  this  method.  Suppose  it 
is  wished  to  learn  the  importance  of  the  stomach  in  the  animal  economy. 
The  first  object  presented  to  us  is  a  hydatid,  an  animal,  as  it  were,  all  stom- 
ach, being  a  simple  sac,  with  an  exterior  absorbing  surface.  Then  we  have 
the  polypus,  with  a  stomach  opening  by  one  orifice  and  with  no  superadded 
organ.  Next  in  order  is  the  leech,  in  which  we  see  the  beginning  of  a  com- 
plexity of  structure.  It  possesses  the  power  of  locomotion, and  has  brain, 
nerves,  and  muscles,  but  as  yet  the  stomach  is  simple.  Then  we  advance  to 
creatures  in  which  the  stomach  is  complex.  We  find  the  simple,  mem- 
branous digesting  stomach  ;  then  the  stomach  with  a  crop  attached  to  macer- 
ate and  prepare  the  food  for  digestion ;  then  a  ruminating  stomach  with  a 
succession  of  cavities,  and  with  the  gizzard  in  some  animals  for  grinding  the 
food  and  performing  the  office  of  teeth;  and, finally, all  the  appended  organs 
necessary  in  the  various  classes  of  animals,  until  we  find  that  all  the  chylo- 
poietic  viscera  group  around  this,  as  performing  the  primary  and  essential 
office  of  assimilating  new  matter  to  the  animal  body.* 

I  have  inserted  the  above  slight  extract  to  show  the  reader 
that  patience,  perseverance,  and  order  are  ever  the  attributes  of 
those  who  bless  the  world  by  their  observations  of  Nature's  opera- 
tions ;  also  to  demonstrate  that  the  synthetic  methods  pursued  by 
me  in  tracing  physiognomic  features  are  identical  with  those  fol- 
lowed by  the  most  eminent  scientists  in  other  departments  of 
science.  The  analytical  and  synthetic  methods  combined  give  us 
the  ancient  and  modern  ways  of  approaching  the  investigation  of 
all  natural  objects,  and  it  is  this  combination  of  methods  which  has 
given  such  an  impetus  to  modern  investigation.  Reasoning  from 
a  whole  to  the  constituent  parts,  and  from  the  separate  parts  to  the 
whole,  affords  us  a  central  and  circumferential  knowledge  of  a 
subject,  theory,  or  object.  Herbert  Spencer  is  a  grand  example  of 
one  talented  in  both  these  faculties,  and  one  is  at  a  loss  which  most 
to  admire,  his  analytic  or  his  synthetic  modes  of  inquiry. 

MECHANICAL   TYPE. 

There  are  two  general  and  distinct  classes  of  mechanicians, 
one  of  which  is  noted  for  the  dominance  of  the  muscular  system, 

*  The  Portrait  Gallery,  vol.  iii,  p.  665.  (Published  by  the  Society  for  the  Diffusion  of  Useful 
Knowledge.) 


THE   NOSE.  933 

and  the  other  for  the  supremacy  of  the  osseous  system.  The 
latter  class  exhibits  a  capacity  for  angular  mechanism  rather  than 
for  the  round.  Carpenters  come  under  the  head  of  angular 
mechanics,  inasmuch  as  they  deal  with  plane  surfaces  and  angular 
forms;  while  watchmakers  and  wheelwrights  belong  to  the  mus- 
cular-constructive class,  and  are  best  adapted  to  the  running  of 
machinery,  and  will  show  themselves  more  skillful  in  this  direction 
than  in  the  former.  The  most  skillful  piano-players  and  sewing- 
machine  operators  belong  to  the  muscular  class.  It  is  true  that 
the  bony  class  of  mechanics  make  use  of  circular  forms  and  of  the 
spherical  principle  in  their  various  works;  yet  these  are  not  the 
dominant  or  reigning  principles.  The  muscular  classes  also  use 
the  angular  principle  of  form;  yet  the  circular  is  the  regnant 
principle  in  their  works.  The  bodies  and  noses  of  these  two 
classes  present  tiro  distinct  types  of  formation  in  harmony  with 
the  Ibrms  which  they  are  most  skillful  in  using  and  creating. 

The  angular  mechanic  is 
conspicuous  by  a  long,  high,  and 
bony  nose ;  in  some  subjects  it  is 
convex  and  well  tilled  out  at  the 
sides,  with  squareness  of  all  the 
bones,  and  an  angular  rather  than 
a  rounded  body.  The  joints  of 
the  hands,  fingers,  and  limbs  are 
large  and  considered  "homely" 
by  those  who  do  not  know  the 
beauty  and    significance  of  the  fig.  237.-mechanical  nose. 

square  and  angle.     In  some  me- 
chanics the  nose  is  relatively  short,  thick,  and  broad,  yet  with  large 
bones;  in  others  longer,  yet  wide  and  thick  through,  just  above 
the  opening  of  the  nostrils.     Professor  Morse,  the  electrician,  is  an 
excellent  example  of  this  sort  of  nose. 

I  recently  saw  in  a  fashion  article  a  recipe  for  making  a  stiiF, 
bony  wrist  over  into  a  round,  plump,  flexible  one !  This  would 
be,  if  successful,  a  greater  miracle  than  was  ever  wrought  by  saint 
or  prophet.  Those  who  recognize  but  one  form  of  beauty,  viz., 
the  curvilinear  form,  need  to  extend  their  knowledge  of  the  sig- 
nification of  forms  in  Nature,  and  thus  broaden  tlieir  capacity  lor 
enjoying  those  shapes  that  illustrate  the  most  substantial,  the  most 
heroic  and  moral  character. 

ABNORMAL  TYPE. 

Many  human  beings  come  into  the  world  freighted  with  the 
results  of  the  bad  habits  of  innumerable  ancestors.     The  nose 


934  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

records  these  lapses  from  normal  habits  as  surely  as  it  registers  the 
hygienic  conditions  which  have  resulted  in  normal  form  of  this 
member. 

Noses  disproportionately  short  announce  a  lack  of  bone,  hence 
of  caution  and  foresight  in  the  subject  exhibiting  this  form.  This 
mental  defect  will  inevitably  lead  to  ill  luck  in  all  enterprises,  as 
well  as  to  ill  health  through  lack  of  the  care-taking  propensity. 
We  can,  therefore,  class  this  among  the  unhealthful  or  abnormal 
types. 

A  nose  very  high  and  extremely  tJiin  in  combination  is  another 
abnormal  form,  and  reveals  consumptive  tendencies,  with  but  feeble 
longevous  powers.  Great  weakness  of  the  stomach  is  to  be  found 
associated  with  those  noses  that  are  greatly  depressed  at  the  centre, 
as  well  as  a  lack  of  veneration  of  the  self-controlling,  self-respect- 
ing, law-abiding  element. 

Very  sharp-pointed  noses  are  deficient  in  that  general  or  large 
development  of  character  and  of  physique  wliich  indicates  capacity 

for  long  life,  or  a  liW  that  is  rich  in  its 
faJhiess.  It  is  not  so  much  length  of 
days  that  is  to  be  considered  desirable  as 
is  the  quaUfy  of  fullness  of  existence 
while  on  earth. 

The   gimlet-shaped   nose   ever   an- 
nounces a  small  degree  of  those  ornate 
faculties  which   assist  in   rendering  the 
^^^-  2=^-  mind  creative,  imag^inative,  artistic,  and 

ABNORMAL  NOSE.  ,     ,.  ,'  '^       .,  '        i  i        , 

(Native  tasmanian  Woman.)     analytic ;  and  these  traits  are  tlie  product 

in  a  race  of  a  higher  evolutionary  grade 
than  is  possessed  by  those  with  sharp-pointed  or  impoverished 
noses.  Examine  some  of  the  lower  classes  of  the  Irish,  those  who 
are  the  offspring  of  centuries  of  deprivation  of  physical  comforts 
and  social  advantages,  and  we  shall  find  the  most  striking  types 
of  this  class  of  pointed  noses.  It  is  also  seen  in  the  faces  of  indi- 
viduals of  all  races,  and  in  them  denotes  poor  physical  conditions 
of  their  ancestors.  A  good  nose  is  not  the  product  of  one  gen- 
eration alone;  neither  does  a  poor  one  come  into  existence  sud- 
denly. It  can  be  traced  back  to  some  poor-nosed  ancestor,  or  is 
the  result  of  cumulative  deprivation,  or,  as  in  tlie  case  of  some 
feeble-minded  subject,  it  proceeds  from  unusual  modifications  of 
the  laws  of  form  during  prenatal  existence. 

Noses  abnormally  long  indicate  too  great  a  degree  of  Cautious- 
ness, and  this  gives  a  suspicious  turn  to  the  mind,  and  thus  en- 
genders disordered  or  morbid  ideas,  which  may  result  in  alienating 
friends,  or  in  melancholy  brooding,  in  insanity  or  suicide. 


THE   NOSE.  9S5 

A  nose  very  crooked  or  curved  on  the  back,  below  the  normal 
position  lor  the  curve,  betokens  avaricious  or  dishonest  propen- 
sities. It  is,  in  short,  a  caricature  of  strength,  and  as  the  curve  is 
misplaced  it  argues  a  condition  not  normal. 

The  nose  which  is  disproportionately  high  at  the  bridge  will 
exhibit  a  despotic  nature,  unless  there  are  modifying  signs  else- 
where— such,  for  example,  as  well-balanced  Benevolence,  large 
Reason,  or  Love  of  Young,  or  Conjugality,  or  Practicality. 

Where  the  nose  is  high  and  broad  between  tlie  eyes,  and  joins 
the  forehead  without  any  degree  of  incurvation,  it  denotes  a  char- 
acter stupidly  willful.  If  it  join  the  forehead  without  a  gentle 
undulation,  and  tlien  suddenly  project,  it  is  evidence  of  a  sus- 
picious as  well  as  of  a  willful  disposition. 

If  the  nose  be  abnormally  short  and  thick,  with  a  poor  quality 
of  texture,  it  is  evidence  of  a  stupid  or  brutal  character. 

Where  the  nostrils  are  wide  and  appear  as  if  facing  the 
observer,  it   is   proof  of  low  animal   passions.     This  is  one  of 


Fig.  239.  Fig.  240. 

ANIMAL  TYPE.  REVENGEFUL  NOSTRILS. 

the  most  striking  characteristics  of  many  animals.  It  is  found 
in  all  simian  faces,  as  well  as  among  the  carnivorous  classes  and 
tlie  more  peaceable  domestic  beasts.  The  ape  tribes  disclose  this 
peculiarity  in  what  may  be  termed  its  most  malicious  form,  the 
nostril  being  at  almost  right  angles  to  the  eyes,  and  this  form, 
when  observed  in  the  human  face,  indicates  spite,  malice,  revenge, 
or  vindictiveness,  in  various  degrees  and  in  diverse  manifestations. 

Nostrils  exceedingly  narrow  announce  poor  circulatory  and 
respiratory  powers,  with  a  decided  tendency  to  consumption  and 
little  ambition. 

Nostrils  that  are  stiff  and  wanting  in  flexibility  denote  absence 
of  sensitiveness  or  delicacy  of  sensation. 

Very  broad  and  flat  nostrils  indicate  abnormal  secretiveness, 
as  in  the  negro  and  other  undeveloped  races.     This  appearance  is 


936  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

an  animal  peculiarity,  and  must  be  classed  among  the  signs  for 
comparatively  undeveloped  minds. 

In  concluding  the  foregoing  analysis  and  description  of  the 
nose,  it  is  pertinent  to  the  subject  to  speak  of  those  accidental  ap- 
pearances of  this  feature  which  often  lead  the  physiognomist  into 
error.  A  highly-observant  physiognomist  should  be  able  to  at  once 
know  if  a  peculiarity  of  this  member  were  congenital  or  accidental, 
but,  lest  a  wrong  verdict  of  character  should  be  rendered,  the  ques- 
tion should  be  put  to  the  subjeci  as  to  whether  accident  has  im- 
parted an  unnatural  form  to  the  nose.  Many  noses  are  one-sided ; 
others  depressed  at  the  bridge  by  a  blow ;  others  by  accident  be- 
come straightened  at  the  bridge,  which  were  originally  convex; 
others  are  swollen  by  catarrh  or  other  disorders,  or  by  bad  habits 
of  eating  and  drinking;  others  present  thickened  walls  and  a 
large,  thick,  coarse  point,  which  is  a  scrofulous  indication,  and 
does  not  denote  Ideality  or  Sublimity.  The  quahty  as  well  as 
form  should  be  remarked,  for  fineness  of  the  texture  of  the  skin  is 
the  sign  of  fineness  of  organization,  and  is  seldom  the  accompani- 
ment of  a  scrofulous  diathesis. 

AU  these  circumstances  should  be  taken  into  account  in  read- 
ing the  physiognomy.  Certain  disorders  destroy  the  osseous  tissue 
of  the  nose;  others  affect  the  cartilage.  Catarrh  and  syphilis 
both  leave  traces  of  their  ravages  upon  this  member,  while  polypus 
and  inflammation  change  the  color,  size,  and  texture.  All  these 
circumstances  must  be  had  in  consideration.  When  the  nose  is 
60  far  destroyed  as  to  prevent  our  gaining  a  knowledge  of  the 
mentality  of  the  subject,  reference  may  be  made  to  the  forehead, 
head,  and  shape  of  the  hand,  the  fingers,  and  other  portions  of 
the  organism,  for  all  are  parts  of  one  harmonious  whole,  and 
serve  to  enlighten  the  truly  accurate  observer. 

The  Eye. 

In  order  to  understand  the  full  significance  of  the  eye  as  an 
indicator  of  character,  a  certain  degree  of  knowledge  of  its  mechani- 
cal construction,  as  well  as  of  its  evolution,  is  essential.  It  is 
impossible  in  this  work,  limited  as  it  is  to  the  more  external  aspects 
of  character,  to  give  extended  descriptions  of  the  physiology  and 
evolution  of  all  the  features ;  yet  some  accumte  account  must  be 
had  from  competent  authority  in  order  not  only  to  enlighten  the 
reader,  but  also  to  sustain  my  own  theories. 

As  elsewhere  stated,  the  outer  skin-coA^ering  of  the  body  is 
the  most  primitive  of  the  mental  organs ;  it  is  in  the  human  being 
the  most  diffused  and  extensive,  and  gives  us  our  ideas  of  heat  or 


THE   EYE.  '  937 

cold,  of  solid  or  liquid,  of  pressure  or  of  resistance;  in  short,  of 
the  qualities  of  things  independent  of  that  knowledge  of  them 
which  sight  brings  to  us. 

The  tips  of  the  fingers  and  the  tongue  are  the  most  sensitive 
portions  of  this  sense-organ.  The  outer  skin  is  the  most  primitive 
of  the  mental  organs,  and  evolution  teaches  how  the  eyes  are 
evolved  from  this  tissue.  The  course  of  their  evolution  has  been 
followed  with  the  aid  of  the  microscope  and  other  instrumentalities 
by  many  eminent  observers,  in  the  human  as  well  as  in  animal 
embryos. 

As  it  would  take  too  much  space  were  I  to  go  into  the  detail 
of  their  observations,  I  shall  therefore  be  obliged  to  content  myself 
'  with  quoting  the  result  or  summing  up  of  the  description  by 
Professor  Haeckel  of  this  process.     He  observes: — 

The  most  important  fact  in  this  remarkable  process  of  ej^e-develop- 
ment  is  the  circumstance  that  tlie  optic  nerve,  the  retina,  and  the  pigment- 
membrane  originate  from  a  part  of  the  brain,  from  a  protuberance  of  the 
twixt-brain,  while  the  cr^'stalline  lens,  the  most  important  refracting  medium, 
develops  from  the  outer  skin  (epidermis).  From  the  outer  skin — the  horny 
lamina — originates  also  the  delicate  connecting  membrane  (conjunctiva), 
which  afterward  envelops  the  outer  surface  of  the  eyeball ;  the  tear-glands 
proceed  as  branched  processes  from  the  conjunctiva;  all  the  other  parts  of 
the  eje  originate  from  the  skin-fibrous  layer;  the  vitreous  body,  and  the 
vascular  lens-capsule,  from  tlie  leather  plate,  the  choroid  coat  with  the  iris, 
and  the  protective  membrane  (sclerotica)  with  the  horny  membrane  (cornea) 
from  the  head-plates.  The  outer  protective  organs  for  the  eye,  tlie  eyelids, 
are  merely  simple  folds  of  skin,  which  in  the  human  embryo  appear  in  the 
third  month.  In  the  fourth  month  the  upper  lid  adheres  to  the  lower,  and 
the  eye  then  remains  covered  by  them  till  birth.  The  two  eyelids  usually 
again  separate  shortly  before  birth,  but  sometimes  not  till  after.  Our  skulled 
ancestors  had,  in  addition  to  this,  a  third  eyelid^  the  nictitating  membrane^ 
which  was  drawn  over  the  eye  from  the  inner  corner.  Many  primitive  fishes 
(Selachii)  and  Amnion  animals  j-et  retain  this.  In  apes  and  man  it  has 
atrophied,  and  onl3^  a  small  remnant  of  it  exists  in  the  inner  corner  of  the 
e^^e,  as  the  "  crescent-shaped  fold,"  as  a  useless  "  rudimentary  organ."* 

The  student  of  evolution  will  call  to  mind  that  the  entire 
bmin  was  originally  evolved  from  the  outer  skin,  hence,  in  its 
most  exact  and  vigorous  sense,  all  parts  of  the  eye  have  been 
derived  from  this  tissue,  and  in  this  circumstance  we  find  one  of 
the  most  powerful  evidences  of  the  intimate  relation  existing  be- 
tween the  texture  of  the  skin  and  the  brightness  of  the  eye.  It 
will  be  found  upon  examination  that  these  two  conditions  are 
always  in  exact  relationship  or  agreement  with  each  other.  The 
physiognomist  feels  entirely  safe  when  by  putting  together  these  two 
circumstances  he  deduces  therefrom  the  quality  or  mental  grade  of 
the  subject. 

♦The  Evolution  of  Man,  Ernst  Haeckel,  voL  ii,  p.  259. 


938  ftlACTlCAL   AND   SCIENtmC   PHYSIOGNOMt. 

And  it  is  this  knowledge  that  gives  me  confidence  in  asserting 
that  fineness  and  clearness  of  the  skin,  hrightness  of  the  eye,  and 
fineness  of  the  hair  are  proofs  of  a  higher  grade  of  mentality 
than  coarse,  thick  skin,  coarse  hair,  and  dull  eyes.  It  is  a  long 
road  over  which  the  true  physiognomist  must  travel  to  find  his 
proofs.  Demonstration  is  what  is  needed  for  this  purpose,  and 
no  true  physiognomist  should  be  satisfied  with  unsupported  evi- 
dence or  mere  assertion;  besides,  the  interest  of  any  feature  is 
greatly  enhanced  if  we  can  trace  its  liistory^  for  this  opens  our 
minds  to  much  that  is  not  apparent  upon  a  surface  presentation. 

The  history  of  the  development  of  any  organ  or  feature  is 
wonderfully  instructive,  and  enriches  the  mind  with  facts,  which 
are  far  more  satisfying  than  the  fanciful  theories  of  Creation,  which 
have  entertained  the  credulous  in  past  ages. 

The  only  way  that  we  can  arrive  at  a  correct  knowledge  of 
things,  is  by  the  use  of  our  natural  senses!  The  more  perfect 
they  are,  the  more  exact  will  be  our  knowledge  of  phenomena,  and 
the  more  perfectly  constructed  the  eye,  both  in  its  mechanism  and 
chemical  organization,  the  more  accurate  will  be  our  knowledge 
of  those  objects  which  sight  brings  to  our  observation. 

The  perfect  mechanical  construction  of  the  eye  is  rather  rare, 
as  I  am  informed  by  an  eminent  oculist.  The  imperfections  of 
eyesight  are  probably  as  common  as  are  the  imperfections  of  the 
organs  of  speech,  hearing,  and  scent.  These  all  vary  from  a  normal 
degree  to  the  most  feeble  grade.  Hence,  it  is  not  surprising  to 
find  that  perfect  articulation,  accurate  hearing,  and  keen  scent,  are 
rather  rare  than  otherwise ;  this  fact  is  known  to  all  physicians. 
Some  of  these  deficiencies  are  due  to  abnormal  chemical  action, 
whereby  the  fluids  of  the  eye  or  the*  tissues  are  not  perfectly  devel- 
oped, or  through  malformation  of  the  muscles  of  the  eye,  or  by 
their  defective  mechanical  construction  and  action,  making  the  eye 
either  too  long  or  too  short  sighted,  or  too  oblique,  as  in  strabismus, 
or  "cross-eyes,"  as  it  is  commonly  termed.  Again,  the  coloring 
pigment  may  be  lacking  to  such  an  extent  as  to  render  the  color- 
sense  very  weak,  and  also  to  so  enfeeble  the  vision  as  to  cause  very 
defective  or  confused  ideas  of  objects  under  observation.  It  will 
be  observed  by  the  last  remark  that  deficiency  of  color  in  the  eye 
is  a  direct  impediment  to  true  sight.  Albinos  illustrate  this  defect, 
as  they  are  noted  for  their  feeble  eyesight,  as  well  as  for  weakness 
of  all  their  senses.  The  same  feebleness  of  sensation  is  apparent 
in  the  sense-organs  of  others,  where  the  color  pigment  is  lacking. 
The  nasal  and  auditory  ganglia  require  coloring  pigment,  and  if 
this  be  absent  the  senses  of  scent  and  of  hearing  are  relatively 
weak.     Or  if  there  be  a  general  absence  of  color,  and  the  com- 


THE   EYE.  939 

plexion  be  pallid,  all  of  the  tissues  are  abnormally  feeble,  with  a 
tendency  to  scrofula  or  consumption,  and  the  color-sense  is  also 
wanting.  Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  in  order  to  have  perfect  vision 
very  many  things  are  required,  and  this  will  explain  why  there  are 
so  few  comparatively  perfectly  constructed  eyes. 

The  two  principal  functions  of  the  eye  are  sight  and  motion. 

The  eye,  like  all  the  features  of  the  face,  is  both  a  physical 
and  a  mental  organ  and  feature. 

It  is  a  current  belief  (along  with  many  other  physiognomical 
heresies)  that  the  eye  expresses  more  of  the  mental  2>owers  than 
any  rther  facial  feature.  I  do  not  so  regard  it,  for  the  reason  that, 
when  the  eyes  are  closed,  very  tkorough  knowledge  of  mental 
characteristics  can  be  had  from  inspection  of  the  nose  alone. 

But  this  amount  of  knowledge  cannot  be  gained  by  observa- 
tion of  the  eyes  solely;  this  is  a  test  of  the  relative  value  of  the 
two  features  as  significators  of  mental  character.  That  the  eye  is 
a  more  impressive  feature  than  any  other  I  will  concede.  The 
brightness  and  intelligence  exhibited  by  this  feature  immediately 
arrest  one's  attention,  and  give  brilliancy  and  an  appearance  of 
active  life  to  the  countenance,  without  which  it  would  resemble  a 
lifeless  statue  more  nearly. 

Dr.  Cross  concurs  with  me  in  this  view,  for  he  observes  thus: — 

Were  we  at  this  moment  to  see  a  face  for  the  first  time,  our  attention 
would  be  arrested  by  the  eye — a  thing  so  brilliant  in  the  midst  of  dullness, 
as  if  it  were  a  little  fire,  or  a  window  opening  into  a  luminous  apartment. 
But  although  the  eye  from  its  superiority,  in  situation,  in  structure,  and  in 
function,  is  a  more  engaging  and  a  more  expressive  feature  than  the  nose, 
yet  the  nose  from  being  more  central,  and  from  being  connected  with  the 
great  vital  organs,  is  a  more  radical  feature.* 

The  eye  is  the  facial  register  of  the  muscular  system  of  the 
entire  body,  and  its  motions  are  due  to  the  development  of  that 
system. 

It  is  the  movement  as  well  as  the  brightness  of  the  eyeball 
that  makes  it  so  attractive ;  not  the  fixed  gaze,  for  the  eyes  express 
all  emotions  in  turn.  Although  the  eye  in  a  state  of  repose  gives 
us  the  general  tone  of  the  mentality,  as  well  as  the  temper  and 
morality,  it  does  not  reveal  to  us  either  the  power  or  direction  of 
the  intellect;  the  nose  alone  is  competent  to  disclose  all  these.  The 
eye  expresses  the  emotions  rather  tlian  the  purely  intellectual 
processes,  for  movement  is  better  adapted  to  feeling  than  to  thought. 
It  is  this  great  capacity  for  motion  which  leads  me  to  regard  the 
eye  as  more  indicative  of  the  emotional  nature  than  of  the  intel- 
lectual nature. 

*  An  Attempt  to  Establish  Physiognomy  on  Scientific  Principles,  John  Cross,  M.D.,  p.  243. 


940  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNO,MY. 

The  eyes  and  ears  have  arisen  out  of  the  original  nervous 
system,  as  evolution  teaches  us ;  hence  they  were  not  intended  to 
supersede  the  functions  of  sensation  or  tactile  power,  but  to  assist 
them.  One  proof  of  this  is  had  in  the  experiment  of  endeavoring 
to  ascertain  the  qualities  of  articles  by  toucli.  Tt  will  surprise 
those  who  have  never  made  tliis  test  to  find  how  little  the  function 
of  sight  is  essential  to  knowledge  in  this  direction.  Now,  although 
qualities  may  be  detected  by  touch  alone,  yet  we  can  gain  no 
adequate  idea  o^  form  and  color  except  by  sight,  and  as  these 
constitute  the  greater  part  of  objects,  so  sight  is  most  essential  to 
those  who  would  become  actively  useful.  The  eye  is  a  mixture  of 
animal  and  mental  powers:  animal  by  reason  of  the  preponderance 
of  its  muscular  construction  (eleven  muscles  being  found  within 
its  orbit) ;  mental  by  virtue  of  its  connection  with  the  optic  nerve — 
a  nerve  derived  from  tlie  second  pair  of  the  cranial  nerves,  which 
are  nerves  of  sense.  This  nerve  ramifies  upon  the  retina,  and 
according  as  it  is  finely  organized  will  be  the  power  for  aciUe  vision. 
Accuracy  of  vision  depends  upon  the  mechanical  arrangement  of 
the  muscles,  the  humors  and  the  lenses,  as  well  as  the  amount  of 
the  coloring  pigment  in  the  choroid  coat. 

The  most  primitive  and  most  diffused  mental  organ  is  the 
outer  skin-covering  of  the  body,  and  evolution  shows  us  that  the 
eyes  were  evolved  from  this  source,  and,  as  the  power  of  sensation 
of  feeling  is  the  most  extensive  and  important,  it  follows  that 
deprivation  of  surface-sensation  (as  in  paralysis,  or  by  burns)  is 
more  destructive  to  mental  activity  and  force  than  deprivation  of 
eyesight;  thus  proving  that  original  or  primitive  functions  cannot 
be  dispensed  witli  so  easily  as  the  later  additions  to  our  bodily 
equipment,  although  they  may  stand  more  abuse,  as  is  the  case 
with  the  stomach,  which  is,  I  believe,  the  most  abused  of  all  our 
organs,  as  it  is  the  most  primitive  of  all  the  viscera. 

A  great  deal  of  nonsense,  poetic  and  otherwise,  has  been  written 
about  the  eye;  some  describing  it  as  the  "mirror  of  the  soul,"  etc. 
Now,  the  eye,  like  the  brain,  is  simply  a  physical  organ  supplied 
with  blood-vessels,  nerves,  muscular  fibres,  and  certain  liquids,  all 
purely  physical  substances;  as  well  call  the  chin  or  the  nose 
expounders  of  the  soul;  they  all  reveal  mental  or  moral  character- 
istics and  proclivities,  or  the  lack  of  them.  I  do  not  object  to 
poets  idealizing  any  portion  of  the  face  or  body,  but  when  it  tends 
to  superstition  I  olrject.  The  ancient  writers  and  many  modern 
European  writers  use  the  word  soul  synonymously  with  the  word 
mind;  science  gives  a  more  accurate  meaning  and  teaches  tliat 
mind  is  a  physical  organ.  AVhatever  the  soul  may  be  I  know  not, 
but  it  is  not  best  to  confound  soul  and  mind  by  using  one  word  to 


THE   EYE.  941 

describe  both.    Mind,  I  opine  to  be  the  entire  material  intelligence 
of  the  human  being. 

Soul,  I  cannot  describe,  hence  I  confine  myself  to  what  I 
understand.  At  any  rate  I  gain  no  idea  of  one's  "  soul "  from  the 
expression  of  the  eye,  but  I  do  learn  much  of  man's  emotional 
nature, — his  moi:al  or  immoral  status,  as  well  as  his  linguistic 
powers  and  general  capacity  for  motion, — hence  his  aptitude  for 
art ;  also  his  general  tone  or  mental  force  by  the  color  and  bright- 
ness of  the  eye,  but  not  the  entire  direction  of  that  force ;  the  nose 
and  forehead  alone  show  these. 

The  relation  of  the  eye  to  the  muscular  system  must  be 
thoroughly  comprehended  in  order  to  discern  why  and  how  this 
feature  is  the  facial  sign  of  the  muscular  system,  of  motion  and  of 
the  emotions,  viz.,  of  love,  hate,  truthfulness  or  untruthfulness, 
sentiment  or  sensuality,  and,  also,  of  artistic  capacities.  For  this 
purpose  we  can  find  no  better  evidence  than  that  which  Nature 
has  furnished  in  so  many  "  ready-made  experiments  "  in  the  animal 
kingdom.  This  proof  is  had  by  observing  the  eyes  and  bodies 
of  all  those  animals  that  depend  mainly  upon  their  muscles  for 
their  activity. 

The  eyes  of  the  various  kinds  of  deer,  the  springbok,  gazelle, 
goat,  ibex,  elk,  chamois,  hare,  and  rabbit,  all  indicate  by  their  size 
and  conformation  that  the  muscular  is  their  predominating  system. 
It  also  exhibits  their  capacity  for  continuous  and  rapid  motion. 
The  size  of  the  eyes,  as  well  as  the  habits  and  habitats  of  these 
animals,  prove  that  they  are  intended  to  scan  distances  and  wide 
expanses,  and  that  they  are  not  suited  to  the  perception  of  the 
minute  in  Nature.  Small-eyed  animals  exhibit  faculties  just  the 
reverse  of  large-eyed  ones,  and  depend  more  upon  the  knowledge 
of  things  near  them  and  those  that  require  more  exact  vision. 
These  animals  are  slower  in  their  motions,  possessing  more  bone 
and  adipose  tissue  than  muscle  according  to  their  size.  The 
elephant,  tapir,  rhinoceros,  grizzly  bear,  walrus,  and  elephant-seal 
are  examples  of  this  combination.  The  small  eye  of  the  elephant 
is  so  easily  brought  to  a  focus  that  he  can  pick  up  a  needle  with 
his  proboscis.  The  nature^  and  habits  of  all  these  creatures 
demand  that  they  shall  take  cognizance  of  small  objects,  as  well 
for  the  purpose  of  gaining  a  supply  of  food  as  for  protection,  their 
motions  being  so  slow  that  accurate  and  instant  vision  is  essential 
to  their  safety. 

The  mental  characteristics  of  animals  possessing  large,  full 
eyes  bear  a  strong  resemblance  to  human  beings  who  have  similar 
features.  They  are  more  emotional  than  the  small-eyed  creatures, 
more  affectionate,  and  more  active ;  they  receive  sensations  more 


942  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

vividly,  and  lose  them  almost  as  readily  as  they  receive  them. 
One  class  of  animals  in  which  the  muscular  system  predominates 
exhibits  considerable  mechanical,  and  even  artistic,  skill.  The 
mole's  burrow  and  the  beaver's  dam  are  manifestations  of  one  form 
of  muscular  ability.  In  man,  all  the  varied  architectural  and 
building  powers  depend  mainly  upon  the  muscular  and  osseous 
systems  combined. 

In  endeavoring  to  discern  the  meaning  of  an  eye  there  are 
nine  things  at  least  to  be  observed :  First,  the  form ;  second,  the 
size;  third,  tlie  color;  fourth,  the  degree  of  brightness;  fifth,  the 
shape  of  tlie  commissure  or  fleshy  opening  caused  by  the  parting 
of  the  upper  and  under  lids;  sixth,  the  effect  produced  by  the 
folds,  wrinkles,  and  brows,  and  proximity  to  the  nose;  seventh, 
the  angle  of  inclination,  or  the  manner  in  which  the  eye  rests  in 
its  socket — its  inclination  forward  or  backward,  and  its  position  in 
regard  to  the  surrounding '  parts ;  eighth,  its  relative  position  to 
the  central  line  of  the  perpendicular;  and  ninth,  its  general 
expression. 

There  are  many  expressions  of  the  eye  which  cannot  be  de- 
scribed in  any  way,  apart  from  the  living  subject;  just  as  there  are 
many  indescribable  traits  in  persons  that  cannot  be  illustrated 
by  brush,  chisel,  or  pen.  The  personal  atmosphere  or  magnetism 
is  one  of  the  things  that  cannot  be  transmitted  to  posterity  by 
words  or  pictured  representations. 

The  enthusiasm  and  inspiration  of  the  ancient  orators — 
Cicero  and  Demosthenes,  for  example — must  have  produced  the 
most  exalted  and  sublime  eflect  upon  their  hearers;  yet  in  reading 
their  noble  and  lofty  sentiments,  all  this  is  lost.  Just  so  with  the 
human  eye.  Many  of  its  expressions  cannot  be  reproduced.  The 
various  colors  are  most  difficult  to  delineate  on  canvas.  The 
best  study  of  the  eye  must  be  made  in  the  living  subject.  Still 
there  are  many  expressions  observed  that  can  be  described  and 
their  meaning  understood  to  a  certainty. 

The  eye  being  more  particularly  the  indicator  of  the  emotions, 
it  is  particularly  well  adapted  to  reveal  the  linguistic  powers,  as 
well  as  the  passions,  such  as  love,  affection,  hatred,  jealousy,  sus- 
picion, anger,  truthfulness  and  untruthfulness,  sexual  morality  and 
immorality,  and  this  it  does  by  the  peculiarities  of  its  structure. 
In  order  to  understand  this  feature  and  to  be  able  to  translate  its 
conditions  into  character  we  must  apply  the  laws  of  Form  as  set 
forth  in  the  basic  laws  of  Form, 

The  consideration  of  the  forms  of  the  eye  will  now  be  taken 
up;  this  will  be  followed  by  the  other  qualities  involved  in  the 
physiognomic  signification  of  this  feature. 


THE   EYE.  943 


THE   FORMS   OF   THE   EYE. 

The  true  sphere  occurs  but  once  in  the  human  organism,  and 
this  appears  in  the  shape  of  the  eyeball.  The  true  circle  is  found 
but  once  in  the  human  face,  and  that  is  found  in  the  retina  of  the 
eye — that  particular  portion  of  the  eye  which  brings  into  the  mind 
a  knowledge  of  the  forms  and  colors  prevailing  throughout  Nature's 
vast  domain.  The  form  of  the  eye  is  globular,  and  epitomizes  the 
world.  Within  the  orbit  of"  the  eye  and  its  surrounding  parts  and 
accessory  appendages,  we  shall  find  all  of  the  prime  factors  of  Form, 
viz.,  the  globe  or  sphere  in  the  eye-ball,  the  point  in  the  "blind 
spot "  where  the  optic  nerve  makes  its  appearance  in  the  retina, 
the  line  in  the  ciliary  processes — numerous  radiated  fibres  which 
assist  the  iris  in  dilating  and  contracting. 

The  angle  is  well  represented  by  the  two  angles  at  the  outer 
and  inner  corners  of  the  commissure  of  the  eye,  the  curve  by  the 


Fig.  241.— THE  MUSCLES  OF  THE  EYE. 
1,  superior  oblique ;  2,  inferior  oblique  ;  3,  4,  5,  recti  muscles. 

sections  of  the  eyeball,  and  also  by  the  curving  of  the  lids;  hence, 
we  find  in  this  feature  all  the  essential  elements  of  Form.  The 
eye  is  thus  shown  to  sum  up  and  resume  all  basic  principles  of 
Form,  the  only  feature  which  contains  them  all  in  so  complete  a 
manner. 

The  patient  student  of  physiognomical  science  will  be  able, 
by  applying  the  basic  principles  of  Form  (as  described  in  this 
work),  to  spell  out  the  meaning  of  every  part  of  each  eye  under 
observation,  and  thus  learn  their  true  significance. 

The  outline  of  the  eyeball  is  globular ;  this  form  is  necessary 
in  order  to  facilitate  the  number  and  variety  of  movements  essential 
to  sight.  The  sense  of  sight,  like  that  of  hearing,  is  dependent 
upon  circular  or  curved  movements  and  circular  mechanism.  The 
rays  of  light  are  produced  by  vibrations  of  ether,  which  are  wavy 
or  curvilinear  in  their  form ;  so,  also,  the  sound  waves  that  impinge 
upon  the  ear  describe  a  segment  of  a  circle  of  infinitesimal  size. 


944  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  eye,  both  internally  and  externally,  is  round,  and  the  mechani- 
cal appendages  down  to  the  most  minute  cell  of  the  watery  humors 
of  the  lenses,  of  the  coloring  pigment  and  of  the  muscular  tissue, 
all  exhibit  circuloid  formation. 

The  optic  nerve,  like  all  nerve-tissue,  is  endowed  with  elasticity, 
and  the  infinitesimal  tremors  that  mark  its  activity  are  wave-like, 
and  thus  are  able  to  communicate  to  the  brain  with  lightning-like 
rapidity  the  stimulus  received  by  the  eye  at  sight  of  any  object  that 
falls  upon  the  retina ;  here,  again,  we  find  that  motion  is  the  main 
cause  of  intelligence.  All  of  which  goes  to  prove  that  motion 
primarily  is  the  source  of  all  the  knowledge  which  comes  into  the 
mind  through  the  senses  of  hearing  and  seeing,  and,  also,  that 
circular  form  and  curvilinear  motions  are  best  adapted  to  free 
movements;  hence  are  the  bases  of  spontaneity  of  motion  as  in 
artistic  works, — Music  and  Language,  for  example.  This  idea 
leads  up  to  anotlier,  and  it  is  this,  that  the  eyes  of  the  artistic 
classes  are  larger  than  those  of  all  other  classes ;  also,  that  the 
most  active  persons  and  animals  possess  the  largest  eyes.  Upon 
further  examination  it  will  be  found  that  in  all  these  classes  the 
muscular  is  the  dominant  or  one  of  the  dominant  systems,  and  thus 
we  are  confronted  witli  the  logic  that,  as  activity,  spontaneity, 
and  continuity  of  motion  are  attributes  of  the  muscular  system, 
so  Language,  being  a  mode  of  motion^  it  follows  that  the  eye  is  the 
facial  sign,  both  of  the  muscular  system  and  of  Language,  and 
furthermore  for  the  reason  that  it  contains  more  muscles  within  its 
small  orbit,  and  more  active  ones  than  any  similar  amount  of 
space  in  the  face  or  body. 

Now,  if  this  be  the  facial  sign  for  Language,  it  follows  that 
it  should  by  its  form,  size,  color,  and  quality  reveal  linguistic 
capacities  and  individual  peculiarities.  It  does  this  in  the  most 
precise  and  subtle  manner  when  the  basic  laws  of  Form  are 
applied  to  each  minute  variation  of  every  minute  section  of  its 
orbit,  lids,  brows,  etc. 

The  eye  is  also  one  of  the  facial  representatives  of  the  sex- 
nature  and  amative  sentiments  by  virtue  of  its  muscular  relation- 
ship to  the  reproductive  system,  and  as  this  system  is  the  base  of 
Amativeness  it  follows  that  the  quality,  power,  and  conditions  of 
this  system  and  its  associated  sentiment  would  be  indicated  by  the 
structure,  color,  and  quality  of  the  eye  ;  hence,  in  our  investiga- 
tion and  analysis  of  this  feature  we  shall  treat  more  particularly 
of  the  faculties  of  Love  and  Language  while  describing  the  various 
circumstances  that  effect  this  feature,  although  it  is  indicative  in  a 
general  way  of  all  the  emotions. 


THE   EYE.  945 

This  analysis  proves  how  fallacious  is  the  notion  that  the 

Larfje  size  of  the  eye  of  talented  linguists  is  the  phrenological 
organ  of  Language,  which  is  situate  in  the  cerebral  convolutions  on  the 
lower  side  of  tlie  anterior  lobe  of  the  brain  at  the  posterior  part  of  the 
supraorbital  plate,  pushing  the  eye  more  or  less  downward,  or  forward,  or 
outward,  according  to  the  size  of  the  convolution,  thus  giving  prominence 
or  anterior  projection  if  the  organ  be  large.    (Story.) 

What  supreme  nonsense  is  all  this !  Why  even  a  child  by 
superficial  observation  can  see  that  the  eyeballs  of  great  talkers 
are  large  by  virtue  of  their  muscular  endowment,  and  are  not 
"pushed  up,  or  down,  or  out"  by  the  "convolutions"  of  the  brain 
behind  them.  This  idea  of  the  muscular  formaticyii  of  the  eyeball 
as  an  indicator  of  Language  and  of  motion  must  be  grasped  in  its 
entirety  by  the  student  of  physiognomy  in  order  to  make  an  intel- 
ligent use  of  the  science  as  a  whole  ;  for  it  is  a  ha^ic  idea  and  is 
related  to  the  entire  muscular  mechanism.  The  eyes  and  forma- 
tion of  the  deer  tribes,  the  goat,  the  chamois,  etc.,  accord  with  this 
theory  of  motion.  They  are  the  fleetest  and  the  most  continuous 
in  their  movements  of  all  animals.  The  wandering,  nomadic  tribes 
of  Arabia  present  very  large,  wide-open  eyes,  and  in  them  the  gift 
of  imaginative  language  is  pre-eminent.  The  artistic  classes 
of  all  races  reveal  the  same  peculiarity  of  form  of  the  eye,  and 
they  all  depend  upon  the  rapidity  and  automatism  of  the  muscles 
for  the  skillful  performance  of  their  art,  be  it  music,  language, 
painting,  or  athletics. 

The  optic  nerve  has  room  for  greater  expansion  upon  the 
retina  of  a  large  eye  than  upon  a  small  one ;  hence,  the  larger  the 
eye  the  greater  the  power  for  receiving  impressions  and  sensations, 
and  of  imitating  and  exhibiting  emotions,  as  is  the  case  with  poets, 
actors,  and  others  of  the  artistic  classes.  This  expansion  of  nerve- 
tissue  is  more  marked  upon  broad  features  than  upon  very  narrow 
ones,  and  in  all  instances  gives  the  most  power. 

Width  of  the  point  of  the  nose  and  nostrils  gives  greater 
keenness  of  scent  than  is  found  in  those  that  are  thin  and  narrow. 
Contrast  the  greyhound  and  bull-dog  for  examples  of  this  principle. 
It  is  the  same  with  broad,  full  lips  versus  thin  ones,  and  thus  of 
all  the  facial  features. 

THE  THREE  GENERAL  FORMS  OF  THE  EYE. 

There  are  three  geneml  forms  of  the  eye ;  and  now  I  am 
about  to  describe  the  form  of  the  eye  as  it  appears  between  the  slit 
or  opening  of  the  lid.  These  are:  (1)  large  and  round  (Fig.  242); 
(2)  narrow  and  elongated  (Fig.  243);  (3)  oblique  (Fig.  244).  All 
other  forms  are  modifications,  blends,  or  compounds  of  these  three 


946 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


Fia.  242.— Large  and  Kound. 


principal  forms.  Some  eyes  present  in  their  contour  portions  of 
each  of  these  forms.  Exaggeration  of  any  one  of  these  forms  is  a 
caricature  of  what  such  individual  form  represents ;  as,  for  ex- 
ample, an  eye  greatly  exaggerated  in  size  denotes  fluent,  unrehable 
"gab"  or  talk  instead  of  rational  and  eloquent  language.  It  also 
denotes  incapacity  for  receiving  correct  and  accurate  impressions ; 
hence,  is  the  indication  of  an  untruthful,  un- 
reliable character.  An  eye  too  small  denotes 
great  secretiveness,  another  form  of  unrelia- 
bility in  regard  to  language  and  truth,  while 
the  slant-eyed,  cat-eyed  individual  reveals 
still  another  form  of  abnormal  development 
of  language,  being  deceptive,  secretive,  sly, 
and  crafty  in  his  talk;  thus,  all  departures 
from  the  normal  standards  of  form  are  shown 
to  be  not  only  less  reliable  than  those  that 
approach  these  standards,  but 
arc  also  less  beautiful.  The 
ancient  Greek  writers,  poets, 
and  artists  seemed  to  have  had 
a  very  limited  conception  of  the 
beautiful  as  expressed  by  the 
eye ;  their  main  idea  of  this 
feature  seems  to  have  been 
that  large  size  of  the  eyeball, 
high  arching  of  the  lids — par- 
ticularly that  of  the  upper  lid 
— was  the  sole  and  only  type 
of  true  beauty.  This  peculiar- 
ity of  form  is  found  in  most  of 
their  great  masterpieces  of  stat- 
uary, as  seen  in  the  figures  of 
Jupiter,  Apollo,  Juno,  and 
others.  The  Greek  idea  of 
beauty  was  based  entirely  upon 
the  physical  or  sensuous 
aspect  of  Form ;  the  moral 
and  scientific  idea  of  Form  had  not  developed  in  their  era ; 
hence,  they  knew  not  its  meanings  and  could  not  express  it  in 
poetry  or  sculpture.  They  were  a  muscular  race,  and  we  ha^e 
learned  through  scientific  physiognomy  that  "  we  generally  think 
according  to  our  formation  ; "  so  the  Greeks  thought  round,  cur\ed, 
artistic  thoughts,  which  eventuated  in  rounded,  flowing,  graceful 
language  and  curved,  rounded  statues — curved  in  all  their  parts. 


Fia.  243.— Narrow  and  Elongated. 


Fig  214— Oblique 
THREE  GENERAL  FORMS  OF   THE  EYE, 


THE   EYE.  947 

This  represented  the  art  era,  but  not  the  moral  or  scientific 
era,  such  as  is  now  advancing.  One  of  the  grand  uses  of  this 
system  of  physiognomy  is  that  its  basic  principles  of  Form  apply 
to  the  people  of  all  nations,  races,  and  eras,  making  it  unnecessary 
to  devote  great  space  to  the  description  of  racial  types,  because  the 
laws  of  Form  apply  to  each,  and  when  thus  applied  reveal  and  ex- 
press national  and  ethnic  characteristics  as  well  as  individual  pecu- 
liarities of  character. 

The  form  of  the  upper  lid  alone,  could  we  ^'iew  it  apart  from 
its  surroundings,  would  reveal  the  degree  of  linguistic  capacity 
in  the  subject.  It  will  also  give  us  his  class  of  mind — whether 
he  be  artistic,  scientific,  mechanical,  moral,  or  sensual.  Where 
the  inner  corner  of  the  upper  lid  is  highly  arched  we  have  assur- 
ance that  it  is  the  eye  of  a  luminous,  artistic  mind,  with  lofty  ideals 
and  great  susceptibility  to  all  outward  sensations  and  expressions, 
as  in  Fig.  242. 

ARTISTIC   TYPE. 

On  the  other  hand,  if  this  line  is  not  so  highly  arched  it 
announces  a  more  reflective  mind,  with  power  for  more  accurate 
observation  and  less  emotion. 


Fig.  245.— artistic  EYR  Fig.  246.— REFLECTIVE  EYE. 

(Rubens.)  (James  Watt.) 

REFLECTIVE   TYPE. 

The  shape  of  the  hands  and  finger-tips  even  can  be  delineated 
from  observation  of  this  line  alone.  In  the  former  case  they  will 
be  muscular,  flexible,  and  tapering ;  in  the  latter  bony,  hard,  and 
square, — so  true  to  nature  and  so  far-reaching  in  their  applications 
are  the  basic  laws  of  Form.  The  law  of  the  homogeneity  of  the 
whole  organism  here,  as  elsewhere,  asserting  its  supremacy.  The 
law  of  one  part  is  the  law  of  the  whole.  The  above  outlines  are 
normal  types, — one  of  the  artistic,  the  other  of  the  reflective,  eye. 
Each  indicates  fluency  and  normal  Amativeness. 

A  true  curve  of  the  upper  lid  at  its  outer  corner  denotes 
Agreeability. 


948  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

THE   AGREEABLE   EYE. 

The  eyes  of  thousands  of  moral  persons  exhibit  this  slight 
downward  curve.  In  its  normal  manifestation  it  is  a  moderate 
curve,  and  signifies  Agreeability,  and  in  this  form  it  is  found  in 
the  eyes  of  the  following-named:  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  Prince 
Gortschakoff,  General  Robert  E.  Lee;  William  I,  Emperor  of 
Germany;  Edward  Everett,  Robert  Burns,  Benjamin  Disraeli, 
Jenny  Lind,  N.  P.  Willis,  Pius  IX,  Marshal  McMahon,  Commo- 
dore Farragut,  Dr.  William  B.  Carpenter,  Ferdinand  De  Lesseps, 
Michael  Faraday,  ex-Empress  Eugenie,  Prof.  William  D.  Whitney ; 
very  marked  in  Tennyson,  Thurlow  Weed,  Alexander  Hamilton, 
Elizabeth  Fry,  and  Dr.  Abernethy.  I  could  swell  the  list  almost 
indefinitely  of  most  excellent  characters  whose  eyes  present  this 
degree  of  curvation.  I  am  the  more  particular  in  calling  attention 
to  this  peculiarity  for  the  reason  that  it  has  been  classed  among 
criminal  eyes  by  a  certain  writer  on  physiognomy.     Doubtless  this 


Fig.  247.— agreeable  EYE.  FiG.  248.— LINGUISTIC  EYE. 

{N.  P.  Willis.)  (Mrs.  Hemans.) 

peculiarity  is  found  in  the  physiognomy  of  many  thieves  and  liars, 
for  many  of  them  use  their  native  agreeability  to  deceive  others. 
Many  rogues  possess  great  suavity,  as  well  as  a  large  share  of  the 
faculty  of  Human  Nature,  and  these  traits  they  combine  with  the 
criminal  ones  in  order  to  succeed  in  their  knavery. 

THE    LINGUISTIC   EYE. 

The  linguistic  eye  is  full,  round,  and  quick  in  its  movements ; 
of  various  colors,  but  always  bright. 

POLITIC   TYPE. 

AVhere  the  "  agreeable  eye  "  is  exaggerated  in  form  and  takes 
on  a  decidedly  oblique  appearance,  it  then  becomes,  like  all  exag- 
gerations, abnormal  (Fig.  249),  and  in  this  form  denotes  a  desire 
to  be  agreeable  often  at  the  expense  of  strict  truth.  It  is  hard  for 
those  of  this  type  to  be  the  bearers  of  unpleasant  truth,  and  if  sent 


THE   EYE. 


949 


upon  an  errand  requiring  severity  they  will  soften  and  tone  down 
the  message  before  delivering  it.     This  class  often  seem  to  be 


Fig.  249.-POLITIC  EYE. 


deceitful,  yet  do  not  plan  to  be;    their  natural  desire  to  please 
everybody  gives  this  impression. 


UNTRUTHFUL   TYPE. 

StiU  further  turned  downward,  as  is  often  seen  in  the  coun- 
tenances of  dishonest  politicians  (Fig.  250)  and  salesmen,  it  ex- 
hibits the  "  law  of  imperfect  curvation  "  or  obliquity,  by  downright 
agreeable  lying  and  planned  deception,  in  order  to  further  selfish 
schemes  and  be  successful  in  trade  or  in  society.  It  is  this  class 
of  short-sighted  philosophers  who  say  that  "policy  is  the  best 
honesty,"  never  dreaming  that  dishonesty  is  the  worst  policy  in  the 
world,  and  the  most  unsuccessful  commercial  theory. 

Now  let  us  note  the  departures  from  the  normal  curve  or 
standard  of  form  in  the  upward  slant  of  the  upper  eyelid.  This  is 
the  most  vicious  of  the  two  phases  of  obliquity.  When  the  outer 
corner  of  the  eye  turns  slightly  ^ipward  it  indicates  a  slight  degree 


Fig.  250.-UNTRUTHFUL  EYE. 
(A  Politician.) 


Fig.  251.— DOUBLE  OBLIQUITY. 
(A  Mongolian.) 


of  diplomacy  or  tact,  or  policy,  or  secretiveness,  or  caution.  A 
more  decided  slant  denotes  deception,  secretiveness,  treachery,  and 
cruelty  even,  as  with  the  carnivorous  animals,  whose  eyes  are  thus 
formed. 


950 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


UPWARD   OBLIQUE. 

Many  professional  criminals  exhibit  this  form  of  eye  It  is 
also  characteristic  of  the  majority  of  numbers  of  the  Mongolian 
and  other  low  races. 

DOUBLE   OBLIQUITY. 

Where  the  outlines  of  both  the  eyelids  slant  decidedly  up- 
ward the  character  is  deceptive,  suspicious,  and  entirely  untrust- 
worthy (Fig.  251). 

OBSERVING   EYELID. 

Particular  attention  is  called  to  the  overhanging  folds  of  flesh 
and  skin  frequently  met  with  in  the  outer  corner  of  the  upper  eye- 
lid (Fig.  252). 

This  peculiarity  is  most  commonly  seen  in  the  eyes  of  the 
highest  classes  of  accurate  observers,  such  as  mechanicians  and 
scientists.     It  is  most  decided  in  old  age.     It  is  rarely  met  with  in 


Fig.  252.— observing  EYELID 
(Charles  Darwin.) 


Pig.  253.— LICENTIOUS  AND  UNPRINCIPLED 
EYE.    (Prince  Milan,  of  Servia.) 


artistic  faces,  for  the  dominance  of  the  muscular  system  raises  the 
eyebrows  to  a  high  curve,  and,  as  the  eyebrows  do  not  project 
much  in  these  subjects,  there  is  more  or  less  space  between  the 
upper  eyelid  and  the  hairy  brow ;  but  in  the  more  accurate  classes 
the  osseous  is  one  of  the  supreme  systems  and  the  muscular  sub- 
dominant  ;  hence,  the  greater  capacity  for  acute  observation,  the 
greater  will  be  the  projection  of  the  bony  superciliary  ridges.  As 
age  advances  the  eyes  of  this  class  recede  more  and  more,  and,  as 
the  muscles  and  skin  about  the  eyes  become  lax  through  long- 
continued  use  and  shrunken  by  loss  of  elasticity,  one  or  more 
parallel  folds  of  flesh,  skin,  or  fat  appear,  and  often  set  far  out 
beyond  the  eye,  making  the  feature  appear  very  small, — much 
smaller,  indeed,  than  when  in  the  youthful  state.  This  should 
not  be  confounded  with  the  secretive  eye;  the  better  (yurvation  of 
the  lids  will  reveal  the  difierence.     For  examples  of  varying  de- 


THE   EYE. 


951 


grees  of  this  trait,  see  the  eyes  of  the  following-named:  Charles 
Darwin,  INIichacl  Faraday,  Alfred  Rupp,  Robert  Collyer,  John 
Draper,  William  Cidlen  Bryant,  John  Smeaton,  architect  of  the 
Eddystone  Lighthouse,  and  James  Watt,  inventor. 

LICENTIOUS   AND   UNPRINCIPLED   FORM. 

Another  peculiar  illustration  of  the  basic  principles  of  Form,  as 
related  to  the  eye,  is  found  among  the  low  types  of  beings,  both  in 
barbarous  and  civilized  races,  the  apertiu'es  of  whose  eyes  are  very 
nearly  closed  by  reason  of  the  eyelids  describing  so  slight  a  curve 
in  crossing  the  eyeball  as  to  show  a  very  narrow  slit  of  an  elon- 
gated form,  through  which  the  eye  seems  peeping  out  (Fig.  253). 
This  form  denotes  a  low  sexual  nature  and  untruthfulness. 
Now,  height  of  any  feature  is  one  of  the  indications  of  elevation 

and  nobility  of  the  part  of 
the  character  which  is  rep- 
resented by  such  feature; 
yet,  the  "happy  medium" 
^  also      denotes      excellencies. 


Pig.  254.-SECRETIVE  EYE. 


FIG.  255.— ACQUISITIVE  EYE, 


Straight  features  reveal  more  straightforwardness  of  conduct  and 
speech  than  curved  features.  This  law  of  vertical  measurement 
appUes  with  equal  justice  to  the  aperture  or  opening  of  the  eyes 
as  it  does  to  other  features.  Where  the  aperture  between  the  lids 
is  of  normal  width,  and  the  eyes  straight  and  horizontally  placed 
in  their  orbits,  they  indicate  normal  morality  and  truthfulness,  but 
where  this  is  greatly  exaggerated,  and  they  are  much  too  large  for 
the  normal  standard,  they  are  imroliable.  So,  also,  where  the  lids 
are  too  close  together  for  normalcy,  secretiveness,  or  deception,  or 
mental  inferiority  of  some  sort  is  indicated,  as  well  as  undue  ac- 
quisitiveness or  sensuality.  Now,  in  some  subjects,  one,  two,  or 
three  of  these  traits  may  be  present,  and  their  presence  will  be  cor- 
roborated by  other  signs  in  the  face  and  body.  The  eyes  of  many 
noted  criminals  present  this  form ;  those  known  either  for  their 


952  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

gross  immorality,  thievish  propensity,  inferior  intellect,  secretive- 
ness,  acquisitiveness,  or  avariciousness.  The  eyes  of  Jesse  James, 
the  notorious  bandit,  present  both  secretiveness  and  acquisitiveness 
large,  while  other  of  his  features  indicate  other  crimmal  or 
defective  characteristics  (Figs.  254,  255). 

SECRETIVE   AND   ACQUISITIVE   EYE. 

In  eyes  of  this  class  the  angle  at  the  comers  is  very  obtuse^ 
while  in  eyes  that  express  the  greatest  degree  of  truth-telling 
capacity  and  the  greatest  degree  of  true  or  normal  emotion,  such 
as  love,  etc.,  the  angles  are  very  acitte^  Ibrming  almost  a  square^  and 
in  the  eye  thus  constituted  is  found  one  of  the  most  wonderful 
combinations  of  the  true  arch  and  the  true  curve  that  is  to  be  met 
with  in  the  human  physiognomy  (Fig.  256). 

TRUTHFUL   EYE. 

The  countenance  that  exhibits  this  noble  combination  of  the 
basic  elements  of  Form  can  be  interpreted  instantaneously  by  the 

appUcation  of  the  laws  of  Form.  It  is 
by  this  appUcation  alone  that  we  are 
able  to  instantly  comprehend  the  moral 
grandeur  and  heroism  of  Luther's  na- 
ture. His  round,  wide-open  eye,  with 
its  finely-arched  lids  and  acute  angles^ 
announce  his  capacity  for  bold,  fear- 
less, and  true  sentiment.  Fortunately 
for  the  verification  of  scientific  physi- 
'  oornomy,  his  life-wDrk  attests  the  truth 

Fig.  256.— TRUTHFUL  EYE.  g  .,        *'  .       .    , 

(MARTIN  Luther.)  Ot   itS  prmCiplCS. 

Among  philosophic  artists,  Winck- 
elmann,  the  great  sculptor  and  art-writer,  stands  unrivaled;  his 
conception  of  the  principles  of  Form  alone  would  stamp  him  a 
genius  of  the  first  grade;  his  analysis  of  the  normal  plan  or 
design  of  the  perfected  face  is  thus  concisely  stated.     He  remarks : — 

The  move  oblique,  for  example,  the  eyes,  as  in  cats,  so  much  the  more 
does  their  direction  deviate  from  the  fundamental  form  of  the  face,  which  is 
a  cross,  whereby  it  is  divided  in  length  and  breadth,  from  the  crown  of  the 
head  downward,  since  the  perpendicular  line  passes  through  the  middle  of 
the  nose  and  the  horizontal  line  through  the  orbits  of  tiie  eyes.  If  the  eye 
is  placed  obliquely,  then  the  face  is  divided  by  a  line,  oblique  to  the  vertical, 
passing  through  the  nose.  This,  at  least,  must  be  tiie  true  cause  of  the  un- 
seemliness of  an  obliquely-situated  moutli;  for  if,  of  two  lines,  one  deviate 
from  tlie  other  without  reason,  a  disagreeable  impression  is  produced.  Such 
eyes,  therefore,  when  found  among  us,  and  in  Chinese,  Japanese,  and  some 
Egyptian  heads,  in  profile,  are  a  departure  from  the  standard.     The  flattened 


THE   EYE. 


953 


nose  of  the  Chinese,  Calmucks,  and  other  distant  nations,  is  also  a  deviation, 
for  it  mars  the  unity  of  the  form  according  to  whicli  the  other  parts  of  the 
body  have  been  sliaped.* 

This  artistic  philosophy  approaches  very  nearly  a  scientific 
analysis  of  Form,  and  is  quite  in  accord  (as  far  as  it  goes)  with  the 
physiognomical  theories  propounded  by  my  system,  and  which  are 
in  accord  with  the  basic  laws  of  Form  as  exhibited  by  universal 
Nature. 

NORMAL   EYE. 

The  lower  lid  in  a  normal  eye  describes  a  true  curve,  not 
so  highly  arched  as  the  normal  upper  lid.  In  all  departures  from 
a  true  curve  in  this  feature  we  find  a  defect  of  some  sort.  In 
those  in  whom  the  bony  system  is  dominant  the  lower  lid  is  never 
so  arched  as  where  the  muscular  system  is  one  of  the  supreme 


Fig.  257.— NORMAL  EYE. 
(Pblnce  Napoleon.) 


Fig.  258.— abnormal  EYE. 

(Jesse  James.) 


systems.  Yet  if  the  character  be  moral,  a  true  curve  will  appear 
(if  ever  so  slight)  in  its  curvation;  this  form  denotes  a  relative 
deficiency  of  muscle,  hence  expresses  much  less  artistic  and  emo- 
tional capacity  than  where  the  curving  is  excessive.  This  grade  of 
curvature  is  normal  in  those  subjects  in  whom  the  osseous  system 
is  dominant. 

ABNORMAL  TYPE. 

An  abnormal  form  of  the  lower  lid  is  reached  when  it  draws 
an  almost  straight  line  across  the  eyeball,  forming,  in  connection 
with  the  upper  lid,  a  iiarrow,  slit-like  aperture,  such  as  is  observed 
in  those  who  are  excessively  secretive  or  avaricious.     (Fig.  258.) 

This  form  is  also  often  seen  in  the  physiognomies  of  misers 
and  among  avaricious  races,  notably  among  the  Arabs,  Turks, 
Hindoos,  and  otlier  Orientals,  as  well  as  in  many  barbarous  races. 

This  appearance  is  frequently  met  with  in  the  eyes  of  con- 
genital criminals,  and  in  their  case  the  curving  of  both  the  upper 

•  Wiuckeluaiui's  "Ancient  Art,"  voL  ii,  p.  35. 


954  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENtlTlC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and  lower  lids  is  imperfect,  and  in  many  subjects  the  eyeball  is 
obliquely  placed  cat-wise  in  its  socket.  The  signs  of  villainy  are 
more  apparent  in  the  eye  and  mouth  than  in  any  other  features, 
and  where  these  deviate  from  normal  standards  of  form  the  moral 
sense  deviates  in  just  the  same  degree  from  the  highest  standard 
of  rectitude. 

The  excessive  mobility  of  the  muscles  of  these  features  makes 
them  peculiarly  susceptible,  either  to  improvement  or  degradation, 
and  as  both  are  facial  signs  of  the  faculty  of  Language,  so  all 
deviations  in  them  from  normal  forms  betoken  abnormal  pecu- 
liarities of  speech,  as  well  as  modifications  in  several  other  related 
faculties  and  functions. 

The  eye  is  one  of  the  facial  signs  of  Amativeness  as  well  as 
of  Language.  The  power  and  capacity  for  sex-love,  as  well  as  for 
the  sentiment  of  love,  is  shown  in  tlie  eye  by  its  form,  size,  color, 
lustre,  quality,  position,  movement,  and  humidity. 


Fig.  259.-"  polygamic  EYE."  FiG.  260.—"  MONOaAMIC  EYE." 

Prof  Willis'  idea  of  the  "monogamic  "  and  "  polygamic"  eye 
applies  to  certain-shaped  eyes  with  truth,  but  as  he  gives  no 
analysis  of  these  forms  it  remains  for  me  to  do  so  in  connection 
with  the  figures  that  illustrate  them.  In  this  search  after  under- 
lying principles  we  have  not  far  to  go,  for  the  law  of  the  angle 
and  the  curve,  with  an  application  of  their  inherent  meanings, 
affords  us  all  the  light  necessary  to  translate  their  forms  into  char- 
acter. The  "polygamic  eye"  (Fig.  259),  so  called,  is  in  some 
races  both  narrow  and  oblique,  as  in  the  Chinese  and  Japanese, 
and  these  people  practice  and  have  practiced  polygamy  for  ages ; 
their  eyes  denote  a  lack  of  sexual  ethics,  which  the  true  curved 
eye,  with  its  acute  angles,  indicates.  This  latter  curvation  is  caused 
by  the  line  of  the  lids  springing  sharply  upward  and  downward 
from  the  corners,  and  it  is  this  form  of  roundness  that  characterizes 
the  "monogamic"  (Fig.  260)  and  the  "conjugal"  (Fig.  261)  eyes. 

Each  of  these  eyes  has  its  modifications  and  corresponding 
characteristics.     The  above  figures  illustrate  the  two  extremes  of 


The  eye.  955 

sex-love,  viz.,  promiscuous  attachment  and  exclusive  attachment. 
The  forms  of  these  eyes  are  in  harmony  with  the  physiognomic 
principles  of  elevation  and  lowness,  as  seen  in  the  finely-arched 
eye  of  Fig.  257  and  the  low  character  shown  by  the  irregularly 
drawn  line  of  Fig.  254. 

In  these  examples  the  law  of  the  square  or  angular  principle 
is  dominant  in  the  eye  that  is  perfectly  curved,  for  in  order  to  pro- 
duce two  fine  curves  there  must  be  an  acute  migle  at  their  inter- 
section. This  combination  of  the  acute  angle  and  the  tnie  curve 
indicates  the  highest  degree  of  pure  and  true  monogamic  love. 
The  other  illustrates  the  law  of  the  obtuse  angle  and  imperfect 
curvation,  and  thus  shows  the  presence  of  a  lower  grade,  of  true 
and  pure  Amativeness. 

The  normally-amative  eye  I  term  the  "conjugal  eye,"  for,  as 
the  polygamic  eye  is  the  exaggeration  of  the  normal  type,  the 
former  is  tlie  mean  between  the  two  extremes.  The  conjugal  eye 
is  Ibund  in  its  highest  form  in 
those  men  and  women  who  love 
but  once  in  a  life-time,  and  who, 
through  the  fidelity  of  their 
attachment  and  the  peculiar 
structure  of  their  emotional 
natures,  can  never  again  ex- 
perience the  same  degree  of 
affection       that      characterized 

their   first   love.      The   normal  pjo.  2ei.-coNJUGAL  eye. 

conjugal  character  is  one  which 

may  admit  successively  of  a  second  or  even  a  third  or  fourth 
attachment,  but  is  capable  of  being  faithful  and  true  to  each  while 
the  attachment  lasts.  This  class  of  people  marry  a  second  or 
third  time  if  deprived  by  death  of  their  marital  partners. 

There  are  a  large  number  in  every  community  who  can  be 
happy  and  contented  only  in  the  conjugal  relation ;  these  are  pre- 
eminently conjugal  characters,  and  their  grade  of  Amativeness  is 
quite  as  normal  and  far  more  practical  than  that  of  the  ever- 
mourning  husband  or  wife  who  rejects  a  second  love,  and  who  go 
through  life  a  sort  of  peripatetic  monument,  refusing  to  be  com- 
forted in  a  sensible  manner. 

The  polygamic  eye  is  met  with  in  all  civilized  races,  and  is 
not  confined  to  the  barbarous  or  semi-civilized  tribes.  It  is  more 
frequently  met  with  among  men  than  among  women.  Women 
are  more  naturally  monogamic  and  more  conservative  than  men. 
These  two  factors  added  together  create  that  intensity  of  conjugal 
fidelity  which  holds  the  family  and  society  together. 


i 

956  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Ill  this  field  woman  is  man's  protector,  for  the  pure-minded, 
faithful  wife  is  often  the  power  that  holds  the  vacillating  footsteps 
of  her  husband  from  straying  after  strange  goddesses. 

In  woman  the  "polygamic"  eye  is  indicative  of  a  love  of 
admiration,  and  vents  itself  in  girlliood  by  "flirtations"  and  a 
craving  for  promiscuous  admiration  and  attention,  yet  many  such 
women  make  admirable  wives  when  offered  the  homage  of  a  manly 
heart;  the  finer  nature  of  a  woman  modifies  indications  consid- 
erably; the  circumstances  of  quality  must  always  be  taken  into 
account.  Some  women,  like  many  men,  are  polygamic  in  their 
natures,  and  always  desire  the  love  and  attention  of  more  than 
one  man.  Many  men  live  polygamic  lives  even  in  Christian  com- 
munities, and  seem  capable  of  giving  a  great  deal  of  love  to  several 
women  at  the  same  time;  these  are  perversions  of  the  normal 
standard  of  true  love  and  of  true  marriage.  It  is  this  class  that 
demoralizes  humanity  and  destroys  the  good  order  of  society,  for 
fidelity  to  the  marriage  vow  is  the  foundation  of  health,  of  morality, 
of  the  family,  and  of  the  government.  Many  men  of  this  class 
live  lives  of  open  shamelessness,  and  thus  encourage  those  who 
are  tempted  by  the  strength  of  their  passions  to  do  likewise;  they 
do  not  exhibit  the  virtues  of  hypocrisy  even,  for  a  hidden  vice  is 
not  as  demoralizing  to  the  young  as  one  that  is  constantly  flaunted 
in  their  faces.  Example  is  a  most  potent  incentive.  It  has  been 
said  that  "hypocrisy  is  the  tribute  that  vice  pays  to  virtue;"  not 
always  is  this  tribute  offered,  and  thus  open  viciousness  attracts 
the  morally-weak  and  often  destroys  them. 

Each  eye  reveals  the  power  or  weakness  of  the  love-nature  of 
its  possessor.  Very  large  convex  eyes  (if  well  colored)  denote 
great  sex-love  and  also  a  great  deal  of  the  sentiment  of  love,  while 
very  small,  flat  eyes  indicate  a  feebler  degree  of  the  sexual  pro- 
pensity and  its  associated  sentiment;  a  little  more  or  a  little  less 
development  of  the  muscular  system  makes  all  these  difierences. 
Muscle  is  the  tissue  that  enables  man  to  express  the  emotion  of 
love,  and  all  of  the  great  visceral  organs  that  assist  reproduction 
are  comprised  in  the  muscular  system,  and  are  the  bases  of  the 
sentiment  of  love  and  its  associated  physical  function. 

In  the  animal  kingdom  the  forms  of  the  eye  indicate  precisely 
the  same  traits  that  they  do  in  tlie  human  family.  The  eagle, 
dove,  and  many  other  birds  are  monogamic  in  their  attachments, 
and  keep  strictly  to  one  companion  and  illustrate  the  highest  type 
of  the  family  institution.  Several  of  the  deer  tribes  and  other 
animals  exhibit  in  their  lives  this  high  moral  condition  of  love, 
while  the  hog  and  other  low  breeds  are  as  polygamous  as  the  Turk 
or  Chinese.     The  eyes  of  the  monogamic  animals  are  round  and 


THE   EYE.  957 

wide  open,  presenting  the  acute  angle  and  the  true  curve,  while 
the  polygamic  animals  reveal  the  lowest  types  of  the  law  of  Form, 
having  the  eyes  obliquely  set  and  narrow  between  the  lids;  this  is 
the  form  of  the  hog  and  many  of  the  small  as  well  as  many  of 
the  large  carnivora.  The  square-boned  lion  is  monogamic,  while 
the  round-boned  cats  and  other  similarly-constructed  animals  are 
polygamic.  All  this  goes  to  prove  that  the  knowledge  of  mind 
and  character  must  be  sought  for  in  anatomical  and  physiological 
structure,  guided  by  the  application  of  physiognomic  laws. 

The  general  outline  of  the  round-eyed  monogamic  individual 
corroborates  the  meaning  of  the  eye.  The  most  ardent  lovers  and 
prolific  people  are  round,  and  this  form  denotes  the  ascendency  of 
the  muscular  system,  and  this  system  is  the  best  adapted,  not  only 
to  feel  and  express  emotion,  but  it  is  also  best  adapted  to  reproduc- 
tion. This  principle  of  roundness — of  muscular  supremacy  as  in- 
dicative of  generative  capacity — runs  all  through  animated  Nature. 
All  animals  which  possess  this  form  are  more  amative  and  more 
prolific  than  the  square-boned  beasts;  this  is  conceded  by  other 
observers. 

I  have  not  made  extensive  comparisons  in  the  vegetable  king- 
dom, but  I  believe  that  an  application  of  the  principles  of  Form 
will  reveal  similar  results.  So  universal  are  these  basic  principles 
that  one  is  justified  in  believing  that  their  power  is  everywhere 
dominant. 

THE   SIZE   OF   THE   EYE. 

There  are  great  diversities  of  size  of  the  eyeball  in  adults  as 
well  as  in  children,  and  their  differences  will  be  found  to  accord 
with  the  general  muscular  endowment  of  the  entue  organism,  for 
as  the  eye  and  its  attachments  are  the  facial  representatives  of  the 
muscular  system,  so  the  larger  the  eyeball  and  its  attachments  the 
more  developed  will  be  this  system  throughout ;  and,  conversely, 
the  smaller  the  eyeball  the  more  deficient  will  the  muscular  tissue  be. 

Many  eyes  seem  small  that  arc  not  really  so  at  all.  The  eye- 
brows project  beyond  them  in  such  manner  as  to  hide  their  real 
size,  as  is  often  observed  in  mechanics  and  scientists.  The  true  de- 
velopment of  the  eyeball  may  be  ascertained  by  the  appearance  of 
the  flesh  and  muscles  about  the  orbit,  as  well  as  by  the  arching  of 
the  eyebrows ;  the  latter  are  always  moro  highly  arched  when  the 
ball  is  large.  Again,  if  the  ball  be  large  the  cheek  just  below  the 
eye  will  be  well  filled  out  even  in  old  age ;  whereas,  if  the  ball  be 
small  this  part  of  the  cheek  is  somewhat  sunken,  and  is  never  so 
firm  and  full  as  where  the  muscular  is  one  of  the  supreme  systems. 

It  is  a  law  of  structure  that  wherever  there  is  a  large  muscular 


958  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

organ  the  attached  muscles  are  always  relatively  large,  and  that 
where  the  muscular  system  dominates  the  bony  system  the  eyeball, 
as  well  as  the  muscles  of  the  lower  lid  and  the  muscular  fibres  of 
the  upper  cheek,  will  be  so  well  developed  as  to  fill  out  the  part 
of  the  orbit  just  beneath  and  around  the  eye ;  but  where  the  bony 
system  is  domiitaiit,  or  one  of  the  dominant  systems,  the  eyeball 
is  relatively  smaller  than  in  the  preceding  case,  and  recedes  under 
the  brow  considerably,  while  the  orbit  appears  less  full,  and  in  ad- 
vanced age  the  soft  parts  just  beneath  the  eye  are  quite  shrunken 
and  wrinkled,  and  the  eye  appears  to  grow  smaller  and  smaller, 
while  the  brow  appears  to  project  more  and  more.  This  appear- 
ance is  due  to  the  shrinking  of  the  muscular  tissues  and  skin 
about  the  orbit,  as  they  lose  some  of  their  elasticity  and  firmness 
as  age  advances.  This  is  particularly  the  case  with  mechanics, 
scientists,  and  naturalists.  Charles  Darwin's  physiognomy  is  a 
good  example  of  this  peculiarity.  The  eyes  of  great  observers  are 
always  smaller  than  those  of  artists,  and  the  eye-bones  of  the  former 
project  more  than  those  of  the  latter,  and  this  causes  the  eyeball 
to  look  smaller  than  it  is  in  reality.  Tlie  eyes  of  all  classes  who 
observe  closely,  and  who  also  think  profoundly,  are  formed  upon 
this  plan.     In  relation  to  this  rule  Lavater  observes  thus: — 

The  following  is  a  sign  that  has  never  deceived  me  :  When  the  bone 
of  the  eye  is  prominent  you  have  the  sign  of  a  singular  aptitude  for  mental 
labor — of  an  extraordinary  sagacity  for  great  enterprises. 

The  small  appearance  of  the  eye  that  is  produced  by  the 
projection  of  the  eye-bones  must  not  be  confounded  with  that 
smallness  which  is  caused  by  the  projection  or  fuUness  of  the  cheek 
beneath  the  eye.  The  latter  appearance  has  quite  a  different  mean- 
ing from  the  former.  It  denotes  a  common,  vulgar  mind,  given  to 
gluttony  and  sensuality.  The  surroundings  of  the  eye,  the  bones, 
the  hairy  brows,  the  wrinkles,  the  folds  of  flesh  or  skin,  the  space 
between  the  eye  and  brow,  as  well  as  the  lids  and  upper  cheek,  all 
add  to  or  take  from  the  apparent  size  of  the  eyeball.  Some  eyes 
are  set  very  deep  at  the  inner  comer  and  stand  out  well  at  the 
outer  corner,  while  others  are  the  reverse  of  this.  Some  eyelids 
are  well  arched  at  the  inner  comer  and  less  arched  at  the  outer 
corners ;  all  these  variations  produce  different  expressions  and  di- 
verse characteristics,  and  modify  the  appearance  of  the  size  of  the 
eye ;  hence,  in  order  to  arrive  at  a  just  idea  of  the  real  size  of  the 
eye  all  these  circumstances  must  be  taken  into  account. 

Many  medium-  and  large-  sized  eyeballs  look  small  from  the 
fact  that  the  eyelid  covers  a  large  portion  of  the  eyeball ;  this  ])ecu- 
liarity  is  observed  in  many  of  the  Oriental  races,  and  also  in  large 


THE   EYE. 


959 


Fig.  262.— Large.    (Descartes.) 


numbers  of  the  Celt  and  Celt-Iberian  races.  This  is  one  of  the 
facial  signs  for  Acquisitiveness.  In  these  cases  the  large,  globular 
contour  of  the  eyeball,  half  covered  by  the  upper  lid,  gives  a  sort 
of  dreamy  expression  to  the  eye,  and  as  it  is  often  observed  in  the 
eyes  of  many  talented  persons 
it  has  been  regarded  by  some 
physiognomists  as  one  sign  of 
talent.  I  do  not  so  regard  it, 
for  I  observe  it  in  the  eyes  of 
many  ordinary  individuals.  It 
is,  however,  never  found  except 
where  the  muscular  is  one  of 
the  supreme  systems ;  hence,  it 
is  often  seen  among  the  artistic 
classes.  Very  many  talented 
artists  have  been  noted  for 
their  large  Acquisitiveness,  and 
even  for  its  perversion — avarice. 
There  are  three  general 
sizes  of  the  eyes,  viz.:  Large 
(Fig.  262);  medium  (Fig. 
263);  and  small  (Fig.  264). 
The  large  eye  may  be  very 
convex,  or  it  may  present  a 
more  flattened  appearance ; 
each  of  these  forms  denotes 
specific  differences.  So,  also, 
the  medium-sized  eye  may  be 
full  and  globular  or  flattened 
on  the  surface.  These  differ- 
ences again  argue  diverse  char- 
acteristics. The  large,  globu- 
lar, convex  eye  is  often  met 
with  in  the  countenances  of 
great  actors,  singers,  orators, 
and  painters.  This  size  of  eye 
indicates  the  highest  capacity 
for  receiving  impressions  and 
for  depicting  and  illustrating 
emotions.  The  eyes  of  David 
Garrick,  Fechter,  and  Blanche 

Barretta,  players  ;  of  Grattan,  Beecher,  and  Summei'field,  orators ; 
of  Edgar  A.  Poe,  Robert  Burns,  and  Whittier,  poets ;  of  INIadame 
de  Stael,  novelist;    of  Rubens,  Van  Dyck,  and  David,  painters, 


Fig.  263.— Medium.     (Frederick  II.) 


Fig.  264.— Small. 
THREE  GENERAL  SIZES  OF  THE  EYE. 


960  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

disclose  this  form.  Their  eyes  in  youth  all  appear  much  larger 
than  in  portraits  taken  in  later  years.  It  will  be  noted  that  all 
their  eyes  recede  slightly  under  the  bony  brow,  or  at  least  do  not 
set  too  far  forward  beyond  it,  nor  beyond  the  plane  of  the  cheek ; 
hence,  they  argue  a  degree  of  good  sense,  judgment,  and  accuracy. 

The  largest  eyes  among  artistic  productions  are  found  in  the 
countenances  of  the  ancient  Greek  sculptors ;  their  idea  in  creat- 
ing such  exaggeration  of  size  and  roundness  was  to  give  their  sub- 
jects a  majestic  or  divine  look,  as  they  understood  these  qualities; 
hence,  the  more  closely  the  eye  approaches  these  exaggerations  the 
farther  is  it  from  the  normal  standard,  for  these  forms  reveal  char- 
acteristics not  in  accord  with  the  best  standards  of  human  form,  as 
shown  by  scientific  physiognomy.  The  same  is  true  of  the  so- 
called  "  Greek  "  nose.  This  nose  is  described  by  a  jyerfecthj  straight 
line  descending  from  the  forehead  without  the  slightest  incurvation 
at  the  junction  with  the  nose,  as  seen  in  the  statues  of  Jupiter,  etc. 
Were  we  to  find  this  line  in  the  countenance  of  a  human  being  it 
would  be  the  indication  of  a  monstrosity.  Air  removed  from  nobdity 
and  characterized  by  unbridled  will  and  gross  selfishness. 

Very  large  eyes  denote  exaggerations  in  the  use  of  language. 
Very  small  ones  indicate  silent,  secretive  characters — both  devia- 
tions from  a  normal  development  of  that  feature  and  faculty.  The 
medium  size  indicates  fluency  without  volubility.  Other  factors 
besides  mere  size  must  be  taken  into  consideration  in  order  to  com- 
prehend the  linguistic  capacities  of  each  subject  as  well  as  the 
moral  use  of  language.  The  largest-sized  eyes  belong  to  the  ar- 
tistic and  emotional  classes ;  the  medium  to  the  more  observing 
and  thoughtful  minds,  while  the  very  small  to  those  of  weak  or- 
ganization, either  morally,  mentally,  or  physically.  Those  with 
very  large,  convex  eyes  are  never  profound,  logical,  and  observing, 
but  are  more  impulsive  and  emotional.  The  eyes  are  relatively 
large,  wide,  and  round  in  youth ;  hence,  children  are  more  emo- 
tional and  imitative  than  reflective. 

All  great  orators  and  eloquent  speakers  possess  large,  round, 
and  full  eyes,  which  are  humid  and  lustrous,  and  when  under  great 
inspirational  excitement  they  become  luminous  and  fairly  blaze 
with  earnestness  and  excitement.  Although  orators  possess  large, 
round  eyes,  they  do  not  exceed  a  certain  degree  of  convexity,  else 
they  would  indicate  fluent  "gab  "  but  not  good  sense  and  eloquence. 
The  gabbling,  ranting  orator  is  often  seen  at  city  street-corners 
vending  corn-plaster,  hair-dyes,  or  " Universal  Pain  Killer;"  his 
eyes  will  perhaps  present  the  "  bulging "  appearance  of  a  lobster, 
and  the  mouth  of  the  "  professor"  will  be  as  extensive  as  his  lips,  and 
they  will  correspond  in  size,  besides  being  coarse  and  ugly-shaped. 


THE   EYE.  961 

There  are  grades  of  linguistic  capacity  ranging  all  the  way 
from  the  grandly  eloquent  to  the  fluent,  easy,  graceful  conversa- 
tionalist down  the  scale  to  the  ordinary  common  talker,  and  so  on 
to  the  silent,  thoughtful  writer,  whose  language  is  fluent  only  on 
paper.  Then  follows  the  very  secretive,  monosyllabic  individual, 
whose  small  and  narrow  eyes  reveal  all  that  his  lips  refuse  to 
utter. 

Medium-sized  eyes,  that  are  of  normal  form  and  well  colored, 
are  indicative  of  a  fine  degree  of  linguistic  power,  observation,  and 
reflection,  but  other  signs  in  each  individual  can  modify  and  afliect 
their  appearances;  therefore,  the  mere  fact  of  medium  size  is  not 
absolute  as  to  leading  characteristics.  Medium-sized  eyes  in  con- 
nection with  a  projecting,  bony  brow  denote  close  and  accurate 
observation;  this  combination  is  characteristic  of  mechanicians,  scien- 
tists, and  naturalists,  for  in  these  classes  accuracy  must  be  had  in 
order  to  facilitate  true  and  authentic  accounts  and  correct  imita- 
tions of  the  subjects  or  phenomena  observed ;  hence.  Nature  in 
creating  such  individuals  makes  the  bony  system  one  of  the  domi- 
nant systems,  and  this  causes  the  eyebrows  to  project,  and  this 
projection  screens  the  eye  and  assists  in  shutting  off"  the  superfluous 
rays  of  light  in  order  that  the  eye  may  be  more  easily  brought  to 
a  focus.  Again,  the  bony  system  is  one  of  the  most  stable,  firm, 
and  true  tissues  in  the  organism,  and  affords  all  the  necessary  ele- 
ments of  character  required  for  patient,  persevering,  truthful  re- 
search, such  as  is  essential  to  science  and  mechanism.  The  chief 
office  of  the  eye-bones  and  eyebrows  is  to  assist  in  excluding  the 
superffuous  rays  of  light  from  entering  the  sight ;  hence,  the 
greater  the  projection  of  the  bone  and  muscle,  and  the  more  bushy 
the  hairy  brows,  the  better  is  the  eye  adapted  to  instantaneous  and 
accurate  vision, — a  quality  of  siglit  more  particularly  needed  in 
those  pursuits  that  require  the  greatest  degree  of  acute  observation. 

EXPRESSION   OF   THE   EYE. 

The  eye  owes  much  of  its  beauty  and  expression  to  the  lids, 
the  lashes,  the  brows,  the  adjacent  lines,  folds,  and  wrinkles;  the 
orbits,  the  cheek-bones,  the  size  and  form  of  the  upper  cheek,  the 
lustre  or  lack  cf  lustre,  and  the  color  of  the  iris,  the  lashes,  and 
hair  of  the  brows.  The  eyeball  standing  out  naked  witliout  its 
fleshly  environment  would  exhibit  very  little  expression,  and  even 
if  it  were  in  motion  would  not  be  an  agreeable  sight. 

The  humors  of  the  eye,  as  well  as  the  colors  of  the  iris  and 
retina,  assist  in  giving  it  expression  while  in  a  state  of  repose,  but 
when  the  emotions  are  aroused  to  a  high  degree  of  activity  the 
glands,  humors,  and  nerves  all  conspire  to  produce  an  unusual 


962 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


degree  of  brilliancy.  The  mild  emotion  of  affection  causes  quite 
a  different  grade  of  brilliancy  from  that  produced  by  the  terrible 
gleam  of  diabolic  passion  which  appears  in  the  eye  of  the  murder- 
ously-inclined, insane  victim;  so  also  the  brightness  of  intellectual 
power  is  quite  different  from  the  brilliant  glitter  of  the  egotist  or 
conceited  simpleton.  These  several  varieties  of  lustre  are  caused 
by  chemical  changes  in  the  elements  of  the  tissues,  as  well  as  by 
the  mechanical  movements  in  the  constituent  molecules;  but,  what- 
ever be  the  cause,  motion  is  at  the  base,  and  the  eye  is  the  facial 
representative  of  the  wost  active  portion  of  the  motive  apparatus  of 
the  organism — the  muscles ;  hence,  the  eye  defines  the  presence  of 
other  faculties  and  functions  besides  strength  and  love  of  movement. 

The  arching  of  the 
lids — particularly  that 
of  the  upper  lid — as- 
sists expression.  The 
sharpness  or  obtuse- 
ness  of  the  angles,  the 
manner  in  which  the 
eyes  are  placed  in  the 
orbits,  the  convexity 
or  flatness  of  the  cor- 
nea, each  adds  its 
quota  of  expression, 
and  reveals  positive 
and  diverse  character- 
istics. The  eyes  are 
modified  in  their  ex- 
pression by  the  form 
of  the  cheeks,  the 
height  or  flatness  of 
the  cheek-bones,  the 
color  of  the  complexion,  brows,  and  hair;  their  nearness  to  or  dis- 
tance from  the  nose,  and  the  shape  and  size  of  the  upper  part  of 
the  nose.  A  great  deal  of  ocular  expression  would  he  lost  were  we 
to  inspect  the  eye  through  two  apertures  made  to  fit  tlie  eyes  exactly. 
This  experiment  would  demonstrate  how  much  facial  expression  is 
derived  from  the  eye  and  brow.  The  eye  is  greatly  indebted  to  the 
form,  size,  and  color  of  the  other  features  for  its  expression.  Each 
class  of  minds  exhibits  a  similarity  of  structure  peculiar  to  itself 

ARTISTIC    EXPRESSION. 

The  artistic  classes,  as  a  rule,  have  large,   full,  sparkling, 
vivacious  eyes,  generally  well  colored,  either  black,  blue,  or  brown, 


Fig.  265.— artistic  EYE.    (Quesnoy.) 


THE   EYE. 


963 


and  adorned  with  an  evenly-arched  brow  placed  at  some  distance 
above  the  eye,  and  exposing  a  wide  space  between  the  lid  and 
eyebrow  (Fig.  265).  Tliese  pecu- 
liarities create  an  alert,  wide-awake  ^8^^8^^.  /A 
and  attractive  expression. 

OBSERVANT   EXPRESSION. 

The  eyes  of  profound  think- 
ers, on  the  contrary,  are  usually 
smaller,  with  less  brilliancy,  and 
slower  in  motion  than  the  former, 
and  exhibit  a  calm  and  steadfast 
gaze,  while  the  hairy  brow  is  of 
a  horizontal  or  semi-horizontal 
form,  and  is  brought  down  near  to  the  eye,  leaving  little  or  no 
space  between  the  eyebrow  and  eyelid,  thus  giving  a  thoughtful, 
observant  expression  to  the  eye. 

MAGNETIC    EXPRESSION. 

The  magnetic  eye  is  very  rare,  and  is  always  of  deep  color, — 
usually  black  or  brown  and  large  and  luminous.  It  is  associated 
with  attractive  qualities  and  a  love  lor  the  occult  and  abstruse  in 
Nature.  Fig.  267  shows  the  eyes  of  Graf  Reichenbach,  the 
originator  of  the  "  odic-force  "  theory  once  popular  in  Germany. 


Fig.  266.— observant  EYE. 
(Sir  J.  Banks.) 


Fig.  267.-MAGNETIC  EYE. 
(Graf  Reichenbach.) 


Fig.  268. -BRUTAL  EYE. 


BRUTAL  EXPRESSION. 

Those  whose  eyes  are  always  dull  in  expression  and  slow  in 
motion  are  congenitally  stupid  or  brutal,  and  lacking  in  intelligence, 
force,  and  sensibility;  these  indications  usually  accompany  a  low 
grade  of  physical  development.  This  class  generally  inherits  a 
tendency  to  epilepsy,  insanity,  or  scrofula,  especially  if  the  eye  be 
very  lights  dull,  and  "fishy"  in  expression. 


964  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

GLUTTONOUS   EXPRESSION. 

Eyes  that  show  a  considerable  portion  of  the  white  helmo  the 
iris  denote  gluttony,  or  at  least  a  tendency  to  overeat,  and  I 
always  suspect  their  owners  wanting  in  capacity  for  profound 
thought. 

SHALLOW   AND   PASSIONATE   EXPRESSION. 

If  the  white  is  seen  above  as  well  as  below,  there  is  certainly 
great  shallowness  of  intellect.     If  the  eye  show  a  great  deal  of 

the  white  of  the  eye  all  around 
the  pupil,  the  character  is  pas- 
sionate and  the  mind  lacking 
depth  and  balance. 

This  peculiarity  gives  a 
simple,  stupid,  half-foolish  ex- 
pression, and  this  expression  is 
accentuated  if  the  eye  project 
beyond  the  eye-bones.  Charac- 
ters possessed  of  common  sense 
Fig.  2e9.-GLUTT0N0U8  EYE.  ^ud  good  intellect  havo  the  eye 

somewhat  covered  by  the  upper 
lid ;  yet  if  the  eye  cover  too  great  a  portion  of  the  eyeball  we  shall 
find  that  Secretiveness  or  Acquisitiveness  is  present.  Here  we 
have  a  departure  from  the  normal  standard  of  lid-curvature,  and 
we  have  learned  that  all  departures  from  normal  forms  denote 
abnormal  characteristics.  An  opinion  from  Dr.  Cross  on  this  point 
indorses  my  own  rule,  and  I  here  apply  it.     He  observes: — 

The  eyeball  taken  by  itself  is  purely  pre<laceous.  Naked  ej'eballs 
standing  in  open  sockets  conve}'^  to  the  imagination  a  picture  of  unbridled 
temper,  and  tlie  less  the  ej^eballs  are  covered  with  eyelids,  the  more  scope 
is  allowed  to  the  predaceous  tendency.  On  the  contrary,  the  more  the  eye- 
ball is  covered  with  lids,  the  more  are  the  dispositions  under  prudential 
control ;  and  the  more  powerful  the  lids,  and  the  better  furnished  witli  lashes, 
the  more  vigorous  is  the  prudential  system.  The  eyelids,  whenever  the\^ 
retreat  so  far  from  the  pupil  as  to  lose  command  over  the  entering  rays,  are 
guilty  of  a  dereliction  of  duty  detrimental  to  distinct  vision;  here  there  is 
a  want  of  the  prudential  system.  So  also  whenever  the  ej^elids  approach 
each  other  so  much  as  to  intercept  the  free  admission  of  raj'S  from  the  object 
to  the  retina,  here  the  prudential  system  is  in  excess;  here  is  that  over- 
caution  which  defeats  its  own  purpose.* 

How  much  of  sound  physiognomic  philosophy  is  contained  in 
the  preceding  sentences !  Not  only  do  the  peculiarities  of  the  lids 
modify  the  function  of  sight,  but  they  at  the  same  time  reveal 
mental  and  moral  conditions,  for  eyes  with  the  lids  closely  drawn 

•An  Attempt  to  Establish  Physiognomy  on  Scientific  Principles,  p.  26. 


THE   EYE.  965 

together  are  often  met  with  in  congenital  rogues,  liars,  sneaks,  and 
avaricious  beings,  while  eyes  too  wide  open  show  not  only  inaccu- 
racy of  vision,  but  also  its  accompanying  moral  or  mental  defect — 
absence  of  capacity  for  accurate  or  truthful  description  of  what  is 
observed.  Those  eyelids  that  permit  a  normal  portion  of  the  eye 
to  appear  are  the  best  indicators  of  normal  mind  and  integrity,  as 
well  as  of  normal  sight.  The  normal  eye  of  the  artistic  classes  is 
larger  than  the  normal  eye  of  the  scientific  or  mechanical  classes. 
The  exaggeration  of  these  two  normal  forms  and  expression,  viz., 
those  that  are  too  large,  or  those  that  are  too  small,  or  those  that 
show  too  much  of  the  white,  or  those  that  disclose  too  little  of  the 
eyeball  for  normalcy,  are  to  be  considered  as  departures  from  a 
correct  standard  of  form  and  expression,  hence  are  the  indicators 
of  peculiarities  of  character  and  function  not  in  accord  with  the 
best  examples  observed.  Disease  and  dissipation,  as  well  as  con- 
genital villainy,  produce  somewhat  similar  expressions.  The  eye- 
lids of  debauchees  and  drunkards  become  lax  through  a  weakened 
condition  of  the  related  muscles  and  nerves,  and  thus  they  lose 
their  natural  tension,  and  are  drawn  nearer  together  than  when  in 
health.  The  lower  lids  of  the  licentious  and  dissipated  fall  away 
and  expose  the  inner  margin,  which  appears  red  and  wateiy  in  the 
drunkard,  and  pale-bluish  and  wrinkled  in  the  victims  of  unbridled 
lust.  Yet  the  physiognomist  is  able  to  discern  whether  disease, 
dissipation,  or  native  villainy  has  produced  these  several  appear- 
ances. Overuse  of  the  eyes,  as  in  prolonged  application  in  read- 
ing and  writing,  tends  to  relax  the  muscles  of  the  lids,  and  causes 
the  upper  one  to  droop. 

A  great  deal  of  healthy  and  beautiful  expression  arises  from 
the  natural  lustre  and  humidity  of  the  eye.  In  abnormal  char- 
acters these  two  factors  of  expression  vary  considerably.  The 
humidity  is  caused  by  the  secretions  of  the  glands  of  the  eye  and 
lids,  which  in  healthy  subjects  constantly  secrete  a  lubricating  fluid, 
which  serves  several  purposes.  In  the  first  place,  it  assists  the 
eyeball  in  rotathig.  This  fluid  also  serves  the  purpose  of  moistening 
and  dissolving  the  particles  of  dust  which  in  a  dry  state  would 
cause  great  irritation.  The  lustre  of  the  eye  arises  partly  from  its 
humidity  and  partly  from  the  quality  or  fineness  of  the  nervous 
mechanism.  Now,  moisture  of  the  Hps  and  eyes  are  evidences  of 
healthy  action  in  both  of  these  feature?,  while  dry  eyes  and  dry 
lips  reveal  imhealthful  conditions ;  it  follows  that  whatever  appear- 
ance denotes  health  is  more  beautiful  than  the  opposite  indication. 
Physicians  are  guided  in  their  diagnosis  of  disease  by  the  dryness 
and  moisture  of  these  features,  as  well  as  by  the  dryness  or  moist- 
ure of  other  parts  of  the  head  and  face ;  the  brilliancy  of  the  eye, 


966  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

too,  undergoes  many  pathological  changes  during  the  progress  of 
disorders,  and  these  varying  appearances  are  of  great  service  to 
physicians  as  indications  of  abnormal  conditions,  and  no  intelligent 
doctor  neglects  their  warnings. 

As  the  eye  is  one  of  the  most  important  facial  signs  of  love  or 
Amativeness,  its  size,  form,  color,  lustre,  humidity,  and  expression 
would  naturally  reveal  to  the  physiognomist  the  inherited  grade 
of  amative  sentiment.  It  also  reveals  normal  and  abnormal  con- 
ditions of  the  reproductive  system — the  functional  base  of  the 
sentiment  of  sex-love.  If  the  eye  be  bright,  animated,  and  humid, 
with  the  lids  of  a  normal  tension  and  color,  the  reproductive  sys- 
tem, as  well  as  the  associated  sentiment  of  Amativeness,  is  normal ; 
but  if  these  indications  are  absent,  functional  disturbances  in  this 
system  may  be  inferred,  and  if  these  symptoms  are  permanent  the 
defects  become  permanent  also. 

The  manner  of  moving  the  eyeball  and  eyelids  is  a  source  of 
expression  rich  in  physiognomic  meaning.  There  is  as  great 
divergence  of  movement  between  the  wide-open,  direct  regard  of 
the  upright  character  and  the  furtive,  sidewise  glance  of  the  narrow, 
oblique  eye  as  there  is  in  the  moral  and  raentel  characters  of  these 
two  diverse  classes. 

The  eyes  of  children  are  used  with  great  freedom  of  move- 
ment, and  their  glances  fall  with  equal  freedom  upon  everything 
that  attracts  their  childish  curiosity.  Tliis  utter  abandon  shows 
natural  innocence,  simplicity,  and  absence  of  restraint.  The  eyes 
of  the  untrained  rustic  and  the  equally  roving  eye  of  the  licentious 
and  unrefined  roll  about  with  freedom,  revealing  in  turn  every 
emotion  as  it  passes  through  their  undisciplined  brain  and 
muscles. 

Refined,  disciplined,  self-controlled,  and  intelligent  characters 
use  their  eyes  in  a  far  different  manner  from  the  above-named  classes ; 
they  move  them  in  a  precise  and  orderly  way ;  they  do  not  roll  them 
in  astonishment  nor  gaze  with  bold  stare  about  them.  The  eye 
of  the  truthful,  honest  person  looks  straight  forward  without 
boldness  and  without  humility.  It  is  not  true,  however,  that  only 
the  guilty  or  criminal  look  away  when  addressed  by  others ;  the 
very  sensitive,  shy,  and  most  innocent  often  cast  sidelong  or  down- 
ward glances  while  conversing,  but  their  shyness  is  corroborated  by 
other  signs.  The  movement  of  the  eyes  of  the  artistic  classes  is 
more  unrestrained,  vivacious,  and  the  expression  more  animated 
than  those  of  the  more  reflective  classes.  The  latter  have  an  ex- 
pression of  thoughtful  intelligence,  and,  although  the  eye  of  this 
class  is  nearly  as  bright  as  those  of  the  former,  the  motions  are  not 
so  rapid,  but  move  slower  and  more  in  harmony  with  that  deliber- 


THE  EYE.  967 

ation  essential  to  accurate  observation  and  calm  reflection,  thus 
showing  the  presence  of  reason  rather  than  of  emotion. 

An  excellent  study  in  tlie  physiognomy  of  the  eye  can  be 
made  by  watching  the  movements  of  the  eyes  of  the  criminal 
classes.  The  peculiar  shape  of  their  eyes  produces  quite  a  difl*erent 
set  of  movements  from  those  made  by  a  normally  moral  eye.  An 
oblique  or  crooked  eye  or  mouth  is  incapable  of  making  the  kind 
of  movements  that  are  made  by  these  features  when  straight. 
Their  movements  leave  impressed  upon  the  surrounding  parts 
entirely  different-shaped  lines  and  wrinkles,  hence  we  are  able  to 
classify  the  resultant  lines  and  wrinkles  as  "moral,"  "immoral," 
"kind,"  "mirthful,"  "witty,"  or  "ill-humored,"  etc.  Lines  and 
wrinkles  are  indisputable  records  of  the  class  of  thought,  speech, 
and  actions  which  have  been  dominant  in  the  life  of  the  subject, 
and  no  amount  of  dissimulation  can  erase  them. 

All  this  goes  to  prove  that  every  act  of  the  individual,  if  oft- 
repeated,  becomes  registered  upon  his  countenance  and  adds  its 
quota  to  make  up  what  we  term  "  the  expression  of  the  human 
face." 

The  folds  and  wrinkles  of  the  eyelids  and  surrounding  parts 
are  highly  indicative  of  character.  The  principal  fold  of  skin 
observed  at  the  inner  comer  of  the  upper  lid  is  termed  the  "  nicti- 
tating membrane."  This  is  a  small  crescent-shaped  fold  of  skin, 
which  is  quite  large  in  some  eyes,  but  very  small  or  hardly  dis- 
cernible in  others.  It  is  one  of  those  useless  rudimentary  remains, 
many  of  which  are  found  in  various  parts  of  the  body.  Professor 
Haeckel  tells  us,  in  regard  to  this  organ,  that 

Our  skulled  ancestors  had,  in  addition  to  the  two  eyelids,  a  third  eye- 
lid,— the  nictitating  membrane, — which  was  drawn  over  the  eye  from  the 
inner  corner.  Many  primitive  fishes  (Selochii)  and  amnion  animals  yet 
retain  this.  In  af)es  and  in  man  it  has  atrophied  and  only  a  small  remnant 
of  it  exists  in  the  inner  corner  of  the  eye,  as  the  "  crescent-shaped  fold  "  is 
a  useless  rudimentary  organ.* 

This  fold  is  a  very  decided  agent  in  the  expression  of  the  eye ; 
so  also  are  the  folds  formed  by  age  in  the  eyes  of  the  most  observ- 
ant classes,  as  is  noted  elsewhere  in  the  description  of  the  forms 
of  the  eye. 

NICTITATING   FOLD. 

The  "  nictitating  fold  is  quite  pronounced  in  the  orbits  of 
Daniel  Webster,  Prof.  Richard  Owen,  Hiram  Powers  (sculptor), 
and  large  numbers  of  people  of  all  grades  of  intellect. 

The  color  or  lack  of  color  in  the  cheeks  assists  expression. 
A  bright,  rich,  red  color  in  the  cheeks  contrasts  well  with  black 

*  Evolution  of  Man,  Ernst  Haeckel,  voL  il,  p.  268. 


968  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

eyes,  and  thus  they  intensify  each  other's  color  and  beauty.  Some 
inartistic  and  unobservant  belles  very  erroneously  put  artificial 
color  (where  Nature  has  withheld  it)  high  upon  the  cheek-bones. 
Now,  this  is  a  bungling  attempt  at  imitating  Nature's  method. 
Color  is  rarely  found  high  upon  the  cheek-bones  of  young  people. 
It  is  usually  observed  in  the  cheeks  of  aged  people  in  this  situation. 
Youthful  cheeks  exhibit  their  color  upon  the  lowest  part  of  the 
cheek,  and  in  some  subjects  it  appears  below  the  cheek  under  the 
lower  jaw  as  well. 

Blue-eyed  people  require  both  red  and  white  to  make  their 
eyes  expressive,  unless  they  are  very  fair  indeed,  for  when  this 
class  becomes  sallow  the  eye  loses  much  of  its  beauty  of  expression 
because  the  difference  between  the  blue  eyes  and  the  yellow  skin 
is  not  sufficiently  decided  to  make  a  pleasing  contrast.  Sallowness 
is  the  sign  of  an  abnormal  state,  hence  is  opposed  to  beauty,  and 
thus  also  it  becomes  a  physiognomic  sign  of  a  torpid  liver  or  other 
disorder. 

The  color  of  the  brows  and  lashes  are  effective  agents  in 
expression.  The  thickness  or  sparseness  of  the  brows  and  lashes 
produce  differences  of  expression.  As  a  rule  very  bushy  brows, 
especially  if  black  or  dark,  denote  a  strong  constitution,  while  very 
thin  brows,  if  very  light,  indicate  delicacy,  either  of  the  nervous 
system  or  of  the  general  system. 

Thus  it  will  be  noted  that  very  many  factors,  in  connection  with 
the  eye,  assist  in  giving  it  physiognomic  expression  and  meaning. 
Should  the  reader  desire  to  know  what  constitutes  6e<//^^// of  expres- 
sion I  shall  refer  him  to  tlie  theory  which  is  found  running  through 
this  entire  system  of  physiognomy,  viz.,  that  tlie  scientific  idea  of 
moral,  intellectual,  or  physical  power,  wherever  found, — in  what- 
ever feature  or  part  of  a  feature  it  is  displayed, — discloses  true  beauty 
of  that  feature  or  portion  of  a  feature  which  discloses  a  certain 
sign  of  a  capacity  for  morality,  intellect,  or  usefulness  of  some  sort. 

The  manner  in  which  the  eyeballs  incline^  whether  forward  or 
backward  of  the  lower  lid,  produce  most  decided  diverse  physiog- 
nomic meanings,  as  well  as  of  variety  of  expression.  As  a  rule, 
eyes  that  are  horizontal  in  their  sockets,  and  which  set  back  some- 
what under  the  eye-bones,  are  normal,  while  those  that  bulge  out 
beyond  the  brows  and  the  plane  of  the  cheek  are  abnormal.  This 
peculiarity  is  the  sign  of  a  rude  and  shallow  mind,  while  eyeballs 
that  incline  from  below  backward  suggest  timidity  and  organic 
weakness.  Eyes  too  convex  belong  to  noisy,  wordy  liars  and 
braggarts.  Thus  each  divergence  of  the  eye  from  its  normal 
position  denotes  a  departure  from  the  normal  type  or  standard, 
and  thus  indicates  the  moral  or  immoral  grade  of  the  subject. 


the  eyelashes.  969 

The  Eyelashes. 

The  lashes  of  the  eye,  like  all  ciliary  appendages,  are  primarily 
for  purposes  of  protection,  and  as  all  features,  however  simple, 
are  revelations  of  character,  so  the  eyelashes  are  indicative  of  cer- 
tain characteristics  peculiar  to  themselves.  As  a  rule,  muscular 
people  possess  the  longest  and  most  beautiful  lashes;  they  are  also 
more  curved  in  this  class  of  individuals  than  in  the  bony  classes, 
the  basic  laws  of  Form  here  as  elsewhere  asserting  their  influence. 

The  lashes  may  be  («)  long  or  short,  (6)  straight  or  curved, 
(c)  tliick  or  thin,  {d)  regular  or  irregular,  (e)  dark  or  light. 
These  are  the  chief  peculiarities  of  these  features.  Like  all 
external  appendages,  they  serve  more  than  one  purpose,  con- 
sequently they  reveal  more  than  one  meaning.  Their  use  pri- 
marily is  protective,  and  the  more  perfectly  they  are  adapted  to 
that  purpose  the  more  perfect  and  beautiful  they  are. 

I  do  not  intend  in  the  last  sentence  to  convey  to  the  reader 
that  there  is  only  one  form  of  beauty  in  this  feature;  there  are 
many.  Adaptation  has  its  forms  of  beauty,  and,  although  a 
beautifully  curved  lash  looks  well  with  a  large,  lustrous,  muscular 
eye,  it  would  not  be  adapted  to  a  small,  receding  one;  hence, 
adaptation  is  a  factor  of  true  beauty.  Science  broadens  our  con- 
ception of  everything,  and  a  truly  scientific  knowledge  of  the  face 
is  bound  to  enlarge  our  ideas  of  beauty,  which  art  (like  all 
infantoid  knowledge)  has  limited  to  a  veiy  narrow  compass. 

It  is  among  the  aesthetic  and  artistic  classes  that  we  find 
the  best-developed  lashes,  both  under  and  upper;  for  the  projec- 
tion of  the  bony  brow  of  these  subjects  is  so  slight  as  to  neces- 
sitate a  compensating  development  of  these  features.  The  eyes 
of  the  osseous  classes  are  protected  by  the  projecting  bony  brow, 
a  protective  environment  which  can  easily  dispense  with  long, 
curved  lashes. 

Both  the  upper  and  lower  lashes  in  all  subjects  are  more 
or  less  curved;  the  upper  lashes  turn  upward  or  outward,  the 
lower  lashes  turn  downward  or  outward,  and  always  in  such 
manner  as  not  to  entangle  each  other.  Muscular  people  exhibit 
the  principle  of  the  curve  in  every  part  of  the  body,  even  in  the 
curving  of  so  minute  a  portion  of  the  physiognomy  as  the  loicer 
lashes,  which,  in  this  class,  are  more  curved  than  in  the  osseous 
or  mental  subjects. 

Long,  curved,  fine,  regular,  silken  lashes  are  seen  in  the 
countenances  only  of  refined  characters  possessed  of  delicacy  of 
feeling  and  sentiment;  many  artistic  countenances  exhibit  this 
form,  notably  poetic  and  histrionic  faces. 


970  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Straight,  coarse,  thick,  and  projecting  lashes  are  associated 
with  characters  possessed  of  more  bkmtness  and  vigor  than  refine- 
ment, and  are  found  with  the  osseous  system  well  developed. 
Thin,  scattered,  light-colored  eyelashes  betoken  delicacy  of  physique 
and  in  some  subjects  a  consumptive  tendency. 

If  the  lashes  are  sparse  as  well  as  brown  in  color,  a  degree 
of  constitutional  vigor  may  be  present,  yet  the  nervous  system  may 
exhibit  a  good  degree  of  sensitiveness. 

Long  lashes  denote  characteristics  opposite  from  those  revealed 
by  short  lashes;  when  long,  well-curved,  close,  and  fine,  a  certain 
degree  of  shyness  and  timidity  will  be  exhibited.  Shyness  and 
timidity  are  modified  forms  of  Secretiveness,  and  very  long,  curved 
lashes  reveal  the  fact  that  their  owner  is  too  shy  or  too  timid  to  be 
perfectly  frank  and  outspoken.  Short,  thick  laslies  denote  direct- 
ness of  speech,  amounting  in  some  instances  to  blunt  rudeness. 

Long,  well-curved  lashes,  if 
coarse,  are  accompanied  with 
Secretiveness,  for  the  lashes  are 
used  for  the  purpose  of  conceal- 
ing the  motions  of  the  eyeball, 
as  well  as  for  protecting  it, 
hence  they  serve  to  partially 
hide  the  varying  expressions  of 
the  eyes. 

Inasmuch  as  the  eyes  are  the 
features  which  most  assist  the  ex- 

Fio.  270.— BEAUTIFUL  EYELASHES.  •  r.  l\  i.-  '     n 

(DUCHESS  OF  Leeds.)  pression  of  the  emotions,  so  all 

the  appendages,  however  minute, 
reveal  minute  grades  and  shades  of  the  emotions;  hence  a  lash  a 
little  longer  or  a  little  thicker  in  one  than  in  another  discloses  a 
different  degree  of  the  faculties  of  Love  and  Language,  as  above 
indicated,  showing  that  in  one  subject  outspoken  bluntness  will  be 
exhibited,  in  another  shyness  or  slyness,  or  modesty  or  secretive- 
ness in  words  and  actions.  Long,  drooping  eyelashes  are  very 
effective  agents  in  love-making  and  coquetry,  and  speak  eloquently 
when  they  are  suddenly  raised  and  reveal  a  pair  of  eyes  full  of 
mischief  or  melting  tenderness,  and  speak  quite  as  eloquently 
when  lowered  to  conceal  pathos,  sorrow,  modesty,  or  other  soft 
emotion.  It  is  thus  seen  that  nothing  in  the  human  physiognomy 
is  too  minute  to  contain  or  reveal  a  meaning ;  this  will  be  better 
apprehended  when  we  come  to  the  analysis  and  description  of 
lines  and  wrinkles  in  the  face  and  body. 

The  color  of  the  lashes  is  usually  darker  than  the  color  of  the 
hair,  although  in  certain  blond  types   it  is  much  lighter,  being 


THE   INTERCILIARY    SPACE.  971 

very  light — in  fact,  white,  in  some  subjects.  Color  of  these  features 
has  the  same  signification  that  it  has  in  all  the  other  features,  and 
as  the  subject  of  Color  has  been  so  exhaustively  treated  elsewhere 
it  need  not  be  elaborated  here. 

Specimens  of  very  beautiful  eyelashes  may  be  seen  in  the 
portraits  of  Madame  liecamier,  and  the  famous  Caton  sisters,  of 
Baltimore;  Ex-Queen  Nathalie,  of  Servia;  Empress  Josepliine, 
and  the  Countless  of  Blessington. 

The  Interciliary  Space. 

There  is  one  portion  of  the  face  which  is  very  little  under- 
stood, and  to  which  very  little  attention  has  been  paid,  yet  which 


Fig.  271.— artistic  INTERCILIARY  SPACE.     (Racinb.) 

is  of  great  importance  as  an  indicator  of  character.  I  allude  to 
the  interciliary  space,  ^.e.,  the  area  between  the  upper  lid  and  the 
eyebrow  (Fig.  271). 

ARTISTIC   INTERCILIARY   SPACE. 

In  artistic  faces  this  presents  a  space  wider  than  in  the  me- 
chanical, for  the  former  have  a  relatively  slight  projection  of  the 
bony  supercihary  ridges  and  a  considerable  arching  of  the  muscular 
and  hairy  processes  of  the  brows.  It  is  the  absence  of  forward  pro- 
jection of  the  bony  superciliary  arch  which  produces  the  wide 
interciliary  space  observed  in  the  physiognomies  of  artists. 


972 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


SUPERSTITIOUS   TYPE. 

If  this  space  is  excessively  widened  so  as  to  pass  the  bounds 
of  normalcy,  it  is  a  certain  sign  of  a  grossly  superstitious  mind, 
incompatible  with  common  sense  and  sound  reason.  In  a  modified 
degree  it  is  found  in  the  faces  of  many  poets,  divines,  and  painters ; 
the  eyebrows  are  highly  arched  in  these  subjects. 

Where  the  interciliary  spaces  are  very  slight  it  will  be  observed 
that  the  eyebrow  is  very  nearly  horizontal,  or  horizontal  and  angu- 
lar at  the  outer  extremity. 

The  presence  of  the  line  and  angle  in  this  place  instantly  re- 
veals the  class  to  which  the  subject  belongs.    This  one  line  alone 

shows  him  to  be  an  ob- 
server, hence  one  is  jus- 
tified in  deciding  that 
his  mind  is  more  practi- 
cal than  imaginative. 
In  this  case  the  bone 
will  be  the  dominant 
tissue,  and  the  brows 
will  be  more  projecting 
than  in  the  case  of  the 
artistic  classes ;  in  them 
the  law  of  the  curve 
or  arch  prevails.  The 
shape  of  the  hairy  brow 
determines  the  upper 
boundary  of  the  inter- 
ciliary space,  while  tlie 
curved  outline  that 
marks  the  form  of  the 
eyeball  indicates  the  commencement  of  this  space.  Observers  are 
urged  to  pay  great  attention  to  this  part  of  the  physiognomy,  as 
promising  a  prolific  field  of  physiognomic  research  and  signification. 
The  following-named  individuals  reveal  a  very  wide  interciliary 
space,  and  are  all  within  the  artistic  class ;  observe,  for  example, 
the  upper  part  of  the  face  of  the  following  named :  INIilton  and 
Dante,  poets ;  Pascal  and  Mirabeau,  orators ;  Sarah  Siddons  and 
David  Garrick,  players ;  Wickliffe,  Swedenborg,  and  Bossuet, 
divines ;  Marie  lloze,  Eugenie,  Pappenheim,  and  Albani,  singers. 

The  countenance  of  all  persons  who  show  a  very  decided  talent 
for  any  form  of  decorative  art  presents  an  interciliary  space  more 
or  less  wide,  and  this  arch,  thus  exhibited,  determines  the  class  to 
which  such  individuals  belong. 


FlO.  272.— SUPERSTITIOUS  TYPE  OF  INTERCILIARY 

SPACE.    (Richard  Baxter.) 


THE   INTERCILIARY   SPACE. 


973 


The  following-named  persons  belong  to  the  more  observing 
classes,  hence  the  law  of  the  straight  line  and  angle  marks  the 
shape  of  their  brow  and  limits  the  interciliary  space  to  a  narrow 
area,  in  some  instances  completely  hidden  under  the  bony  projec- 
tion. See,  for  example,  the  physiognomies  of  Thomas  Jefferson, 
General  W.  T.  Sherman,  Charles  Darwin,  Sir  John  Herschel,  and 
Humboldt. 

The  forms  of  the  eyelids  and  brows  are  nearly  related  to  the 
intercihary  spaces,  and  we  shall  be  obliged  to  observe  closely  these 
two  features,  especially  the  latter,  in  making  an  estimate  of  char- 
acter based  upon  the  significance  of  these  spaces. 

It  will  be  always  found  that  when  the  muscular  system  is 
dominant,  or  one  of  the 
dominant  systems,  the 
interciliary  space  will 
present  a  greater  area 
than  is  the  case  when 
the  bony  system  is 
supreme.  This  is  yet 
another  proof,  added  to 
the  numerous  ones  al- 
ready cited,  of  the  ho- 
mogeneity of  structure ; 
thus,  each  feature,  and 
every  minute  portion 
of  a  feature,  reveals  and 
corroborates  the  form 
of  the  entire  structure^ 
as  well  as  its  dominant 
mental  characteristics. 

The  widest  inter- 
ciliary space  I  have 
found  among  the  Chinese  and  Japanese,  and  these  races  are  both 
artistic  and  very  credulous,  as  witness  their  very  superstitious 
religions  and  belief  in  charms,  omens,  and  incantations.  The 
Oriental  races  generally  exhibit  a  broader  interciliary  space  than 
is  observed  in  the  physiognomies  of  the  Northern  and  more 
practical  peoples. 

In  almost  all  cases  where  the  interciliary  space  is  wide  the 
forehead  is  perpendicular,  or  nearly  so,  and  where  this  space  is 
narrow  or  invisible  the  forehead  is  usually  more  or  less  receding. 
These  appearances  are  corroborative  proofs  of  the  supremacy  of 
muscle  and  bone,  for  where  the  forehead  is  perpendicular,  or  nearly 
so,  the  muscle  is  regnant,  and  where  the  forehead  recedes  more  or 


Fig.  273.— observant   TYPE  OF   INTERCnJARY 
SPACE.    (David  Livingstone.) 


974  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMT. 

less  the  bone  is  dominant ;  and  in  these  co-ordinated  forms  of  inter- 
cihary  space  with  forehead  we  have  a  fine  lesson  in  comparative 
anatomy,  as  well  as  in  demonstrative  physiognomy. 

Physiognomic  forms  reveal  numberless  co-ordinated  and  com- 
plex relations  of  function  with  feature,  as,  for  example,  when  the 
outline  of  the  nose  is  straight  the  forehead  is  generally  perpen- 
dicular, and  the  involuntary  muscles  as  well  as  the  muscular  system 
are  supreme,  or  one  of  tlie  supreme  systems  of  the  organism ;  here 
muscle  tends  to  straight  lines  instead  of  curves. 

The  cause  lies  'deeper  than  these  outlines,  for  they  are  the 
effects,  not  the  causes,  of  their  straight  appearance.  The  suprem- 
acy of  the  heart  and  stomach  over  the  liver  and  lungs  conduces 
to  form  these  lines,  tbr  I  have  observed  that  where  the  lungs  and 
liver  are  excessively  developed  and  active  the  outline  of  the  nose 
is  more  or  less  arched,  either  greatly  or  slightly,  the  forehead 
receding,  the  septum  of  the  nose  projecting,  and  the  chest  arched. 
Now,  the  interciliary  space  depends  for  its  form  primarily  upon  the 
dominance  of  organs  apparently  quite  disconnected  with  it.  I  have 
said  that  there  is  a  long  physiological  history  attached  to  every  fea- 
ture and  every  part  of  each  feature,  and  I  here  reiterate  it.  We 
can  in  this  instance  trace  this  relationship  farther  back  than  has 
been  done  in  the  above  instance,  but  sufficient  history  is  here  given 
to  show  the  methods  of  scientific  physiognomy  and  the  complex 
relations  of  function  with  feature.  A  very  narrow,  scarcely  dis- 
cernible interciliary  space  is  indicative  of  good  powers  of  observa- 
tion, and  is  found  in  the  faces  of  mechanicians  and  scientists 
(Fig.  273). 

The  Eyebrows. 

The  itse  primarily  of  the  hairy  brow  is  to  protect  the  eyes 
from  descending  particles  of  dust  or  moisture.  Each  separate 
feature  is,  as  we  have  formerly  seen,  supplied  with  protective  ap- 
pendages, or  placed  in  such  position  as  to  receive  the  cautionary 
assistance  of  other  features,  tlie  eyes  and  ears,  for  example. 

The  eye,  being  the  most  delicate  of  all  the  features,  is  sur- 
rounded by  several  strong  defenders,  as  is  observed  in  the  lachrymal 
glands,  the  lids,  the  projecting  bony  environment,  the  flexible 
superciliary  muscles,  the  closely-placed  lashes,  and  the  hairy  brows. 

The  form  of  the  7mm/ brow  (usually  termed  "the  eyebrow") 
is  dependent  primarily  upon  the  underlying  bony  development  for 
its  external  shape.  The  corrugator  supercilii  and  orbicularis  pal- 
pebrarum muscles  assist  in  shaping  the  brow. 

The  hairy  brow  is  a  feature  of  motion  by  reason  of  its 
muscular  relations.      The   eyebrows,  therefore,  of  the   muscular 


THE  EYEBROWS.  975 

races  are  more  elastic  and  more  active  than  those  of  the  osseous 
races,  hence  we  observe  in  the  Celtic  races  and  artistic  classes 
greater  spontaneity  and  rapidity  of  movement  of  these  features 
than  in  the  Saxon,  or  Scandinavian,  and  other  osseous  peoples 
and  mechanical  classes. 

The  Spanish,  Italian,  and  French  use  their  eyebrows  very 
expressively,  and  thus  show  that  the  muscular  system  dominates 
the  osseous.  The  more  northerly  and  osseous  people  rarely  move 
the  muscles  of  the  eyebrow,  unless  it  be  the  corrugator  supercilii, 
the  use  of  which  is  to  approximate  the  eyebrows  for  the  purpose 
of  assisting  accuracy  of  observation,  which  is  the  main  purpose  of 
the  practical  classes. 

The  excessively  muscular  formation  of  the  brows  of  the  ideal 
or  artistic  classes  shows  both  the  ability  and  desire  for  motion,  and 
the  form  resulting  from  muscular  movement  is  a  curvilinear  one, 
hence  the  eyebrows  of  this  class  are  of  a  curved  or  semi-curved 
shape  in  their  main  outline.  Observation  of  this  Une  alone  will 
give  us  the  main  drift  of  the  associated  intellect,  whether  it  be 
artistic  or  mechanical,  practical  or  imaginative. 

In  some  subjects  the  brow  is  wide  and  thickly  covered  with 
dark  hairs,  in  others  it  is  narrow  and  exhibits  a  few  straggling 
hairs.  Between  these  two  extremes  there  are  many  varieties,  as 
the  brows  of  one  person  would  not  harmonize  with  the  features  of 
another,  for  observation  will  show  that  the  brow  is  quite  as  in- 
dividualized as  any  other  facial  feature.  Yet  there  are  certain 
general  rules  in  regard  to  its  form,  size,  color,  and  quality  by 
which  this  very  important  feature  may  be  translated  into  cliaracter, 
and  would  reveal  traits  which  are  at  present  a  profound  mystery  to 
onlookers.  In  this  feature,  as  in  all  others,  we  have  had  to  apply 
the  basic  laws  of  Form  in  order  to  discover  the  meaning  which 
each  individual  brow  reveals. 

The  law  of  the  line,  the  angle,  and  the  curve  applies  to  the 
eyebrow,  and  each  brow  describes  in  its  outline  some  one  of  these 
simple  outlines,  or  else  a  more  complex,  composite,  or  modification 
of  two  or  more  of  tliese  elements  of  Form. 

The  law  of  normalcy  or  correct  standard  of  form  and  space 
applies  to  the  eyebrows  and  their  suiToundings  as  well  as  to  all 
other  features.  This  law  must  be  apprehended  in  order  to  obtain 
a  correct  understanding  of  what  is  normal  as  well  as  of  what  con- 
stitutes a  departure  from  the  normal  standard. 

We  observe  that  the  principal  concomitants  of  the  brow  are 
form,  width,  motion,  color,  position,  direction,  and  space  or  dis- 
tance. Each  of  these  factors  assists  us  in  unfolding  the  meaning 
of  each  individual  eyebrow.     Among  these  factors  space,  or  the 


976  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

normal  distance  of  the  brows  from  each  other,  and  of  the  brow 
from  the  Uds,  must  be  taken  into  account.  A  very  wide  inter- 
ciUary  space  between  the  Hds  and  the  brows  reveals  just  the  op- 
posite characteristics  from  that  found  associated  with  an  eyebrow 
which  is  brought  close  down  to  the  eye,  and  presenting  Uttle  or 
no  interciliary  space  between. 

Eyebrows  that  are  situated  far  apart  indicate  qualities  quite 
different  from  those  that  are  joined  in  the  centre,  and  which  form 
an  unbroken  line, — every  minute  variation  here,  as  elsewhere,  de- 
noting differences  which  may  be  highly  significant  and  important. 

The  general  direction  of  the  two  extreme  points  of  the  brows 
must  be  noted,  together  with  the  form,  outUne,  facility  of  move- 
ment, the  color,  the  width  or  narrowness,  whether  bushy,  luxuriant, 
or  sparsely  covered  with  hairs. 

All  these  circumstances  belong  to  the  physiognomy  of  the 
eyebrow,  and  serve  to  reveal  and  corroborate  the  meaning  of  other 
parts  and  features,  and  point  out  and  reveal  other  anatomical 
peculiarities  of  the  face  and  body. 

The  first  consideration  of  the  brow  will  be  naturally  its  gen- 
eral form,  whether  curved,  or  straight  and  horizontal;  next,  the 
direction  of  the  termini.  In  endeavoring  to  understand  the  full 
significance  of  this  feature  we  must  note  several  circumstances,  as 
follow : — 

(a)  The  inner  terminns,  where  it  commences,  whether  close  down  to  the 

eye  or  whether  there  be  a  medium  or  wide  interciliary  space  between 
it  and  the  eyelid  ; 

(b)  The  outer  extremity  of  the  brow,  whether  it  be  high  above  the  lid  or 

whether  it  be  lowered  down  in  close  proximity  to  the  eye ; 

(c)  Whether  it  join  the  opposite  brow  in  the  middle  or  whether  there  be  a 

space  between  them  ; 

(d)  The  width  of  the  space; 

(e)  How  nearly  the  brows  resemble  each  other  in  form,  direction,  and  hairy 

development  (there  is  often  great  disparity  in  these  ai)pearances)  ; 
(/)  Whether  the  general  form  of  the  brow  describes  a  straight  line  or 

a  curve ; 
(g)   Whether  it  be  long  or  short ; 
(h)   The  direction  of  the  inner  terminus,  whether  it  be  upward,  downward, 

or  horizontal ; 
(i)    The  direction  of  the  outer  terminus,  whether  it  be  straight  or  outward, 

or  upward  or  downward  ; 
(j)    The  height  of  the  middle  portion  of  the  brow  above  the  lid. 

The  general  direction  of  the  outline  is  worthy  of  observation. 

(k)    The  line  may  be  straight  and    horizontal  or  straight  and   obliquel3' 

placed,  as  in  the  Chinese,  for  example  ; 
(I)    The  obliquity  of  the  straight  line  may  tend  upward  from  the  inner 

terminus  of  the  brow,  or, 


THE   EYEBROWS.  977 

(m)  It  may  tend  downvard  from  the  inner  terminus; 

(n)   It  may  be  straiglit  part  of  its  length,  commencing  at  the  inner  end,  and 

describe  an  angU  at  the  exterior  end  ; 
(o)    It  may  form  a  curve  at  the  inner  end  and  an  angle  at  the  outer  end. 

The  accompanying  figure  exhibits  the  most  commonly  ob- 
served forms  of  the  eyebrow.  All  others  are  composites,  blends,  or 
modifications  of  these  several  general  forms.  (See  Fig.  274, 
Forms  of  the  Eyebrow.) 

In  applying  the  laws  of  form  to  the  eyebrows  attention  must 
be  gi\'en  to  the  cliief  constituent  tissue,  whether  it  be  of  bone  or 
of  muscle,  also  whether  the  bones  belong  to  the  round  or  to  the 
square  class.  If  the  bones  are  rounding  and  the  muscles  domi- 
nant, a  high  arch  will  announce  this  fact,  and  also  reveal  to  which 
class  of  mind  the  subject  belongs. 

It  is  impossible  for  a  square-boned  subject  to  exhibit  an  arch 
in  this  feature,  for  the  law  of  the  straight  line  appertains  to  tlie 
square  bone,  and  the  straight  line  indicates  characteristics  quite 
the  opposite  from  those  produced  by  the  curve. 


4 

10 
>  I        N. 


Fig.  274.— forms  of  the  eyebrow.     (After  Lavater.) 
"The  above  are  twelve  forms  of  eyeVirows,  all  of  which  may  accompany 
understandiiiR,  though  10  can  with  difflculty  ;    11,  less  difficultly ;  8,  more  ;   6,  very 
diflicultlv;  4,  most ;   1,  2,  and  3,  on  the  contrary,  scarcely  can  accompany  folly ;  12  is 
form  of  understanding  such  as  can  scarcely  be  deceived.'* 

The  individual  peculiarities  in  the  combinations  of  bone  and 
muscle  are  the  cause  of  the  many  diverse  forms  of  eyebrows  ob- 
served in  different  individuals.  Not  only  are  the  eyebrows  dif- 
ferent in  fprm  in  each  individual,  but  rarely  do  we  find  them  alike, 
or  even  nearly  alike,  in  the  face  of  a  given  subject.  The  right  and 
left  eyebrows,  like  all  the  features  in  the  majority  of  faces,  are  usu- 
ally characterized  by  absence  of  bilateral  similarity,  thus  proving 
that  discrepancies  occur  in  the  form  of  the  bones  and  muscles  of 
the  opposite  sides  of  the  face,  as  well  as'  in  the  opposite  sides  of 
the  head  and  body. 

The  theory  brought  forward  by  several  anthropologists  and 
physiognomists,  viz.,  that  the  right  side  of  the  organism  represents 
the  father  or  his  family,  and  the  left  side  resembles  the  mother  or 
her  family,  may  account  for  these  (in  many  subjects)  very  striking 


978  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

discrepancies;  how  far  this  may  bean  hereditary  influence  cannot 
be,  I  think,  exactly  determined.  There  are  many  other  very  de- 
cided influences  aft'ecting  the  bilateral  development  of  the  body, 
viz.,  (a)  the  more  frequent  use  of  right  hand  and  side  than  of  the 
left  hand  and  side,  and  (b)  the  law  of  imperfect  curvation,  whereby 
opposite  sides  of  the  several  features  of  the  face  are  made  to  difter 
in  size,  form,  and  position  by  reason  of  an  unequal  distribution  of 
the  elements  of  nutrition  during  prenatal  existence,  or  from  other 
causes.  Which  of  these  causes  contributes  most  to  the  inequalities 
observed  in  the  facial  features  must  be  determined  by  a  skilled 
physiognomist  in  each  individual  case,  and  in  these  cases  the  skill 
of  the  examiner  will  be  put  to  its  highest  test. 

In  endeavoring  to  expound  the  physiognomic  significance  of 
the  eyebrows  I  shall  do  so  by  the  application  of  the  basic  laws  of 


Fig.  275.— position  of  the  inner  TER-  Fig.  276.— CONCEITED  EYEBROW. 

MINI  OF  THE  EYEBROWS. 

Form,  as  with  all  the  other  features,  and  shall  commence  the  trans- 
lation of  form  into  faculty  by  observation  of  the  inner  terminus  of 
the  brow,  and  first  as  to  the  position  of  the  several  parts  of  the  brow. 

NORMAL   POSITION    OF    THE    INNER    TERMINI. 

A  normal  development  of  the  hairy  brow  discloses  a  space 
between  the  inner  termini,  aiid  this  space  is  proportional  to  the 
size  and  shape  of  the  eyes  and  other  features  in  the  immediate 
neighborhood  (Fig.  275). 

THE   CONCEITED    BROW. 

If  the  brows  meet  in  the  centre  and  form  a  continuous  line, 
it  is  a  departure  from  the  highest  standard  of  form  of  this  feature. 
This  peculiarity  is  always  associated  with  a  certain  degree  of  con- 
ceit, more  or  less  pronounced,  according  as  the  subject  is  secretive 
or  voluble.  If,  with  this  form,  the  brows  are  thick  and  the  hairs 
dark  or  black,  it  is  an  indication  of  great  vital  powers  as  well  as 


THE   EYEBROWS. 


979 


of  conceit.  I  have  observed  this  appearance  in  the  faces  of  many 
Hebrews,  yet  it  is  to  be  met  with  in  all  civilized  races.  Lavater 
remarks  of  this  peculiarity  that  he  "  could  not  consider  it  beautiful," 
yet  he  "  found  in  it  the  most  open,  honest,  and  worthy  countenances." 
Eyebrows  extremely  far  apart  at  the  inner  termini  are  seldom 
found  associated  with  good  practical  sense,  although  other  signs 
modify  this  indication ;  yet  all  departures  from  and  exaggeration 
of  normal  standards  must  be  regarded  as  in  some  degree  indicat- 
ing an  abnormal  condition  of  facidty  and  function.  I  have  observed 
this  appearance  in  large  numbers  of  Mongolian  faces,  and  the  Mon- 
golian is,  as  a  rule,  grossly  superstitious. 

THE   OBSERVING   EYEBROW, 

Where  the  inner  termini  of  the  brows  grow  closely  down  to 
the  eyes  (Fig.  277)  it  is  a  most  decided  sign  of  an  accurate  ob- 


FlG.  277.— OBSERVING  EYEBROW. 
(Humboldt.) 


F^G.  278.— CREDULOUS  EYEBROW. 

*  (CORTKZ.) 


server,  and  accurate  observation  leads  to  a  tme  understanding  of 
the  objects  or  occurrences  observed ;  hence,  practical  sense  is  the 
result.  Individuals  thus  characterized  are  adapted  to  such  trades 
and  professions  as  require  accuracy,  truth,  and  practical  judgment, 
such  traits  as  are  manifested  in  mechanics,  scientists,  naturalists, 
etc.,  for  the  laws  of  physics  are  based  on  the  laws  of  Nature,  hence 
of  truth,  and  he  who  can  best  comprehend  truth  must  possess  a  large 
share  of  it  in  his  own  constitution ;  and  these  signs  of  this  trait 
are  most  conspicuous  in  the  face  as  well  as  in  the  body  of  all  who 
possess  a  talented  degree  of  truth  and  integrity. 

My  observation  on  this  form  of  eyebrow  is  in  accord  with 
Lavater.    He  remarks : — 

The  nearer  the  e^^ebrows  are  to  the  eyes,  the  more  earnest,  deep,  and 
firm  the  character ;  the  more  remote  from  the  eyes,  the  more  volatile,  easily 
moved,  and  less  enterprising. 


980  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

THE   CREDULOUS   EYEBROW. 

If  the  inner  terminus  of  the  brow  commences  at  a  considerable 
distance  above  the  eye  (Fig.  278),  causing  a  wide  intercihary  space, 
it  is  positive  assurance  of  a  credulous  mind,  for  those  with  this  pecu- 
liarity of  structure  lack  the  first  essential  of  accuracy,  viz.,  a  suit- 
able development  of  the  eyebrows  such  as  the  practical  classes  pos- 
sess; hence  they  accept  upon  hearsay,  without  examination,  many 
improbable  theories  and  statements.  The  more  wonderful  they  are, 
the  more  readily  they  accept  them,  and  the  more  pleasing  they  find 
them.  The  eyebrows  of  all  the  grossly  superstitious  races  present 
this  appearance. 

The  eyebrows  of  that  class  of  writers,  orators,  artists,  poets, 
and  divines  whose  works  and  speech  are  characterized  by  imagina- 
tion of  wonderful  and  impossible  scenes  and  beings  exhibit  modi- 
fications of  this  peculiarity.  Examine,  for  example,  the  eyebrows 
of  Milton,  Dante,  Raphael,  Swedenborg,  Mahomet,  Loyola,  Mira- 
beau,  and  Dore ;  in  each  instance  there  will  be  found  varying  de- 
grees of  that  credencive  spirit  which  was  manifest  in  their  life-work. 

An  eyebrow  thus  placed  denotes  in  ordinary  characters  a  love 
of  fiction  in  art  and  literature,  a  taste  for  the  marvelous  in  reUgion, 
and  a  relish  for  the  sensational  in  neighborhood  and  public  news. 

This  trait  belongs  to  the  artistic  class  more  particularly,  and  is 
most  largely  developed  where  the  muscular  system  is  in  the  ascend- 
ant, as  the  peculiar  arcldng  of  the  brow  will  demonstrate. 

Where  the  inner  end  of  the  eyebrow  arises  at  a  moderate  dis- 
tance above  the  eye,  exhibiting  only  a  medium  degree  of  interciliary 
space,  the  character  will  be  more  keenly  observant  than  the  former, 
and  will  combine  a  modicum  of  both  the  mechanical  and  artistic 
capacities.  Such  characters  are  adapted  to  certain  branches  of  both 
these  departments  of  labor,  and  an  average  amount  of  practical 
sense  will  be  manifested. 

Position  of  the  Middle  of  the  Brows. 

the  impractical  brow. 

If  the  eyebrow  presents  a  very  wide  interciliary  space  (Fig. 
279),  causing  the  eyebrow  to  form  a  very  high  arch,  it  denotes  a 
half-foolish,  impractical,  unreasoning  character.  Of  this  eyebrow 
Lavater  observes : — 

I  never  yet  saw  a  profoniid  thinker,  or  even  a  man  of  fortitude  and 
prudence,  with  weak,  high  eyebrows,  which,  in  some  measure,  divide  the 
forehead.* 

*  Essays  on  Physiognomy,  C.  Lav»ter,  p.  3§8. 


THE   EYEBROWS.  981 

THE    ARTISTIC    BROW. 

Where  the  brow  is  highest  at  about  two-thirds  of  the  distance 
from  its  inner  terminus  (Fig.  280)  it  denotes  artistic  capacity,  and 
this  pecuharity  is  found  in  this  locahty  in  the  countenances  of  most 
good  and  great  artists.     It  is  more  decided  as  age  advances,  and  is 


Fia.  279.— IMPRACTICAL  EYEBROW.  FiG.  280.— ARTISTIC  EYEBROW. 

(Walmesley.)  (La  Bruyerk.) 

caused  by  the  frequent  I'iaising  of  the  brow  in  order  to  observe  the 
artistic  effect  of  the  work  in  hand. 

Having  now  considered  the  indications  of  intercihary  space 
at  the  inner  end  and  centre  of  the  brow,  we  proceed  to  investigate 
the  position  of  the  outer  extremity  of  the  eyebrows. 

Position  of  the  Outer  Termini. 

j  the  arithmetical  brow. 

TJie  positions  which  are  observed  at  the  outer  end  of  the  brow 
give  great  variety  of  expression  to  this  feature.  A  wide  space 
betweefn  the  outer  angle  of  the  eye  and  the  terminus  of  the  brow 
(Fig.  281)  is  found  to  be  widest  where  the  muscular  is  one  of  the 
dominant  systems,  and  denotes  calculative  ability.  It  is  most  pro- 
nounced in  the  countenances  of  astronomers,  physicists,  surveyors, 
good  arithmeticians,  mechanicians,  architects,  and  inventors  of 
machinery,  and  is  general  in  those  races  in  whom  the  muscular 
system  is  supreme. 

The  following  are  two  of  the  most  common  modifications  of 
the  arithmetical  brow:  If  the  outer  terminus  turn  sliglitly  down- 
ward, and  leave  a  moderate  degree  of  space  between  it  and  the 


982  PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

comer  of  the  eye,  a  medium  degree  of  arithmetical  calculation 
may  be  predicated. 

Where  the  brow  turns  downward  at  its  outer  extremity,  and 


Fig.  281.— ARITHMETICAL  EYEBROW.    (Delambre.) 

inward  toward  the  corner  of  the  eye,  either  by  a  curvS  or  angle, 
leaving  little  or  no  space  between  it  and  the  eye,  it  denotes  only  a 
very  slight  amount  of  the  calculative. faculty. 

THE   DECEPTIVE   EYEBROW. 

Obliquity  of  outline,  when  very  decided,  denotes  obliquity  of 
action  or  the  opposite  of  straightforwardness,  and  eyebrows  with 
a  very  pronounced  upward  slatit  from  tlie  inner  termini  (Fig.  251), 
are  iniallible  indicators  of  deceit,  craft,  and  treachery,  and  if  the 
eyes  are  very  light  in  combination  the  character  will  be  cold, 
malignant,  unfeeling,  cruel,  and  brutal. 

There  are  several  modifications  of  this  brow;  one  form  is 
somewhat  less  oblique  than  the  former,  and  denotes  much  less 
talent  for  deceit,  but  is  not  altogether  reliable.  The  character 
accompanying  tins  form  will  exhibit  a  certain  degree  of  secretive- 
ness,  and  indulge  in  small  tricky  ways  and  resort  to  useless  sly 
methods. 

Another  modification  is  shown  by  a  scheming,  calculating 
disposition,  both  worldly  and  arithmetical. 

THE   ESTHETIC   EYEBROW. 

Long,  narrow,  and  regularly  arched  brows,  covering  well- 
arched  eye-bones,  are  found  in  the  faces  of  persons  possessed  of 
order  and  aesthetic  tastes ;  these  traits  will  be  exhibited  in  a  variety 
of  ways — in  elegance  of  personal  adornments,  in  the  artistic, 
tasteful,  and  orderly  arrangement  of  furniture  and  surroundings, 
and  by  a  love  of  art-objects,  such  as  pictures,  statues,  bric-a- 
brac,  etc.  If  the  brow  is  black  or  dark  in  color  the  color^sense 
will  influence  the  selection  of  dress  and  appointments,  and  these 


THE  EYEBROWS. 


98S 


will  be  of  most  decided  and  brilliant  tints.  If  the  brow  present  a 
lighter  color  in  conjunction  with  this  form,  the  preference  will  be 
for  more  delicate  shades.     If  possessed  of  literary  or  histrionic 


Fig.  282.— esthetic  eyebrow. 
(Ex-Empress  EugJinie.) 


Fig.  283.— inventive  IOYEBROW. 
(Elias  Howe.) 


talent,  elegance  of  style  and  sentiment  will  be  the  distinguishing 
characteristics.  See  the  physiognomies  of  Buffbn,  Pascal,  Char- 
lotte Bronte,  Addison,  Shelley,  Vandyck,  Madame  de  Stael,  David 
Garrick,  and  Mendelssohn. 

The  peculiarities  of  this  type  of  eyebrow  are  its  curvilinear 
form,  length,  color,  nan'owness,  and  regular  arrangement  of  the 
hairs. 


THE   INVENTIVE   EYEBROW. 

The  most  conspicuous  marks  of  what  I  term  the  inventive 
brow  are  its  thickness,  depth  of  color,  length  of  the  hairs,  and 
bold  and  disorderly  arrangement  of  the  hairs,  particularly  at  the 
ends  (Fig.  283).  The  brows  of  Carlyle,  Darwin,  and  S.  F.  B. 
Morse  are  admirable  specimens  of  this  type.  The  characteristics 
above  described  reveal  a  bold,  original,  inventive  or  creative  mind 
in  some  department  of  mental  labor.  Those  who  exhibit  this 
peculiar  type  of  brow  think  and  act  outside  of  the  conventional 
groove,  and  are  given  to  discovery,  exploration,  creation  of  original 
theories  and  methods  in  art,  science,  philosophy,  mechanism,  war- 
fare, statesmanship,  or  theology.  To  know  to  which  of  these  direc- 
tions the  mind  will  be  turned  the  student  must  look  for  other  signs 
in  combination.  The  following-named  eminent  men  disclose  eye- 
brows of  this  class;  see,  for  example,  the  portraits  of  Carlyle, 
Charles  Darwin,  John  Pierpont,  John  Knox,  General  Scott,  Abra- 
ham Lincoln,  General  Napier,  Lord  Shaftesbury,  Rufus  Choate, 
Beethoven,  Wagner,  and  Michael  Angelo. 


984  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

THE   VITAL   EYEBROW. 

A  brow  that  is  wide,  either  straight  or  curved,  of  medium 
length,  thick,  and  dark-colored  or  black,  is  an  indication  of  con- 
stitutional vigor.  It  is  often  observed  in  its  straight  form  in  the 
countenances  of  iron- workers  and  other  mechanics.  When  arched 
it  denotes  more  of  an  aesthetic  tendency.  This  type  of  brow  is 
seen  only  in  the  countenance  of  vigorous,  strong-willed,  passionate 
characters,  good  lovers,  and  good  haters. 

THE   DELICATE   EYEBROW. 

Observation  of  the  physiognomies  of  many  individuals  in 
whom  the  nervous  system  is  extremely  sensitive,  and  also  one  of 
the  dominant  systems,  will  disclose  eyebrows  that  are  thin,  light- 
colored,  and  the  hairs  straggling,  in  some  cases  scarcely  visible. 
This  appearance  denotes  qualities  the  opposite  to  those  indicated 


Fig.  284.-VITAL  EYEBROW.  FiG.  285.— DELICATE  EYEBROW. 

(John  Stephenson.)  (Charlotte  Cokday.) 

by  the  vital  eyebrow;  those  with  this  variety  of  brow  are  sen- 
sitive, mild,  and  delicate,  with  not  much  muscular  development 
nor  great  vitality.  If  the  brow  be  dark  or  black  more  constitu- 
tional vigor  is  present  than  with  the  light  color. 

MOVEMENTS   OF   THE   BROWS. 

The  affluent  muscular  endowment  of  the  hairy  brow  gives 
great  facility  of  movement,  and  the  movements  of  the  brow  are 
rich  in  physiognomic  signification, — not  only  so,  but  the  lines,  folds, 
and  wrinkles,  caused  by  the  continuous  muscular  movement  of  the 
brows,  stamp  their  record  of  active  thought  and  feeling  upon  the 
physiognomy. 

There  is  a  profound  yet  subtle  meaning  revealed  by  the  sur- 
roundings of  the  eye,  particularly  in  regard  to  the  emotional 
nature,  iPor  movement  is  adapted  to  the  expression  of  emotion,  and 


THE   EYEBROWS.  985 

emotions,  if  oftpn  exercised,  never  fail  of  leaving  their  imprint 
behind.  Love,  sensuality,  mirth,  anger,  parsimony,  gluttony,  and 
secretivcness,  all  alike  leave  traces  about  the  eye  that  are  easily 
recognized  by  the  keen  observer.  The  lids  in  particular,  by  their 
condition,  give  us  unmistakable  knowledge  of  both  temporary  and 
permanent  condition  of  health,  ill  health,  excesses — both  sexual 
and  alimentive — long  continued,  joy,  grief,  or  prolonged  study  and 
close  and  habitual  observation ;  all  these  are  independent  of  the 
pathognomonic  changes  which  disease  produces;  these  changes  be- 
long to  the  mind  of  the  individual,  and  are  purely  physiognomic. 

Let  the  student  place  before  him  one  dozen  portraits  of  char- 
acters of  advanced  age  of  diverse  pursuits,  and  make  a  study  and 
comparison  of  the  appearances,  surroundings,  and  appendages  of 
the  eye,  and  he  will  become  convinced  that  these  phenomena  are 
highly  significant  of  character,  and  indisputable  records  of  life 
and  mind. 

In  order  to  comprehend  the  full  physiognomic  meaning  of  the 
movements  of  the  eye  we  must  analyze  the  uses  of  the  several 
muscles  involved  in  producing  these  movements,  and  also  the  use 
of  the  resultant  movements  as  well.  Orbicularis  palpebrarum  is 
the  broad  muscle  that  surrounds  the  orbit  of  the  eye.  (See  Fig. 
126,  at  the  head  of  this  chapter.) 

Its  use  is  to  close  the  eyelids  chiefly  by  depressing  the  superior,  the 
levator  muscle  of  which  it  directly  opposes.  It  also  serves  to  press  the 
tears  inward  toward  the  punctata  lachrymalia ;  the  superior  orbital  fibres 
can  depress  the  eyebrow  and  aid  the  corrugator  S'.percilii  in  drawing  it,  as 
well  as  the  e3'elids,  inward,  and  oppose  tlie  occipito-frontalis  and  shade 
the  eye ;  the  inferior  fibres  can  raise  the  cheek,  raise  and  draw  the  lower 
eyelid  inward,  and  cojnpress  the  lachrymal  sac  which  they  cover. 

Corrugator  supercilii  arises  fleshy  and  tendinous  from  the  internal 
angular  process  of  the  os  frontis,  passes  upward  and  outward,  and  is  in- 
serted into  the  middle  of  the  eyebrow,  mixing  with  the  orbicularis  and 
occipito-frontalis  muscle;  use,  to  depress  and  approximate  the  eyebrows, 
throwing  the  sicin  of  the  forehead  into  vertical  wrinkles,  as  in  the  act  of 
frowning.  This  pair  of  muscles  are  voluntary,  but  the}'  cannot  act  sepa- 
rately; they  directly  oppose  the  occipito-frontalis  and  shade  the  eye.* 

Observers  will  discover  that  the  observing  and  thinking  classes 
of  minds  use  the  internal  portion  of  the  orbicular  muscle  most, 
I.e.,  that  portion  which  enables  the  eyebrows  to  approximate  as 
they  do  when  the  subject  is  employed  in  close  observation  or  in 
deep  reflection.  The  middle  and  outer  portion  of  the  eyebrows 
are  used  by  the  more  emotional  classes;  hence  actors  engaged  in 
portraying  light  characters  move  the  centre  and  outer  extremities 
of  the  eyebrows,  but  in  delineating  grand  and  thoughtful  char- 

♦  Practical  Anatomy,  Robert  Harrison,  p.  23. 


986  PRACTICAL  AIJD   SCIENTIFIC  PflYSIOGNOMY. 

acters  they  move  the  brows  less  frequently  and  tjie  inner  termini 
mainly.  These  actions  are  based  on  the  natural  and  instinctive 
movements  of  these  two  diverse  classes,  and  imitated  by  the  skill- 
ful player  in  his  representations  of  various  characters ;  he  not  only 
imitates  the  voice,  gesture,  and  movement  of  the  brows,  but  paints 
upon  his  face  with  his  cosmetic  pigments  the  diverse  lines,  folds, 
and  wrinkles  which  observation  has  taught  him  belong  to  the 
several  distinct  classes  of  characters. 

Those  persons  who  move  the  eyebrows  frequently  are  to  be 
suspected  of  a  rather  feeble  grade  of  intelligence,  and  possessed  of 
more  emotion  than  thought. 

There  is  one  class  of  individuals  who  think  that  an  appear- 
ance of  hauteur  is  an  indication  of  superior  character;  it  is  the 
class  who  raise  the  eyebrows  upon  meeting  a  stranger  whose  posi- 
tion socially  they  regard  as  inferior  to  their  own.  Tliey  are  the 
supercilious  beings  one  often  meets  in  society,  and  the  frequent  use 
which  they  make  of  tlieir  eyebrows,  to  show  (as  they  think)  their 
high  tone,  is  an  infallible  sign  of  the  absence  of  true  worth  and 
nobihty,  for  assumption  of  superiority  is  but  the  substitution  for 
the  genuine  quality.  Nobility  of  life  and  conduct  are  as  easily 
discerned  by  our  associates  as  are  treachery  and  lowness,  and  we 
have  only  to  he  what  we  would  wish  to  have  others  think  we  are 
in  order  to  receive  credit  for  the  same;  hence  excessive  movement 
in  raising  the  eyebrows  in  this  manner  has  led  to  the  term  "  su- 
percilious." 

Those  in  whom  the  bony  system  is  supreme  rarely  move  the 
eyebrows,  and  then  only  to  draw  the  eyebrows  down  at  the  centre 
in  order  to  bring  the  eye  to  a  focus.  Painters  raise  and  lower  the 
inner  end  and  centre  of  the  brow,  while  actors  run  the  whole 
gamut  of  ciliary  movements  in  order  to  express  every  variety  of 
character. 

The  deceitful  and  cruel  raise  the  outer  extremity  of  the  brows, 
and  show  great  mobility  of  this  part  of  these  features.  Cats, 
whose  brows  are  oblique,  possess  the  same  flexibility  of  the  outer 
termini  of  the  brows.  Elocutionists,  however,  develop  a  mar- 
velous degree  of  power  in  the  superciliary  muscles,  and  study  to 
produce  a  degree  of  flexibility  of  these  features  which  will  enable 
them  to  produce,  in  conjunction  with  the  eyehd  and  upper  cheek, 
nine  hundred  movements.* 

Of  the  movement  of  the  eyebrows,  Lavater  remarks: — 

The  motions  of  the  eyebrows  contain  nnmerous  expressions,  especially 
of  ignoble  passions — pride,  anger,  and  contempt ;  the  supercilious  man 
{supercilium,  an  eyebrow)  despises  and  is  despicable. 

*  Delsaxte  System  of  Oratory. 


THE  FOREHEAD.  987 

THE  COLORS  OF  THE  EYEBROW. 

Color  in  the  eyebrows  denotes  precisely  what  it  does  when 
found  in  the  other  features  of  the  face.  Very  black  brows,  if 
narrow,  long,  regular,  and  arched,  announce  a  nature  intense,  and, 
with  aesthetic  tastes,  more  imitative  than  original.  Very  Hght 
colored  eyebrows  denote  characters  whose  emotions  and  passions 
are  more  superficial  than  the  former,  and  the  intellect  generally 
only  ordinary. 

While  brown  eyebrows  indicate  a  medium  between  these  two 
extremes,  fine  reddish  brows  show  considerable  fervor  and  ambi- 
tion, but  when  they  are  coarse  it  is  assurance  of  strong  animal 
passions. 

The  color  of  the  eyebrows,  taken  singly,  is  no  indication  of 
intelligence  or  absence  of  intelligence.  The  underlying  form 
gives  us  the  clue  to  the  direction  of  the  faculties;  the  color  of  the 
eyebrow  is  a  secondary  indication,  not  a  primary  one.  Color 
shows  the  degree  of  power,  but,  as  the  subject  of  color  has  been 
so  fully  discussed  in  former  chapters,  it  is  not  necessary  to  elaborate 
it  in  this  connection. 

The  Forehead. 

The  several  forms  of  the  forehead  observed  in  the  human  face 
are  composed  of  combinations  of  the  line  and  curve,  the  square 
and  angle.  To  this  feature,  as  to  all  others,  the  basic  laws  of  Form 
^pply  with  the  utmost  certainty. 

There  are  three  general  outlines  in  the  profile  of  the  forehead. 
These  are  the  perpendicular,  the  projecting,  and  the  receding.  In 
the  full  face  we  observe  the  square  and  the  curved  or  rounding 
forms;  all  other  forms  are  modifications,  compounds,  or  blends  of 
these  two  primary  shapes. 

The  normal,  perpendicular  forehead  (Fig.  286)  is  observed 
most  frequently  in  the  artistic  classes;  among  poets,  painters,  and 
aesthetic  minds  generally.  It  is  usually  accompanied  by  a  straight 
nose;  and  straightness  of  these  two  outlines  in  combination  always 
announce  a  taste  and  capacity  for  art  of  some  sort;  other  signs  in 
combination  will  give  us  the  direction  of  this  taste  or  talent. 

The  peqiendicular  forehead  assures  us  of  the  supremacy  of 
the  muscular  system,  and  one  attribute  of  this  system  is  its  absence 
of  sensitiveness;  that  is  to  say,  relative  absence.  Muscle  has  not 
the  sensitiveness  of  the  nervous  tissue,  but  when  accompanied  by 
a  fine  quality  of  nerve  and  brain  it  can  manifest  a  considerable 
degree  of  mental  sensibility,  as  well  as  artistic  delicacy  of  touch, 
sound,  etc.,  and  results  in  artistic  plans  and  methods.     Those  who 


988 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


exhibit  this  form  of  forehead  have  never  the  vv^armth,  fire,  enthu- 
siasm, sympathy,  and  sensibility  which  distinguishes  those  with  the 
receding  forehead.  In  the  latter  tlie  lungs  are  large,  the  chest 
arched,  and  this  peculiarity  of  bodily  structure  creates  energy  and 
feeling,  and  gives  the  force  requisite  for  active  sympathy,  for 
executive  ability,  for  warmth  and  fervor. 

The  normally-receding  forehead  (Fig.  287)  is  one  that  slopes 
backward  somewhat,  yet  not  too  far  backward.     It  is  indicative  of 

energy,  balanced  reasoning 
powers,  sympathy,  enterprise, 
practicality,  mechanical  ability, 
executiveness,     and      progress. 


Fig.  286.— perpendicular  FOREHEAD. 


Fig.  287.— receding  FOREHEAD. 
(Ex-GovBRNOR  Buckingham.) 


Many  celebrated  orators  and  actors  of  the  highest  rank  exhibit 
this  outline  in  their  forehead.  Mirabeau  and  Gambetta,  French 
orators  of  the  most  fervid  and  intense  type,  present  this  form  of 
forehead ;  the  portrait  of  Kemble,  the  eminent  English  tragedian, 
also  exhibits  a  receding  forehead. 

THE   PRACTICAL  FOREHEAD. 

Among  the  thousands  of  the  most  practical  and  observing 
men  whose  foreheads  exhibit  an  outline  more  or  less  sloping 
than  the  former,  I  may  mention  the  late  President  Garfield,  Peter 
Cooper,  Abraham  Lincoln,  Captain  James  Cook,  Richard  Ark- 
wright;  William  Harvey,  M.D.,  discoverer  of  the  circulation  of  the 
blood;  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  Sir  Moses  Montifiore,  Father 
Matthew ;  Liszt,  musical  composer ;  John  Stuart  Mill,  David  Liv- 
ingstone, Richard  Wliately,  C.  H.  McCormack,  Sir  Rowland  Hill, 
and  Presidents  Washington  and  Jackson.  I  have  mentioned 
many  instances  of  this  receding  outline  of  forehead  for  the  reason 
that  popular  opinion  ascribes  to  this  outline  limited  intelligence, 
based  on  no  reason  whatever,  or  knowledge  of  the  facts ;  it  is  one 


THE   FOREHEAD. 


989 


of  those  baseless  physiognomical  heresies  that  are  current  in  the 
community.  This  form  of  Ibrehead  is  characteristic  of  active,  en- 
terprising, pushing,  enthusiastic  natures  in  every  department  of  in- 
tellect, as  the  above  comprehensive  group  will  show.  These  are 
taken  from  almost  every  department  of  mentality,  and  could  be 
added  to  far  bevond  the  limits  of  this  section. 


THE   PROJECTING   FOREHEAD. 


The  third  type  of  forehead- — the  projecting — (Fig.  289),  that 
is  to  say,  the  forehead  which 
projects  from  below  forward^ 
either  straight  or  rounding  in 
its  outline,  is  the  forehead  the 


Vu.   _N^— i'K\<    IK    VL  FOREHEAD, 
(Ex-Presiobkt  Oabfield.) 


Fig.  26i>.— FKOJKCTLNG  FOREHEAD. 


least  favorable  to  mental  or  manual  activity.  It  is  indicative  of 
dullness,  slowness,  and  impracticality,  and  where  it  exceeds  a 
certain  degree  of  forward  projection  or  roundness  it  is  certain 
assurance  of  idiocy,  either  partial  or  complete. 


THE    INFANTILE   FOREHEAD. 

One  modification  of  this  forehead  is  observed  to  round  out 
from  the  junction  with  the  nose,  and  presents  the  curve  observed 
in  all  infants  (Fig.  290),  and  in  them  it  is  normal  at  that  stage  of 
development.  Now,  the  law  of  Nature  is,  tliat  wherever  a  feature 
in  an  adult  bears  a  strong  resemblance  to  an  infantile  form,  it  in- 
dicates an  infantoid  or  relative  undeveiopment  of  that  part  of  the 
mind  of  which  such  feature  stands  representative.  An  infantoid 
mouth  denotes  absence  of  great  thoughts  and  the  use  of  small 
talk.  An  infantoid  nose  indicates  lack  of  executive  power;  an 
infantoid  chin,  relative  want  of  conscientiousness  and  firmness; 
and  thus  of  all  features. 


990 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


Those  whose  foreheads  bulge  at  the  superior  part  are  great 
theorizers,  dreamers,  impractical,  and  non-mechanical.  If  the  pos- 
sessors of  such  foreheads  exhibit  a  good  qualitt/  (which  is  seldom 
met  with  in  conjunction  with  this  appearance),  they  may  be  able 
to  create  some  valuable  theories,  which,  when  adapted  to  practical 
purpose  by  common-sense  minds,  prove  useful ;  but  rarely  is  this 
the  case. 

THE   MECHANICAL   FOREHEAD. 

Foreheads  fullest  at  the  brows  denote  the  highest  capacity 
for  mechanism  and  practical  work ;  foreheads  fullest  at  the  upper 

part  show  the  greatest  power  for 
abstract  reasoning,  with  ability  to 
create  and  elaborate  theories ;  they 
possess  also  great  memory  of  events, 
etc., — Humboldt,  for  example. 


Fig.  290.— infantile  FOREHEAD. 
(Minnie  Warren.) 


Fig.  291.— MELHAXICAL  FOREHEAD. 
(One  Type.) 


THE   ARTISTIC   FOREHEAD. 


Foreheads  rounding  at  the  sides  announce  capacity  for  artistic 
or  original  construction  of  some  sort,  usually  of  an  artistic  or 
aesthetic  nature.  Those  square  at  the  temple  show  ability  for  me- 
chanical, scientific,  or  practical  affairs. 


THE   SCIENTIFIC   AND   MECHANICAL   FOREHEAD. 

To  a  scientific  physiognomist  the  outline  of  each  forehead, 
both  of  the  profile  and  of  the  sides,  reveals  the  accompanying 
chest  form.  If  the  forehead  is  receding  the  lungs  and  liver  are 
well  developed,  the  thorax  high  and  arched,  the  nostrils  relatively 
large,  and  the  septum  of  the  nose  (sign  of  the  liver)  usually  well 
developed  downward. 


TUE    FOUEHEAD. 


991 


Whore  the  profile  outline  of  the  forehead  is  pei*pendicular, 
the  muscular  system  will  be  dominant,  or  one  of  the  dominant 
systems,  and  the  heart  and  stomach,  both  of  tliem  muscular  organs, 
will  be  more  powerfully  developed.  This  outline  shows  the  dom- 
inance of  the  involuntary  muscles. 

In  this  case  tlie  chest  will  not  be  so  arched  as  in  the  former 
combination,  and  the  nostrils  not  so  large,  but  the  eye  will  be 
larger  and  the  forehead  more  rounded  at  the  sides,  and  the  jaw 
more  curved  outwardly. 
Thus  each  feature  ex- 
pounds and  reveals  the 
peculiarities  of  the 
structure  of  the  trunk, 
as  well  as  of  the  limbs, 
hands,  and  feet,  and 
these  in  their  turn 
announce  to  the  close 
observer  the  shape  of 
the  features  and  the 
moral  and  mental  char- 
acteristics. 

Lavater  has  made 
some  excellent  observa- 
tions upon  this  feature 
which  I  quote  as  cor- 
roborative of  my  own 
views.    He  remarks : — 

Foreheads  viewed  in 
profile  may  be  reduced  to 
three  general  classes:  They 
slope  backward,  or  are 
perpendicular.  or  are 
prominent.  Each  of  these 
classes  admits  of  an  infi- 
nite subdivision,  which  is 
easy  to  distinguish  by  spe- 
cies, and  of  which  the  fol- 
lowing are  the  principal:  1, 

straight-lined  foreheads;  2,  those  whose  lines  half-straight,  half-curved,  run 
into  each  other;  3, foreheads  with  simple  curved  lines;  4,  those  with  double 
or  triple  curved  lines.  Let  us  now  establish  some  particular  observations  : 
1.  The  more  lengthwise  the  forehead  is,  the  more  destitute  is  the  mind  of 
energy  and  elasticity.  2.  The  closer,  shorter,  and  more  compact  it  is,  the 
more  concentrated,  firm,  and  solid  is  the  character.  3.  Contours  arched  and 
without  angles  determine  in  favor  of  gentleness  and  flexibility  of  character. 
This,  on  the  contrary,  will  possess  firmness  and  inflexibility  in  proportion 
as  the  contours  of  the  forehead  are  straight.     4.  Complete  perpendicularity 


Fig  292— ARllbTIC  J?OREHE\D 


Fig.  293.— scientific  FOItEIIEAD. 


992  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

from  the  hair  to  the  eyebrows  is  a  sign  of  a  total  want  of  understanding. 
5.  A  perpendicular  form,  gradually  arched  on  top,  announces  a  mind  capable 
of  much  reflection,  a  staid  and  profound  thinker,  6.  Prominent  (bulging) 
foreheads  belong  to  feeble  and  contracted  minds,  and  which  will  never  attain 
a  certain  degree  of  maturity.  1.  Sloping  backward  indicate  in  general 
imagination,  spirit,  and  delicacy.  8.  In  order  to  constitute  a  perfect  char- 
acte'r  of  wisdom  there  must  be  a  happy  association  of  straight  and  curved 
lines,  and  besides  a  favorable  position  of  forehead.  The  association  of  lines 
is  favorable  when  they  imperceptibly  run  into  each  other.  8.  I  rank  among 
t\\e  most  judicious  aiid  the  most  positive  characters  the  s^i/are  foreheads, 
whose  lateral  margins  are  still  sufficiently  spacious,  and  whose  eye-bone  is 
at  the  same  time  very  solid.* 

Elsewhere  he  remarks,  quoting  from  Claramantine: — 

A  square  form  of  forehead  is  the  sign  of  superior  talents  and  sound 
judgment ;  for  it  arises  from  the  natural  figure  of  the  head.  It  likewise 
contributes  to  the  knowledge  and  prudent  conduct  of  affairs.  Many  illus- 
trious persons  have  been  distinguished  by  this  form  of  head. 

From  Mr.  de  Permetty  Lavater  extracts  the  followmg: — 

The  forehead  large,  square,  and  open,  announces  a  person  of  under- 
standing and  good  sense;  of  quick  comprehension  and  capable  of  advising 
well,  for  it  is  such  as  it  ought  to  be,  having  the  best  proportioned  form  and 
the  most  adapted  to  facilitate  the  functions  of  the  soul. 

From  Gratalones  Lavater  takes  the  following : — 

Those  who  have  a  great  forehead  are  dull;  they  may  be  compared  to 
oxen.  Square  foreheads  of  moderate  size,  well  proportioned  to  the  head, 
show  virtuous,  wise,  and  magnanimous  character;  class  them  with  lions. 

There  appears  in  the  writings  of  all  the  ancient  physiogno- 
mists a  preference  for  the  square  form  of  forehead  as  illustrative 
of  the  highest  character.  Now,  had  they  ever  classified  upon  the 
"  Basic  Principles  of  Form,"  and  learned  the  inherent  meanings  of 
the  arch  or  curve  as  well  as  of  the  square  and  angle,  they  would 
have  found  the  highest  expression  of  tlie  artistic  mind  revealed  by 
the  curve  and  oval,  and  the  highest  type  of  the  scientific  and  prac- 
tical by  the  square  and  angle,  each  of  which  produce  two  diverse 
types  of  excellent  character^  but  each  unsuited  to  fill  the  place  of 
the  other  in  their  respective  fields  of  labor. 

Circular  foreheads  belong  to  the  purely  vegetative  individual, 
half-curved  to  the  artistic ;  but  all  foreheads,  unless  they  are  purely 
square  or  perfectly  round,  present  interblendings  and  combinations 
of  these  several  elements  of  Form,  and  must  be  judged  accordingly 
in  each  individual  case.  Many  modifying  circumstances  affect 
each  of  these  forms.  Qualitjj  is  one  modifying  element ;  activity 
of  the  circulation,  or  the  dominance  of  the  thoracic  system,  another. 
Muscular  development  is  yet  another  circumstance  to  be  taken  into 

*  Lavater's  Essays,  vol.  iii,  p.  324.    London  edition,  1787. 


THE   HEAD.  993 

consideration  before  a  perfect  judgment  of  a  given  character  can 
be  arrived  at.  My  advice  is  to  postpone  sentence  until  the  evi- 
dence is  all  in ;  this  is  sound  law,  and  will  apply  as  well  to  lawful 
physiognomy. 

The  Head. 

I  did  not  intend  in  this  work  to  give  any  attention  to  the 
cerebral  part  of  the  anatomy,  although  its  form>>,  size,  and  append- 
ages are  highly  indicative  of  mentality,  and  reveal  and  corroborate 
the  signs  of  character  found  in  the  physiognomy  and  body.  Yet, 
as  phrenology  uses  the  head  as  the  foundation  and  groundwork 
for  its  theories  of  mind,  and  endca\'ors  to  expound  all  character- 
istics by  inspection  and  measurement  of  its  outlines,  I  shall  refrain 
from  giving  any  extended  description  of  the  forms  and  meanings 
of  this  noble  member.  My  main  reason  for  this  course  is  that  I 
desire  my  readers  to  become  perfectly  convinced  that  the  face 
reveals  the  entire  mental  and  physical  character  without  any  refer- 
ence whatever  to  the  form  or  size  of  the  head. 

The  entire  character  may  be  known  also  without  any  reference 
to  the  forehead,  with  the  exception  of  the  lower  part  just  above 
the  brows ;  yet,  as  the  general  observation  is  turned  to  inspection 
of  the  whole  frontal  development,  I  have  decided  to  give  a  limited 
space  to  a  description  of  its  most  general  forms,  although  this  is 
not  essential  to  a  complete  and  correct  physiognomical  knowledge 
of  character. 

As  I  stated  in  the  theoretical  part  of  this  work,  my  belief 
that  the  mind  is  not  shut  up  in  the  skull,  but  diffused  throughout 
the  entire  body,  and  manifested  only  by  the  co-operation  of  all  its 
parts,  and  as  I  showed  that  the  office  of  the  brain  is  limited  to  its 
own  peculiar  share  in  mental  manifestation,  and  as  the  other  parts 
of  the  organism  are  concerned  in  producing  what  are  termed 
"  mental  efforts,"  as  in  art.  science,  mechanism,  etc.,  and  as  I  have 
demonstmted  that  the  face  reveals  the  entirety  of  the  personality, 
it  would  be  a  waste  of  time  to  make  any  extended  description  and 
analysis  of  the  brain  or  skull. 

In  the  first  place,  the  brain  upon  dissection  gives  no  clue  by 
its  structure  as  to  its  office  or  piu-pose  in  the  human  economy,  as 
do  the  visceral  organs  by  their  structure  and  connections. 

In  the  second  place,  the  general  form  of  the  exterior  of  the 
skull  can  be  ascertained  by  reference  to  the  general  form  of  the 
face,  the  features,  or  by  examination  of  the  fingers  even.  In  this 
manner  the  dominant  powers  of  the  individual  are  revealed,  for  a 
square  head  shows  the  presence  of  moral,  scientific,  and  mechanical 
ability;  the  round  head,  the  vital  anfl  artistic  organism.     A  full 

63 


994  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

knowledge  of  the  encased  mind  can  only  be  had  by  observation  of 
the  face,  the  hand,  the  voice,  the  walk,  the  movement  and  gesture, 
aided  by  the  light  which  the  laws  of  scientific  physiognomy  throws 
upon  them.  Observation  of  the  head  and  knowledge  of  its  size  is 
not  at  all  essential  to  this  result.  Neither  can  the  iveight  of  the 
brain  nor  measurement  of  the  skull  before  or  after  death  give 
positive  and  thorough  knowledge  of  the  indwelling  mind. 

Its  form  will  greatly  facilitate  this  object,  for  form  and  quality 
are  the  supreme  factors  in,  and  of,  all  structures.  A  knowledge 
of  the  meanings  of  the  forms  of  the  fore  part  of  the  brain — the 
forehead — is  very  useful  in  our  investigations  of  character,  for 
this  portion  of  the  anatomy  belongs  to  the  face  as  well  as  to  the 
brain.  Comparisons  of  the  form  of  the  head  and  of  its  size  in 
relation  to  the  development  of  the  lungs  which  accompany  each 
individual  subject  are  also  of  use,  not  so  much  in  revealing  character 
as  for  the  purpose  of  disclosing  energij.  Disproportionately  large 
heads,  particularly  of  the  fore  part,  denote  slowness,  if  not  dullness, 
of  both  the  intellectual  processes  and  bodily  movements,  while  a 
small  head  allied  to  large  lungs  gives  the  utmost  energy  of  both 
the  mental  forces  and  bodily  movements.  In  the  former  case  the 
driving  power  of  the  mind  is  absent,  viz.,  large  lungs  and  a  copious 
and  constant  supply  of  well-oxygenated  blood.  A  disproportion- 
ately large  front  brain  acts  slowly  because  it  has  not  the  assistance 
of  a  sufficient  supply  of  normal  blood  to  give  it  vivacity,  while  a 
small  or  undersized  brain,  if  accompanied  with  large  lungs,  acts 
readily,  and  the  limbs  follow  its  promptings  with  a  rapidity  of 
movement  in  accordance  with  the  supply  of  the  blood  and  the  rate 
of  its  circulation,  which  is  much  faster,  of  course,  with  large  lungs 
and  small  brain,  than  where  the  forebrain  is  large  and  the  lungs 
disproportionately  small. 

The  reason  why  some  large  heads  have  exhibited  great  powers, 
as  in  Daniel  Webster  for  example,  is  because  they  have  been  asso- 
ciated with  a  large  thoracic  development  and  a  vigorous  visceral 
organization  and  dense  color,  as  well  as  an  excellent  muscular  and 
osseous  system.  In  organizations  such  as  his,  many  tilings  besides 
a  large  brain  are  essential  to  true  greatness,  for,  in  addition  to  all 
these  grand  physiological  gifts,  Webster  inherited  a  fine  and  high 
quality  both  of  brain  and  body.  When  all  these  circumstances 
are  happily  united  in  one  individual,  the  world  is  blessed  with  a 
transcendent  genius  which  leaves  humanity  in  debt  for  his  gifts, 
for  he  endows  future  ages  with  a  splendid  legacy  that  increases  in 
value  as  the  centuries  roll  by. 

My  theories  on  this  subject  are  strengthened  by  observations 
made   by   the   most   original   investigator   in   phrencdogy  which 


THE   HEAD.  995 

America  has  produced.  I  refer  to  J.  S.  Grimes.  He  connects  his 
observations  in  this  direction  with  a  tlieory  which,  however  original 
and  unique,  I  do  not  indorse,  for  the  reason  that  I  have  not  given 
it  sufficient  study  to  do  so.  At  the  same  time  I  say  nothing  in  oppo- 
sition to  it,  for  to  deny  what  one  cannot  disprove  is  unfair,  to  say 
the  least;  and,  as  I  have  no  repugnance  to  his  theory,  and  nothing 
to  offer  in  opposition  to  it,  I  give  it  to  my  readers  for  their  further 
investigation. 

Mr.  Grimes  remarks  thus : — 

I  have  lately  made  an  observation  which  seems  to  me  to  be  of  con- 
siderable importance.  It  is  tiiat  the  largest  and  most  vigorous  lungs  are 
generally  accompanied  witii  moderately-sized  heads  ;  the  form  of  the  head  in 
such  cases  is  also  peculiar,  the  upper  parts  of  the  head  being  less  developed 
than  the  lower,  the  forehead  being  generally  retreating.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  very  reverse  is  true  of  persons  whose  lungs  are  small ;  that  is  to  say, 
their  heads  are  generally  larger  and  the  upper  parts  more  developed  than 
the  lower,  being  in  some  degree  like  those  which  we  call  rickety.  I  strongly 
suspect  that  this  discovery  will  lead  to  important  results  when  it  comes  to 
be  fully  explained.  I  will  venture  to  suggest  an  explanation  :  The  reason 
of  small  lungs  being  often  accompanied  with  a  large  head  is  that  the  small 
lungs  and  imperfect  respiration  are  the  cause  of  the  brain  growing  larger, 
for  the  brain  is  the  organ  of  motion,  and  it  can  only  produce  its  motions  by 
means  of  oxygen,  which  oxygen  is  furnished  througli  the  lungs  by  combin- 
ing with  the  food  from  the  stomach.  If  the  stomach  and  lungs  do  not 
furnish  blood  sufficiently  charged  with  oxygen  to  enable  the  brain  to  pro- 
duce the  necessary  motions,  the  motions  must  become  less  to  correspond 
with  the  quality  of  the  blood.  Under  these  circumstances  larger  brain 
will  be  equivalent  to  larger  lungs,  just  as  in  galvanic  operation  a  weak  and 
adulterated  acid,  when  applied  to  a  large  surface  of  zinc  plates,  will  produce 
as  powerful  effects  as  a  more  concentrated  acid  applied  to  a  smaller  zinc 
surface.  Now  the  question  is,  Does  not  the  brain  tend  to  grow  larger  and 
to  extend  its  surface  when  the  blood  is  weak,  adulterated,  and  imperfect  in 
consequence  of  indigestion,  badly-ventilated  rooms,  and  imperfect  respira- 
tion ?  Is  not  this  the  cause  and  explanation  of  rickets  ?  It  is  admitted  by 
physicians  that  rickets  originate  in  indigestion  and  imperfect  respiration, 
but  why  should  this  cause  the  brain  to  grow  so  large?  Why  do  not  the 
hands  or  feet  grow  large  as  well  as  the  brain?  I  answer  that  the  brain 
being  the  phreno-galvanic  fountain  of  motion,  and  being  deprived  of  con- 
centrated and  oxygenated  blood,  it  extends  its  surface  to  avail  itself  of  a 
large  quantity  of  imperfect  blood,  and  thus  it  is  that  the  same  causes  which 
produce  imperfect  blood  produce  rickety-shaped  heads.* 

Mr.  Grimes'  theory  of  the  brain  as  an  organ  of  motion  is 
unique,  and  I  here  give  it  as  worthy  of  reflection,  at  least.  He 
observes : — 

My  theory  of  the  temperaments  is  very  simple  ;  it  is  that  the  office  of 
the  brain  and  nerves  is  to  move  the  bones  and  muscles,  and  that  the  brain 
and  nerves  are,  therefore,  antagonistic  to  the  bones  and  muscles,  or,  in  legal 
parlance,  it  is  bones  and  muscles  versus  brain  and  nerves.     The  principal 

*  Pbreno-Geology,  J.  Stanley  Grimes,  pp.  68  et  seq.    Boston,  1851. 


996  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

bones  and  muscles,  to  which  I  refer,  are  those  especially  which  constitute 
the  limbs  and  face.  Now,  I  insist  that,  ceteris  paribus,  when  the  brain  and 
nerves  are  weak  and  the  limbs  large,  there  cannot  be  as  much  rapidity  of 
action  as  when  the  reverse  is  the' fact :  although  there  may  be  more  strength, 
it  will  be  manifested  slowly.  But  wliat  do  we  mean  by  ceteris  paribus,  or  all 
else  equal?  Why  is  it  that  the  largest  brain,  compared  with  the  limbs,  is 
not  always  accompanied  with  the  most  rapid  motions?  Why  is  it,  indeed, 
that  we  sometimes  see  a  large  head  and  slender  muscles  on  one  who  habit- 
ually moves  but  little,  and  then  reluctantly  and  moderateh-  ?  Wh.y  is  it  that 
a  brain  of  a  given  size  is  not  always  of  a  given  power  ?  It  ought  to  be  if  no 
interfering  causes  prevented.  Phrenologists  generally  assume  that  it  is  so, 
but  they  are  constantly  met  and  annoyed  by  the  fact  that  the  same  size  and 
form  of  head  on  one  manifests  genius,  and  on  another  stupidity;  on  one  it 
produces  rapid  and  vigorous  movements,  and  on  another  with  bones  and 
muscles  no  larger — perhaps  even  smaller — it  produces  slow,  weak,  and 
merely  necessary  movements;  again,  we  see  a  small  brain  with  large  mus- 
cles producing  rapid  and  vigorous  motions  and  an  energetic  character. 

Here  Mr.  Grimes  follows  with  his  galvanic  theory  and  ends 
this  branch  of  his  argument  by  the  following : — 

Here  we  have  a  plain  and  simple  explanation  of  the  matter,  and  the 
proposition  now  is,  that  the  power  of  the  brain  depends  upon  its  size  and 
the  quality  of  the  blood.  A  small  brain  may,  therefore,  be  more  powerful 
than  a  large  one,  if  the  small  one  has  the  advantage  in  the  quality  of  the 
blood.  This  is  no  contradiction  of  the  proposition  that  the  larger  the  brain 
and  the  slenderer  the  muscles,  the  greater  the  relative  power  of  the  brain,  all 
else  equal ;  on  the  contrary,  it  is  but  an  illustration  of  it. 

Mr.  Grimes  had  probably  not  observed  that  the  rate  of  the 
circulation  had  something  to  do  with  energetic  movements  and 
thoughts.  More  than  one  factor  assists  activity  of  thought  and 
movement ;  hence,  in  estimating  the  power  of  a  given  subject,  we 
must  take  into  consideration  the  form  of  the  forehead,  the  size  and 
form  of  the  nose  and  nostrils,  quality  of  the  shin^  and  the  color  of 
the  complexion,  hair,  and  eyes. 

Mr.  Grimes  considers  the  medulla  oblongata  to  be  the  seat  of 
the  mind,  or  consciousness,  but  thinks  the  brain  to  be  the  organ  of 
voluntary  motion,  and,  as  this  hypothesis  has  not  as  yet  been  suc- 
cessfully controverted,  it  is  as  trustworthy  as  any  other.  All  physi- 
cians know  that  the  forebrain  in  animals  has  been  destroyed  without 
destroying  consciousness,  and  that  the  forebrain  in  man  has  been 
greatly  injured  without  destroying  consciousness ;  hence  it  would 
seem  a  rational  belief  that  consciousness  was  located  elsewhere  than 
in  the  forebrain.  The  office  of  the  several  divisions  of  the  brain  have 
not  (at  the  present  stage  of  investigation)  been  definitely  demon- 
strated. It  is  not  essential  to  the  comprehension  of  the  practical 
part  of  physiognomy  that  this  knowledge  should  be  had.  It  would 
greatly  facilitate  our  conceptions  of  mind,  however,  could  we  be  en- 
lightened as  to  the  office  of  every  distinct  and  minute  portion  of  the 


THE   HAIR.  997 

organism.  Possibly  this  may  be  never  known,  but  it  is  our  duty 
to  make  the  attempt  to  learn  all  that  may  be  known  of  the  human 
mind  and  body.    Goethe  expresses  this  idea  thus : — 

Man  is  not  born  to  solve  the  mystery  of  existence,  but  he  must  never- 
theless attempt  it  in  order  that  he  may  learn  how  to  keep  within  the  limits 
of  the  knowable. 

There  are  five  general  forms  of  the  head  corresponding  to  the 
five  superior  systems  of  functions,  viz.,  the  vegetative,  the  thora- 
cic, the  muscular,  the  osseous,  and  the  brain  forms.  Each  of  these 
forms  of  head  is  dominated  by  the  system  each  individual  shape 
reveals.  The  vegetative  head  is  globular;  like  all  primitive  or 
infantoid  structures,  the  thoracic  head  is  high  and  angular  and  the 
forehead  receding,  and  all  the  features  prominent  and  clear-cut. 
The  muscular  head  is  curvilinear ;  not  globular,  but  more  artisti- 
cally curved ;  while  the  brain  form  is  spherical  and  the  face  pyri- 
form ;  the  round  shape  of  the  latter  is  different  from  either  the 
vegetative  or  the  muscular  heads. 

With  this  brief  mention  I  shall  close  the  description  of  the 
head,  believing  that  the  student  of  physiognomy  need  not  pursue 
his  investigations  much  farther  in  this  channel  for  his  knowledge 
of  human  character. 

The  Hair. 

the  evolution  of  the  hair. 

In  order  to  fully  comprehend  the  physiognomic  signification  of 
the  hair  of  the  head,  the  beard,  and  the  hairy  covering  found  upon 
the  human  body,  we  are  obliged  to  avail  ourselves  of  the  light  which 
our  sister  science — Evolution — throws  upon  the  use  and  origin  of  this 
hirsute  appendage.  The  evolution  of  man  proves  that  the  nervous 
system  and  the  hairy  covering  have  a  common  origin,  that  both 
are  evolved  from  the  outer  skin-covering  or  exoderm  of  the  primi- 
tive organisms.  This  knowledge  teaches  us  why  the  qualities  of  the 
skin,  hair,  nails,  eyelashes,  and  eyebrows  are  indicators  of  mental 
conditions,  for  we  find  that  the  finer  these  appendages  the  more 
sensitive  is  the  nervous  system,  and  these  correlations  unfold  to  us 
the  meaning  of  the  strong  relationship  existing  between  these 
several  hairy  characters  and  the  nerves  or  mental  powers.  In 
order  to  give  the  reader  an  adequate  idea  of  the  common  origin  of 
the  hair  and  nerves,  I  shall  draw  upon  the  works  of  both  Darwin 
and  Haeckel  for  this  purpose.  For  every  physiognomic  efiect  there 
is  a  precedent  physiological  or  anatomical  cause,  hence  history  of 
the  latter  sort  is  essential  to  an  intelligent  comprehension  of  the 


998  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

signs  of  character  shown  by  the  hair,  beard,  brows,  and  nails. 
Says  Professor  Haeckel: — 

The  most  interesting  and  important  appendages  of  the  outer  skin 
are  the  hairs,  which,  on  account  of  their  peculiar  structure  and  mode  of 
origin,  must  be  regarded  as  very  characteristic  of  the  whole  mammalian 
class.  The  hairs  of  man,  as  of  all  other  mammals,  consist  simply  Of  epidermic 
cells  peculiarly  differentiated  and  arranged.  In  their  first  state  they  appear  in 
the  embryo  as  solid,  plug-shaped  processes  of  the  epidermis  which  penetrate 
into  the  underlying  leather-skin  (chorion)  as  do  the  sebaceous  and  sweat- 
glands.  As  in  the  latter,  the  simple  plug  consists  originally  of  the  ordinary 
epidermic  cells.  Within  this  a  firmer  cellular  mass  of  conical  shape  soon  forms. 
This  increases  considerably  in  length  and  detaches  itself  from  the  surround- 
ing cellular  mass,  "  the  root-sheath,"  and  finally  makes  its  way  to  the  out- 
side, appearing  above  the  outer  surface  as  a  hair-stem,  the  deepest  part 
buried  in  the  skin ;  the  hair-follicle  is  the  root  of  the  hair  and  is  surrounded 
by  the  root-sheath.  In  the  human  embryo  the  first  hairs  make  their  appear- 
ance at  the  end  of  the  fifth  or  in  the  beginning  of  the  sixth  month. 

During  the  last  three  or  four  months  before  birth  the  human  em- 
bryo is  usually  covered  by  a  thick  coating  of  delicate  woolly  hairs.  This 
embryonic  wool-covering  (lanugo)  is  often  lost  during  the  last  weeks  of  em- 
bryonic life ;  at  any  rate,  soon  after  birth  ;  when  it  is  replaced  by  the  thinner, 
permanent  hair-covering.  In  the  human  embryo,  the  embr3onic  woolly  hair 
usually  covers  the  entire  body  with  the  exception  of  the  palms  of  the  hands 
and  soles  of  the  feet.  These  parts  remain  bare,  just  as  in  all  apes  and  most 
other  mammals.  Not  unfrequently  the  W00II3'  coat  of  the  embryo  differs 
considerably  in  color  from  the  later  permanent  hairy  covering.  Thus,  for 
instance,  it  sometimes  happens  in  our  own  Indo-Germanic  race,  that  fair- 
haired  parents  are  shocked  to  find  their  children  at  their  first  appearance 
covered  by  a  dark-brown  or  even  black,  woolly  covering.  It  is  only  after 
this  has  been  shed  that  the  permanent  fair  hair,  which  the  child  inherits 
from  its  parents,  makes  its  appearance.  Occasionally,  the  dark  hair  is  re- 
tained for  several  weeks  or  even  months  after  birth.  This  remarkable 
woolly  covering  can  only  be  explained  as  an  inheritance  from  our  primordial 
long-haired  ancestors,  the  apes.  It  is  equallj'  worthy  of  note  that  many 
of  the  higher  apes  resemble  man  in  the  thin  coat  of  hair  which  covers 
certain  parts  of  the  body.  In  most  apes,  especially  in  the  higher  catarhines, 
the  face  is  nearly  or  even  quite  bare,  or  is  covered  with  hairs  as  thin  and  as 
short  as  those  of  man.  In  these  apes,  also,  just  as  in  man,  the  hair  on  the 
back  of  the  head  is  usually  distinguished  by  its  length,  and  the  males  often 
have  much  beard  and  whisker.  In  both  cases  this  masculine  adornment  has 
been  acquired  by  sexual  selection.  In  some  apes  the  breasts  and  the 
inner  sides  of  the  joints  are  very  thinly  covered  with  hair — far  less  abun- 
dantly than  is  the  back  and  the  outer  sides  of  the  joints ;  on  the  other  hand, 
we  not  unfrequently  see  the  shoulders,  the  back,  and  the  outer  sides  of  the 
limbs  thickly  covered  with  hair  in  men  of  Indo-Germanic  or  Semitic  race. 

The  form  of  adaptation  wliich  has  degraded  the  growth  of  hair  on  most 
parts  of  the  human  body  while  preserving  it  or  even  greatly  developing  it 
on  certain  parts  was,  in  all  probability,  sexual  selection.  In  consequence  of 
the  male  anthropoid  apes,  in  selecting  a  partner,  preferring  those  females 
which  were  least  hairy,  and  in  consequence  of  the  females  preferring  those 
suitors  which  were  distinguished  by  peculiarly  fine  beard  or  head-hair,  the 
general  hirsuteness  of  the  body  was  gradually  degraded  while  the  beard 
and  the  hair  of  the  head  advanced  to  a  higher  degree  of  perfection.     Cli- 


THE    HAIR.  999 

matic  conditions  and  other  circumstances  unknown  to  us  ma}',  however, 
also  have  promoted  the  loss  of  the  hairj^  coat.* 

The  evidence  obtained  from  Darwin  on  the  subject  of  hair  is 
m  direct  line  with  that  of  Haeckel.     He  observes: — 

The  absence  of  hair  on  the  body  is  to  a  certain  extent  a  secondary 
sexual  character,  for  in  all  parts  of  the  world  women  are  less  hairy  than 
men  ;  therefore  we  may  reasonabl}'  suspect  that  this  is  a  character  which  has 
been  gained  through  sexual  selection. 

It  is  rather  difficult  to  form  a  judgment  how  the  long  hair  on  our 
heads  became  developed.  Eschricht  states  that  in  the  human  foetus  the 
hair  on  the  face  during  the  fifth  month  is  longer  than  that  on  the  head,  and 
this  indicates  that  our  semi-human  progenitors  were  not  furnished  with  long 
tresses,  which  consequently  must  have  been  a  late  acquisition.  Many  insects, 
birds,  and  animals  exhibit  beards,  manes,  and  jjairy  appendages,  as,  for 
example,  lions,  horses,  goats,  cats,  dogs,  and  many  varieties  of  birds.f 

THE   QUALITY   OR   TEXTURE   OF   THE   HAIR. 

Inspection  and  comparison  of  the  several  qualities  or  grad  s 
of  fineness  of  hair  upon  the  heads  of  several  individuals  or  rac.  s 
will  demonstrate  that  there  are  very  great  diversities  of  this  orna- 
ment. The  hair  of  undeveloped  races  is  coarse  as  compared  to 
that  found  among  civilized  peoples,  and  among  the  latter  great 
differences  of  texture  are  also  to  be  found.  Very  coarse  hair  be- 
longs to  coarse,  strong,  stupid,  or  dull  individuals  of  a  low  grade 
of  mentality;  often  rude,  boisterous,  and  unsympathetic;  while  the 
finer  qualities  show  varying  degrees  of  keener  mentality,  delicacy, 
refinement,  and  many  diverse  grades  of  physiological  power  and 
weakness. 

Soft,  pliable  hair  is  evidence  of  tractable,  amiable,  reasonable 
disposition ;  while  coarse,  stifi',  straight  hair  shows  set,  rigid,  firm, 
conscientious  traits,  with  more  principle  than  emotion,  and  in  some 
subjects  it  is  accompanied  by  obstinacy. 

Bears  exhibit  very  thick,  coarse,  lustreless  hair,  and  are  stupid 
and  brutal  in  the  extreme.  Other  signs  corroborate  this;  the 
position  of  the  eyes,  as  well  as  the  contour  of  the  body  and  head 
and  the  slow  gait. 

The  North  American  Indian  exhibits  hair  very  dark  or  black, 
very  thick,  and  exceedingly  coarse,  straight,  and  strong,  and  the 
contrast  between  his  hair  and  that  of  the  African's  curly  and 
woolly  hair  is  as  striking  as  are  the  differences  of  the  characteristics 
of  these  two  races.  The  Indian  is  more  noted  for  firmness  and 
straightforward  action  than  for  sympathy,  or  at  least  he  was  before 
he  became  demoralized  by  contact  with  men  calling  themselves 

*  Evolution  of  Man,  Ernst  Haeckel,  chap,  xx,  vol.  ii.  p.  205. 

fTbe  Descent  of  Man,  Charles  Darwin,  chap,  xx,  vol.  ii,  p.  359  et  seq. 


1000  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

"Christians."  The  negro,  on  the  contrary,  is  a  "curly"  character, 
with  very  little  honesty  in  his  composition,  not  much  firmness  or 
heroism ;  unreliable,  but  sympathetic,  generous,  and  sociable,  with 
strong  natural  affection  for  offspring,  great  Amativeness,  yet  un- 
stable in  his  attachments,  being  a  natural  polygamist,  as  evidenced 
by  the  almond-shaped  commissure  of  the  eyes,  which  in  his  face  are 
very  elongated. 

If  the  hair  be  black  or  dark-brown  and  very  coarse,  it  denotes 
a  lower,  range  of  moral  and  intellectual  power  than  coarse,  light 
•lair.  Very  fine,  flossy,  silken  hair,  of  a  light  hue,  is  always  asso- 
ciated with  refinement,  relative  delicacy,  and  extreme  sensitiveness 
of  the  nervous  system.  The  same  quality,  if  black  or  brown, 
denotes  more  constitutional  refinement  and  more  intense  feeling 
and  greater  mental  power. 

THE   QUANTITY   OF  THE   HAIR. 

A  thick,  long  suit  of  hair  is  indicative  of  considerable  consti- 
tutional vigor,  and  is  one  sign  of  longevity,  great  reproductive 
powers,  and  descent  from  a  long-lived  ancestry. 

Thin,  scattered,  fine  hair  denotes  delicacy  of  constitution,  fine 
and  keen  perceptions,  sensitive  and  shy  nature,  and  nervous  irrita- 
bility, and  is  sometimes  associated  with  brilliant  mental  powers, 
although  other  signs  must  corroborate  the  latter.  No  single  sign 
will  give  the  entire  character  of  any  individual. 

All  of  those  signs  of  character  shown  by  the  hair  are  to  be 
considered  with  discretion  and  judgment;  without  discrimination 
all  signs  fail.  The  mole  and  hare  have  fine,  thin,  glossy,  short 
coats  of  hair,  and  are  shy,  timid,  sensitive,  and  short-lived,  while 
the  luxuriant  mane  of  the  lion  points  to  his  superior  power  of  mind 
and  body  and  great  length  of  life. 

The  various  deer  tribes  also  possess  fine,  short,  glossy  coats  of 
hair,  and  are  keen  and  active,  and  yet  many  of  them  are  strong, 
enduring,  and  long-lived.  This  combination  is  one  of  strength 
and  fineness,  quite  in  contrast  with  the  coarse-haired,  stupid,  long- 
lived  bear  or  Russian  hog. 

The  difference  in  the  physiognomical  meanings  of  the  hair  of 
the  bull-dog  are  well  illustrated  by  comparison  with  that  of  the 
spaniel  or  pointer;  the  difference  in  their  mental  and  physical 
)owers  are  as  great  as  are  the  differences  observed  in  their  hair. 

THE   VARIOUS   COLORS   OF   THE   HAIR. 

The  hair  of  the  head,  like  all  external  appendages,  is  full  of 
physiognomic  meaning.  Its  most  conspicuous  characteristics  are 
its  color,  its  length,  its  thickness,  its  quality,  and  its  lustre.     Deep 


THE   HAIR.  loot 

colors,  wherever  observed,  denote  power,  heat,  force,  and  intensit} ; 
hence,  the  colors  of  tlie  hair  are  indicative  of  character. 

The  colors  most  frequently  met  with  in  civilized  races  are 
black,  brown,  red,  flaxen,  golden,  gray,  and  white,  and  their 
graduated  shades.  The  several  diverse  conditions  of  hair  may  be 
classified  as  straight,  lank,  wavy,  curly,  kinky,  and  frizzly.  The 
character  expressed  by  long,  luxuriant,  glossy  hair  is  quite  different 
from  that  which  sliort,  thin,  and  lustreless  hair  reveals.  In  youth 
the  hair  possesses  more  lustre  than  in  advanced  life;  hence,  is  a 
sign  of  a  vigorous  condition,  as  well  as  of  youtli  and  beauty.  Good 
care  of  the  hair,  as  in  frequent  washing  and  brushing,  will  pre- 
serve its  gloss  and  youthful  appearance,  even  in  old  age.  The 
colors  of  the  hair  reveal  meanings  similar  to  those  disclosed  by  the 
colors  of  the  eyes  and  complexion.  Black  hair  is  usually  associ- 
ated with  dark  eyes,  either  black  or  brown,  but  in  some  members 
of  the  Celtic  races  we  find  it  accompanied  with  blue  eyes.  Black 
hair,  if  coarse,  thick,  and  devoid  of  lustre,  belongs  to  coarse,  animal 
natures  with  but  slight  mental  power.  If  lank,  tliin,  and  lustre- 
less, it  belongs  to  those  of  ordinary  intelligence  and  poorly  organ- 
ized physically.  Fine,  long,  and  glossy  black  hair  assures  us  that 
its  possessors  are  refined,  intelligent  persons,  with  ardent  and  deep 
feelings  and  enduring  affections.  If  thick,  with  this  combination, 
there  is  more  constitutional  vigor  than  if  it  be  thin;  the  latter 
shows  more  delicacy  of  constitution,  as  well  as  more  acute  senses. 
If  with  this  appearance  the  eyes  are  black  and  the  skin  clear,  or 
if  it  exhibit  a  decided  red  color,  the  subject  will  show  a  very  strong 
color-sense,  and  will  be  able  to  combine  colors  artistically  or  chemi- 
cally, as  in  dyeing,  etc. 

Darlc-hrqum  hair,  if  fine  and  glossy,  indicates  normal  power, 
both  of  mind  and  body,  together  with  refined  tastes  and  excellent 
color-sense.  Blue  eyes  are  oftenest  associated  with  brown  hair, 
either  of  a  deep-violet  hue  or  of  a  lighter  blue. 

All  of  the  dark-brown  shades  of  hair  (if  fine)  denote  a  good 
degree  of  intelligence,  amiability,  good  sense,  and  a  certain  depth 
of  feeling  without  acrimony.  The  light  shades  of  hrown  hair, 
which  are  sometimes  found  in  combination  with  blue  or  gray  eyes, 
are  generally  indicative  of  good  intellect,  and  exhibit  mental  and 
physical  powers  neither  very  weak  nor  very  strong.  If  tlie  hair  be 
fine  it  denotes  delicacy  of  thought  and  feeling.  With  a  golden 
tinge  it  betokens  excitability  and  an  exalted  mind,  which  often 
eventuate  in  expression  by  pen,  pencil,  or  brush. 

Red  hair,  if  fine  and  glossy,  denotes  intensity  of  feeling, 
ambition,  and  refinement.  Red  hair  also  shows  quick  temper, 
lively  and  intense  emotions,  great  Agreeability  and  Amativeness, 


1005  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY, 

and  a  love  of  outdoor  life  and  active  pursuits.  The  skin  of  red- 
haired  people  is  generally  very  fine  and  clear.  Now,  vi^henever  I 
observe  a  fine,  clear  skin,  I  naturally  look  for  clearness  of  intellect 
and  moral  inclinations. 

Coarse  red  hair  is  seen  only  on  the  heads  of  those  possessing 
strong  animal  passions,  with  but  ordinary  intelHgence. 

There  are  many  shades  o^  flaxen  hair  which  express  a  different 
meaning.  Very  light  or  almost  white  hair  is  often  indicative  of  a 
feeble  constitution  and  a  scrofulous  diathesis,  and  is  never  accom- 
panied with  intense  emotions  or  capacity  for  strong  attachments. 
The  cause  of  this  is  physiological ;  for  in  these  cases  the  entire 
organism  lacks  strength,  both  of  transmitted  quality  and  acquired 
vitality.  Albinos  are  illustrations  of  this  class,  and  they  are  always 
lacking  in  vigor  and  perfection  of  the  senses  of  sight,  hearing, 
touch,  taste,  and  smell.  Their  color-sense  is  of  the  feeblest  grade, 
while  their  mental  powers  are  below  the  average. 

Very  light  haired  individuals  are  often  showy,  sprightly,  and 
amusing,  but  I  have  never  met  a  profound  thinker  in  this  class. 
Of  the  various  shades  of  light-yellow  hair,  ranging  from  molasses- 
candy  color  to  flaxen,  I  can  only  say  they  are  not  unlike  all  the 
other  very  liglit  shades  of  hair  in  their  significations.  All  these 
hues  are  generally  found  upon  the  heads  of  persons  more  enter- 
taining than  philosophic,  whose  emotions  are  transitory  and  manners 
gay  and  lively,  with  inordinate  love  of  dress  and  amusement,  and 
who  exhibit  a  great  fondness  for  spectacular  plays,  burlesques, 
and  sensational  literature.  With  a  cultivated  color-sense  they  are 
very  ingenious  in  many  kinds  of  ornamental  work.  Such  persons 
attract  by  their  vivacity  and  entertaining  manners.  Their  affec- 
tions are  neither  deep  nor  lasting,  but  fickle  and  capricious.  That 
these  shades  of  hair  are  not  indicative  of  the  most  developed  char- 
acters we  have  only  to  refer  to  infants  and  children  of  the  Caucasian 
races,  whose  hair  deepens  in  color  as  the  body  and  mind  strengthen 
and  develop.  We  must  therefore  conclude  that  very  light  haired 
adults  are  relatively  infantoid  in  their  natures ;  that  is,  they  are  not 
as  profound  reasoners  nor  as  strong  and  stable  in  their  affections 
as  those  with  deeper  hues  of  hair. 

Golden  hair,  if  fine,  gives  assurance  of  a  better  color-sense 
than  the  very  light  yellow  hues,  and  also  denotes  more  constitu- 
tional vigor,  for  it  is  usually  associated  with  blue  eyes  and  clear 
red  and  white  complexion,  and  this  combination  produces  aesthetic 
tastes,  and,  if  the  quality  be  fine,  artistic  talents.  The  associated 
character  is  more  imaginative  than  philosophic,  but  refined  and 
amiable.  Several  eminent  poets  have  possessed  tliis  combination 
of  colors,  and  many  good  artists  also. 


THE   HAIR.  1003 

Gray  hair  is  usually  the  sign  of  age,  yet  many  youthful  per- 
sons or  those  in  the  prime  of  life  exhibit  hair  more  or  less  gray. 

In  youth  this  appearance  is  caused  by  some  variation  or  per- 
turbation of  the  nervous  system — as  in  nervous  shock — or  is  trans- 
mitted as  a  family  peculiarity.  The  change  of  color  produced  by 
nervous  shock  is  proof  of  the  mental  or  nervous  origin  of  the  hair, 
as  shown  by  Haeckel  and  Darwin  in  their  works  on  evolution.  As 
the  texture  of  the  hair  and  skin  discloses  the  quality  of  the  nervous 
system — therefore  of  the  mental  power — we  must  infer  a  strong 
relationship  between  them.  The  evolution  of  man  proves  that 
the  outer  skin-covering  or  exoderm  in  the  primitive  organisms 
assisted  in  forming  the  nervous  system.  This  discovery  in  the 
history  of  the  lower  organisms  teaches  us  how  this  relationship 
came  about,  and  proves  that  the  skin,  hair,  eyelashes  and  finger- 
and  toe-  nails  were  all  evolved  from  the  outer  skin-covering.  This 
knowledge  affords  a  clue  as  to  the  cause  of  gray  hair.  The  hair 
of  many  persons  who  have  received  great  and  sudden  nervous 
shocks  has  turned  gray  or  white  in  a  short  time,  and  sometimes  in 
a  single  night.  This  is  said  to  have  been  the  case  with  Queen 
Marie  Antoinette  when  she  was  imprisoned.  The  hair  does  not 
generally  commence  to  turn  gray  until  the  nervous  power  has 
begun  to  decline. 

REMEDY   FOR   GRAY   HAIR. 

A  very  safe  and  simple  remedy  for  prematureli/  gray  hair  is 
found  in  the  following  decoction :  Take  a  dozen  iron  nails  and 
steep  them  in  one  quart  of  black  tea  and  apply  daily  until  the  color 
changes.  In  most  cases  it  will  prove  a  perfect  remedy  and  restore 
the  hair  to  its  natural  color.  Individuals  of  advanced  age  should 
never  try  to  restore  the  hair  to  its  youthful  color,  as  it  makes  them 
look  much  older  than  they  really  are.  Nature  in  her  kindness  and 
wisdom  causes  the  hair  to  keep  pace  with  the  declining  freshness  of 
the  face,  and  thus  the  physiognomy  always  looks  fresher  and  younger 
when  the  dark  hair  of  youth  begins  to  be  sprinkled  with  white. 
An  aged  face  wrinkled  and  pallid,  or  one  that  has  lost  the  delicate 
red  and  white  of  youth  and  become  fat  and  coarse,  are  both  softened 
and  refined  by  gray  or  white  hair.  The  cosmetic  advantage  of  this 
color  of  hair  will  be  apparent  to  any  one  who  will  make  the  experi- 
ment of  putting  a  dark  or  black  wig  upon  the  head  of  a  person 
from  whose  complexion  the  colors  and  freshness  of  youth  have 
departed.  The  greatest  secret  of  the  toilet  is  to  make  the  face  seem 
more  youthful  than  the  surroundings.  This  cannot  be  done  by 
bonnets  and  hats  too  juvenile^  nor  by  the  use  of  youthful-colored 


1004  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

hair.     On  the  contrary,  just  the  opposite  effect  is  produced  by 
juvenile  head-gear. 

Gray  hair  is  not  at  all  gray  as  its  name  would  seem  to  denote, 
but  the  gray  effect  is  produced  by  the  intermingling  of  white  hairs 
with  the  darker  original  shade  of  the  hair,  and  the  gray  appear- 
ance is  present  until  all  or  most  of  the  hair  has  changed  color, 
when  it  appears  as  pure  white. 

VARIOUS    SORTS   OF   CURLY    HAIR. 

Besides  the  straight  and  stiff  and  lank  varieties  of  hair,  there 
are  several  others  which  convey  at  sight  a  knowledge  of  character. 
They  may  be  classed  as  wavy,  curly,  kinky,  frizzly  and  woolly. 
None  of  tliese  varieties  are  ever  found  among  the  civilized  races 
in  whom  the  bony  system  is  supreme,  nor  upon  tlie  heads  of  those 
wild  races  in  whom  tlie  osseous  system  is  regnant,  for  the  reason 
that  in  such  subjects  lime  in  some  one  of  its  several  forms  is  found 
in  greater  quantities  in  all  of  the  fluids  and  juices  of  the  body  as 
well  as  in  the  fluid  of  tlie  hair.  A  large  proportion  of  this 
chemical  constituent  creates  a  firmness  or  stiffness  in  the  hair  of 
osseous  subjects  which  is  not  present  in  the  hair  of  muscular 
people  and  races.  The  law  of  the  muscular  being  is  the  curve,  as 
is  observed  both  in  animal  and  human  beings,  and  in  order  to  trace 
the  curve  to  its  origin,  and  from  thence  to  deduce  its  most  subtle 
signification,  we  must  look  even  to  the  condition  of  the  hair  and 
eyelashes  for  corroboration  of  the  basic  principles  of  Form.  These 
two  appendages  will  be  found  upon  examination  to  curve  most  in 
muscular  subjects.  As  the  curve  belongs  more  particularly  to  the 
muscular  classes,  we  shall  find  that  curved  or  curly  hair  belongs 
exclusively  to  the  muscular  and  vegetative  individual. 

As  the  curve  is  an  attribute  of  muscle,  we  shall  find  curly, 
wavy  hair  upon  the  heads  of  the  artistic  and  imitative  classes,  and 
this  includes  the  negro  races  as  well.  Curly  hair  and  waving  manes 
are  also  observed  upon  the  bodies  of  the  muscular  animals ;  the 
lion,  among  the  Felidiae,  and  among  the  dog  tribes  the  poodle, 
spaniel,  and  Maltese  varieties  are  illustrations  of  the  combinations 
of  curly  hair  with  the  muscular  system  predominant.  The  bony 
varieties  of  dogs  do  not  exhibit  curly  or  wavy  hair.  The  hair  of  the 
several  negro  tribes  presents  the  most  extreme  phases  of  the  curvi- 
linear form,  and  in  these  races  the  muscles  dominate  tlie  bones,  as 
is  proven  by  their  large,  convex  eyes,  frizzly  hair,  and  flexible  limbs. 
The  cirmilar  form  here,  as  elsewhere,  denotes  superior  constitu- 
tional vigor.  Pure-blooded  Africans,  as  a  rule,  possess  great  physi- 
cal strength;  but  mulattoes  are,  as  a  rule,  inferior  in  strength  and 
constitutional  powets  to  both  the  black  and  white  races  from  which 


THE   HAIR.  1005 

they  have  descended.  The  hair  of  the  negro  is  different  in  its 
construction  from  that  of  the  Caucasian,  and  it  is  these  circum- 
stances, added  to  the  fact  that  it  contains  less  Hme  and  more  animal 
substance,  which  gives  it  the  facility  for  kinking  and  frizzling.  Of 
this  peculiar  difference  in  the  structure  of  the  hair  of  the  negro, 
Carl  Vogt  tells  us  that 

The  hair  of  the  straight-haired  human  races  is  cylindrical ;  the  section 
under  the  microscope  appears  perfectly  circular  and  provided  with  a  medul- 
lary canal.  Not  so  the  hair  of  the  negro,  which  is  flattened  so  that  its  sec- 
tion exhibits  an  elongated  ellipsis  in  the  axis  of  which  no  medullary  canal 
is  seen.  It  is  this  lateral  compression  which  effects  the  peculiar  frizzling  of 
the  hair  owing  to  its  not  taking  place  exactly  in  the  direction  of  the  longi- 
tudinal  axis  of  the  hair,  but  ascending  in  spirals  so  that  the  hair  resembles 
a  spiral  spring  which  always  returns  to  its  shape  when  drawn  out.* 

This  extract  reveals  and  corroborates  several  important  prin- 
ciples in  my  theory  of  the  basic  laws  of  Form,  as  exhibited  by 
the  comparison  of  the  hair  of  the  straight-haired  races  with  that 
of  the  curly-haired  races.  Not  only  is  the  structure  of  the  latter 
inferior  in  development — in  not  possessing  a  medullary  tube — but 
it  is  also  an  exhibition  of  imperfect  curvation ;  that  is,  a  departure 
from  the  true  circle^  which  is  characteristic  of  the  form  of  the  hair 
of  the  straight-haired  races.  In  this  microscopic  analysis  of  the 
hair  of  the  negro  it  is  shown  that  his  hair  is  characterized  by  an 
elliptical  form,  while  that  of  the  white-haired  races  is  distinguished 
by  a  perfectly  circular  formation.  In  this  minute  circumstance,  as 
well  as  in  the  larger  details  of  the  human  system,  the  basic  laws 
of  Form,  as  set  forth  in  this  system  of  physiognomy,  are  fully  sus- 
tained and  carried  out.  And  now  for  the  practical  exposition  and 
application  of  these  principles.  Curly  hair  does  not  show  the  same 
high  degree  of  stability,  integrity,  and  moral  courage  which  is 
associated  with  straight  hair;  although  many  curly-haired  people 
are  strictli/  honest.  There  are  many  grades  of  integrity  between 
common  honesty  and  high  moral  courage — between  the  determined 
perseverance  and  blunt  and  direct  speech  of  the  straight-haired 
individual  and  the  agreeable,  wavering,  shifting,  unstable  methods 
of  the  wavy-haired,  curly-haired  being  "  who  is  all  things  by  turn 
and  nothing  long." 

STRAIGHT   HAIR. 

The  straightest  and  stiffest  hair  is  found  upon  the  heads  of 
the  North  American  Indians,  and  in  them  the  osseous  system  is 
dominant.  Their  hair  is  of  the  coarsest  quality,  thus  showing 
that  their  mental  grade  is  not  so  high  as  that  of  the  straight-haired 
Caucasian   races;   but   they   possess   great   perseverance  and  an 

•  Lectures  on  Man,  Carl  Vogt,  p.  128. 


1006  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

unflinching  devotion  to  the  principles  of  truth  as  laid  down  in 
their  code  of  morals.  The  negro,  on  the  contrary,  is  a  shppery, 
uncertain,  unreliable  talker,  and  seems  unable  to  fully  comprehend 
any  system  of  moral  ethics,  or  to  live  up  to  the  standard  of  morality 
held  by  the  Caucasian  and  Indian  races. 

Among  the  Caucasian  races  curly  hair  indicates  a  changeable 
character  ;  often  brilliant,  vivacious,  quick-tempered ;  usually  pos- 
sessed of  some  form  of  imitative  talent  or  ability;  sometimes 
sunny,  sometimes  cloudy,  like  April  weather.  Curly  hair  is 
usually  associated  with  considerable  constitutional  vigor  (if  the 
color  of  the  skin,  hair,  and  eyes  is  well  defined),  the  circular  form 
here,  as  elsewhere,  denoting  superior  strength. 

Wavy  hair  signifies  amiability,  plausibility,  and  politic 
methods.  Hair  that  lies  in  waves  and  graceful  rings  is-  found 
upon  the  heads  of  gentle,  agreeable  persons.  Many  talented 
people  have  this  peculiarity.  It  is  exhibited  by  many  poets, 
painters,  actors,  and  others  of  the.  muscular  artistic  classes,  those 
fond  of  the  arts  of  music,  painting,  poetry,  etc.  It  denotes  ten- 
derness of  feeling,  witli  more  emotion  than  reason ;  hence  many 
poets,  musicians,  dancers,  and  singers  exhibit  this  sort  of  hair. 

Men  with  wavy  hair  are  gentle,  refined,  and  often  effeminate 
in  their  nature,  and  resemble  their  mother  in  their  tastes  and 
feelings. 

The  hair  of  Byron,  Keats,  Mrs.  Browning,  Thos.  Moore,  and 
Bums,  poets,  exhibits  several  varieties  of  wavy  and  curly  hair; 
while  among  orators  whose  hair  is  waved  or  curled  we  find  Ed- 
mund Burke,  Patrick  Henry,  Mirabeau,  and  Wm.  Wirt. 

Many  great  painters  exhibit  several  varieties  of  curly  hair, 
among  them  the  following :  Vandyck,  Michael  Angelo,  Rubens, 
Titian,  and  Poussin.  There  are  also  many  other  painters  who  ex- 
hibit soft,  silken  waves  and  ringlets. 

The  tighter  and  closer  the  hair  curls,  the  more  pronounced 
are  the  physiognomic  meanings  of  the  curve.  The  kinky  frizzle 
of  the  negro  discloses  his  tricky,  "curly,"  unreliable  character;  it 
reveals  also  his  strong  affections  and  amativeness,  his  love  of  mirth, 
music,  and  ease,  while  the  long,  loose  ringlets  of  the  Caucasian 
indicate  an  easy,  yielding,  sentimental,  emotional  nature,  with 
aesthetic  taste  or  talent.  The  tight,  close  ringlets  reveal  high 
temper  and  changeability  of  moods.  The  curl  and  ringlet  are 
secondary  juvenile  signs,  and  are  suitable  to  youthful  heads. 
Nothing,  in  my  estimation,  shows  more  vanity  in  woman  than  the 
wearing  of  long  ringlets  in  advanced  age.  Waving  hair  is  becom- 
ing to  all  ages,  but  long  curls  on  a  man's  head  are  the  signs  of  the 
very  acme  of  vanity.     I  have  shown  in  the  description  of  Appro- 


THE   HAIR.  1007 

bativeness  that  the  majority  of  natural  hairy  appendages,  such  as 
the  beard  and  moustache,  are  found  upon  the  mascuUne  sex,  are 
secondary  signs  of  vanity,  so  long  curls  or  ringlets,  when  observed 
upon  men,  are  the  sure  tokens  of  inordinate  vanity  and  conceit. 
When  a  man  is  not  contented  with  all  that  Nature  and  evolution 
have  done  for  him  in  the  way  of  natural  adornment,  and  with  the 
assistance  she  has  given  him  in  hiding  the  defects  of  lip  and  chin, 
and  he  adopts  the  curls  and  ringlets  which  belong  to  the  opposite 
sex,  it  may  be  set  down  as  the  crowning  act  of  a  vain  mind  desir- 
ing to  centre  upon  himself  the  gaze  of  the  multitude.  Such  men 
are  always  one-sided  and  desirous  of  public  display.  I  have 
noticed  this  peculiarity  in  peripatetic  venders  of  hair-dye  and  corn- 
salve,  and  in  horse-jockeys,  astrologers,  and  fortune-tellers.  This 
showy  mode  of  hair-dressing  is  adopted  by  these  fellows  to  bolster 
up  their  already  overweening  self-confidence,  and  to  call  attention 
to  their  wares  and  nostrums. 

Ringlets  on  the  heads  of  babes,  children,  and  young  ladies 
are  beautiful  and  appropriate  to  their  age,  and  denote  youth  and 
amiability,  and  in  the  latter  possibly  a  spice  of  coquetry  not  at  all 
unbecoming  to  them.  All  natural  external  appendages,  as,  for 
example,  the  hair,  the  beard,  the  finger-nails,  and  ears,  have  been 
regarded  as  ornamental  members,  and  hence  foster  and  cultivate 
the  several  phases  of  Approbativeness,  ranging  all  the  way  from 
simple  satisfaction  in  a  neat  arrangement  and  condition  of  these 
several  appendages  to  conceit,  vanity,  and  an  offensive  and  taste- 
less manner  of  dressing  and  displaying  their  peculiarities  of  color, 
quality,  quantity,  and  condition.  Civilized  races  are  not  one  whit 
behind  savage  peoples  in  the  fantastic  modes  of  dressing  the  hair, 
while  dyeing  the  nails  and  wearing  them  long  are  customs  among 
semi-civilized  races. 

CAUSE   AND    CURE   FOR   BALDNESS. 

Baldness  is  almost  altogether  confined  to  the  civilized  races, 
and  to  the  males  more  especially.  There  are  several  causes  con- 
tributing to  this  phenomenon,  the  most  influential  of  which  is 
the  frequent  and  short  cutting  of  the  hair.  All  orchardists  are 
aware  that  if  a  shrub  or  tree  is  "topped"  too  short  and  too  often 
it  soon  becomes  permanently  dwarfed  or  dies  outright.  The  reason 
of  this  is  that  tlie  sap  does  not  have  a  sufficient  length  for  circu- 
lation or  capillary  attraction,  and  hence  the  decay  at  the  root. 
Now,  the  hair  has  not  only  a  liquid  which  circulates  through  tubes 
its  whole  extent,  but  it  has  also  a  nervous  connection  which  is  in- 
jured by  cutting  it  too  short  and  too  often.  The  next  most  active 
factor  in  the  production  of  baldness  in  men  is  the  too  common 


1008 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


custom  of  wearing  the  hat  indoors,  as  is  observed  in  workshops, 
offices,  stores,  and  in  other  places.  Men  practice  these  two  habits 
most  conducive  to  baldness,  and  then  are  unable  to  account  for 
such  depilatory  result.  Were  it  their  object  to  bare  the  head,  no 
better  means  than  these  could  be  desired.  As  long  as  these  prac- 
tices are  continued,  common  sense  should  teach  that  it  is  useless 
labor  to  endeavor  to  make  the  hair  grow  by  means  of  nostrums, 
which  only  serve  to  increase  the  length  of  the  bank-account  of 
their  manufacturers,  but  not  the  length  of  the  hair  of  the  user. 

THE   BEARD. 

Like  all  the  hairy  appendages  found  upon  the  human  body, 
the  beard  and  its  near  relations,  the  hairs  of  the  head,  are  strong 

physiognomical  significa- 
tors.  As  the  beard  ap- 
pears only  upon  the  face 
of  man  (with  rare  ex- 
ceptions), it  stands  in 
physiognomy  for  a  prime 
sexual  characteristic  of 
the  male  sex.  It  is  perti- 
nent to  inquire  liow  this 
peculiar  hairy  appendage 
has  come  to  be  the  dis- 
tinguishing sign  of  the 
male  of  the  human  spe- 
cies, why  it  sometimes 
appears  upon  the  female 
face,  and  what  is  its  use 
and  physiognomic  sig- 
nification in  both  the 
male  and  the  female 
countenance. 
Fortunately  for  the  science  of  physiognomy,  it  has  in  this  age 
the  assistance  offered  by  the  investigations  and  discoveries  made 
by  these  great  giant  naturalists,  Haeckel,  Darwin,  Quatrefages,  Carl 
Vogt,  and  others.  From  these  sources  I  am  able  to  give  my 
readers  some  valuable  information  upon  the  subject  of  hair  gener- 
ally, and  of  the  beard  in  particular.  Reference  to  the  "Evolution 
of  the  Hair,"  in  the  preceding  pages,  will  assist  our  comprehension 
of  this  most  important  branch  of  physiognomical  knowledge. 
Comparisons  of  the  hairy  development  of  many  of  the  lower 
animals  with  man  will  prove  that  in  this  respect  at  least  man 
more  nearly  resembles  these  classes  than  does  woman ;  also  that 


Fig.  294.— vital  BEARD. 
(DwiGHT  L.  Moody.) 


THE    HAIR. 


1009 


certain  characteristics  which  accompany  this  peculiarity,  viz.,  Will 
and  Amativeness,  are  more  developed  in  the  human  male  than  in 
the  female.  The  following  extract  from  Darwin  will  be  of  interest 
in  this  connection,  and  will  throw  some  light  upon  the  significance 
of  the  beard : — 

With  respect  to  the  beard,  says  Darwin,  if  we  turn  to  our  best  guide, 
viz.,  the  Quadrumana,  we  find  beards  equally  well  developed  in  both  sexes  of 
many  species,  but  in  others  either  confined  to  the  males  or  more  developed 
in  them  than  in  the  females.  From  this  fact,  and  from  the  curious  arrange- 
ment as  well  as  the  briglit  colors  of  the  hair  about  the  heads  of  many 
monkeys,  it  is  highly  probable,  as  before  explained,  that  the  males  first  ac- 
quired their  beards  as  an  ornament  through  sexual  selection,  transmitting 
them,  in  most  cases,  in  an  equal  or  nearly  equal  degree  to  their  offspring  of 
both  sexes.  We  know  from  Eschritt  that  with  mankind  the  female  as  well 
as  the  male  foetus  is  fur- 
nished with  much  hair  on 
the  face,  especially  around 
the  mouth,  and  this  indi- 
cates that  we  are  descended 
from  a  progenitor  of  which 
both  sexes  were  bearded.  It 
appears,  therefore,  at  first 
sight,  probable  that  man  has 
retained  his  beard  from  a 
very  early  period,  while 
woman  lost  her  beard  at  tlie 
same  time,  wlien  her  body 
became  almost  completely 
divested  of  hair.  Even  the 
color  of  the  beard  with  man- 
kind seems  to  have  been  in- 
herited from  an  ape-like 
progenitor;  for  when  there 
is  any  difference  in  tint  be- 
tween the  hair  of  the  head 
and  tiie  beard,  the  latter  is 
lighter  colored  in  all  monk- 
eys and  in  man. 


^'p^    ^ssi^^^T 


1-  lo.  295.— VITAL,  MOUSTACHE. 

(ViCTOK  KMMANUEL.) 


The  beard,  which  is  found  upon  the  faces  of  the  men  of 
nearly  all  races,  is  a  feature  of  great  physiognomic  significance, 
and  accordingly  reveals  characteristics  which  are  valuable  to  the 
physiognomist.  Our  first  query  in  regard  to  this  hirsute  appendage 
must  be  as  to  its  use ;  the  next  as  to  its  meaning.  The  physiolog- 
ical uses  of  the  beard  upon  the  chin,  cheeks,  neck,  and  upper  lip  are 
doubtless  for  the  protection  of  the  lungs  primarily.  The  over- 
hanging moustache  upon  the  upper  lip  acts  as  a  sieve  or  filter, 
in  that  it  prevents  the  dust,  cold  air,  and  other  noxious  substances 
from  making  their  way  into  the  lungs  by  way  of  the  mouth  as 
readily  as  they  would   were  the   upper   lip   destitute   of  hairs. 


04 


1010  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  beard  upon  the  chin  and  cheeks  protects  the  throat  from 
the  inclemency  of  the  weather,  and  where  its  growth  is  long 
and  luxuriant  it  affords  an  outward  defense  for  the  throat  and 
lungs. 

Long  and  full  dark-colored  beards  are  signs  of  vigor  and 
strong  constitution,  the  same  as  are  heavy,  dark  eyebrows.  They 
are  secondary  signs  of  longevity  as  well.  A  thick  moustache  and 
beard  are  of  great  service  in  certain  trades  in  protecting  the  lungs 
from  the  clouds  of  dust  and  particles  of  various  chemicals  which 
are  employed  in  many  trades  and  professions. 

Now,  it  must  be  apparent  that  an  appendage  which  serves  so 
many  useful  purposes,  and  wliich  is  so  pronounced  a  feature  of  the 
face  (covering  up  nearly  the  lower  third),  and  which  is  almost  ex- 
clusively a  masculine  feature,  must  carry  with  it  very  great  mental 
meaning.  This  meaning  is  not  far  to  seek  if  we  watch  for  a  few 
moments  only  the  habitual  gestures  of  those  whom  Nature  has 
endowed  with  a  fine  moustache  or  a  long  and  luxuriant  beard. 
The  self-satisfaction  expressed  by  tlie  habitual  and  oft-repeated  ca- 
ressing strokes  which  the  owners  of  long,  handsome  beards  give  to 
this  appendage  unfolds  at  once  the  true  inwardness  of  this  feature 
and  gesture.  The  constant  brushing  and  twisting  of  a  fine,  long 
moustache  points  in  the  same  direction  as  does  the  patting  and  ca- 
ressing given  to  the  beard ;  both  these  gestures  denote  Approbative- 
ness  ;  in  some  men  they  indicate  great  vanity.  Instinctive  or  natural 
gestures  are  as  full  of  meaning  as  any  concrete  form  can  possibly 
be,  and  all  caressing  movements,  whether  directed  to  one's  self  or 
given  to  another,  mean  precisely  the  same  thing,  viz.,  commenda- 
tion or  satisfaction.  We  pat  children  on  the  head  when  we  wish 
to  show  our  satisfaction  in  tliem  or  to  commend  their  conduct,  and 
men  with  a  lons^  beard  and  fine  moustache  constantly  rub,  pat, 
fondle,  smooth,  and  caress  their  hairy  ornaments,  and  doubtless 
think  themselves  the  cynosure  of  all  the  feminine  eyes  in  their 
immediate  neighborhood,  as  well  as  the  particularly  envied  of  their 
own  sex. 

Darwin  has  gone  into  the  analysis  and  meaning  of  sexual 
characters  in  the  male,  extending  through  the  entire  animal  spe- 
cies. In  this  endeavor  he  shows  that  the  males  of  all  the  animal 
kingdom  (with  very  few  exceptions)  possess  superior  external  or- 
namental appendages,  which  are  used  for  the  purpose  of  charming 
the  opposite  sex.  In  this  analysis  is  clearly  proven  the  position  I 
take  upon  the  subject  of  external  ornamental  appendages,  and  it 
is  this,  viz.,  that  they  develop  a  certain  degree  of  vanity  or  Appro- 
bativeness,  which  I  hold  is  greater  in  man  than  in  \^oman  gen- 
erally.    (Seepage 383.)     Woman, in  order  to  attract  the  attention 


THE  HAIR.  1011 

of  the  opposite  sex,  endeavors  either  to  improve  her  bodily  form 
according  to  the  standard  of  beauty  held  by  the  men  of  her  race,  or 
to  improve  her  mind  and  disposition,  or  she  seeks  to  fascinate  by  a 
masculine  expedient,  viz.,  by  external  ornamentation,  by  clothing 
so  fashioned  as  to  enhance  her  charms,  and  thus  to  attract  the  atten- 
tion of  men  to  her  personal  appearance.  In  this  attempt  on  the 
part  of  woman  to  increase  her  beauty  a  species  of  vanity  is  de- 
veloped, but,  as  it  proceeds  from  ornaments  which  do  not  grow 
upon  the  body,  the  degree  of  this  passion  is  much  less  in  woman 
than  in  man,  for  his  vanity  is  radical^  is  inborn^  and  not  put  on 
and  off  with  his  clothes,  but  stays  "put"  for  all  time.  The  su- 
preme satisfaction  with  which  a  young  man  with  an  infant  mous- 
tache regards  both  it  and  his  successes  with  the  opposite  sex  is 
proof  positive  of  my  theory  on  this  subject.  It  is  to  be  noted  that 
his  faith  in  his  attempts  at  fascination  increases  in  proportion  as 
his  moustache  thickens. 

Of  the  significance  of  external  ornaments  in  the  male,  Dar- 
win remarks  thus: — 

Ornaments  of  all  kinds,  whether  permanently  or  temporarily  gained, 
are  sedulously  displa^^ed  by  the  males,  and  apparently  seem  to  excite  or 
attract  or  charm  the  lemales;  but  the  males  will  sometimes  display  their  or- 
naments when  not  in  the  presence  of  females,  as  occasionally  occurs  with 
grouse  at  their  balz  places,  and,  as  maj'^  be  noticed,  with  the  peacock; 
this  latter  bird,  however,  evidently  wishes  for  a  spectator  of  some  kind,  and 
will  show  off  his  finery,  as  I  have  often  seen,  before  poultry,  or  even  pigs. 
All  naturalists  who  have  attended  to  the -habits  of  birds,  whether  in  a  state 
of  nature  or  under  confinement,  are  unanimously^  of  the  opinion  that  the 
males  delight  to  display  their  beauty.* 

Let  the  reader  pay  attention  to  a  long-bearded  man  standing 
before  the  glass  when  he  is  assured  that  he  is  not  observed,  and  he 
will  soon  become  convinced  that  the  highest  representative  of  the 
male  sex  does  not  require  the  stimulating  effect  even  of  a  pig's 
presence  to  incite  him  to  display  and  fondle  his  beard. 

A  full  exposition  of  the  scope  and  action  of  the  faculty  of 
Approbativeness  is  to  be  found  in  the  preceding  chapter  under  the 
head  of  "  Approbativeness." 

Along  with  every  separate  and  single  feature,  which  is  either 
a  source  of  youth  or  beauty.  Nature  has  attached  a  feeling  of  self- 
satisfaction  in  its  possession,  and,  as  a  beautiful  woman  exults  in 
her  loveliness  of  face,  form,  color,  or  mind,  so  a  man  who  possesses 
a  fine,  luxuriant,  richly-colored  beard  glories  in  this  sign  of  mas- 
culine beauty  and  vigor.  When  we  come  to  the  external  append- 
ages, we  enter  a  field  of  subtle  meanings,  and  especially  is  this 

»  Descent  Of  Man,  Darwin,  vol.  ii,  chap,  xiii,  p.  82. 


1012  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the  case  when  these  appearances  are  pronounced  sexual  character- 
istics. Now,  the  beard  has  come  to  be  almost  exclusively  a  mascu- 
line feature,  yet  many  females  are  observed  with  a  slight  moustache, 
and  less  frequently  we  observe  a  tendency  to  hirsute  development 
upon  the  chin  and  cheeks  of  women  of  European  extraction  prin- 
cipally. I  think  this  phenomenon  is  most  frequently  met  with  in  the 
Celtic  and  Celt-Iberian  races.  In  these  subjects  it  is  the  sign  of 
great  constitutional  vigor,  and  whenever  these  appendages  are  very 
greatly  developed  an  approach  to  masculine  traits  of  mind  may  be 
discovered  in  a  decided  development  of  Will  and  Amativeness. 

In  some  notable  examples  a  masculine  intellect  has  been  asso- 
ciated with  this  hirsute  ornament.  Many  historical  beauties  have 
sported  an  incipient  moustache,  which  has  not  at  all  detracted  from 
their  beauty.  It  is  only  when  the  hairy  adornment  is  excessive 
and  the  features  coarse  that  a  slight  moustache  detracts  from  the 
feminine  appearance  of  woman. 

The  only  way  we  can  account  for  the  presence  of  the  beard 
in  woman  is  to  refer  to  a  common  origin  which  Evolution  shows 
it  to  have  had.  It  became  a  secondary  masculine  character 
through  the  law  of  "Natural  Selection,"  so  ably  elaborated  by 
Darwin  in  his  "  Descent  of  Man,"  reference  to  which  the  reader 
will  find  in  the  "Evolution  of  the  Hair"  which  precedes  these 
pages. 

The  uses  of  the  beard  in  covering  up  the  exposed  parts  of 
man's  face  are  not  all  physiological.  If  the  beard  serves  to  create 
undue  vanity  in  man,  Nature  makes  him  a  grand  compensation 
for  this  weakness.  She  very  kindly  enables  him  to  liide  and  con- 
ceal any  weakness  or  defect  in  his  domestic  or  moral  nature  which 
a  weak  lower  third  of  the  face  would  disclose  were  it  destitute  of 
hair. 

The  beard  is,  in  short,  a  sort  of  masked  battery,  behind  which 
a  man  of  weak  principles  or  deficient  domesticity  may  hide,  and 
from  this  covert  gaze  understandingly  upon  the  open  face  of  an 
unsuspecting  female  and  bear  her  off  upon  the  higli  sea  of  matri- 
mony without  her  being  at  all  aware  of  his  true  character ;  and 
herein,  again,  we  see  the  manner  in  which  Dame  Nature  favors  the 
"brave"  though  weak  male  creature.  Let  us  take  a  little  "ac- 
count of  stock,"  and  sum  up  the  number  of  signs  of  character  that 
are  hidden  from  the  gaze  of  the  world  by  the  moustache.  In  the 
first  place  it  conceals  the  size  of  the  upper  lip,  thus  covering  Self- 
esteem,  Modesty,  Amativeness,  Love  of  Young,  and  Mirthfulness. 
The  side- whiskers  hide  several  of  the  signs  of  Digestion,  Appro- 
bativeness,  Hospitality,  and  Friendship ;  while  the  beard  upon  the 
lower  cheeks  and  chin  prevents  all  knowledge  of  the  amount  of 


THE  HAIR.  1018 

development  of  Firmness,  Conscientiousness,  Economy,  Love  of 
Home,  Patriotism,  Bibativeness,  and  Alimentiveness,  and  one  sign 
of  Secretiveness,  viz.,  small  size  of  the  mouth. 

With  all  the  natural  advantages  for  concealment  which  man 
possesses,  it  is  a  little  far-fetched  for  him  to  accuse  woman  of  being 
"sly"  and  "vain"  because  she  takes  an  testhetic  pleasure  in  fine 
raiment  (which,  after  all,  is  intended  to  please  his  own  sensuous 
tastes),  or  because  she  uses  her  ingenuity  to  discover  the  character 
of  this  bewhiskered  sphinx. 

Now,  I  submit  that  it  should  be  the  prerogative  of  every 
woman  to  demand  and  have  an  examination  of  the  lower  third  of 
the  face  of  all  male  candidates  for  matrimony  before  giving  the 
final  answer.  Nature,  in  being  kind  to  man  in  respect  to  providing 
him  with  a  beard,  has  been  equally  unkind  to  woman  in  giving 
him  this  perfect  contrivance  for  concealment  of  that  portion  of  the 
face  which  alone  reveals  the  moral  and  domestic  traits,  those  traits 
upon  the  normal  development  of  which  all  marital  happiness  de- 
pends. Truly,  the  "ways  of  Providence  are  past  finding  out,"  but 
to  hear  the  average  man  discuss  woman's  ways  and  characteristics 
one  would  think  that  this  open-faced  being  was  the  most  inscruta- 
ble and  impenetrable  of  all  Nature's  works. 

The  physiognomic  meanings  of  the  several  varieties  of  the 
beard  are  revealed  by  the  application  of  the  general  principles  of 
form,  color,  and  texture  governing  the  hair.  In  almost  all  cases 
the  beard  and  moustache  is  lighter  than  is  the  hair.  No  natural- 
ist has,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  accounted  for  this  discrepancy.  It  is 
probable  that  there  are  pathological  changes  which  produce  these 
variations  of  color,  but  as  they  are  not  pertinent  to  our  investiga- 
tion we  will  proceed  to  the  discussion  of  the  texture  of  the  beard. 
This  peculiarity  is  common  to  some  of  the  ape  tribes. 

THE  TEXTURE  OF  THE  BEARD. 

A  coarse,  straight,  and  stiff  beard  is  associated  with  a  coarse, 
stupid,  obstinate,  or  brutal  character.  If  it  be  a  dark-brown  color 
the  character  is  more  intense  than  if  it  be  lighter. 

A  fine  and  straight  beard  betokens  more  refinement  than  the 
former,  and  more  integrity,  and  if  it  be  dark  and  luxuriant  it 
shows  energy  and  vigorous  physical  powers.  A  coarse^  red  beard 
denotes  strong  animal  passions,  with  only  ordinary  mental  capacity, 
but  if  it  be  fine  as  well  as  red  it  indicates  ardor,  ambition,  refine- 
ment, and  physical  vigor. 

A  fine  beard  of  light-yellow  or  red  color  shows  much  less 
mental  vigor  than  those  which  are  darker  of  the  same  texture,  yet 
indicates  a  refined  disposition,  but  not  so  much  physical  power  as 


1014  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

those  that  are  dark  and  curly.  A  thin,  straggUng  beard,  like  thin 
hair,  denotes  feeble  vital  powers. 

A  fine,  thick,  glossy,  dark-brown,  curly  beard  denotes  a  strong 
constitution,  and  is  usually  associated  with  a  fine  devolopment  of 
the  muscular  system;  this,  then,  would  signify  propensity  for  art 
in  some  one  of  its  many  forms;  other  signs  would  show  to  which 
department  the  mind  would  turn. 

Beards  which  form  long  curls  belong  to  the  most  vigorous 
men.  The  ancient  Greek  sculptors  carved  upon  some  of  the  busts 
of  Zeus,  or  Jupiter,  a  long  and  beautiful  ringleted  beard,  showing 
that  they  regarded  this  style  of  beard  as  an  evidence  of  virile 
power. 

Large,  round,  flat  curls  also  adorned  the  head  of  Zeus,  of 
which  the  poet  says: — 

"  Above  his  deathless  head, 
The  Ambrosian  curls  flowed." 

Mars,  the  God  of  War,  is  also  represented  with  close-curling 
locks  and  beard.  Hermes,  and  the  Farnese  Herakles,  the  Laokoon 
and  Aphrodite  all  exhibit  waves,  curls,  or  ringlets,  and  all  of  these 
were  in  harmony  with  the  excess  of  muscular  power  which  these 
several  characters  reveal  in  their  contours.  The  ancient  Hebrews 
were  noted  for  their  longevity  and  virility,  as  well  as  for  long 
beards;  this  appendage  was  held  in  great  reverence  by  them,  so 
much  so  that  their  most  sacred  and  binding  oaths  were  taken  upon 
their  beards,  which  were  so  long  that  in  many  instances  they 
trailed  upon  the  ground.  Johan,  a  German  painter,  had  a  beard 
so  long  that  it  trailed  upon  the  ground,  and  he  was  obliged  to  tuck 
it  into  his  girdle  in  order  to  walk  freely.  The  fashion  of  wearing 
the  beard  changes  from  age  to  age;  sometimes  it  is  worn  by  a 
sovereign  to  conceal  a  defective  lip,  chin,  or  cheek;  it  is  then 
adopted  by  his  courtiers  and  followers.  At  times  a  tax  has  been 
levied  upon  the  beard.  Peter  the  Great  imposed  one  upon  the 
Russians,  and  once  in  England  a  tax  was  levied  upon  this 
appendage. 

The  portraits  of  many  men  celebrated  for  their  great  age 
disclose  a  fine,  long,  curly  beard,  as  well  as  curling  hair.  Thomas 
Parr,  who  died  in  England  in  the  sixteenth  century,  aged  one 
hundred  and  fifty-two  years,  wore  a  long  and  handsome  curly 
moustache  and  beard,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  that  I  have  ever 
seen ;  his  hair  was  wavy  and  long,  descending  in  rings  until  it  met 
the  beard.  The  picture  painted  of  him  by  Rubens  shows  him  as 
a  very  handsome  man.  Henry  Jenkins,  another  Englishman, 
noted  for  his  longevity  (having  attained  the  great  age  of  one  hun- 


THE  EAR.  1015 

dred  and  sixty-nine  years),  had  a  long,  thick,  waving  beard.  In 
both  these  men  the  muscular  was  one  of  the  dominant  systems. 

The  beard  does  not  present  as  many  variations  of  color  as  the 
hair.  We  never  see  a  golden  beard,  nor  the  various  shades  of  light 
yellow  observed  upon  the  head.  Gray  beards  are  common,  as  well 
as  pure-white  beards,  and  these  usually  betoken  age.  A  full, 
flowing,  white  beard,  nicely  kept,  is  a  very  great  addition  to  the  face, 
and  serves  to  soften  the  features  and  give  them  a  more  youthful 
appearance. 

The  physiognomic  lessons  learned  from  an  analysis  of  the 
beard  are  most  useful,  and  show  how  certain  facial  features  have 
become  secondary  sexual  characters  through  the  operation  of  the 
law  of  natural  selection.  It  also  shows  the  physiological  use 
and  the  physiognomical  significance  of  this  masculine  ornamental 
appendage. 

Reversions  to  original  types  have  been  witnessed  in  the  persons 
of  several  "bearded  women"  who  have  been  exhibited  in  various 
countries;  along  with  these  beards  these  women  have  inherited 
certain  masculine  traits  and  masculine  vigor.  These  instances  are 
excellent  proofs  of  Mr.  Darwin's  theories  of  "secondary  sexual 
characters,"  proving  also  that  faculty  and  function  are  always 
associated,  and  have  always  a  facial  representation. 

The  Ear. 

The  ear  is  the  organ  of  sound,  and  as  such  it  is  rational  to 
infer  that  its  form,  size,  color,  and  texture  would  bear  relation  to 
its  use,  and  reveal  its  individual  powers  and  peculiarities.  As  it  is 
the  only  organ  devoted  to  the  reception  of  tone,  or  sound,  we 
must  rely  entirely  upon  it  for  our  knowledge  of  the  aural  qualities 
of  the  individual. 

The  ear  develops  pari  passu  with  the  general  refinement  of 
the  body,  hence  the  ears  come  to  be  indicative  of  other  conditions 
of  mental  progress  than  that  of  Sound  merely;  tliis  will  be  made 
apparent  as  we  proceed  in  our  analysis  and  description  of  this  very 
beautiful  and  complex  organ.  The  external  ear  is  of  a  muscular 
or  cartilaginous  nature,  and  the  internal  ear  is  mainly  of  the  same 
soft  tissues  assisted  by  nerves,  fluid,  and  a  chain  of  three  small 
bones,  yet  the  softer  tissues  of  muscle  and  fluid  predominate  in  its 
construction. 

The  evolution  of  the  ear  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  pro- 
cesses in  Nature,  whether  we  follow  its  course  as  pursued  in  its 
development  in  the  human  embryo,  or  whether  we  trace  its  rise 
and  progress  from  the  fish  up  to  man.     To  attempt  either  of  these 


1016  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

methods  would  take  up  too  much  of  my  space,  and  I  leave  this 
most  interesting  branch  of  knowledge  and  proceed  directly  to  the 
description  of  the  external  ear,  together  with  its  physiognomic 
significations. 

The  shape,  size,  and  peculiarities  of  the  ear  have  attracted 
but  little  attention  from  observers  generally.  While  many  have 
remarked  the  several  features  of  the  face,  but  few  have  paid  atten- 
tion to  the  contour  of  the  ears;  only  when  an  ear  has  presented 
some  very  marked  peculiarity  of  size  or  form,  or  has  exhibited  a 
deformity,  has  it  attracted  the  close  scrutiny  of  people  generally ; 
and  even  then  the  meaning  of  either  the  normal  or  abnormal  ear 
has  not  been  thought  of  In  short,  in  modern  times  the  ear  has 
been  regarded  as  a  feature  of  minor  importance,  hence  the  masses 
have  manifested  but  little  desire  to  comprehend  its  signification. 
The  sciences  of  evolution  and  embryology  followed  its  method  of 
development,  but  have  given  no  clue  as  to  its  meaning.  Scientific 
physiognomy  now,  for  the  first  time,  shows  its  high  significance  as 
a  revelator  of  character,  and  also  discloses  to  which  system  of 
functions  each  of  its  divisions  belongs. 

The  law  of  the  curve  is  the  law  which  governs  the  structure 
of  the  ear  both  without  and  within.  The  figure  (296)  of  the 
internal  ear  gives  the  reader  an  idea  of  the  influence  of  the  curve 
in  the  formation  of  the  internal  parts  of  the  ear.  It  also  shows 
the  curvilinear  structure  of  the  external  ear.  As  the  curve  is  the 
normal  factor  of  form  for  the  ear,  all  departures  from  this  form 
would  point  to  defects  in  the  aural  organization.  Accordingly, 
angular  or  pointed  ears  would  betray  lack  of  aural  power  in  some 
direction.  Now,  as  all  musical  and  spoken  sounds  are  based  upon 
the  curve,  it  would  follow  logically  that  an  ear  which  was  angular 
or  pointed  in  its  outline  would  not  receive  musical  or  spoken  sounds 
with  the  same  degree  of  accuracy  as  those  ears  that  are  normally 
formed;  this  we  find  upon  observation  to  be  the  case,  for  those 
with  abnormal  forms  of  the  external  ear  are  not  so  apt  in  the  art 
of  music  nor  as  good  linguists  as  those  whose  ears  are  more  nor- 
mal in  form.  This  peculiarity  has  been  noticed  by  Wilhs.  I  have 
no  doubt  that  a  comparison  of  the  inner  structure  of  the  ear  in 
those  whose  outer  ear  is  defective  in  form  would  be  found  as  defi- 
cient as  the  outer  ear.  Of  course  this  could  be  ascertained  only 
by  dissections.  As  the  ear  is  exclusively  for  the  function  of  hear- 
ing, we  must  therefore  conclude  that  Nature  has  provided  it  with 
the  mechanism  necessary  to  judge  of  the  pitch,  intensity,  and  quality 
of  musical  and  other  sounds.  That  this  is  really  the  case  has  been 
proven  by  the  investigations  of  anatomists,  who  have  localized  the 
several  parts  of  the  internal  ear  engaged  in  the  judgment  of  the 


THE   EAR.  1017 

several  conditions  of  sound.  Scientific  physiognomy  teaches  the 
use  of  the  different  parts  of  the  external  ear  in  receiving  sound, 
and  at  the  same  time  interprets  the  meaning  of  its  several  forms, 
sizes,  textures,  colors,  etc.  For  much  useful  information  on  the 
subject  of  spoken  and  musical  sounds  the  reader  is  referred  to  the 
faculty  of  "Music"  in  the  preceding  chapter. 

To  the  observant  physiognomist  the  ear  reveals  a  world  of 
meaning.  If  he  understand  the  basic  laws  of  Form,  the  shape 
of  the  ear  alone  will  unfold  to  him  a  marvelous  amount  of  knowl- 
edge; after  he  has  observed  this  most  striking  detail,  the  size, 
texture,  color,  and  elaboration  of  the  convolutions  will  arrest  his 
attention.  After  these  have  been  scrutinized,  the  manner  in  which 
it  is  placed  upon  the  head  will  certainly  interest  him,  and  as  he 
reflects  that  this  is  the  organ  for  the  reception  of  sounds  vocal  as 
well  as  other  sounds,  he  will  naturally  give  great  attention  to  the 
accompanying  mouth,  lips,  nose,  and  cheeks,  as  these  are.  the 
features  which  assist  in  the  productioii  of  both  spoken  and  musical 
sounds. 

The  basic  laws  of  Form  tell  us  that  curvilinear  form  denotes 
the  capacity  for  motion,  and  as  sound  is  a  mode  of  motion,  and  as 
it  is  transmitted  in  wave-like  forms  through  the  air  to  the  ear, — 
itself  a  curved  organ;,  both  within  and  without, — we  must  hence 
deduce  the  fact  that  the  shape  of  the  ear  is  indicative  of  the 
capacity  of  the  individual  to  receive  and  judge  of  sounds.  The 
phrenological  idea  that  the  "organ"  of  tune  is  exhibited  by  a  hony 
protuberance  on  the  forehead  is  evidently  fallacious,  as  all  parts  of 
the  organism  engaged  in  the  production  and  reception  of  tone  or 
sound  are  in  the  muscular  or  cartilaginous  system  ;  hence  a  hony 
elevation  on  the  forehead  could  not  reveal  musical  capacity.  This 
phrenological  mistake  arose  probably  from  the  fact  that  most 
musical  people  possess  round  bones  as  well  as  round  muscles,  hence 
this  part  of  the  forehead  in  such  subjects  would  naturally  exhibit 
a  rounded  contour,  and,  as  this  was  so  general  in  this  class  of  per- 
sons, the  phrenologists  fell  into  the  mistake  of  localizing  the  cere- 
bral sign  of  "Tune"  at  this  point.  Again,  the  most  musical 
people  possess  a  great  share  of  Constructiveness,  and,  as  this  faculty 
inheres  in  the  muscular  system,  it  naturally  curves  the  lateral  por- 
tions of  the  forehead  where  the  "organ"  of  Constructiveness  is 
said  by  phrenologists  to  be  situated.  Their  system  demanded  that 
the  brain  should  carry  the  entire  burden  of  mind,  therefore  they 
refrained  from  seeking  for  signs  of  character  elsewhere ;  hence  the 
phrenological  "organ"  for  Tune  is  said  by  Fowler  to  be 

Very  difficult  to  find  except  in  the  heads  of  children,  in  whom  it  18 
generally  larger  than  in  adults  and  easily  and  accurately  observable.     Tune 


1018  PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

is  located  in  the  lateral  and  lower  part  of  the  forehead,  over  Calculation 
externally  from  Time,  and  three-fourths  of  an  inch  above  and  slightly  ex- 
ternal to  Order,  and  when  large  fills  out  the  lower  frontal  portions  of  the 
temples.  Still,  being  located  in  a  kind  of  a  corner  where  large  perceptions 
crowd  it  outwardly,  large  Constructiveness  forward,  large  Ideality  and 
Mirthfulness  downward,  and  the  temporal  muscle  passing  over  it,  its  posi- 
tion varies  somewhat,  which  renders  observation  more  difficult  except  in 
the  heads  of  children.* 

The  so-called  "organ  of  Tune,"  which  phrenology  declares  to 
be  brain-substance  elevated  so  as  to  form  a  bump  or  protuberance 
upon  the  outer  surface  of  the  forehead,  is  caused  by  rounded  bones 
and  rounded  muscles,  which  are  characteristic  of  many  great  musi- 
cians and  composers,  and,  as  the  foreheads  of  children  are  more 
rounded  than  later  in  life,  the  mistake  of  saying  that  this  "organ" 
could  be  easier  discerned  in  children  than  in  adults  was  made  by 
Mr.  Fowler. 

,  Physiognomy  is  not  confined  to  so  small  and  uncertain  a  space 
for  signs  of  the  musical  faculty,  but  points  to  the  form  of  every 
feature  of  the  face,  and  shows  that  broad  and  rounded  ears,  with  a 
large  and  rounded  lobe,  are  the  unfailing  signs  of  musical  or  lin- 
guistic capacity,  and  it  also  proves  that  a  round  head,  round  body, 
rounding  limbs  and  fingers,  as  well  as  arched  eyebrows,  round 
nose,  oval  chin,  and  curved  jaws,  are  also  signs  of  the  musical 
mind.  With  all  these  signs  to  assist  us  in  finding  the  signs  of 
musical  taste  or  talent,  the  physiognomist  is  not  driven  to  the 
necessity  of  searching  for  the  one  little,  uncertain-to-find  "organ" 
which  is  located  sometimes  "three-fourths  of  an  inch  above  and 
slightly  external  to  Order." 

THE    SIGNIFICATIONS   OF   THE   FORMS   OF   THE   EAR. 

The  form  of  the  ear  is  much  more  perfectly  rounded  in  those 
in  whom  the  muscular  and  vegetative  systems  are  supreme  than  in 
those  who  are  dominated  by  the  osseous  system,  for  the  reason 
that  muscle  and  fat  always  tend  to  curvilinear  formations;  hence, 
when  we  observe  the  very  rounded  ear  we  recognize  a  character 
in  which  motion  as  well  as  emotion  is  most  decided.  The  curvi- 
linear form  of  the  ear  gives  us  the  assurance  of  the  presence  of 
art  capacities  of  some  sort  and  of  domestic  tastes,  of  Amative- 
ness.  Love  of  Young,  Mirthfulness,  and  other  primitive  traits, 
and  also  shows  (if  it  be  of  fine  texture)  a  sympathetic  and  mag- 
netic nature. 

In  those  in  whom  the  osseous  is  the  dominant  or  one  of  the 
dominant  systems,  the  ear  (if  it  be  rounding)  may  have  great 
capacity  for  the  judgment  of  musical  and  other  sounds,  yet  it  is 

*  Human  Science,  O.  S.  Fowler,  p.  1072. 


THE   EAR.  *  1019 

iKver  accompanied  with  a  bodily  mechanism  so  well  suited  to  sing- 
in<;-  or  playing  music  as  where  the  muscles  dominate  the  bones. 
It  never  discloses  as  much  talent  for  music  as  the  muscular 
structure. 

The  ears  of  osseous  individuals  are  never  so  round  as  are 
those  of  muscular  subjects.  They  incline  to  length  and  relative 
narrowness. 

The  ear  of  each  singer  and  orator  is  different  from  that  of 
every  other  one ;  moreover,  the  ears  on  the  two  sides  of  the  head 
are,  in  most  subjects,  as  diverse  in  form,  size,  and  elaboration  as 
though  they  belonged  to  two  entirely  different  characters. 

Anthropologists  have  formulated  a  law  to  the  effect  that  the 
right  side  of  the  body  represents  the  male  ancestry  and  the  left 
side  the  female  ancestral  types.  If  this  be  a  law,  then  the  right 
ear  of  musical  subjects  would  indicate  that  the  musical  inherit- 
ance came  from  the  father  or  his  family,  and  the  left  ear  would 
reveal  the  musical  capacities  of  the  mother  or  her  family.  My 
own  observations  corroborate  this  proposition.  By  comparison 
of  the  bilateral  symmetry  of  the  face  and  ears  students  will  find  a 
large  amount  of  ancestral  and  hereditary  knowledge  of  the  subjects 
under  observation.  Other  physiognomists  have  noted  this  resem- 
blance of  the  ears  to  parental  and  ancestral  types. 

In  order  to  comprehend  the  full  significance  of  the  ear  we 
must  apply  to  it  the  basic  laws  of  Form,  just  as  we  do  to  all 
other  features.  This  necessitates  an  analysis  of  the  material  of 
which  it  is  composed,  as  well  as  observation  of  its  form,  size,  color, 
texture,  and  position.  An  organ  which  presents  such  elaborate 
structure  without  and  such  complex  mechanism  within  must 
surely  be  of  great  use  and  carry  with  it  many  meanings,  notwith- 
standing the  opinions  to  the  contrary  expressed  by  several  eminent 
naturalists,  viz.,  that  it  is  a  rudimentary  and  an  unnecessaiy  ap- 
pendage. 

The  ancient  Greek  sculptors  took  great  pains  in  the  molding 
of  the  ears  of  their  statues ;  the  perfect  individuality  of  these  ears, 
as  I  have  observed  in  copies  of  their  greatest  masterpieces,  is  in 
harmony  with  the  rest  of  the  body  upon  which  they  are  placed; 
and  when  they  modeled  the  bust  of  a  real  character  the  ears  were 
marvels  of  elaboration,  and  quite  homogeneous  with  the  head 
upon  which  they  were  carved.  Modem  sculptors  and  painters 
rarely  give  such  precise  treatment  to  the  ears  of  the  subjects  which 
they  imitate  or  cteate. 

The  ears  of  the  highest  types  of  the  Caucasian  race,  compared 
to  those  of  the  lowest  races,  present  many  striking  differences. 
These  organs,  upon  close  scrutiny,  will  be  found  to  present  as  many 


1020  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

differences  and  peculiarities  of  structure  as  the  facial  features  of 
these  several  races. 

There  are  very  many  grades  of  the  size  of  the  ear,  running 
from  the  small,  delicate  pink  ear,  resembling  a  sea-shell,  to  the 
great,  coarse,  unelaborate,  flapping,  pig-like  ear  of  the  coarse 
peasant. 

Very  large  ears  belong  to  persons  of  large  frame,  and  if  their 
bodies  are  round  as  well  as  tall  the  ear  will  denote  the  presence 
of  the  musical  taste  as  well  as  of  commercial  capacity.  Where 
the  subject  is  tall  and  square-built  and  the  ear  very  large,  the 
commercial  capacity  will  lead  the  musical. 

The  ears  of  all  the  great  financiers  and  successful  merchants, 
railroad  magnates,  etc.,  are  very  large,  being  both  long  and  broad. 
When  such  ears  are  found  upon  large  men  who  possess  a  good 
quality,  they  denote  a  spirit  of  comprehensive  commercialism,  a 
talent  for  money-making,  or  if — as  in  the  case  of  Jay  Gould — the 
body  is  relatively  small,  and  the  organism  of  fine  quality,  with  a 
great  deal  of  color,  the  commercial  instinct  is  powerful.  His  ears 
are  quite  large,  as  are  all  of  the  so-called  "  Wall-Street  magnates." 
Look,  for  example,  at  the  ears  of  W.  H.  Vanderbilt,  Russel  Sage, 
and  Sidney  Dillon ;  also  at  those  of  Matthew  Vassar.  In  all  of 
these  men  many  other  signs  of  the  faculty  of  Acquisitiveness  are 
present,  as,  for  example,  wide  jaws,  broad  head,  capacious  chest, 
and  large  abdomen.  The  ears  are,  of  course,  on  the  same  large 
scale,  thus  proving  the  harmony  of  structure, — a  circumstance  of 
much  advantage  to  the  physiognomist  in  discerning  signs  of 
character. 

Physiognomists  who  are  concerned  with  the  meanings  of 
external  features  have  attended  more  closely  to  the  use  and  signifi- 
cance of  the  ear,  among  them  Professor  WiUis  and  Dr.  Cross.  The 
latter  had  very  extended  views  of  the  use  of  the  external  ear  to 
man,  both  as  to  its  importance  as  an  assistant  to  accurate  and  keen 
audition,  and  as  an  indicator  of  the  character  and  condition  of  the 
internal  aural  mechanism.     Says  Dr.  Cross : — 

This  curious  structure  may,  perhaps,  become  a  rich  mine  of  posthumous 
phj^siognomy,  by  which  the  hidden  treasures  of  tlie  mind  may  be  brought 
to  view,  when  the  ear  shall  be  deaf  to  its  own  praise. 

This  quotation  is  pregnant  with  meaning.  The  ear  which 
is  round  and  thin  is  more  sensitive  to  sound  than  one  which  is 
round  and  thick.  The  ears  of  most  eminent  singers  and  orators 
disclose  a  fine  texture,  showing  that  the  skin  is  fine  and  thin ; 
hence,  sensitiveness  to  sound  is  present;    The  ears  of  thorough-bred 

*  An  Attempt  to  Establisli  Physiognomy  on  Scientific  Principles,  J.  Cross,  M.D.,  p.  23S. 


THE   EAR.  1021 

horses  are  so  finely  organized  that  one  may  clearly  perceive  the 
delicate  tracery  of  the  veins  through  the  skin,  while  the  ears  of 
horses  of  common  stock  do  not  present  this  appearance. 

THE   POSITION   OF   THE   EAR. 

The  manner  in  which  the  ear  is  placed  upon  the  head  varies 
greatly  in  individuals.  In  muscular  people  the  top  of  the  ear  is 
not  usually  as  high  above  the  outer  angle  of  the  eye  as  with  bony 
people;  and  those  with  the  vegetative  system  dominant  have  the 
ear  still  lower  than  the  muscular  individual. 

Again,  some  ears  are  flat  and  placed  closely  against  the  side 
of  the  head,  while  others  stand  out  slightly,  and  others  still  project 
far  out,  as  is  observed  in  many  musicians,  singers,  physicians,  and 
mechanicians. 

In  some  musical  subjects  the  larger  part  of  the  ear  rises  above 
the  concha,  or  bell ;  in  others  it  is  about  evenly  divided,  as,  for  ex- 
ample, in  singers  the  lobe  is  long,  and  this  brings  the  bell  of  the 
ear  about  midway  of  the  entire  organ. 

The  ear,  by  its  position,  bears  relation  to  the  general  structure 
of  the  head  and  body,  and  the  ear  always  shows  individual  pecu- 
liarities that  are  in  harmony  with  the  structure  of  the  subject,  both 
as  regards  size,  form,  texture,  and  color. 

DEFECTIVE   POSITIONS. 

Ears  which  set  back  flat  against  the  sides  of  the  head  are  not 
so  well  adapted  to  catching  sound,  either  musical  or  spoken,  as 
those  which  stand  well  out  and  forward.  The  ears  of  good  musi- 
cians and  singers  set  well  out  and  forward.  For  illustration  of 
this  look  at  the  ears  of  Josef  Hoffman,  violinist;  R.  Joseffy,  pi- 
anist; Theodore  Thomas,  orchestral  conductor;  P.  S.  Gilmore, 
conductor;  Carl  Rosa,  violinist;  Albani  and  Valleria,  singers ;  also 
all  musicians.     Professor  Willis  has  noted  this  peculiarity. 

The  ears  of  all  the  famous  orators  stand  well  out,  as  do  those 
of  the  best  elocutionists.  Nature  places  the  ears  in  a  position  to 
assist  the  vocal  powers.  Those  who  fail  to  catch  easily  the  pro- 
nunciation of  new  or  difficult  words  or  sounds  have  not  as  great 
facility  and  flexibility  of  the  vocal  organs  as  have  those  who  are 
better  endowed  in  this  respect.  The  ear  and  voice  are  nearly 
always  in  accord,  although  it  sometimes  occurs  that  one  possesses 
a  rich  quality  of  voice  with  but  little  ear  to  guide  it ;  but  this  dis- 
crepancy can  be  often  overcome  by  training.  Some  persons  have 
such  difficulty  in  pronouncing  long  words,  or  words  which  they 
have  not  been  familiar  with,  that  they  adopt  all  sorts  of  expedients 
to  avoid  the  use  of  them.    One  gentleman  told  me  that  after  hearing 


1022  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the  word  "bonanza"  pronounced  for  two  years  he  felt  a  hesitancy 
in  attempting  its  pronunciation.  There  are  as  great  variations 
and  differences  in  the  speaking  and  singing  capacity  as  there  are 
in  the  features  of  individuals.  This  would  arise  from  differences 
of  structure,  both  of  the  vocal  organs  and  of  the  ear.  The  phys- 
iognomic differences  of  the  moutli,  Hps,  cheeks,  ear,  and  nose, 
prove  this  to  be  the  case,  for  it  is  to  these  features  we  must  look 
for  our  knowledge  of  individual  powers  in  the  direction  of  vocality. 

Physicians  and  surgeons  require  a  very  dehcate  ear  for  sound 
in  order  to  detect,  in  the  beating  of  the  heart  and  the  movements 
of  the  lungs,  any  abnormal  variations  in  these  organs.  Linguists 
must  also  possess  a  keen  ear  for  sound,  else  they  will  fail  to  detect 
the  delicate  shades  of  language  so  essential  to  perfect  pronuncia- 
tion. Telegraphers,  electricians,  and  other  mechanicians  require 
most  accurate  hearing,  and  those  who  have  the  best  hearing  are 
the  best  adapted  to  these  professions.  Many  persons  hear  what  is 
said,  but  are  not  strongly  impressed  with  its  true  import,  just  as 
some  persons  look  at  objects  and  fail  to  grasp  all  the  details  of 
form,  size,  color,  quality,  etc.  The  more  perfectly  the  ear  and  eye 
are  organized,  the  more  accurate  will  be  their  operation. 

Parents  often  fasten  back  against  the  head  the  projecting  ears 
of  their  children ;  this  is  an  uiiioarranted  interference  with  Nature's 
ordinance;  this  thoughtless  act  deprives  the  child  of  much  of  its 
aural  power,  and  such  foolish  action  may  lead  to  such  impairment 
of  the  sense  of  hearing  as  to  place  the  child's  life  in  jeopardy,  or 
unfit  him  for  many  trades  and  professions  which  require  very  acute 
hearing.  It  would  be  far  more  sensible  on  the  part  of  parents  to 
set  the  ears  of  the  child  outward  and  forward  slightly,  for  this  is 
the  method  pursued  by  aged  people  to  assist  them  in  hearing,  after 
their  natural  hearing  has  failed. 

THE  EXTERNAL  AND  INTERNAL  EAR. 

The  anatomical  components  of  both  the  internal  and  external 
ears  are  mainly  of  the  softer  tissues,  although  bone  enters  slightly 
into  the  structure  of  the  former.  The  internal  ear  is  of  a  most 
complex  structure,  and  its  mechanism  very  curious  and  elaborate. 
Like  the  outer  ear,  it  is  divided  into  three  parts,  viz.,  the  tube, 
termed  the  external  auditory  meatus,  the  tympanic  membrane,  and 
the  labyrinth,  or  internal  ear.  Fig.  296  shows  the  several  parts 
of  the  internal  mechanism,  also  the  nature  of  the  several  con- 
stituent tissues.  The  amputation  of  the  entire  auricle,  or  ear-shell, 
would  not  destroy  the  power  for  audition,  yet  it  would  materially 
impair  its  heenness^  as  any  one  may  prove  by  simply  holding  the 
ear-shell   well  back  against  the  head  while  speaking,  or  while 


THE   EAR. 


1023 


another  is  speaking,  or  by  endeavoring  to  catch  distant  sounds.  In 
the  face  of  this  easily-acquired  knowledge,  I  am  surprised  at  the 
declarations  of  both  Darwin  and  Haeckel  to  the  effect  that  "ampu- 
tation of  the  external  ear  would  not  at  all  affect  the  hearing." 

I  must  beg  leave  to  differ  with  both  these  eminent  men,  whose 
writings  have  been  in  the  main  highly  beneficial  to  me.     It  only 


Fig.  296.— external  and  internal  EAR. 


1.  The  external  ear,  including  the  cartilages  and 

meatus  externus. 

2.  The  middle  ear,  consisting  of  the  middle  ear 

and  its  appendages. 

3.  The  internal  ear,  or  the  labyrinth. 

4.  The  pinna. 

5.  The  helix. 

6.  The  antihelix. 

7.  The  fossa  navicularis. 

8.  The  fossa  innominata. 

9.  The  tragus. 

10.  The  an ti  tragus. 

11.  The  concha. 

12.  The  lobe. 

13.  The  meatus  auditorium  externus. 

14.  The  tympanic  membrane. 

15.  The  promontory. 


16.  The  foramen  rotundum. 

17.  The  posterior  wall  of  the  tympanum. 

18.  The  ossicula  auditus,  four  small  bones  within 

the  cavity  of  the  tympanum,  namely,  the 
incus,  malleus,  or  orbiculare,  and  the 
stapes. 

19.  The  Eustachian  tube. 

20.  A  narrow  canal,  containing  the  tensor  tym- 

pani  muscle. 

21.  The  vestibule. 

22.  The  three  semicircular  canals,  viz.,  the  supe- 

rior, posterior,  and  horizontal. 

23.  The  ampullae. 

24.  The  cothlea. 

25.  The  prominence  caused  by  the  scala  vestibuli. 
28.  The  scala  tympani. 


shows  that  to  this  circumstance  they  had  not  given  the  attention 
necessary  to  prove  the  truth  of  their  statement.  Says  Professor 
Haeckel : — 


Men  with  the  ears  cut  off  can  hear  as  well  as  they  did  before, 
con^^eyance  of  sound  is  not  affected  by  the  loss  of  the  ear-shell. 


The 


This  statement  can  be  disproved  by  holding  the  ears  flat 
against  the  head  while  conversing. 


1024  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


THE   THREE   DIVISIONS   OP   THE   EAR. 

Physiognomically  I  divide  the  ear  into  three  parts:  (1)  the 
lobule;  (2)  the  concha,  or  bell;  (3)  the  helix,  or  rounded  top. 
Each  of  these  divisions  represents  one  of  the  three  primitive  sys- 
tems of  the  organism,  viz.,  the  Vegetative,  the  Thoracic,  and  the 
Muscular.  The  lower  third  is  indicative  of,  and  belongs  to,  and 
reveals  the  development  of  the  Vegetative  system  ;  the  middle  2>or- 
tion,  or  bell,  to  the  Thoracic  system  ;  and  the  rounded  upper  p)ortlon 
to  the  Muscular  system.  The  convolutions  are  indicative  of  general 
mental  development  and  refinement.  The  proof  of  the  correctness 
of  the  character  of  these  three  divisions  is  found  in  the  correspond- 
ence which  each  of  these  parts  of  the  ear  bears  to  the  related  sys- 
tems of  the  body.  The  pendent  lobule  at  the  lower  extremity  of 
the  ear  is  most  developed  in  those  singers  who  possess  the  largest 

amount  of  the  vegetative  system,  as  is 
observed  in  tlie  ears  of  Madame  Parepa 
Rosa,  Miss  Annie  Louise  Gary,  Albani, 
Mad.  Sain  ton- Dolby,  Mdlle.  Aimee,  and 
Marie  Geistinger,  while  it  is  much  smaller 
in  size  in  those  in  wliom  the  vegetative 
system  is  less  developed.  The  middle 
portion  of  the  ear,  which  includes  the 
concha,  or  bell,  is  broadest  as  well  as 
deepest  in  those  who  possess  the  best 
thoracic  development,  while  the  upper 
portion  is  best  developed  as  to  roundness 

Fig.  297.— THREE  DIVISIONS  j         -j.i         v  i.i  7  i 

OF  THE  EAR.  ^^^  Width  whero  the  round  muscles  are 

best  defined.  The  convolutions  of  the  ear 
are  more  complex,  more  numerous,  and  more  delicately  traced 
when  the  character  is  well  developed  in  directions  other  than 
vocal  or  musical;  hence,  it  follows  that  an  ear  well  developed  in 
all  its  departments  is  indicative  of  fine  character  of  several  sorts. 
The  depth  of  the  concha,  or  bell  of  the  ear,  is  a  great  assistant  in 
judging  of  the  quality  of  musical  or  vocal  tones.  When  this  is 
supei-ficial,  the  hearing  of  such  tones  is  not  as  distinct  and  the 
judgment  of  sounds  of  all  sorts  is  not  as  accurate  as  when  it 
presents  great  depth  and  width. 

The  concha,  or  bell,  should  present  vertical  depth,  horizontal 
width,  and  perpendicular  breadth  to  have  it  of  the  highest  efiiciency 
in  judging  of  musical  sounds.  The  ear-bell  of  Master  Solomon 
(Fig.  304)  is  one  of  the  best  illustrations  of  musical  judgment 
that  I  have  ever  seen.  This  lad  is  a  phenomenal  singer,  a  com- 
poser, and  an  excellent  instrumentalist  as  well.     Nature   never 


THE    EAR.  1025 

created  such  an  ear  without  associating  with  it  a  suitable  vocal 
apparatus  for  the  expression  of  musical  sounds.  The  ears  of 
many  great  orators  and  actors  exhibit  a  bell  both  broad  and  deep ; 
look,  for  example,  at  the  ears  of  Robert  G.  Ingersoll,  Wendell  Phil- 
lips, Gambetta,  Henry  Irving,  Theodore  Thomas,  Edwin  Booth,  and 
Mdlle.  Modjeska,  and  they  will  be  found  to  exhibit  a  large  devel- 
opment of  the  concha,  as  well  as  of  other  parts  of  the  ear  essential 
to  the  judgment  of  vocal  sounds.  The  width  and  roundness  of 
the  up^er  part  of  the  ear  are  also  great  aids  in  judging  of  musical 
sounds,  for  when  this  portion  is  widely  expanded  and  well  set  out 
from  the  head,  and  well  rounded,  and  the  helix  well  curved  inward, 
forming  an  unbroken  rim,  the  judgment  of  musical  and  spoken 
sounds  is  of  the  best,  provided  that  the  quality  is  fine  (Willis). 
The  size  and  thickness  of  the  lobe  seem  not  to  have  any  special 
influence  upon  sound.  I  regard  it  as  being  simply  the  indicator 
of  the  presence  of  a  large  degree  of  the  vegetative  system,  and 
thus  largely  developed  in  accordance  with  that  law  of  homogeneity 
which  makes  every  organ^  every  part^  and  every  feature  indicative 
in  some  degree  of  the  whole  system.  The  external  ear  is  composed 
of  nerves,  veins,  muscle,  cartilage,  and  adipose  tissue,  and  the 
lobule,  "  which  is  composed  mainly  of  the  soft  fold  of  integument, 
contains  only  cellular  and  adipose  tissue,  possesses  but  little  organ- 
ization." * 

The  anatomical  structure  thus  shows  the  lobule  to  be  the  in- 
dicator of  the  vegetative  system.  The  presence  of  a  large  degree 
of  this  system,  combined  with  a  fine  quality  of  muscle,  in  a  singer 
gives  softness,  mellowness,  and  a  sympathetic  magnetism  to  the 
tones  of  the  voice,  as  the  musical  performances  of  the  before- 
mentioned  singers  and  actors  will  testify. 

THE  COLOR  OF  THE  EAR. 

Very  great  difierences  of  color  of  the  ear  are  observed.  Some 
ears  are  bright  red,  and  the  blood  seems  ready  to  burst  through ; 
while  others  are  white  and  transparent  and  almost  bloodless; 
others,  again,  are  of  a  delicate  pinkish  hue. 

All  of  these  several  grades  of  color  present  distinct  meanings. 
The  very  red  shows  an  active  degree  of  the  aural  capacity;  the 
very  white  and  thin  indicate  that  the, hearing  is  not  as  powerful 
nor  as  acute  in  its  quality  as  the  ear  that  is  well  filled  with  blood, 
for  a  fine  circulation  of  normal-colored  blood  in  any  part  denotes 
activity  of  that  part,  while  a  bloodless  condition  betokens  an  en- 
feebled state.     The  subject  of  color,  in  connection  with  the  ear, 

•Practical  Anatomy,  R.  Harrison,  M.D.,  p.  539, 
65 


1026  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

must  be  considered  as  having  the  same  relation  to  this  feature  as 
to  all  others — giving  strength,  tone,  and  beauty. 

THE   FORMS   OF   THE   EAR. 

The  general  forms  of  the  ear  disclose  not  only  the  aural, 
musical,  and  linguistic  capacities,  but  they  also  point  to  other 
characteristics. 

The  ear  may  be  divided  into  several  classes;  of  these  the 
musical,  the  unmusical,  the  linguistic,  the  oratorical,  the  commer- 
cial, the  refined,  the  coarse  or  unrefined,  the  timid,  and  the  coura- 
geous are  the  principal  types.  The  ears  of  these  several  classes 
are  easily  known  after  their  peculiarities  of  structure  are  once 
observed. 

THE   MUSICAL   EAR. 

This  ear  has  been  well  described  in  the  preceding  chapter,  in 
the  section  devoted  to  the  faculty  of  "Music."  It  has  been  de- 
scribed by  several  physiognomists.  Lavater  gives  the  least  precise 
description  of  the  ear,  although  he  speaks  of  the  "musical  ear," 
while  Willis  describes  its  peculiarities  as  follows : — 

The  rounded,  well-formed  ear,  that  sets  forward  and  outward,  instead 
of  being  flat  on  tlie  side  of  the  head,  is  a  pretty  good  sign  of  musical  taste 
if  not  of  talent.  The  peculiarity  of  the  musical  ear  is  the  thin  rim  which 
is  hollowed  out  at  the  edge  like  the  rim  of  a  saucer.* 

The  rim  of  the  ear  of  musicians  is  a  remarkable  object ;  if  the 
student  will  observe  any  number  of  them  he  will  find  that  all  have 
this  "rim"  perfect  in  its  outline  around  the  top,  and  continuing  in 
an  unbroken  line  to  the  lobe,  or  very  near  to  it.  The  rounding 
form  and  unbroken  rim  are  not  all  the 'factors  required  in  order  to 
constitute  a  musical  ear;  there  must  be  quality  of  a  high  order, 
the  skin  must  be  thin  cmdjine,  and  the  hell  deep  and  broad,  and 
possess  great  vertical  depth.  Delicacy  of  structure  is  another 
supreme  factor  in  a  musical  ear,  for  a  thin  muscular  ear  is  more 
sensitive  than  a  thick  one.     Says  Dr.  Cross: — 

The  more  the  external  ear  is  cartilaginous  and  elastic,  the  better  are 
the  auditory  rays  conducted  to  the  tympanum  and  the  keener  are  the  sen- 
timental feelings. 

It  is  not  at  all  essential  that  there  should  be  very  great 
elaboration  of  the  fossa  innominata  and  the  fossa  navicularis  in 
order  to  constitute  a  good  musical  ear.  The  elaboration  or 
fluting  of  tins  part  of  the  ear  denotes  a  general  development 
of  the  mind,  and  is  not   essential  to  the  reception  of  musical 

*  Illustrated  Physiognomy,  E.  A,  Willis,  p.  27. 


THE   EAR. 


1027 


Fig.  298.— Patti. 


Fig.  299.— Gerster. 


Fio.  800.— Lucca. 


Fig.  .301. — ISkmbrick. 


Fig.  302.— Oapoul. 


Pig.  303.— Annie  liOViSK  Cabt. 


Pig.  804.— Master  Solomon. 


Fig.  306.— Passmobx.  Pio.  806.— Master  Gibson.  Fig.  307.— campaninl 

SEVERAL  PORMS  OP  MUSICAL  EARS. 


1028  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

tone  and  do  not  assist  it,  as  is  proven  by  the  ear  of  Patti,  which 
presents  a  perfectly  unelaborate  surface  of  the  fossae  (Fig.  298). 
Patti's  ear  shows  that  she  is  more  musical  than  mental,  and  this 
accounts  for  her  phenomenal  voice  and  its  long-continued  power, 
no  other  singer  having  ever  retained  her  wonderful  vocal  powers 
to  such  advanced  age.  To  sum  up  the  peculiarities  of  a  musical 
ear  we  find  that  rounding  form,  fine  quality,  a  deep  bell,  and  a 
perfectly  formed  rim  are  its  essential  concomitants,  and  to  this  may 
be  added  the  fact  that  the  ears  of  all  active  singers  and  musicians 
exhibit  a  good  pink  or  red  color,  thus  showing  a  good  distribution 
of  blood  to  the  ear ;  this  gives  vigor  to  this  organ  and  thus  assists 
its  aural  capacity. 

THE   UNMUSICAL   EAR. 

According  to  Professor  Willis  this  ear  is  "pointed  or  angular 
in  its  outline,"  and,  as  musical  sounds  are  curvilinear  in  their  pas- 
sage through  the  air,  we  can  readily  see 
why  an  angular  ear  would  not  be  the  best 
adapted  to  the  reception  of  curvilinear 
sounds;  they  would  necessarily  become 
broken  into  noises  upon  striking  the 
jagged  points  or  angles  of  such  an  ear. 
This  explains  why  those  with  unmusical 
ears  often  remark  that  music  is  nothing  but 
"noise";  to  them  it  is  really  a  mass  of 
confused,  unmelodious  sound,  for  it  is 
logical  to  infer  that  the  internal  mechan- 
FiG.  308.-UNMUSICAL  EAR.      is"!    of    tho   ear   of    those   who    exhibit 

angular  ears  is  as  defective  in  structure 
as  the  external  physiognomical  indicator — the  external  ear.  By 
the  same  process  of  reasoning  we  determine  that  those  animals 
whose  ears  are  long  and  pointed  do  not  distinguish  nor  enjoy 
musical  sounds  as  well  as  those  whose  ears  are  rounding.  Experi- 
ments have  been  made  by  investigators  upon  animals  in  the  Zoo- 
logical Gardens  of  London  in  regard  to  their  capacity  for  discrimi- 
nating musical  sounds.  It  was  found  that  the  zebra  and  other 
animals  with  pointed  ears  disliked  the  playing  of  musical  instru- 
ments, while  the  apes  and  certain  of  the  round-eared  carnivora 
enjoyed  the  music,  which  they  showed  by  lying  down  quietly  and 
listening  when  it  was  played,  and  by  becoming  uneasy  and  restless 
when  it  ceased. 

I  have  seen  several  singing  mice,  and  these  creatures  possess 
a  prettily  rounded  ear.  On  several  occasions  when  playing  the 
violin  I  received  a  visit  from  a  wee  specimen  of  the  mouse  family 


THE  EAR. 


1029 


that  remained  as  long  as  I  played  and  departed  when  the  music 
ceased. 

Some  birds  have  round  ear-openings  and  round  throats  and 
heads,  and  the  circular  formation  of  these  organs  is  highly  condu- 
cive to  the  giving  forth  and  reception  of 
musical  tones;  to  prove  that  their  judg- 
ment of  musical  sounds  is  well-nigh  per- 
fect one  has  only  to  cliirp  musically  to  a 
canary  and  see  how  quickly  it  adjusts  its 
voice  to  the  pitch  given,  while  the  mock- 
ing-bird imitates  the  tone,  pitch,  melody, 
and  intensity  of  the  air  rendered  by  a 
human  voice  in  its  presence.  All  song- 
birds possess  round  and  short  beaks. 
See,  for  example,  the  linnet,  bull-finch, 
magpie,  thrush,  sky-lark,  and  mino  bird ; 
and  for  speech,  the  raven  and  parrot. 
The  faculty  of  Time  is  well  developed  in 
horses  and  other  animals,  which  can  be  easily  trained  to  keep 
time  in  music  by  marching  and  evolutions. 


Fig.  309.— oratorical  EAR. 
(Gahbbtta.) 


THE   ORATORICAL   EAR. 


The  ears  of  all  great  orators  and  speakers  are  rounding  in  the 
outline,  and  have  the  bell  deep  and  broad  and  wide  perpendicu- 


FiO.  810.— COMMERCIAL  EAR.    (Roswell  P.  Flowkr.) 

larly.     See  the  ears  of  Henry  Clay,  Edward  Everett,  Gambetta, 
and  Rev.  John  Parrish  Thompson. 


1030  PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

THE   COMMERCIAL   EAR. 

The  ears  of  this  class  are  long  and  broad,  and  in  some  in- 
stances appear  elephantine  in  form  and  flexibility. 

They  are  the  largest  of  all  classes  of  ears.  As  a  rule  they 
are  associated  with  broad  heads,  large  noses,  wide  jaws,  and  broad 
shoulders.  Many  commercial  ears  are  found  to  be  musical  as  well, 
for  the  round,  musical  body  is  one  of  the  indications  of  commer- 
cial capacity.  In  these  subjects  the  ear  has  all  the  cliaracteristics 
of  the  musical  ear  and  possesses  large  size,  thus  showing  the  com- 
mercial tendency  of  its  possessor.  For  specimens  of  the  commer- 
cial ear  examine  the  ears  of  all  bankers,  financiers,  and  successful 
merchants,  among  whom  I  may  mention  W.  H.  Vanderbilt,  Jay 
Gould,  William  E.  Dodge,  Roswell  P.  Flower,  Henry  Villard,  and 
Perier,  French  financier. 

GENEROUS  VERSUS   STINGY   EARS. 

There  is  an  opinion  current  that  the  ear,  by  its  size,  denotes 
the  presence  either  of  generosity  or  parsimony. 

It  is  held  that  small  ears  are  stingy  and  large  ears  are  indica- 
tive of  generous  instincts.  I  regard  these  two  ideas  as  equally 
erroneous.  I  have  known  many  small-eared  persons  to  be  very 
sympathetic,  and  also  many  long-eared  persons  to  be  very  gen- 
erous, and  I  have  seen  many  persons  with  both  large  and  small 
ears  to  be  penurious  and  pinching.  I  should  not  rely  upon  the 
form  or  size  of  the  ear  to  determine  the  presence  of  either  of  these 
faculties. 

THE  COURAGEOUS  EAR. 

The  ear  which  is  large  and  stands  well  out  from  the  head, 
and  is  possessed  of  a  good  red  color,  denotes  physical  courage.  It 
is  usually  associated  with  good  muscular  form. 

THE   TIMID   EAR. 

The  greatest  excess  of  timidity  is  found  with  those  who  have 
narrow,  long,  thin,  bloodless  ears,  set  closely  against  the  side  of 
the  head.  This  type  of  ear  is  associated  with  delicately-formed 
individuals  with  long,  thin  faces,  generally  of  a  nervous  or  con- 
sumptive diathesis.  This  type  of  ear  is  similar  in  form  to  the  ears 
of  those  timid  animals,  the  hare  and  deer,  and  reveals  some  similar 
characteristics,  viz.,  timidity  and  delicacy  of  structure. 

THE    LINGUISTIC   EAR. 

The  ear  of  all  who  excel  in  verbal  language  is  similar  in  form, 
quality,  and  color  to  the  oratorical  and  musical  ears,  for  the  same 


THE  EAR.  1031 

powers  which  enables  one  to  receive  and  reproduce  verbal  language 
are  just  those  which  are  required  to  imitate  musical  tones.  Speech 
is  musical  to  a  degree ;  not  as  rhythmical  as  music,  but  certainly 
civilized  language  in  its  intonations,  inflections,  pauses,  pitch,  force, 
and  intensity  is  a  species  of  music,  and  those  with  good  musical 
ears  acquire  foreign  languages  with  great  readiness  and  use  them 
with  facility.  See,  for  example,  the  ears  of  all  good  linguists  and 
public  speakers. 

THE   REFINED   EAR. 

This  type  of  ear  may  be  large  and  well-shaped  or  small  and 
well-shaped.  The  texture  is  the  most  important  physiognomical 
factor  in  the  construction  of  this  ear.  If  the  skin  be  fine  and 
clear  and  the  ear  thin,  the  color  white,  pink,  or  red,  and  exhibiting 
a  number  of  flutings  or  convolutions,  the  character  will  show 
deUcacy  of  feeling  and  refinement  of  manner. 

THE   UNREFINED   EAR. 

The  form  of  this  ear  may  be  large  and  thick  or  small  and 
thick.  The  large  ear  of  this  class  is  coarse  in  texture,  of  a  thick, 
muddy  complexion,  broad  and  flapping  in  appearance,  and  destitute 
of  those  delicate  convolutions  which  distinguisli  the  ear  of  refine- 
ment. The  small  ear  of  this  class  is  conspicuous  by  the  thickness  of 
the  shell  and  the  lack  ol'  fine  elaborate  structure ;  the  rim  is  thick 
and  uneven,  and  the  shell  destitute  of  clear  and  delicate  coloring 
and  vein  tracery. 

THE  ABNORMAL  EAR. 

There  are  many  malformations  of  the  external  ear;  also  many 
departures  from  a  normal  standard,  such  as  pointed,  angular, 
and  chaotic  or  irregular  shapes.  It  is  logical  to  infer  that  the 
internal  structure  bears  some  relation  to  the  outer,  for  I  hold  that 
all  external  forms  are  indicative  of  internal  structure,  and  reveal 
power  or  weakness.  The  ear  must  be  understood  as  bearing  re- 
lation to  the  vocal  organs  and  oral  formation.  I  base  this  idea 
upon  the  law  of  homogeneity. 

The  ears  of  congenital  idiots  are  often  as  malformed  as  tl^eir 
other  features ;  so  also  the  features  of  congenital  criminals  often 
present  departures  from  the  law  of  perfect  ciirvatlon^  and  hence 
are  of  great  physiognomic  value,  and  are  corroborative  signs  of 
character. 

According  to  statistics  there  are  more  congenital  defects  of 
the  aural  apparatus  in  the  male  than  in  the  female. 

A  larger  percentage  of  inherited  defects  of  the  organs  of 
sight  and  speech  in  the  masculine  sex  is  noted  than  in  the  female 


1032 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


sex  in  medical  works  and  reports  of  institutions  for  the  defective 
classes. 

There  is  probably  less  change  in  the  form  of  the  ears  than  in 
that  of  any  facial  feature;  hence,  the  ear  as  a  means  of  personal 
identification  would  be  far  more  decisive  than  the  face,  which 
undergoes  many  changes  within  a  few  years  even.  The  Chinese 
use,  as  a  means  of  identification,  an  imprint  of  the  thumb.  The 
ear,  being  less  liable  to  injury,  is  better  adapted  lor  this  purpose 
than  any  other  single  feature  or  member. 

The  Human  Face. 


THE    LINES    OF   THE   FACE. 

Says  Lavater:  "There  is  nothing  more  indicative  of  character 
than  lines,  unless  it  be  the  absence  of  them."   The  lines  of  the  face 

are  distinct  from  the 
wrinkles  in  the  counte- 
nance, from  the  fact 
that  they  are  present  at 
birth,  or  soon  after, 
while  wrinkles  do  not 
make  their  appearance 
until  after  thought  and 
emotion  liave  left  their 
impress  upon  the  coun- 
tenance. One  of  the 
principal  lines,  and  one 
which  is  exhibited  in 
every  face,  is  that  wliicli 
leads  from  the  nostrils 
downward  to  the  vicinity 
of  the  comers  of  the 
mouth.  This  line  is 
liighly  indicative  of  char- 
acter, and  reveals  by  its  length,  direction,  and  vertical  depth  many 
important  characteristics.  As  mountains  by  their  height  create 
valleys,  so  the  height  and  fullness  of  the  upper  cheek  (where  are 
located  the  signs  of  Friendship)  make  this  line  conspicuous  by 
its  depth,  for,  the  fuller  this  part  of  the  cheek,  the  more  marked 
will  this  line  appear. 

Its  depth  and  width,  then,  denote  Friendship — a  secondary  or 
accessory  sign;  if  exceedingly  deep  it  is  caused  by  fat  cheeks, 
hence  denotes  a  great  eater ;  if  it  assume  a  certain  direction  it  will 
add  to  the  beauty  of  the  face  by  interblending  with  the  wrinkles 


Fig.  311.— normal  DIRECTION  OF  PRIMITIVE 
LINE.    (General  Anderson.) 


THE  HUMAN   FACK. 


1033 


and  dimples,  wliicli  are  the  signs  of  Mirthfulness,  and  which  are 
situated  on  the  cheek  at  the  comers  of  the  mouth.  Lavater  lays 
great  stress  upon  the  direction  of  this  line,  and  I  am  prepared 
from  experience  to  indorse  fully  all  that  he  says  of  this  peculiarity 
of  the  countenance.     Of  this  he  observes : — 

The  trait  or  lineament  extending  from  tlie  sides  of  the  nostrils  toward 
the  end  of  the  nose  is  one  of  the  most  significant;  on  its  obliquity,  its 
length,  its  proximity  to  or  distance  from  the  mouth,  depends  the  evidence 
of  the  whole  character. 

If  it  is  curved  without  gradation  or  undulation  it  is  a  certain  sign  of 
stupidity ;  it  is  the  same  when  its  extremity  joins,  without  an  interval,  to 
the  corners  of  the  lips ;  the  same  when  it  is  a  good  distance  from  the 
corners  of  the  lips.* 

Each  of  these  appearances  denotes  diversity  of  character — all 
of  them  greatly  defective ;  when  the  curve  is  without  undulations 
there  is  a  certain  degree  of  dullness  and  want  of  apprehension ; 
when  the  line  joins  the  corners  of  the  mouth  .without  an  interval, 
a  great  fund  of  foolish  mirth 
is  present ;  when  the  line  ends 
at  a  great  distance  from  the 
corners  of  the  mouth,  absence 
of  reasoning  power  and  com- 
mon sense  are  indicated  ;  when 
normal  this  line  terminates  just 
outwardly  from  the  signs  of 
Mirthfulness.  This  is  a  primi- 
tive line,  and  is  situated  in  the 
vegetative  division  of  the  face. 
It  appears  in  cliildhood,  and  by 
its  vertical  depth  marks  the 
strength  of  the  faculty  of  Friendship,  the  sign  for  which  is  situated 
in  the  upper  cheek ;  it  also  indicates  by  its  depth  the  strength  of 
the  intestinal  system,  as  well  as  the  function  of  digestion. 

The  next  most  prominent  line  of  the  face  is  the  little  line 
running  perpendicularly  down  the  centre  of  the  upper  lip,  from  the 
septum  of  the  nose  to  the  sign  for  x\mativeness  in  the  centre  of  the 
upper  lip.  Tliis  line  denotes  modesty ;  the  deeper  this  line  is  ver- 
tically, the  stronger  does  this  trait  manifest  itself;  this  line  is  also 
a  primitiA'C  feature,  and  is  seen  (when  present  at  all)  at  birth  or 
soon  after. 

There  is  a  delicately-traced  line  or  depression  just  opposite 
this,  observed  in  some  subjects  in  the  lower  lip,  dividing  it  in  half; 
this  is  a  sign  of  wit,  and  shows  often  in  early  childhood.     (See 

*  Lavater's  Essays,  page  474. 


Fig.  312.— primitive  LINE  IN  UPPER  UP, 
(Wm.  Ellery  Channinq.) 


1034  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Fig.  164.)  The  lower  lip  of  Prince  Gortchakotf,  Emile  de  Gira- 
din,  Jules  Favre,  DoUie  Madison,  Joseph  Jefferson,  Voltaire,  and 
Phoebe  Cary  present  varying  degrees  of  this  line  or  depression. 
These  are  all  congenital  lines  of  the  face,  and,  being  primitive,  are 
highly  significant  of  character.  Lavater  observes,  of  the  lines  of 
the  face,  that 

Nature  forms  neither  contours  nor  lines  whose  progression  is  not  pos- 
sible, coherent,  natural,  and  homogeneous.* 

THE    WRINKLES   OF   THE   FACE. 

There  are  few  persons  born  with  wrinkles  upon  the  face. 
When  this  phenomenon  is  observed  its  cause  is  found  usually  in 
some  accidental  modifications  during  prenatal  life,  unless  the 
wrinkles  appear  upon  the  forehead  and  remain;  in  this  case  they 
denote  inherited  peculiarities  of  some  sort,  either  of  weakness  or 
of  strength,  depending  upon  their  depth  and  direction.  As  a  rule, 
young  persons  never  exhibit  wrinkles  upon  any  part  of  the  coun- 
tenance, unless  they  are  possessed  of  much  capacity  for  emotion 
or  for  reflection'.  Wrinkles  make  their  appearance  first  usually  at 
the  corners  of  the  eyes  outwardly,  at  the  signs  for  Mirth  and 
Agreeabihty.  It  is  only  later  in  life,  after  thought  and  experience 
have  ripened  the  mental  and  social  powers,  that  other  wrinkles 
appear.  Writers  on  art  have  done  much  to  mislead  the  public 
upon  the  subject  of  wrinkles,  they  having  always  advanced  the 
idea  that  all  wrinkles  were  indicative  of  old  or  advanced  age,  and, 
therefore,  not  signs  of  beauty.  Nothing  can  be  farther  from  the 
truth,  for  certain  wrinkles  reveal  many  beauties  of  mind  and  dis- 
position. I  hold  that  their  forms  are  indications  of  beauty  quite 
as  much  as  a  regular  outline  of  the  nose  or  an  oval  form  of  the 
cheek,  while  certain  others  disclose  malicious,  dishonest,  knavish 
propensities  and  practices. 

It  is  true  it  takes  time  to  form  wrinkles,  whether  good  or  bad, 
but  youth,  it  should  be  understood,  is  not  the  only  season  of  beauty; 
a  scientific  knowledge  of  the  face  will  enlarge  our  conceptions  as 
to  what  constitutes  true  beauty,  and  will  not  contract  our  under- 
standing of  it  to  the  shortest  and  most  immature  portion  of  life. 
On  the  contrary,  it  will  teach  us  that  as  experience,  learning,  and 
the  exercise  of  the  most  beautiful  traits  of  character  set  these  signs 
of  their  action  in  the  face  in  the  form  of  wrinkles,  these  are  indi- 
cations of  greater  beauty  than  the  smooth  and  comparatively  ex- 
pressionless cheek  of  infancy  or  youth. 

The  smooth,  shining,  unwrinkled  face  of  the  adult  resembles 

*  Lavater  on  Physiognomy,  vol.  ii,  p.  238. 


THE   HUMAN   FACE.  1035 

that  of  an  infant,  and  often  is  accompanied  by  relatively  infantile 
characteristics;  for  thought  and  feeling  will  leave  their  impress 
upon  the  visage  of  every  one  who  possesses  these  qualities.  An 
unwrinkled  adult  face  is  indicative  of  absence  of  reflection,  intel- 
ligence, or  feeling.  Now,  a  smootli  skin  may  compensate  vain  per- 
sons for  absence  of  all  these  fine  powers,  but  it  is  a  very  poor  sub- 
stitute later  in  life  for  all  these  qualities  which  make  the  character 
beautiful  and  the  mind  intelligent.  Without  thought  or  reflection, 
and  when  old  age  comes  on,  a  smooth  skin  merely  is  a  very  poor 
compensation.  When  I  observe  a  person  past  thirty  years  of  age 
who  has  not  formed  some  creditable  wrinkles,  I  infer  either  a  very 
shallow,  selfish,  unreasoning  character,  or  a  very  deceptive,  hypo- 
critical one.  There  is  an  old  saying  that  "gray  hairs  are  honor- 
able ; "  we  might  say  with  more  accuracy  that  wrinkles  are  honor- 
able, provided  they  are  in  the  right  place  and  are  the  shape  which 
denotes  goodness  or  talent. 

A  smooth,  shining,  round  face,  without  any  wrinkles,  belongs 
to  a  character  suave,  plausible,  flattering,  dishonest,  and  unprin- 
cipled; one  who  is  "all  things  to  all  men."  Such  characters  make 
good  speculators  and  politicians,  and  are  well  calculated  to  get  a 
living  without  working  for  it. 

As  a  general  rule,  deep  wrinkles  indicate  a  mind  that  has  been 
immersed  in  profound  study. 

Those  persons  with  the  thoracic  system  dominant  do  not  ex- 
hibit as  many  nor  as  deep  wrinkles  as  those  with  other  formations, 
for,  although  they  may  have  good  and  pure  tastes  and  literary  apti- 
tudes, yet  they  are  not  as  profound  scjiolars  as  are  some,  nor  are 
their  emotions  as  lasting ;  the  buoyancy  of  their  spirits  prevents 
long-continued  mental  labor  and  long-sustained  emotion,  hence 
they  retain  in  age  a  more  youthful  manner  and  a  smoother  face 
than  those  with  other  symptoms  dominant. 

Each  feature  has  its  own  peculiar  wrinkles  ;  not  only  so,  but 
each  of  the  five  systems  of  functions  produces  characteristic 
wrinkles. 

The  dominance  of  muscle  causes  one  sort,  the  dominance  of 
fat  another,  the  supremacy  of  bone  yet  another  variety;  while 
round  bones  cause  wrinkles  to  assume  a  form  quite  different  from 
those  produced  by  square  bones  ;  hence  it  is  evident  that  wrinkles 
are  highly  significant  of  character  and  wonderful  adjuncts  to  a 
complete  understanding  of  the  human  face. 

The  general  laws  of  Form  apply  with  as  much  force  to  the 
meaning  of  the  forms  of  wrinkles  as  to  the  meaning  of  the  forms 
of  the  bones  or  muscles.  Straight  and  square  wrinkles  reveal 
straightforward   and   honorable  qualities,  while  obHque  wrinkles 


1036  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

belong  to  those  persons  who  are  the  reverse  of  straight,  square, 
and  upright. 

Curved  wrinkles  show  emotion,  for  emotion  is  the  handmaid 
of  art,  and  emotions  are  exhibited  in  the  face  by  movements  of 
the  muscles  and  by  the  fullness  of  the  softer  tissues.  If  the  bones 
be  straight  and  the  action  of  the  muscle  normal,  the  true-curved 
wrinkle  is  the  result;  but  if  the  underlying  bones  be  crooked  or 
uneven  and  the  muscles  not  normally  developed,  the  wrinkles  will 
be  oblique  and  will  testify  to  oblique,  sophistical,  or  dishonest 
propensities  or  mental  weakness. 

Wrinkles  appear  about  the  chin,  the  cheeks,  the  lips,  the 
sides,  and  root  of  the  nose,  between  the  eyebrows,  and  upon  the 
forehead.     Each  of  these  will  be  explained  and  figured. 

WRINKLES   IN   THE   CHIN. 

The  wrinkles  which  form  under  the  chin  are  curved,  and  are 
sometimes  observed  in  infants  as  well  as  in  adults ;  they  are  caused 
by  a  deposition  of  adipose  tissue,  and  show  that  good  digestion 


Fig.  313. -TALKER'S  WRINKLE.  FiG.  314.— APPROBATIVE  WRINKLE. 

has  done  its  work  thoroughly.  In  some  adults  will  be  observed 
two  and  sometimes  three  of  these  wrinkles,  and  a  roll  of  fat  fill- 
ing out  the  space  between  each.  Where  this  peculiarity  appears 
gluttony  is  usually  the  cause,  or  increasing  age. 

These  wrinkles  around  the  chin  must  not  be  confounded  with 
the  single,  long-curved  wrinkle  which  is  exhibited  by  those  who 
talk  a  good  deal,  often  professionally. 

Tlie  Talker's  Wrinkle. — This  wrinkle  commences  in  or  near 
the  signs  for  Approbativeness  in  the  lower  cheek,  and  runs  down 
under  the  chin  from  side  to  side.  It  is  not  so  much  curved  as  the 
former;  it  is  observed  in  the  faces  of  many  priests,  ministers, 
lawyers,  actors,  orators,  auctioneers,  gossips,  and  clowns.  It  is 
caused  by  using  the  muscles  of  this  part  of  the  face  so  constantly 


THE   HUMAN   FACE.  1037 

that  they  form  a  permanent  wrinkle,  and  are  a  sure  indication  of 
a  constant  talker,  or  one  who  uses  the  voice  professionally  in  a 
loud  tone;  this  wrinkle  is  usually  deeper  in  the  countenance  of 
professional  talkers  than  in  the  faces  of  those  in  private  life  ;  the 
reason  of  this  is  that  the  former  classes  use  more  sonorous  tones 
than  the  latter.  It  is  more  frequently  observed  in  those  with  the 
muscular  system  dominant. 

In  old  age  many  deep  wrinkles  form  upon  the  chin,  but  the 
aged  appearance  of  the  possessor  indicates  their  origin;  these  are 
caused  by  the  loss  of  the  elasticity  of  the  skin. 

WRINKLES  IN   THE   LOWER   CHEEKS. 

The  Approhative  WrinJde. — There  are  two  sorts  of  wrinkles 
that  form  in  the  lower  cheeks;  these  are  the  approhative  wrinkles 
and  the  mirthful  wrinkles ;  the  longer  of  these  two  is  almost  per- 
pendicular, and  is  caused  by  the  exercise  of  the  faculty  of  Appro- 
bativeness,  as  in  smiling.  These  wrinkles  are  often  intersected 
with  dimples,  either  round  or  cleft,  and  these  are  all  reliable  indices 
of  that  suave  agreeability  wliich  is  the  distinguishing  characteristic 
of  an  approhative  disposition.  These  wrinkles  form  very  early  in 
life  in  tliose  subjects  who  possess  large  agreeability,  and  are  situated 
on  the  lower  cheeks  about  one  and  a  half  inches  outward  from  the 
mouth  ;   these  add  greatly  to  the  beauty  of  the  cheek. 

Mirthful  Wrinkles. — These  little  tell-tales  also  form  early  in 
life,  and  are  built  up  from  their  predecessors,  the  infantile  dimples. 
The  earliest  pleasant  emotion  of  the  babe  is  shown  by  smiling  and 
laughter,  and  these  emotions  oft-repeated  leave  an  indelible  record 
upon  the  cheeks  near  the  corners  of  the  mouth ;  these  wrinkles 
are  also  mingled  with  dimples,  according  as  the  subject  is  fat  or 
lean ;  they  create  beauty  of  expression,  especially  when  in  animated 
conversation  and  in  smiling.  It  is  a  very  grim,  joyless  face,  indeed, 
that  does  not  exhibit  either  mirthful  or  approhative  wrinkles. 

Of  the  indications  of  foolishness  in  wrinkles,  Lavater  says : — 

Whenever  in  laughter  three  parallel,  circular  lines  are  formed  in  the 
cheeks,  there  is  a  fund  of  folly  in  the  character  of  the  person.* 

Clowns  "  make  up  "  their  cheeks  to  resemble  this  picture,  and 
most  of  them  have  the  "talker's  wrinkle"  very  deep. 

WRINKLES  OF  THE   LOWER   LIP. 

Miserly  Wrinkles. — The  lower  lip  rarely  exhibits  wrinkles 
until  late  in  life ;  these  are  caused  by  the  natural  shrinkage  of  the 
skin.     If  the  lower  lip  discloses  many  perpendicular  wrinkles  early 

*  I^vater's  Essays,  p.  474. 


1038 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHTSIOGNOMT. 


in  life,  it  is  usually  the  token  of  a  miserly  disposition,  or  of  ill 
health.  In  such  characters  there  is  deficient  glandular  develop- 
ment, hence  the  lower  lip — the  facial  sign  for  that  system — is  cor- 
respondingly deficient. 

If  the  lower  lip  becomes  suddenly  wrinkled  after  having  been 
smooth  and  full,  it  has  been  caused  by  sick- 
ness; but  other  signs  in  the  face  will  tell  us 
whether  this  be  the  cause. 

There  are  other  mirthful  wrinkles  in  the 
face  which  will  be  described  elsewhere. 

Wrinkles  in  the  Upper  Lip. — Very  rarely 
do  we  find  wrinkles  in  the  upper  lip  until 
late  in  life;  some  of  these  (nearly  perpen- 
dicular) are  caused  by  long-continued  efforts 
in  endeavoring  to  suppress  the  feehngs  and 
to  refrain  from  expressing  the  thoughts, 
hence  are  secondary  signs  of  Secretiveness. 
These  occur  in  the  wliite  portion  of  the 
upper  lip. 

Amative  Wrinkles. — In  some  subjects  in  whom  the  sign  for 
Amativeness  is  uncommonly  large,  several  transverse  wrinkles 
across  the  red  portion  of  the  upper  Up  will  be  observed  while  in 
conversation  or  in  laughing;  they  arise  from  an  excessive  develop- 
ment of  the  facial  sign  for  Amativeness,  and  this  is  so  large  as  to 
produce  this  horizontal  wrinkling  of  the  lip. 


Fig.  3l5.— malicious 

WRINKLES. 

(After  Lavater.) 


Fio.  316.— EXECUTIVE  WRINKLES. 
(Count  von  Moltke.) 


Fio.  817.— conscientious  wrinkles. 
(General  Jackson.) 


Wrinkles  on  the  Nose. — Firm,  long  noses  belong  to  the  most 
reliable  moral  characters,  hence  the  play  of  the  emotions  is  not  so 
marked  as  in  niuscular  characters.  Accordingly,  we  rarely  find 
wrinkles  on  the  sides  of  the  nose  in  the  former ;  these  are  found  in 
soft,  cartilaginous  noses. 


JS 


THE   HUMAN   FACE.  1039 

Malicious  or  Knavish  Wrinkles. — Where  several  fine,  oblique 
wrinkles  are  observed  upon  the  sides  of  the  nose  they  indicate 
either  a  petty  nature  or  a  malicious  or  knavish  disposition. 

Executive  Wrinkles. — The  wrinkles  lying  horizontally  across 
the  nose  at  its  root,  upon  the  sign  for  Self-will,  denote  ability  for 
command,  and  sliow  that  this  faculty  has  been  continuously  exer- 
cised. They  are  seen  in  all  great  executive  characters,  such  as 
generals,  statesmen,  superintendents,  teachers,  and  all  those  who 
control  and  command  others.     (See  Fig.  316.) 

Conscientious  Wrinldes. — There  are  several  sorts  of  character 
indicated  by  the  wrmkles  which  lie  between  the  eyebrows,  just 
above  the  root  of  the  nose;  these  wrinkles  are  caused  primarily  by 
the  shape  of  the  Underlying  bone  and  muscle ;  secondly,  by  the  ex- 
ercise of  various  faculties.  Square-boned  persons  form  one  per- 
pendicular  wrinJcle  between  the  eyebrows;  this  is,  therefore,  a 
secondary  or  accessory  sign  both  of  Order  and  Conscientiousness. 

Mi  r  t  hfu  I  Wrinkles.  — 
Signs  of  the  capacity  for  mirth, 
fun,  wit,  and  dramatic  imita- 
tion are  ibund  in  many  locali- 
ties in  the  organism  where  the 
muscular  is  one  of  the  supreme 
systems,  hence  we  shall  find 
two  parallel  wrinkles  between 
the  eyebrows  in  the  faces  of 
many  actors,  as  well  as  in  the 
countenances    of    writers    for 

1  -ij  J  i.'  C  Fig.  318.— PERSEVERING   WRINKLES. 

children,    and    sportive,    fun-  (wii.liam  cullen  bkyant.) 

making   characters   generally. 

These  wrinkles  are  caused  usually  by  small,  round  bones  allied  to 
round  muscles;  they  reveal  the  entire  structure  as  well  as  the 
ruling  propensities. 

Perseveriiig  Wrinkles. — These  wrinkles  are  usually  found 
upon  those  who  possess  a  good  share  of  bone,  along  with  good 
muscle,  for  bone  gives  steadfastness  and  muscle  a  love  of  motion. 
Persevering  wrinkles  are  found  between  the  eyebrows,  and  some- 
times form  three  or  four  perpendicular  lines  at  this  locality.  They 
disclose  a  plodding,  persevering  disposition,  and  those  who  possess 
them  would  sc(»k  to  polish  refined  gold  and  paint  the  lily  white  in 
their  efforts  to  finish  up  ever}^thing  which  they  undertake. 

The  cat  exhibits  three  deep  wrinkles  between  the  eyes,  and 
all  know  its  character  for  attentive  watchfulness  when  in  pursuit 
of  prey.  Lavater  has  noticed  this  characteristic  in  the  cat,  and 
styles  it  "watchful  and  rapacious." 


1040  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


WRINKLES   ABOUT   THE   EYES. 

Observing  Wrinkles. — Wrinkles  about  the  eyes  are  found 
above,  below,  and  at  the  outer  corners;  each  has  a  distinct  mean- 
ing; those  which  run  parallel  on  the  upper  eyelid  appear  late  in 
life,  and  proceed  from  habits  of  industry  and  patient  ohservation  ; 
these  wrinkles  develop  folds  of  flesh  as  well  as  wrinkles,  which  in 
those  who  are  first-class  observers  ftdl  over  the  eyehall  at  its  outer 
angle..  There  are  two  causes  for  this  appearance:  In  the  first 
place,  the  bone  is  one  of  the  dominant  systems;  hence  the  eye- 
bone  projects  greatly  beyond  the  eyeball,  and  this  is  a  sign  of  an 
aptitude  for  protracted  observation.  Secondly,  excessive  use  of  the 
eye,  as  in  patient  observation,  develops  the  skin  and  muscular 
tissue  about  these  parts ;  this  appearance  is  found  in  various  grades 
in  the  faces  of  the  following-named  observers:  Charles  Darwin, 
Dr.  Abernethy,  Dr.  John  Draper,  John  Smeaton,  James  Watt,  Rev. 


:^i&-  ^ 


Fio    U'»  - M  I  U  1  1 1 FUL  WRINKLES. 


Robert  Collyer,  and  William  Cullen  Bryant.  I  am  the  more  par- 
ticular in  giving  the  names  of  these  well-known  characters,  for  the 
reason  that  a  certain  physiognomist  has  given  this  appearance  as 
one  sign  of  a  roguish  disposition.  This  shows,  I  think,  want  of 
keen  observation,  extended  generalization,  and  logical  analysis,  at 
least ;  such  formation  may  have  been  found  in  the  faces  of  rogues, 
but  I  have  observed  it  in  the  countenance  of  scores  of  the  most 
moral  characters  and  persistent  observers. 

MIRTHFUL   WRINKLES   AT   THE   OUTER   CORNERS   OF   THE   EYES. 

When  a  number  of  fine  wrinkles  are  observed  extending 
obliquely  outward  and  downward  from  the  outer  angle  of  the  eyes 
they  are  indubitable  tokens  of  a  mirthful  disposition ;  they  show 
that  the  subject  has  been  for  years  very  much  engaged  in  laughing. 
These  wrinkles  are  of  great  assistance  to  fortune-tellers,  for  by  them 
they  can  tell  what  the  individual  has  been  doing,  and  they  can 
also  foretell  what  he  will  do  to  the  end  of  the  chapter,  viz., "  laugh 
and  make  merry." 


THE   HUMAN   FACE. 


1041 


WRINKLES  UNDER   THE   EYES. 

There  is  a  great  diversity  of  meaning  in  the  wrinkles  which 
form  under  the  eyes.  Those  which  are  fine,  and  appear  in  a  cir- 
cular form  under  the  eyes  in  adults  advanced  in  life,  are  signs  ol' 
having  used  the  faculty  of  Language  in  public  speaking,  and  this 
exercise  causes  the  flesh  below  the  eye  to  bulge  out.  Deeply- 
formed  wrinkles  under  the  eyes  in  youth  are  very  strongly  to  be 
suspected  as  from  dissipation  and  sensual  indulgence. 

WRINKLES   ON    THE   FOREHEAD. 

From  the  father  of  physiognomy,  Lavater,  we  have  many 
excellent  observations  upon  tlie  meaning  of  wrinkles  in  the  fore- 
head.    From  his  work  I  extract  the  following: — 

Oblique  wrinkles  in  the  forehead,  especially  when  they  are  nearly 
parallel,  or  appear  so,  are  certainly  a  sign  of  a  poor,  oblique,  suspicious 
mind ;  parallel,  regular,  not 
too  deep  wrinkles,  wrinkles  of 
the  forehead,  or  parallel  inter- 
rupted are  seldom  found  ex- 
cept in  very  intelligent,  wise, 
rational,  and  justly-thinking 
persons.  A  forehead  the  up- 
per part  of  which  is  intei'sected 
with  conspicuous,  circularly- 
arched  wrinkles, while  the  lower 
half  is  smooth  and  wrinkled, 
is  certainly  dull,  and  almost 
incapable  of  any  instruction. 
•Wrinkles  of  the  forehead  which 
on  the  slightest  motion  of  the 
skin  sink  deeply  downward  are 
much  to  be  suspected  of  weak- 
ness;  if  the  lines  are  stationary,  deepl}'  indented,  and  sink  very  deeply 
downward,  entertain  no  doubt  of  weakness  of  mind  or  stupidit}',  combined 
with  avarice  and  a  lack  of  sensibilit}'.  But  let  it  be  remembered  at  the 
same  time  that  genius  most  luxuriant  in  abilities  usually  has  a  line  which 
curves  remarkably  downward  in  the  middle  under  three  almost  horizontal 
parallel  wrinkles.  Perplexed,  deeply-indented  wrinkles  of  the  forehead  in 
opposition  to  each  other  are  always  a  certain  sign  of  a  harsh,  perplexed, 
and  difticult-to-manage  character.* 

The  forms  of  the  wrinkles  on  the  forehead  depend  upon  the 
form  of  the  underlying  bones  and  muscles.  How  significant  of 
character,  then,  must  each  variety  of  wrinkle  be  to  the  student  of 
physiognomy !  A  straight  and  square  bone  causes  the  formation 
of  a  different-shaped  wrinkle  from  that  produced  by  an  unevenly- 
developed  bone.  An  oblique  wrinkle  comes  from  a  very  differently 
shaped  bone  from  that  which  is  the  product  of  a  square  and 

•  Lavater' s  Essays,  p.  465 
66 


Fig.  320.— tali  N  1  ED  WRINKLEh. 


1042  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY.     . 

straight  forehead.  The  wrinkles  simply  repeat  the  form  of  the 
underlying  bone  and  muscle,  and  are  therefore  accessory  signs  of 
character. 

WRINKLES   OF   THE   NECK. 

Deep,  circular  wrinkles  around  and  under  the  chin  are  indi- 
cations of  too  much  fatty  tissue;  they  belong  to  slow,  easy-going 
people,  not  given  to  much  thought,  except  when  the  brain  is  large 
and  of  high  quality;  in  this  case  this- combination  creates  character 
of  great  mental  vigor,  and  capable  of  profound  and  protracted 
mental  labor;  it  indicates  a  combination  of  the  mental  with  the 
vegetative  system.  The  portraits  of  Uumas,  the  novelist ;  Gibbon, 
the  historian;  Johnson,  the  philologist;  Arkwright,  the  inventor, 
and  many  eminent  jurists  exhibit  this  combination. 

Wrinkles  running  obliquely  just  behind  the  ear,  on  the  neck, 
show  that  age  is  creeping  on.  Deep  wrinkles  at  the  sides  and 
back  of  the  neck,  lying  in  every  direction,  are  signs  of  advanced 
age,  or  exposure  to  the  fierceness  of  the  elements. 

GENERAL    WRINKLES. 

Numerous  and  very  fine  wrinkles  all  over  the  face,  lying  in 
every  direction,  indicate  a  life  passed  in  petty  cares  and  petty 
savings ;  also,  a  querulous  disposition.  The  same  kind  of  wrinkles, 
when  they  are  deep,  reveal  the  miserly  habits  of  a  Hfe-time. 


Dimples. 

the  signification  of  dimples. 

How  are  dimples  caused,  and  what  do  they  mean "?  They  are 
caused,  first,  by  a  collection  of  adipose  tissue;  second,  by  a  peculiar 
formation  of  certain  muscles  and  bones  at  the  joints  and  elsewhere. 
Dimples  generally  form  around  joints,  as  well  as  on  parts  where 
the  soft,  fat  tissue  has  accumulated ;  these  are  found  only  on  fat  or 
plump  persons ;  they  indicate  ease-loving,  mirthful,  and  affectionate 
natures.  Dimpled  babes  are  always  mirthful  and  happy;  the 
great  store  of  vital  material,  as  shown  by  the  dimples,  gives  ease 
and  enjoyment.  They  not  only  exhibit  dimples  upon  various 
parts  of  the  body,  but  also  upon  the  wrists,  knuckles,  cheeks, 
and  chin. 

"I  was  going  to  kiss  the  dimples  from  out  the  little  cheeks, 
Where  they  ripple  and  they  dance  every  time  she  laughs  or  speaks  ; 
She  said  I  shouldn't  do  it,  but  I  held  her  fast  and  tiglvt, 
And  kissed  and  kissed  the  very  little  face  with  all  my  might. 


DIMPLES.  1043 


And  then  a  pair  of  eyes  twinkled  very  gravely  out, 
And  a  pair  of  little  lips  gathered  up  a  doleful  pout ; 
With  little  drooping  corners, — no  wonder,  you  will  say. 
To  see  such  bonny,  bonny  dimples  stolen  away. 

I  thought  I  should  have  kept  them  for  just  a  little  while  ; 
But  little  teeth  were  soon  peeping  through  a  little  smile  ; 
And  then  a  laugh  like  sunshine  was  over  all  lier  face, 
And  every  dimple  I  had  stolen  was  back  again  in  place." 


DIMPLES   IN   THE   CHIN. 

The  dimples  in  the  point  of  the  chin  are  of  two  general 
forms, — the  round  and  deep  and  the  straight  or  cleft ;  they  are  very 
deep  in  some,  less  so  in  other,  faces. 

The  round  dimple  in  the  chin  is  a  permanent  feature,  and 
does  not  depend  upon  the  amount  of  adipose  tissue.  It  is  caused 
by,  first,  the  presence  of  round  bones;  second,  by  a  peculiar  for- 
mation of  round  muscles.  This  combination  causes  the  levator 
menti  muscle  to  dimple;  this  dimple  is  never  present  when  the 
bony  system  predominates,  but  only  when  the  muscular  system  is 
supreme.  This  sort  of  dimple  is  observed  frequently  among  the 
literaiy  and  artistic  classes ;  the  meaning  of  this  dimple  is  love  of 
the  beautiful  in  the  opposite  sex.  It  is  found  in  the  chins  of  poets, 
writers  of  fiction,  painters,  actors,  singers,  composers,  and  also  in 
many  who  have  a  taste  for  the  works  of  all  these  classes. 

Among  those  who  exhibit  a  beautiful  dimple  in  the  chin  are 
the  following  :  Lord  Byron,  Dean  Swift,  Sheridan,  Mozart,  Moliere, 
Horace  Vernet,  Racine,  Christine  Nillson,  Boccaccio,  Aimee,  Cam- 
panini,  Saintly,  Theodore  Thomas,  Lavater,  Liszt,  Schumann, 
Schubert,  Jos.  Jefferson,  Henry  Irving,  Mdlle.  Croizette,  Mdlle. 
Baretta,  Dore,  Miss  Harriet  Hosmer,  Robert  G.  Ingersoll,  and 
Wendell  Phillips. 

A  love  of  the  beautiful  in  the  opposite  sex  is  one  factor  in 
creative  talent ;  it  assists  the  sculptor,  artist,  actor,  poet,  and  com- 
poser in  forming  their  ideals,  and  if  this  trait  did  not  reside  in  their 
organisms  on  a  large  scale  they  could  not  exhibit  the  beautiful 
poems,  statues,  and  melodies  which  they  bring  forth. 

The  dimple  in  the  chin  is  often  one  sign  of  a  voluptuous  and 
pleasure-loving  })erson,  genemlly  good-natured  and  inclined  to  be 
generous.  Louis  XV  possessed  a  dimpled  chin,  and  was  noted 
for  his  love  of  beautiful  women ;  he  was  also  a  great  prodigal. 
Dimples  in  either  cheek  or  chin  are  associated  with  large,  full  eyes, 
and  these  tell  us  of  the  shape  of  other  remote  features  and 
members  of  the  body,  as  well  as  the  accompanying  traits  and 
talents. 


1044  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


DIMPLES   IN    THE   CHEEKS. 

The  dimples  observed  in  the  cheeks  usually  occupy  two  dis- 
tinct localities.  The  approbative  dimples  are  situated  at  the  outer 
sides  of  the  cheeks,  and  the  mirthful  dimples  are  at  the  comers  of 
the  mouth. 

Approbative  Dimples. — These  dimples  form  part  of  the  sign 
for  Approbativeness,  and  are  accompanied  by  an  agreeable  disposi- 
tion ;  they  are  often  deep  and  round ;  in  some  they  are  long  and 
lose  themselves  in  the  "approbative  wrinkles."  The  round  dimple 
in  the  cheek  is  associated  with  large,  full  eyes,  and  proceeds  from 
the  dominance  of  the  muscular  system;  it  is  characteristic  of 
many  artists,  and  all  who  possess  it  are  agreeable,  flattering,  mirth- 
ful, and  formed  for  sociability.  It  is  a  great  beauty,  and  many 
who  possess  tliese  dimples  are  not  content  that  they  appear  while 
the  face  is  animated,  as  in  talking  and  smiling,  but  they  very 
foolishly  bite  the  lips  and  stretch  the  mouth  in  order  that  the 
dimples  may  be  apparent  at  all  times.  This  movement  argues 
great  vanity.  A  coquettish  disposition  is  usually  associated  with 
these  dimples. 

The  long,  cleft  dimple  in  the  cheeks  is  indicative  of  Appro- 
bativeness and  Mirth,  not  so  pronounced  as  the  round  one ;  it  also 
is  a  mark  of  beauty,  and  points  to  a  genial,  social  disposition. 
Approbative  dimples  in  the  cheek  do  not  show  so  early  in  life  as 
do  the  purely  mirtliful  dimples  at  the  corners  of  the  mouth;  the 
former  appear  along  with  the  exercise  of  the  faculty  of  Agreeability, 
while  the  mirthful  dimple  is  shown  by  the  exercise  of  spontaneous 
mirth  on  the  part  of  the  infant,  which  is  of  the  nature  of 
instinct. 

Mirthful  Dimples. — Mirthfulness  is  a  primitive  function  and 
faculty,  and  inheres  in  the  glandular  system  mainly,  although  it 
asks  the  assistance  of  the  muscles  to  carry  out  its  interests,  as  in 
games,  wit,  singing,  acting,  etc.  These  dimples  are  situated  at 
the  corners  of  the  mouth,  and,  in  some  veiy  merry  subjects  and  in 
many  infants,  appear  in  little  clusters  of  two  or  three  cunning  little 
depressions ;  they  add  greatly  to  the  variety  and  beauty  of  expres- 
sion of  the  face,  and  indicate  a  fun-loving,  mirthful,  sportive,  or 
witty  disposition.  In  some  these  dimples  are  round,  in  others  they 
are  cleft  or  lose  themselves  in  mirthful  wrinkles  at  this  part  of  the 
cheek.  Nell  Gwynne,  an  actress  and  one  of  the  celebrated  court 
beauties  of  England,  exhibited  dimples  on  chin,  cheeks,  hands, 
arms,  and  shoulders;  she  was  an  arch,  droll,  vivacious,  and  humor- 
ous actress.  Her  dimples  added  a  great  charm  to  her  piquant 
beauty. 


THE   TEETH.  104:5 

"Within  a  nest  of  roses, 

Halfliiddeu  from  the  sight, 
Until  a  smile  discloses 

Its  loveliness  aright. 
Behold  the  work  of  Cupid, 

Who  wrought  it  in  a  freak. 
The  witching  little  dimple. 

The  dimple  on  her  cheek." 

The  dimples  on  the  knuckles,  wrists,  shoulders,  and  other 
parts  of  the  body  arc  caused  by  muscular  formation  and  adipose 
tissue,  and  denote  good  health,  good  nature,  and  an  amative  or 
affectionate  disposition. 

The  Teeth, 
the  physiognoxmical  significance  of  the  teeth. 

Veiy  Uttle  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  meanings  of  the 
teeth  by  modern  writers  on  physiognomy,  yet  they  are  not  only 
highly  significant  of  mental  characteristics,  but  of  physiological 
peculiarities  as  well.  It  must  be  apparent  to  the  thoughtful  that 
features  which  are  composed  of  such  solid  material — which  are 
so  important  to  the  human  economy,  and  which  are  situated  in 
such  a  prominent  position — are  of  great  value  as  physiognomical 
indicators.  Although  these  features  are  not  external  facial  features, 
they  are  assuredly  strong  physiognomical  indices  of  character,  and 
as  such  are  properly  a  part  of  thisscience.  The  entrances  to  many 
of  the  great  internal  organs  are  situated  in  the  human  face.  The 
rounded  contour  or  the  slirunken  appearance  of  the  cheeks  and  nose 
announce  definitely  the  form  and  condition  of  several  of  the  internal 
organs,  and  these  are  dependent  primarily  upon  the  motion  or 
activity  of  the  fluids  (as  in  the  circulation  of  the  blood,  the  juices, 
and  secretions)  for  their  shape. 

The  teeth  guarding  the  entrance  to  the  digestive  tract  stand 
representative  of  its  physiological  condition,  as  well  as  of  the  men- 
tality and  morality  which  have  been  created  largely  by  physio- 
logical activities.  The  resultant  forms  of  the  jaw  and  teeth,  then, 
open  up  an  immense  field  of  physiognomical  knowledge. 

The  form,  size,  color,  texture,  and  relative  position  of  the 
teeth  present  distinct  meanings,  and  one  might  fill  a  large  volume 
with  descriptions  and  illustrations  of  these  useful  and  beautiful 
features,  but  as  I  am  limited  in  space  I  can  present  only  a  few.  I 
have  conversed  with  many  skillful  dentists  upon  the  physiog- 
nomical meanings  of  the  jaws  and  teeth,  and  I  have  not  found  one 
who  had  formed  any  definite  idea  of  them  in  relation  to  character. 
I  predict  that  many  excellent  dental  observations  will  be  made 
after  a  study  of  this  volume. 


1046  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  teeth  are  arranged  in  form  after  the  pattern  of  the  jaw 
into  which  they  are  inserted;  hence  are  the  reflex  in  their  collect- 
ive form  of  the  signification  of  the  jaw,  as,  for  example,  a  very 
narrow  circle  of  the  jaws  gives  narrow,  crowded,  or  overlapping 
teeth.  Each  of  these  conditions  presents  a  secondary  characteristic 
sign.  A  broad  circle  of  the  alveolar  arch  shows  that  the  bony 
system  is  on  a  hroad  scale,  and  that  pecuharity  indicates  character- 
istics quite  different  from  the  former.  In  the  section  devoted  to 
the  lower  jaw  in  this  chapter  will  be  found  descriptions  of  tlie 
most  usual  forms  of  these  features;  taken  in  connection  with  this 
section  they  will  afford  a  great  deal  of  physiognomical  knowledge 
not  to  be  obtained  from  any  other  source. 

The  "gums,"  as  the  alveolar  processes  are  commonly  termed, 
are  also  highly  significant  of  character ;  their  color,  size,  form,  and 
relative  position  are  all  most  positive  indices  of  physical,  mental, 
and  moral  power  or  weakness.  The  teeth  and  gums,  taken  in 
connection  with  the  associated  lips,  jaws,  and  mouth,  afford  a  wide 
field  for  physiognomical  research.  They  not  only  reveal  the  present 
condition  of  the  subject,  but  also  disclose  the  alimentive  conditions 
of  his  ancestors,  lor  the  form  of  an  alveolar  arch  and  a  set  of 
teeth  are  not  created  in  one  generation,  but  are  the  outcome  of 
many  generations,  and  betray  their  dietetic  habits  as  well  as  asso- 
ciated moral  powers. 

The  teeth  of  an  adult  are  thirty-two  in  number;  there  are 
eight  front  teeth,  termed  "incisors,"  or  cutting  teeth,  four  in  each 
jaw.  The  canine  teeth  come  next,  two  in  each  jaw.  The  molars, 
or  grinding  teeth,  are  twenty  in  number,  ten  in  each  jaw.  The 
general  idea  in  regard  to  teeth  is  that  they  are  bones ;  this  is 
erroneous.  A  close  analysis  of  their  constituents,  aided  by  the 
sciences  of  evolution  and  embryology,  proves  them  to  be  the 
product  of  the  outer  skin,  and  it  is  from  this  primitive  base  that 
the  alimentary  canal  also  arises. 

Says  Professor  Haeckel : — 

The  teeth  originate  from  the  outer  skin-covering,  which  covers  the 
jaws ;  for  as  the  formation  of  the  whole  mouth-cavit3^  takes  place  from  the 
outer  germ-layer,  the  teeth  must  of  course  also  have  developed  originally 
from  the  skin-layer.  This  can  be  actually  proved  by  close  microscopic  ex- 
amination of  tlie  most  delicate  structural  features  of  the  teeth.  The  scales 
of  fishes,  especially  of  sharks,  are  in  this  respect  exactly  similar  to  their 
teeth.    Thus,  the  human  teeth  in  their  earliest  origin  are  modified  fish-scales.* 

Additional  evidence  of  their  origin  and  structure  is  derived 
from  anatomy.  Dr.  Robinson  Harrison  makes  the  following  state- 
ment in  regard  to  their  constituents: — 

*  The  Evolution  of  Man,  Ernst  Haeckel,  voL  ii,  p.  SSL 


THE   TEETH.  1047 

As  the  teeth  are  intimately  attached  to  the  maxillary  bones,  and  ap- 
parently are  allied  to  the  osseous  more  than  to  any  other  structure,  their 
general  anatomy  may  now  be  examined.  They  are  not,  however,  to  be  con- 
sidered as  part  of  the  skeleton,  as  the}'  have  not  appeared  in  the  very  young, 
and  are  frequently  absent  in  the  very  old  ;  neither,  critically,  do  they  con- 
stitute a  part  of  the  osseous  system,  but  rather  appertain  to  the  digestive 
apparatus,  being  the  mechanical  instruments  employed  in  the  prehension, 
separation,  and  mastication  of  the  food,  the  incisors  cutting  and  dividing- 
it,  the  canines  tearing  it,  and  the  molars  bruising  and  grinding  it.  In  zoo- 
logical science  the  teeth  serve  as  an  important  element  in  the  classification 
of  the  animal  kingdom  ;  their  peculiar  form  and  structure  indicate  the  nature 
of  the  food  on  which  the  animal  is  to  subsist;  and  as  the  digestive  organs 
must  be  so  modified  as  to  convert  the  numerous  varieties  into  chyle,  and  as 
the  limbs  must  be  adapted  for  its  prehension,  so  the  teeth  must  bear  an  in- 
timate relation  to  the  entire  organization  as  well  as  to  the  habits  of  the 
animal.* 

From  the  foregoing  statements  we  may  take  it  for  granted 
that  the  teeth  are  very  important  physiognomic  significators. 

The  Form  of  the  Lower  Alveolar  Arch. — The  alveolar  process 
is  that  part  of  the  jaws  into  which  the  teeth  are  inserted,  and  in 
connection  with  the  entire  jaw-bone  defines  the  form  which  the 
arch  or  circle  of  the  teeth  exhibits  in  different  subjects ;  in  some 
this  circle  is  very  narrow  and  the  teeth  crowded  and  overlapping, 
revealing  an  abnormal  development  of  the  jaw-bone ;  in  others  it 
is  proportionately  broad  and  the  teeth  even  and  regular. 

The  normal  size  of  the  jaw-bones  is  such  as  to  allow  space 
for  the  teeth  to  enlarge  to  their  proper  form,  and  present  a  regular 
row  of  perfectly-formed  teeth.  All  departures  from  this  condition 
may  be  considered  as  variations  from  a  normal  standard.  The 
regularity  of  the  teeth,  then,  it  will  be  seen,  depend  primarily  upon 
the  form  of  the  jaw-bones,  and  an  exterior  inspection  of  the  size 
of  the  jaws  will  often  reveal  the  condition  of  the  teeth.  The  pro- 
jection of  one  row  of  teeth  beyond  the  other  is  shown  exteriorly 
by  the  protrusion  of  tlie  lips,  and  when  this  is  very  great  it  pro- 
duces "prognathism,"  and,  as  this  condition  is  normal  in  animals 
and  in  some  savages,  we  must  regard  all  excessive  prognathism  as 
indicative  of  inferiority  of  some  part  of  the  mental  or  moral  make- 
up. A  physiognomical  analysis  will  in  every  subject  demonstrate 
this  to  be  the  case.  From  the  foregoing  we  may  deduce  the  fact 
that  evenly-set,  regular  teeth  denote  a  more-even  disposition  and 
a  better-developed  mind  than  where  the  opposite  condition  exists. 

As  before  stated,  the  forms  of  the  circle  of  the  teeth  will 
naturally  repeat  the  form  of  the  jaw-bone  ;  hence,  those  with  an 
oval  lower  jaw  will  present  a  circuloid  arrangement  of  teeth,  while 
those  with  a  square  lower  jaw  will  exhibit  a  squared  or  rectangular 

•  Harrison's  Anatomy,  p.  506. 


1048  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

appearance  of  the  features.  Those  with  a  sharp-pointed  lower  jaw 
will  present  teeth  rather  crowded  or  overlapping. 

Breadth  of  the  circle  argues  a  broad  mind,  as  compared  to 
those  with  a  very  narrow  circle ;  and  if  this  circle  be  incUned  to 
the  rectangular  form,  that  is,  when  a  decided  angle  is  formed  at 
the  canine  teeth,  there  exists  the  inherent  principle  of  the  angle, 
viz.,  conscientiousness,  fidelity,  order,  perseverance,  morality,  and, 
if  the  angle  be  extremely  marked,  severity  also.  Washington's 
lower  jaw  is  a  good  illustration  of  breadth  and  angularity.  This 
must  not  be  confounded  with  the  contrary  angular  jaw,  which  has 
its  angle  farther  back  upon  the  lower  jaw  ;  the  angle  in  the  former 
case  is  in  its  normal  place. 

Narrowness  of  the  circle^  ichen  extreme^  is  accompanied  by 
crowding  and  irregularity  of  the  teeth.  This  form  is  indicative  of 
a  narrow  mind  and  weak  moral  nature,  and  if  the  front  teeth  over- 
lap each  other,  as  in  the  rodent,  it  is  an  infallible  sign  of  an  acquis- 
itive or  miserly  nature. 

The  curving  of  the  teeth,  either  inward  or  outward,  tell  a 
story.  If  they  curve  from  tlie  gum  inward  there  is  a  certain  de- 
gree of  feebleness  of  digestion,  accompanied  with  rather  ordinary 
mental  powers;  that  is,  where  the  curve  is  excessive. 

The  outward  cur\'ing  or  projection  of  the  upper  teeth,  if  it  be 
excessive,  so  that  the  teeth  project  forward  and  fall  upon  the  lower 
lip,  denotes  a  certain  degree  of  generosity  and  kindness,  wliich  is 
the  compensation  for  some  mental  or  moral  deficiency.  So  glaring 
a  departure  from  the  normal  or  highest  standard  of  position  argues 
a  corresponding  defect  somewhere  in  the  mind ;  a  physiognomical 
reading  of  the  face  will  reveal  it,  but  as  it  differs  in  different  sub- 
jects its  meaning  must  be  sought  for  in  each  individual  face. 

The  outward  projection  of  the  lower  teeth,  if  excessive^  is  in- 
dicative of  stupid,  brutal,  or  other  undeveloped  conditions.  (See 
section  on  the  "  Lower  Lip,"  in  this  chapter.) 

Form  and  Size  of  the  Teeth. — The  teeth  may  be  divided  gen- 
erally into  broad  and  narrow  and  long  and  short,  witli  tlie  combi- 
nations resulting  from  these  qualities.  As  a  rule,  teeth  wliich  are 
both  broad  and  short  indicate  strong  vital  powers,  allied  to  the  car- 
nivora  in  the  taste ;  that  is  to  say,  a  taste  for  flesh  diet. 

Long  and  narrow  teeth  belong  to  weak  people.  Consump- 
tives oflen  exhibit  this  form.  These  belong  to  the  granivorous, — 
fruit  and  grain  eaters. 

Medium-sized  teeth,  if  regular,  even,  and  normally  placed,  de- 
note a  good  constitution  and  even  temper,  provided  they  are  white 
or  slightly  yellowish-white. 

A  regular  and  even  set  of  teeth  announce  a  normal  develop- 


•      THE   TEETH.  1049 

ment  of  the  bones  of  the  upj^er  and  lower  jaws  ;  hence,  signify 
evenness  of  disposition  and  a  normal  construction  of  the  digestive 
tract. 

Irregular  teeth,  if  large,  show  a  commonplace  mind,  or  ab- 
normal condition  of  mind.  Irregularities  of  the  teeth  and  jaw  are 
most  frequently  met  with  in  those  who  have  inherited  weakly  or 
abnormally  developed  minds  and  bodies.  The  following  I  quote 
from  a  reliable  source  as  strengthening  my  position  upon  this 
point.  Tusks,  or  tushes,  are  caused  by  the  abnormal  development 
of  the  canine  teeth,  and  are  a  reversion  to  carnivorous  types. 
Wherever  found  they  reveal  a  modicum  of  cruelty  or  maHg- 
nancy : — 

By  examining  the  mouths  of  1977  idiots,  there  were  found  to  be  159 
with  protrusion  of  tlie  superior  maxilla  and  92  with  protrusion  of  the 
inferior  maxilla.  These  deformities  do  not  exist  to  such  an  extent  among 
healthy  individuals.* 

Very  white  teeth  of  a  pearly  whiteness  are  found  associated 
with  black  eyes  and  hair  and  a  brunette  complexion. 

Yellowish- white  teeth  appertain  to  the  blonde  and  chatain 
ty])e.  As  a  general  principle,  the  more  the  teeth  and  gums  are 
displayed  in  conversation,  the  less  profound  the  mind. 

Children,  negroes,  and  other  undeveloped  races  show  a  great 
proportion  of  the  teeth  in  conversation.  The  teeth  of  the  up}oer 
and  lower  jaws  of  most  even-tempered  and  thouglitful  persons 
meet  exactly  or  nearly  so ;  those  wliose  upper  or  under  teeth  pro- 
ject greatly  the  one  beyond  the  other  are  uneven  in  temper  and 
not  so  much  developed  in  intellect  as  in  the  passions  and  emotions. 

The  only  physiognomical  observations  by  a  dentist  which  I 
have  been  able  to  iind  on  the  physiognomical  meaning  of  the  teeth 
are  the  following  : — 

In  studying  the  disposition  and  general  physical  make-up  of  man,  in 
connection  with  his  teeth  with  regard  to  artificial  dentures,  I  find  six  gen- 
eral outlines  as  indicative  of  certain  characteristics  theoretically  subject  only 
to  modifications  in  gestation,  education,  and  culture  with  heredity. 

First,  those  teeth  that  .naturally  curve  from  the  gum-margin  in  toward 
the  mouth  represent  the  penurious  disposition.  Second,  those  that  protrude 
toward  the  lips  and  cheeks,  the  inquisitive  disposition.  [He  might  have 
added  the  generous  also.]  Third,  those  that  are  vertical  or  having  a  slightly 
outward  slant  i-epresent  the  even  tempered.  [Very  good  indeed.]  Fourth, 
those  having  a  horseshoe  curve  from  molar  to  molar  around  the  grinding 
and  cutting  surfaces  denote  the  fleshy  and  jolly.  Fifth,  those  teeth  nearl}- 
in  a  straight  line  from  cuspid  to  cuspid,  and  thence  to  lust  molar  having  the 
cuspids  prominent,  indicate  angularity  of  disposition  and  features,  and  a 
slender  body  and  face.  Sixth,  an  easy  oval,  between  the  round  and  angu- 
lar, indicates  full  habit  and  evenly-balanced  organization.f 

»  American  Svstem  of  Dentistry,  Litch,  1887. 

t  Dental  Independent,  p.  122.  AprU,  1883,  J.  M.  Hurlt,  Peoria. 


1050  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

All  this  is  excellent,  and  if  more  dentists  were  to  use  their 
powers  of  observation  and  comparison  in  this  direction  they  could 
supply  a  rich  fund  of  dental  physiognomy.  Emerson,  a  close 
observer  of  facial  characteristics,  observes:  "What  power  and 
what  limitations  the  teeth  betray !"  And  Lavater,  with  his  keen 
observation,  says: — 

Whoever  leaves  his  teeth  foul,  and  does  not  attempt  to  clean  them, 
certainly  betraj^s  much  of  the  negligence  of  his  character,  which  does  liim 
no  honor ;  as  are  the  teeth  of  man,  that  is  to  say,  their  form,  position,  and 
cleanliness  (so  far  as  the  latter  depends  upon  himself),  so  is  his  taste. 

Much,  indeed,  might  be  written  on  the  meanings  of  the  teeth  ;  to  be 
convinced  of  this,  were  we  but  to  observe  the  teeth  of  an  individual  during 
a  single  day,  or  contemplate  with  reference  to  this  particular  an  apartment 
crowded  with  fools,  we  should  not  then  for  a  moment  deny  that  the  teeth 
in  conjunction  witii  the  lips  are  very  characteristic,  or  that  physiognomy  has 
gained  another  token,  which  triumphs  over  all  the  arts  of  dissimulation.* 

ANIMAL   TYPES   OF   TEETH. 

The  beaver  and  squirrel  exhibit  teeth  which  are  indicative  of 
the  acquisitive  and  saving  faculties ;  the  bear  shows  destructive- 
ness  and  malignancy  in  the  form  of  its  teeth,  while  the  tusks  of 
the  wild  boar  and  rhinoceros  reveal  ferocity.  The  rattlesnake 
exhibits  long,  inward-curved  fangs,  denoting  both  weakness  of 
mind  and  brutal  disposition.  Even  in  the  animal  world  the  form 
and  size  of  the  teeth  reveal  mental,  moral,  and  physiological  pecu- 
liarities, as  comparison  of  the  carnivorous  with  the  granivorous 
animals  will  prove. 

The  Gums. 

That  portion  of  the  alveolar  process  in  which  the  teeth  are 
encased  is  commonly  termed  the  "gums;"  this  part  of  the  mouth 
is  of  great  importance  as  a  significator  of  character,  for  it  not  only 
reveals  the  mental  status,  but  it  also  discloses  congenital  physio- 
logical conditions  of  the  alimentary  tract.  These  appearances 
announce  not  only  the  inherited  alimentary  status  of  the  subject, 
but  also  disclose  the  dietetic  habits  of  his  ancestors. 

In  a  normal  condition  of  the  mouth  the  gums  should  not 
show  at  all  in  conversation.  When  the  gums  show  to  a  great 
extent  when  the  mouth  is  in  repose,  or  while  engaged  in  conver- 
sation, it  is  indicative  of  either  a  scrofulous  or  consumptive  tend- 
ency; this  peculiarity  arises  from  a  deteriorated  condition  of  the 
system,  transmitted  from  ancestors  who  have  for  generations  been 
subject  to  very  poor  or  insufficient  diet  and  deprivation  of  social 
and  mental  advantages,  as  is  well  illustrated  by  the  lowest  classes 

*  Larater's  Essays,  p.  396. 


THE   GUMS.  1051 

of  the  Irish,  for  example,  among  whom  good,  nourishing  food  has 
been  wanting  for  generations,  as  well  as  social  and  educational 
facilities.  This  long-continued  deprivation  has  caused  physical 
degeneracy  to  that  extent  as  to  produce  a  face  formed  quite  differ- 
ent from  the  normal  standards,  and  nowhere  does  this  degeneracy 
appear  as  conspicuous  as  in  the  formation  of  the  gums,  lips,  teeth, 
and  jaw-bones.  Emerson,  in  his  "English  Traits,"  remarks 
thus : — 

In  Irish  districts  men  deteriorated  in  size  and  shape.  The  nose  sunk, 
the  gums  were  exposed,  and  brain  diminished.* 

It  does  not  follow  that  there  has  been  in  all  cases  great  poverty 
in  the  ancestors  of  such  scrofulous  subjects  as  expose  their  gums; 
on  the  contrary,  many  persons  who  are  blessed  with  plenty  of 
nourishing  food  habitually  make  use  of  the  least  nourishing  diet, 
either  from  a  depraved  taste,  or  from  utter  ignorance  of  sound 
dietetic  principles.  The  ignorance  of  many  otherwise  intelligent 
mothers  on  the  subject  of  diet  is  perfectly  amazing.  I  have 
observed  a  mother  feeding  a  young  child  at  evening  with  a  dinner 
of  roast  veal,  with  perfect  unconcern,  who  was  quite  sure  that  a 
dish  of  blackberries  would  be  very  unwholesome  for  the  child. 
So  long  as  such  ignorance  prevails  in  regard  to  food,  we  shall  find 
plenty  of  individuals  who  expose  the  ignorance  of  their  parents  by 
their  display  of  gums.  Another  curious  case  of  dietetic  sinning 
came  under  my  observation ;  in  this  instance  an  entire  family  sub- 
sisted mainly  on  bread  and  butter,  pie,  cake,  and  tea,  rarely  eating 
meat  and  vegetables;  this  course  had  been  pursued  for  several 
generations,  but  in  this  case  vanity  was  the  motive  which  prompted 
this  course.  In  the  first  place,  they  sought  to  avoid  labor  and 
expense  by  this  method  of  living,  and  thus  saved  money  with 
which  to  buy  fine  clothing ;  another  motive  involved  was  the  idea 
that  such  food  gave  them  a  thin,  delicate,  and  "aristocratic" 
appearance,  according  to  their  mode  of  thinking;  but  this  "aristo- 
cratic "  look  is,  to  the  eyes  of  the  physiognomist,  a  sign  of  degener- 
acy^-of  impoverished  minds  and  bodies. 

I  have  seen  many  fairly  well  endowed  subjects  who,  upon 
opening  the  mouth,  exposed  a  certain  part  of  the  gums,  both 
upper  and  lower,  but  I  have  never  yet  seen  a  genius  or  person  of 
surpassing  talent  who  exhibited  this  peculiarity.  Those  who  expose 
a  great  portion  of  the  gums,  together  with  a  mouth  which  never 
quite  closes,  are  wanting  in  mental  power,  and  are  not  possessed 
of  great  constitutional  vigor,  for  this  peculiarity  is  indicative  of 
physical  degeneracy ;  that  is,  a  reversion  to  embryonic  types. 

*  Emerson's  English  Traits,  p.  299. 


1052  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

I  have  met  this  peculiarity  amonty  the  poorly-developed  of  all 
races.  It  is  quite  common  among  all  the  undeveloped  races  of  the 
world,  and  points  in  all  cases  primarily  to  long-continued  depriva- 
tion of  nourishing  food. 

Those  mouths  which  entirely  conceal  the  gums  while  in  con- 
versation or  in  singing  belong  to  the  better-bred  (I  use  this  term  in 
a  physiological  and  scientific  sense),  and  often  to  the  thorough-bred, 
the  signs  of  which  I  will  give  later. 

Those  mouths  that  exhibit  very  little  of  the  gums  in  conver- 
sation do  not  indicate  so  great  a  degree  of  degeneracy  of  body 
and  mind  as  where  an  inch  or  more  is  exposed. 

The  color  of  the  gums  is  another  significator  of  character.  If 
they  are  dark  red,  they  denote  an  unhealthy  condition  of  the 
blood.  If  of  a  beautiful,  clear,  pinkish  hue,  they  are  indicative  of 
pure  blood.  If  they  are  very  pale,  or  of  a  whitish  hue,  they  show 
an  anaemic  condition,  and  this  is  associated  with  great  impoverish- 
ment of  the  entire  system. 

The  Tongue. 

The  tongue  is  pre-eminently  an  organ  of  motion;  as  such  it 
is  adapted  to  a  great  variety  of  uses,  all  of  whicli  require  rapidity 
of  movement  and  delicacy  of  sensation.  The  tongue,  although 
not  an  external  feature,  is  yet  of  sufficient  physiognomic  impor- 
tance to  justify  some  description  of  its  stiTicture  and  signification. 

It  is  a  muscular  member,  free  on  all  sides  except  at  its 
root,  which  is  connected  with  the  os  hyoides  (a  small  bone)  by 
muscles  and  ligaments.  It  is  an  organ  of  touch  and  taste,  as  well 
as  of  language.  In  infants  it  aids  suction,  and  man  uses  it  some- 
times in  prehension,  as  do  the  lower  animals. 

Its  primitive  use  is  for  taste,  and  this  function  is  best  devel- 
oped in  the  top,  sides,  and  the  posterior  parts  of  the  upper  surface. 
The  central  portion  possesses  less  delicacy  of  taste  than  the  other 
parts.  The  following  description  of  the  function  of  the  tongue  is 
most  complete  and  instructive:^ — 

Placed  at  the  entrance  of  the  alimentar}^  apparatus,  the  great  object 
of  the  tongue  and  of  its  special  endowment  is  the  choice  of  food — to  reject 
what  is  nauseous  and  noxious,  and  select  and  retain  what  is  grateful  and 
nutritious,  and  it  may  be  affirmed  as  a  general  law  (though  with  some  few 
striking  exceptions)  "that  what  is  good  to  the  taste  will  prove  nutritive  to 
the  S3'stem."  The  tongue  also  in  most  animals  is  an  active  agent  in  suction, 
prehension  of  food,  mastication,  insalivation,  and  deglutition  ;  and  in  man 
it  is  the  great  instrument  for  speech.  In  the  animal  series  it  presents  great 
variety  in  form  and  structure,  which  are  always  in  accordance  with  the 
functions  it  is  to  execute,  and  with  its  endowments  and  limitations.  To 
fulfill  its  several  functions,  the  tongue  must  possess  a  very  complex  struc- 


THE   TONGUE.  1053 

ture ;  it  is  according!}'  highly  organized ;  six  cerebral  nerves  are  distributed 
to  it ;  it  is  freely  supplied  with  blood-vessels.  It  is  covered  by  a  sentient 
and  very  siensitive  papillary  .surtkce,  and  is  essentially  composed  of  muscular 
and  very  irritable  fibre,  which  form  an  intricate  interlacement,  not  unlike 
the  wall  of  the  left  ventricle  of  the  heart.  This  muscular  structure  can 
change  the  form  and  consistence  of  the  organ  with  wonderful  rapidit_y  ;  can 
move  it  in  every  direction,  so  as  to  bring  and  retain  its  sentient  papillae  in 
contact  with  foreign  matter;  can  strike  its  point  with  agility  against  the 
lips  and  teeth,  to  produce  the  artic'ulate  sounds  of  speech;  can  press  and 
bruise  the  food  against  the  palate,  gums,  and  teeth  ;  can  with  great  dexterit}' 
collect  the  particles  together,  pick  them  out  of  ever}'  recess,  and  compress 
them  into  one  mass,  and  then  force  the  whole  backward  through  the  fauces. 
The  tongue  is  described  as  of  various  forms — triangular,  oval,  irregu- 
larly square ;  from  the  nature  of  its  structure,  however,  it  cannot  present 
any  uniform  shape.* 

The  tongue,  as  well  as  the  teeth,  the  lips,  and  mouth,  reveal 
internal  states  and  conditions  of  the  digestive  tract.  Its  form,  size, 
and  flexibility  vary  greatly  in  different  individuals.  It  is  one  of 
the  chief  indicators  of  the  pathological  condition  of  the  stomach, 
bowels,  and  liver,  and  of  the  general  system ;  and  is  relied  upon 
by  physicians  for  knowledge  of  many  abnormal  conditions  of  the 
body. 

As  the  tongue  is  one  of  the  principal  organs  of- speech,  we 
naturally  infer  that  its  peculiarities  of  structure  would  reveal  moral 
and  mental  conditions.  The  normal  structure  shows  more  capacity 
for  truthfulness  than  where  it  is  abnormal;  the  latter  shows  less 
integrity  than  the  former,  as  in  tongue-tied  subjects,  while  relatively 
inferior  intellect  or  weak  morality  is  disclosed  by  hsping,  stuttering, 
etc.  Other  peculiar  methods  of  speaking,  as  though  the  mouth 
were  full  of  saliva,  for  example,  point  to  some  defect  of  the  mental 
organization.  Those  who  lisp  betray  a  relatively  childish  condition 
of  the  intellect,  and  are  to  be  suspected  (if  the  lisp  is  very 
pronounced)  of  want  of  strict  veracity,  or,  at  least,  of  childish 
judgment. 

In  some  subjects  the  tongue  is  broad,  thick,  and  short.  This 
form  is  associated  with  a  wide  moutli,  and  usually  with  a  short, 
stocky,  muscular  frame. 

A  long,  naiTOw,  thin,  flexible  tongue  is  associated  with  a  tall, 
thin,  sinewy  body ;  often  lithe,  agile,  and  graceful. 

As  the  tongue  is  the  chief  agent  in  vocal  expression,  its 
normal  or  abnormal  structure  would  point  to  mental  and  moral 
peculiarities,  as  well  as  reveal  a  sound  or  unsound  physical  condi- 
tion of  this  member.  The  mind  and  body  being  a  unity  are  so 
closely  interwoven  that  it  is  impossible  to  separate  function  from 
faculty;  hence,  whichever  part  of  the  organism  reveals  abnormal 

*  Practical  Anatomy,  B.  Harrison,  M.D.,  p.  492. 


1054  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

structure  reveals  at  the  same  time  some  defect  of  the  mental  or 
moral  power,  and  nowhere  is  this  better  proven  than  in  the  pecu- 
liarities of  the  organs  of  speech. 

Physiognomy  of  Smiles  and  Laughter. 

Smiles  and  laughter  are  parts  of  one  act,  the  one  passive,  the 
other  active.  Smiling  expresses  a  great  deal,  yet  not  so  much  as 
laughter,  for  in  smiling  the  muscles  of  the  lips,  cheeks,  and  eyes 
only  are  concerned;  in  laughing  the  muscles  of  the  Ups,  mouth, 
cheeks,  eyelids,  as  well  as  those  of  the  diaphragm  and  the  respira- 
tory organs,  are  involved. 

Laughter  is  not  always  the  expression  of  simple  pleasure  and 
amusement,  although  that .  is  its  primitive  motive,  as  in  the  inno- 
cent, mirthful  smiles  of  the  infant. 

Laughter  may  be  sarcastic,  sardonic,  malignant,  scornful,  de- 
moniacal, maniacal,  hypocritical,  brutal,  coarse,  idiotic,  silly,  sensual, 
amative,  sensuous,  loving,  joyful,  affectionate,  approbative,  or 
mirthful.  In  endeavoring  to  express  such  a  variety  of  emotions 
and  sentiments,  it  is  to  be  supposed  that  all  of  the  features  of  the 
face  are  brought  into  use,  as  well  as  many  of  the  glands,  muscles, 
and  organs  of  the  body;  hence,  smiles  and  laughter  are  most  potent 
indices  of  character,  and  to  the  physiognomist  reveal  much  of  the 
character.  The  intonations  alone  of  each  individual  carry  with 
them  great  knowledge  of  his  mental,  moral,  and  physical  status, 
and  this  aside  from  the  mere  expression  of  tlie  face.  Smiles  and 
laughter  are  as  individualized  and  characteristic  as  are  the  eyes, 
nose,  or  mouth;  how  can  it  be  otherwise  when  we  see  that  each 
diversely  shaped  mouth  and  cheeks  produce  movements  in  accord- 
ance with  their  own  peculiar  form,  and  each  voice  produces  audible 
sounds  in  harmony  with  its  own  peculiar  pitch  and  development  of 
internal  organs  1 

Laughter  may  be  exhibited  by  a  snicker,  giggle,  or  chuckle, 
by  musical  tones,  or  by  a  rude  haw-haw-haw,  or  by  a  hearty  and 
spontaneous  ha-lia-ha,  coming  right  from  the  depths  of  the  dia- 
phragm, and  expressing  honest,  frank,  good-natured  fun  and 
mirth.  Each  of  these  methods  conveys  a  distinct  meaning.  So, 
too,  smiling  may  be  shown  by  a  smirk  or  simper,  or  by  a  scornful, 
sarcastic  look ;  or  it  may  express  approval,  or  quiet,  suppressed 
mirth,  or  tlie  passive  simplicity  and  innocence  of  infancy.  Each 
of  these  announces  different  meanings  and  motives.  A  man  smiles 
quite  differently  to  a  female  than  to  one  of  his  own  sex ;  he  moves 
different  muscles  for  this  purpose — some,  at  least — and  puts 
into  his  eyes  quite  a  different  expression  than  when  he  is  address- 


PHYSIOGNOMY   OF   SMILES   AND   LAUGHTER.  1055 

ing  another  man.  A  woman,  too,  looks  up  into  the  face  of  a  man 
with  quite  a  different  smile  from  that  with  which  she  greets  her 
sister-woman.     Says  one  of  Whittier's  lovers: — 

"You  tempt  me  with  your  laughing  eyes, 
Your  cheek  of  sundown's  blushes." 

The  muscles  which  surround  the  mouth  and  eyes,  and  which 
promote  laughter,  are  purely  human;  no  animal  has  a  similar 
muscular  development. 

The  muscle  which  surrounds  the  eye — the  orbicularis  (see 
figure  at  the  head  of  tliis  chapter) — is  for  the  pui-pose  of  protecting 
the  eyes  in  laughing,  crying,  and  in  the  exercise  of  other  functions ; 
hence  its  development  conveys  physiognomical  meaning.  Its  uses 
are  well  defined  by  Sir  Charles  Bell.     He  observes  thus: — 

The  orbicularis  muscle  of  the  eyelids  acts  powerfully  in  certain  kinds 
of  expression.  In  laughing  and  crying,  the  outer  circle  of  this  muscle,  as 
it  contracts,  gathers  up  the  skin  about  the  eye,  and  at  the  same  time  it 
compresses  the  eyeball.  A  new  interest  is  given  to  the  subject  when  we 
inquire  into  the  subject  of  that  compression ;  it  has  a  distinct  relation  to 
the  circulation  of  the  blood  within  the  eye.  During  every  violent  act  of  ex- 
piration, whether  in  hearty  laughter,  weeping,  coughing,  or  sneezing,  the 
eyeball  is  firmly  compressed  by  the  fibres  of  the  orbicularis,  and  this  is  a 
provision  for  supporting  and  defending  the  muscular  system  of  the  interior 
of  the  eye  from  a  retrograde  imi)ulse  communicated  to  the  blood  in  the 
veins  at  that  time.  When  we  contract  the  chest  and  expel  the  air  there  is 
a  retardation  of  the  blood  in  the  veins  of  the  neck  and  head  ;  and  in  the 
more  powerful  acts  of  expulsion  the  blood  not  only  distends  the  vessels, 
but  is  even  regurgitated  into  the  minute  branches.  Were  the  eye  not 
properly  compressed  at  that  time  irreparable  injury  might  be  inflicted  on 
the  delicate  texture  on  the  interior  of  the  e3'e.  Hence  we  see  a  reason  for 
the  closed  state  of  the  eyelids  and  wrinkling  of  the  surrounding  skin  and 
twinkling  of  the  eye  in  heart}'  laughter.* 

It  is  the  active  and  habitual  exercise  of  this  muscle  which 
causes  the  puffy  and  wrinkled  appearance  of  the  sensualist;  this 
appearance  tells  in  language  unmistakable  that  sensuality  is  one 
of  his  dominant  vices.  It  is  found  in  the  faces  of  both  young  and 
old,  but  is  most  noticeable  in  the  faces  of  males. 

An  individual  who  is  observed  to  have  always  a  smile,  simper, 
or  smirk  on  his  face  evidences  an  overweening  degree  of  appro- 
bativeness  and  desire  to  be  approved  of  others,  and  this  argues  a 
want  of  independence  of  character — one  who  relies  more  on  the 
opinion  of  the  world  than  on  his  own  conduct  for  satisfaction. 
Such  characters  are  never  great  and  broad,  but  show  small  capacity, 
and,  by  endeavoring  to  please  every  one,  divert  attention  from  their 
real  character, — or,  rather,  want  of  character, — and  so  get  judgment 
in  their  favor.     So  supei-ficial  is  the  estimate  of  the  world  that  foam, 

*  Anatomy  of  Ebcpression,  Sir  Charles  BeU,  p.  89. 


1056  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

froth,  and  nonentity  often  excite  more  commendation  than  the 
most  substantial  traits  of  characters  which  do  not  present  quite  so 
attractive  and  starthng  an  exterior. 

A  loud,  boisterous  laugh  belongs  to  a  rude,  unrefined  person. 
A  clear,  mellow,  ringing  laugh,  not  too  loud,  announces  a  clear- 
minded,  harmonious  character.  The  chuckling  or  suppresst^d 
laugh  tells  us  that  we  have  a  secretive  nature  to  deal  with. 
Laughter  which  is  spontaneous  and  full  of  merry  tones,  "like  the 
jinghng  of  sweet  bells,"  discloses  a  frank,  merry  person,  not  yet 
spoiled  by  the  world  and  the  greed  of  mammon.  A  rude,  short, 
loud  "horse-laugh"  tells  us  of  a  most  disgusting,  rude,  unfeeling 
brute.  The  hollow,  affected  laugh  discloses  an  empty  skull  and  a 
hollow  heart ;  its  exhibitor  will  do  neither  good  nor  harm  to  any 
one.  A  sharp,  slirill  laugh  is  evidence  of  a  thin  physique  and  an 
excitable  temper,  witli  an  unbalanced  and  commonplace  mind. 

The  laugh,  like  the  tone  of  the  voice  used  in  speaking,  is  an 
unmistakable  signification  of  sexual  conditions  and  powers,  as  well 
as  the  exponent  of  other  functional  states.  This  fact  assists  still 
further  in  the  proof  before  stated  in  this  chapter,  viz.,  that  "all 
those  parts  of  the  organism  which  depend  upon  the  same  organ 
system  for  their  power  exhibit  unity  of  action  and  similar  results." 
The  proof  of  the  above-stated  principles  are,  perhaps,  better  un- 
derstood by  the  majority  of  the  people  than  many  other  physio- 
logical laws,  because  all  persons  have  observed  what  is  called  the 
"change  of  voice,"  which  is  very  marked  in  boys  approaching  the 
age  of  puberty.  A  change  also  takes  place  at  this  time  in  the 
voice  of  females,  but  is  not  so  perceptible.  This  change  of  voice 
is  correlated  with  a  marked  change  and  development  in  the  re- 
productive system.  Now,  all  the  organs  involved  in  reproduction 
are  mainly  muscular  and  fibroid,  as  are  also  the  organs  involved 
in  the  use  of  the  voice. 

Those  persons  who  are  the  most  gifted  in  vocal  expression,  in 
song  and  oratory,  such  as  our  first-class  opera-singers,  prima 
donnas,  tenors,  and  basses,  and  the  great  orators  and  elocutionists 
of  tlie  world,  must  possess  sound  and  powerful  reproductive  sys- 
tems. I  believe  that  the  record  of  their  lives  will  bear  me  out  in 
this  statement,  as  well  as  the  principle  that  creative  art  derives 
assistance  from  the  procreative  function.  It  is  shown,  in  the 
"Evolution  of  Man,"  by  Haeckel,  and  others,  that  intelligence  in 
the  animal  species  did  not  progress  greatly  until  after  a  marked 
development  of  the  reproductive  system  took  place ;  and  that  from 
that  time  on  initil  man  was  evolved  the  intelligence  of  the  animal 
kingdom  progressed  in  the  ratio  that  the  reproductive  system  de- 
veloped.    We  cannot  separate  the  mind  from  the  body,  nor  mental 


THE   NECK.  1057 

faculties  from  physical  functions ;  they  are  bound  together  by  the 
God  of  Nature,  and  what  God  has  joined  together  no  man  can 
put  asunder. 

There  is  another  pliysiological  fact  known  generally,  and  that 
is,  that  as  the  sexual  powers  decline  the  voice  also  loses  its  vigor 
and  richness. 

From  these  observations  I  think  we  are  justified  in  consider- 
ing the  voice  one  indication  of  sexual  conditions  and  powers,  and 
the  laugh,  by  its  tones,  enlightens  us  on  this  point  just  as  well  as 
does  the  voice  in  speaking  and  singing.  Still  another  proof  of  the 
connection  between  the  remote  parts  of  the  muscular  and  fibroid 
system  is  had  in  the  voices  of  eunuchs,  and  in  the  soprano  voices 
of  the  male  singers  in  the  Pope's  choir.  Emasculation  in  both 
cases  has  produced  great  and  radical  changes  in  the  voices  of  these 
two  classes  of  males.  Any  unprejudiced  person  can  trace  out 
these  connections  and  correlations  in  tlie  human  organism — these 
which  are  so  apparent  to  the  senses.  Most  of  the  laws  and  prin- 
ciples laid  down  in  this  system  of  physiognomy  are  so  susceptible 
to  demonstration  to  the  senses  alone,  that  one  is  hardly  called  upon, 
as  Tyndall  remarks: — 

To  picture  with  the  eyes  of  the  mind  those  operations  which  entirely 
elude  tlie  eyes  of  the  body. 

Observation  and  reflection,  added  to  a  love  of  truth  and  a 
candid  mind,  are  all  that  are  needed  for  this  study. 

The  Neck. 

The  physiognomical  language  of  the  neck  is  one  very  great 
aid  toward  the  comprehension  of  character.  The  neck  of  each 
human  being,  and  of  each  animal  and  species,  is  a  revelation  of 
the  entire  organism.  As  each  leaf,  twig,  and  branch  are  indices 
of  the  tree  upon  which  they  grow,  and  the  leaf  in  many  instances 
repeats  the  form  or  outline  of  the  tree,  so  the  neck  of  man  or  beast 
is  highly  significant  both  of  the  head  and  body  which  it  connects ; 
not  only  is  it  an  expounder  of  tlie  physical  structure  of  man,  but 
it  most  conspicuously  reveals  his  mental  and  moral  conditions  and 
qualities. 

The  neck  is  a  member  of  motion,  and  is  used  in  nearly  every 
act  of  the  indiA  idual ;  it  is  capable  of  great  diversity  as  well  as 
great  rapidity  of  movement. 

The  physiognomical  importance  of  the  neck  must  be  apparent 
wlien  we  come  to  consider  its  27psition  and  its  office.  It  connects 
the  head  with  the  trunk,  and  within  its  area  it  holds  the  organs  of 
the  voice ;  it  assists  in  conveying  air  to  and  from  the  lungs,  and 

07 


1058  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the  food  from  the  mouth  to  the  stomach;  it  is  also  the  member 
that  incloses  the  muscles  of  veins,  arteries,  and  nerves  which  fur- 
nish the  brain  with  power  to  act.  These  air-passages  and  a  food- 
tube,  which  are  situated  in  the  neck,  connect  directly  with  the  two 
principal  facial  features,  viz.,  the  mouth  and  nose ;  hence,  the  neck 
must,  by  its  size,  form,  and  length,  stand  in  direct  relation,  not 
only  to  the  alimentary  and  respiratory  powers,  but  it  must  also  be 
characteristic  of  the  face  and  entire  body  and  mind. 

The  nearer  the  organs  of  alimentation  and  respiration  are  to 
the  brain,  the  more  rapidly  is  that  organ  supplied  with  nourishing 
blood.  And  as  the  thick,  short  neck  is  associated  with  a  relatively 
broad  hody^  this  combination  would  produce  a  large  supply  of 
blood;  now,  a  large  quantity  of  blood  moving  rapidly  to  the  brain 
would  give  the  greatest  power  for  the  mental  process,  and  if,  with 
such  formation,  there  be  a  brain  of  lilgh  quality^  we  shall  find  the 
most  sagacious  and  profound  minds.  Napoleon  I  is  an  excellent  ex- 
ample of  this  construction;  his  body  was  barrel-shaped,  his  brain 
was  large,  of  high  quality,  and  his  neck  was  so  short  that  his  head 
seemed  resting  on  his  shoulders ;  his  legs  were  short,  and  this  gave 
him  the  appearance  of  being  short,  and  gained  for  him  from  his 
soldiers  the  title  of  the  "  little  Corporal." 

The  elephant  among  animals  is  the  most  able  reasoner ;  its 
head  sits  Napoleon-like  on  its  shoulders ;  it  is  so  sagacious  that  it 
has  no  need  of  either  long  legs  or  long  neck  to  protect  itself. 

The  length  of  the  neck  is  a  most  significant  indicator  of  char- 
acter. Long,  thin  necks  are  associated  with  narrow,  sloping 
shoulders,  and  usually  with  a  flat  chest  and  angular,  high  head. 
The  character  of  such  form  is  either  timidity,  or  sensitiveness,  or 
both.  The  greyhound,  deer,  and  giraffe  among  animals  illus- 
trate these  qualities.  Now,  timidity  is  not  the  accompaniment  of 
great  mental  power;  Nature,  therefore,  endeavors  to  compensate 
her  long-necked  children  by  either  excessive  caution,  which  makes 
them  watchful  and  alert,  or  she  gives  them  length  and  leanness  to 
make  them  fleet  in  their  movements.  To  some  she  gives  se7isitive- 
ness,  which  is  a  great  protection,  as  it  enables  them  to  see,  hear, 
feel,  and  intuitively  perceive  dangers  which  might  overpower  them 
were  their  senses  dull ;  in  their  case,  sensitiveness  of  the  senses  is 
a  great  compensation  for  deep  and  profound  thought  or  slow 
movements. 

The  following  analysis,  by  Dr.  Cross,  of  the  significance  of  the 
long  neck  is  most  admirable,  and  in  this  connection  quite  apt.  He 
remarks  thus : — 

The  length  of  the  neck  is  principally  subservient  to  the  ears,  the  sen- 
tinels appointed  to  watch  over  personal  safety.    Accordingly,  those  animals 


THE   NECK.  1059 

which  are  exposed  to  danger  from  their  stronger  neiglibors  have  elevated 
ears  and  long  necks,  and  all  animals,  when  under  apprehension  of  danger, 
stretch  the  neck  for  the  purpose  of  elevating  the  ears.  The  strength  of  the 
neck,  on  the  other  hand,  is  devoted  to  the  service  of  the  mouth  as  a  grasper. 
The  prompt,  predaceous  e\'e  can  dispense  with  elevation  for  the  sake  of 
strength  ;  accordingly,  strong,  courageous  animals  are  endowed  with  short, 
thick  necks,  and  in  making  an  onset  actually  contract  the  neck  so  that  they 
may  be  al)le  to  impel  tlieir  teeth  against  the  prey.  In  the  endowment 
of  weak,  timid  animals  wMth  long,  mobile  necks,  and  of  strong,  coura- 
geous animals  with  short,  thick  necks,  may  be  seen  a  slight  specimen 
of  divine  wisdom  and  benelicence.  Where  strength  is  largely  bestowed 
rapidity  of  movement  and  of  discernment  is  withheld,  and  where  strength 
is  withheld  compensation  is  almost  made  b}'  rapidity  of  movement  and  of 
discernment,  whereby  that  danger  which  cannot  be  withstood  may  be  for 
a  time  eluded.  Accordingl}-,  the  short  neck  is  generally  the  muscular  neck, 
as  the  rough  and  well-marked  processes  and  ridges  at  the  base  of  the  skull 
testify,  and  is  also  generally  accompanied  by  the  large  head  and  the 
energetic  intellect.* 

Many  of  the  most  profound  scholars,  able  generals  and  com- 
manders, astute  statesmen,  and  far-sighted  merchants  exhibit  the 
short,  thick,  muscular  neck. 

The  principal  traits  revealed  by  the  size,  form,  color,  texture, 
motion,  and  position  of  the  neck  are  as  follow : — 

Will,  Sagacity,  Avarice, 

Araativeness,  Timidity,  Veneration, 

Sensuality,  Gracefulness,  Youth, 

Self-esteem,  Coquetry,  Old  age. 

Attention,  Hypocrisy, 

THE   WILLFUL   NECK. 

The  willful  neck  is  short  and  thick,  and  is  indicative  of  a 
large  endowment  of  the  muscular  system,  hence  is  associated  with 
broad  shoulders,  deep  chest,  large  abdomen,  and  round  head ;  this 
build  gives  large  force  and  resistance.  With  a  good  quality  of 
hrain  in  combination  we  have  the  intellect  of  a  Napoleon,  a  Lu- 
ther, a  Bismarck,  or  a  Cleveland.  Those  with  this  form  of  neck 
partake  somewhat  of  the  nature  of  the  bull  and  the  bull-dog,  and 
are  capable  of  great  resistance  and  aggression  as  well ;  they  are 
the  kind  of  men  that  "  cany  the  war  into  Africa "  when  neces- 
sary. This  trait  is  essential  in  executive  positions,  also  in  sea- 
captains,  engineers,  etc.,  and  many  of  the  latter  are  of  this  short, 
stocky,  sturdy  build;  it  requires  a  good  short  neck  for  these  po- 
sitions. Henry  the  VIH's  portrait  is  a  most  striking  illustration  of 
Self-will ;  to  this  trait  he  added  large  Amativeness,  and  under  the 
influence  of  these  two  mighty  passions  he  threw  off  the  yoke  of  the 

»  All  Attempt  to  Establish  Physiognomy  on  Scientific  Principles,  John  Cross,  M.D.,  p.  144, 


1060 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


Roman  hierarchy;  his  tremendous  will  enabled  him  to  successfully 
cope  with  that  then  powerful  institution.  Martin  Luther  illustrates 
another  sort  of  will,  a  will  allied  to  large  moral  force,  and  he,  too, 
was  successful.  Bismarck,  the  great  German  statesman,  has  shown 
what  will  allied  to  statecraft  can  do.  Grover  Cleveland  has  made 
a  striking  exhibition  of  will,  associated  with  executive  power,  and 
has  been  able  to  resist  the  onslaughts  of  all  the  "cross-road"  poli- 
ticians in  their  endeavors  to  "  run  "  the  government  for  him.  This 
neck  is  indicative  of  apoplectic  tendencies. 


Fig.  321.— the  WILLFUL  NECK.    (Henry  VTH,  Kikg  of  England.) 

Born  1441.  This  portrait  illustrates  in  a  remarkable  manner  the  presence  of  Self- 
will.  This  is  shown  not  alone  by  the  structure  of  the  neck,  but  also  by  the  entire 
organism.  The  combination  of  the  facial  signs  reveals  a  selfish,  despo'tic  will  and 
unbridled  Amativeness,  which,  backed  by  such  a  tremendous  will,  made  his  char- 
acter detestable.  He  possessed  a  pood  decree  of  learning  for  his  time.  It  was  said 
of  him  that  "he  never  spared  man  in  his  anger  nor  woman  in  his  lust."  He  was  an 
able  statesman,  bold  and  defiant.  He  onj)osed  successfully  the  powerful  Roman 
hierarchy  and  assumed  control  of  the  Church  of  England,  which  has  since  been 
held  by  all  succeeding  sovereigns. 

The  Amative  Neclc. — Amativeness  is  another  attribute  disclosed 
by  the  short,  thick,  muscular  neck,  for  those  in  whom  the  mus- 
cular is  one  of  the  superior  systems  are  the  most  amative  and 
passionate.  The  amative  neck  in  females  is  often  very  beautiful, 
soft,  and  white ;  it  is  never  long  and  thin,  but  has  considerable 
adipose  tissue  in  combination  with  the  muscular  development. 

The  vegetative  neck  is  not  to  be  confounded  with  the  muscu- 
lar neck ;  the  vegetative  neck  is  composed  mainly  of  soft,  fat  tissue, 
with  numerous  deep  folds ;  it  denotes  the  glutton,  also  negative 
character,  neither  active,  artistic,  nor  mental,  except  in  a  most 
limited  degree. 


THE   NECK. 


1061 


Sensualists'  necks  partake  somewhat  of  the  muscular  and  the 
vegetative ;  they  are  relatively  short,  somewliat  wrinkled,  and  red. 

TJie  Neck  of  Self-esteem. — Self-esteem  is  shown  more  by  the 
manner  of  caiTying  the  head  than  by  the  shape  of  the  neck ;  when 
this  trait  is  large  the  head  is  carried  in  an  erect  and  lofty  man- 
ner, firm,  rather  long  than  short,  and  on  a  line  with  the  backbone. 


Fig.  322.— the  amative  NECK.    (MARCHIONESS  DB  Pompadour, 
OF  France.) 

Bom  1715.  A  handsome  and  talented  woman,  and  favorite  of  King  Louis  XV. 
This  iady  was  skilled  in  statecraft,  and  exerted  a  controlling  influence  f)ver  the  king 
until  lier  deutli.  The  head  is  xliplitlv  turned  a-ide.  thus  showing  the  att'able  approba- 
tion of  the  woman  of  the  world  and  of  society.  The  .Marchioness  was  noted  for  her 
tact,  graceful  manners,  and  astntenes-s.  It  is  said  by  historians  that  she  took  a  lead- 
ing part  in  bringing  about  the  war  of  1756. 


If  it  be  excessive  the  head  will  incline  -slightly  backward,  exhibit- 
ing a  pompous,  egotistic  attitude;  a  glance  at  these  ceremonious 
"  turi-y-drops "  will  show  that  the  facial  sign  for  Self-esteem  (length 
of  the  upper  lip)  is  very  marked. 

The  Attentive  NecJc. — The   power  for  close  and   prolonged 
observation  is  one  attribute  of  a  very  good  intellect,  and  is  the 


1062 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


characteristic  of  all  really  intelligent  persons.  Indeed,  so  highly  is 
this  trait  ranked  by  the  greatest  minds,  that  Lord  Bacon  has 
remarked  of  this  faculty,  that  "genius  is  only  protracted  patience," 
and  Lord  Chesterfield  observes:  "The  power  of  applying  the 
attention  steadily  and  undissipatedly  to  a  single  subject  is  the  sure 
mark  of  a  superior  genius." 

The  physiognomical  language  of  attention  is  shown  by  a 
forward  and  sliglitly  sidewise  direction  of  the  neck  and  head. 
The  portraits  of  Watt  the  inventor  exliibit  this  position;  also  the 


'l;. 


X 


^^  '^^ 


^ 


B'T^ 


Fig.  323.— the  ATTENTIVE  NECK.    (James  Watt,  Inventor  and  Author.) 

Born  in  England,  1769.  The  long-continued  thought  and  close  observation  which 
the  subject  of  this  sketch  practiced  have  left  their  impress  upon  every  feature  and 
line  of  the  face.  The  head,  bent  forward  in  the  pursuit  of  knowledge,  is  quite  dif- 
ferent in  its  aspect  from  that  of  the  miser,  Elwes,  in  pursuit  of  gold.  James  Watt 
was  one  of  the  world's  benefactors,  for  his  discoveries  have  enriched  posterity  by 
labor-saving  principles.  He  will  live  in  the  memory  of  man  as  long  as  great  and  useful 
minds  are  appreciated. 

portraits  of  Captain  Cook,  Sir  Joseph  Banks,  Dr.  Jenner,  and 
Thomas  Alva  Edison.  Dr.  Cross  has  made  most  just  observation 
of  this  peculiarity,  for  of  it  he-  remarks  thus : — 

As  the  neck  is  the  stalk  upon  which  the  senses  are  held  up  to  take 
their  survey  of  the  necessaries  and  comforts  of  life,  so  the  posture  or  atti- 
tude of  the  neck  must  mark  the  earnestness  of  the  character  in  the  pursuit 
after  these  necessaries  and  comforts.  The  earnestness  of  the  animal  is 
indicated  by  the  direction  of  the  neck ;  the  more  the  neck  is  bent  forward, 
the  more  are  the  senses  bent  upon  these  objects.* 

The  heads  of  careless,  thoughtless  persons  never  present  this 
forward  inclination. 

*  An  Attempt  to  Establish  Physiognomy  on  Scientific  Principles,  John  Cross,  M.D.,  p.  146. 


THE  NEC^. 


106-^ 


The  Sagacious  Ned'. — The  most  sagacious  men  and  animals 
exhibit  muscular  necks  of  large  size,  but  so  short  as  to  make  the 
head  appear  connected  with  the  shoulders. 

The  elephant  is  a  good  illustmtion  among  animals  of  this 
peculiarity  and  its  associated  sagacity. 

The  Timid  Neck. — Those  animals  which  exhibit  long  and 
thin  necks  are  characterized  by  extreme  timidity  and  sensitiveness, 
as  witness  the  deer  tribes,  the  greyhound,  and  the  giraffe. 


Fio.  824.— THE  SAGACIOUS  NECK.    (Napoleon  Bonaparte,  Eupbrob 
OF  France.) 

Bom  in  Ajaccio,  Corsica,  1769.  Bonaparte  was  an  able  military  commander  and 
rose  to  the  highest  positions  from  the  hnnil)lest  ranks.  This  subject  is  one  of  the 
most  fascinating  characters  in  history.  His  life  has  been  written  by  many  authors, 
and,  however  tney  differ  on  minor  points,  all  award  him  the  p^^lm  for  sagacity, 
breadth,  and  astuteness  of  intellect.  Tbe  nearness  of  the  vital  organ.s — the  heart  arid 
lungs — to  the  broatl  and  liigh  head  gave  a  great  quantity  of  well-oxygenated  blood 
to  tnat  organ,  and  caused  liim  to  be  both  proini>t  and  profound  in  his  mental  opera- 
tions. He  pos.sessed  wliat  I  term  a  "c^liess''  head  ;  that  is,  a  brain  suited  to  maKing 
grand  combinations  with  ease.  The  physiognomical  as  well  as  physiological  signin- 
cationof  tlie  fonn  of  his  neck,  and  the  manner  in  wliich  it  is  set  unon  his  shoulders, 
are  quite  apparent  to  the  ph  vsiognomist,  for  the  v  dis<'lose  enormous  Will  and  Amati  ve- 
ness,  as  well  as  Sagacity.  "Tlie  moral  sense  of  S'apoleon  was  .sadly  deficient.  Of  him 
Emerson  wrote:  "He  "is  a  boundless  liar;  he  has  not  the  merit  of  common  truth 
and  honesty."  His  treatment  of  women,  particularly  of  Madame  de  Stael.  can  only 
be  explained  on  the  ground  of  jealousy  of  her  sui)erior  mental  endowment.  With 
all  his  ability,  be  did  not  know  how  to  attach  this  great  woman  to  him  and  use  her 
talents  for  the  nation's  good  and  glory.  Napoleon's  vigorous  intellect  was  inherited 
from  his  mother,  who  possessed  uncommon  strength  of  character. 

The  long  and  thin  neck  in  the  human  being  denotes  timidity, 
and  if  the  inherited  quality  be  of  a  high  grade  extreme  sensitive- 
ness will  be  exhibited  as  well.  This  type  is  apt  to  be  a  prey  to 
consunlption  or  dyspepsia ;  the  giraffe  is  often  afflicted  with  dys- 
pepsia even  in  a  state  of  nature. 

The  Graceful  Neck. — The  graceful  neck  is  not  to  be  con- 
founded with  the  long  and  thin  neck.     The  graceful  neck  must. 


1064 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


indeed,  be  rather  long,  yet  one  element  of  its  gracefulness  is  found 
in  its  correct  proportion  ;  it  must  harmonize  with  tlie  shoulders  and 
bust  as  well  as  with  the  head.  This  neck  is  a  mark  of  an  aifable 
disposition.  The  portraits  of  the  Princess  of  Wales,  Ex-Empress 
Eugenie,  Mrs.  Langtry,  Lady  Blessington,  the  Duchess  of  Leinster, 
Pauline  Bonaparte,  the  Empress  Josephine,  and  Mary  Anderson 


Fig.  325.— the  graceful  neck.    (Joskphine,  Ex-Empress  op  France.) 

Bom  at  the  Island  of  Martinique,  176.S.  Wife  of  the  Eynperor  Kapoleon  Bona- 
parte. This  subject  was  one  of  the  most  beautiful  women  who  ever  graced  a  throne. 
She  was  noted  for  her  graceful  manners,  her  affable  and  ingenuous  aisposition,  and 
her  generosity.  She  was  one  of  the  best  sovereigns  of  France,  and  retained  until  her 
death  the  high  esteem  and  respect  of  all  who  knew  her. 

exhibit  graceful,  white,  and  rounded  necks.  The  graceful  neck 
may  be  long  or  short,  but  it  must  be  proportioned  to  the  shoulders 
and  body  which  it  connects ;  it  must  be  molded  in  a  circular  form, 
of  a  clear  white  or  clear  olive  or  black  color,  smooth  and  polished  in 
texture,  and  intelligent  and  graceful  in  motion.  These  necks  are  not 
rare,  but  the  present  fashions  give  little  opportunity  for  their  dis- 


THE   NECK. 


1065 


play — which  is  to  be  regretted,  as  practical  observation  of  the  most 
beautiful  parts  of  the  human  frame  tends  to  create  a  high  ideal  of 
beauty ;  for  this  reason  natural  beauties  should  be  constantly  before 
our  eyes.  The  customary  freedom  in  dress,  as  practiced  by  the 
Greeks,  gave  to  them  a  universal  conception  of  the  beauty  of  the 
human  form,  and  this  cultivated  taste   evolved  those  immortal 


Fig.  326.— the  NECK  OF  COQUETRY.    (Margtterite,  Countess  of 
Blessington;  Author  and  Society  Leader.) 

Bom  in  Ireland,  1789.  The  livelj'  face  which  accompanies  this  sketch  is  that  of 
one  of  the  most  charming  of  society  women.  Her  talents,  beauty,  and  agreeable 
manners  and  conversation  drew  to  her  residence,  Gere  Home,  London,  the  most  emi- 
nent men  and  women  of  her  day.  She  was  witty  and  droll  in  conversation,  to  which 
she  added  an  arch  and  agreeable  coquetry,  which  well  became  her  style.  The  carriage 
of  the  head  and  position  of  the  necK  are  rich  in  physiognomic  meaning. 

masterpieces  of  the  ancient  Greek  sculptors  which  are  found  in 
the  galleries  of  Europe,  and  which  are  the  models  of  artists  and 
the  admiration  of  the  ages. 

The  Language  of  Coquetry. — The  coquette  reveals  her  dis- 
position by  tossing  and  nodding  the  head  sidewise  and  forward 
while  in  conversation  with  the  opposite  sex,  and  by  holding  her 
head  sidewise  while  in  conversation. 


1066  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  Language  of  Hypocrisy. — This  is  shown  by  an  appear- 
ance of  deference  and  humihty,  by  a  too  conspicuous  bending  of 
the  neck  forward,  and  the  casting  down  the  eyes  with  a  sort  of 
"Uriah  Heep"  expression  in  the  face. 

The  Avaricions  Neck. — Avarice  stretches  the  long,  shriveled 
neck  far  forward  with  all  the  eagerness  of  a  hound  in  pursuit  of 
its  prey. 

llie  Language  of  Veneration. — Veneration  bends  the  head 
downward  toward  the  breast  in  a  devout  attitude. 


Fio.  327.— THE  AVARICIOUS  NECK.    (JOHN  Elwes,  M.P.,  OF  England.) 

This  subject  was  not  only  a  most  avaricions  character,  but  was  also  a  great 
miser.  These  traits  he  inherited  from  both  his  maternal  and  paternal  ancestry, 
hence  he  received  a  large  and  most  Intensified  degree  of  both  traits.  A  comparison 
of  his  neck  with  that  of  Watt  will  disclose  very  diverse  characteristics  :  both  reach 
forward,  but  it  is  easy  to  divine  that  they  reach  for  very  ditferent  objects.  This 
gentleman  was  a  great"  gambler,  but  so  saving  was  he  that  after  sitting  up  a  whole 
night  to  play  for  thousands  of  pounds  he  would  walk  seventeen  miles  to  one  of  his 
estates  rather  than  pay  for  riding.  Mr.  Elwes  was  a  wealthy  man  and  had  the  manners 
of  a  gentleman,  but  lived  in  filth  and  penury.  His  entire  living  cost  but  fifty  pounds 
per  year.  He  left  to  his  two  natural  sons  eight  hundred  thousand  pounds'sterling. 
His  face  wears  a  very  sharp,  keen,  alert  expression,  but  all  his  quicKness  of  appre- 
hension was  turned  to  gainmg. 

The  Youthful  Nech. — Youth  moves  the  neck  with  animal-like 
freedom  in  order  to  constantly  bring  the  surroundings  into  view. 
The  white,  smooth,  rounded  neck  of  a  healthy  child  or  infant  is  a 
beautiful  object,  yet  it  only  expresses  youth  and  has  no  other 
meaning. 

The  Gluttonous  Nech. — Two  or  three  deep  wrinkles  running 
completely  around  the  neck  of  an  adult  bespeak  a  large  degree  of 
the  vegetative  system  and  gluttonous  tendencies. 

Tlie  Aged  Nech. — Old  age  droops  the  neck  forward  until  at 
last  the  chin  rests  upon  the  breast. 


THE   HAND.  1067 


The  Hand. 


A  work  on  physiognomy  would  be  incomplete  without  a 
description  of  the  physiognomical  meanings  of  the  several  funda- 
mental sorts  of  hands.  The  hand  has  been  with  truth  termed 
"  the  second  face,"  for  it  not  only  corroborates  what  the  face  indi- 
cates, but  it  also  reveals  some  things  which  the  face  does  not ;  and 
whenever  I  am  perplexed  or  in  doubt  as  to  certain  indications  in 
the  iace,  a  reference  to  its  associated  hand  clears  away  the  mystery. 
The  hand  is  the  most  wonderlul  member  of  the  human  body;  the 
language  expressed  by  its  movements,  aside  from  its  size,  form, 
color,  and  texture,  is  marvelously  clear,  explicit,  and  eloquent. 
Says  Montaigne : — 

With  the  hand  we  demand,  we  promise,  we  call,  dismiss,  threaten, 
entreat,  supplicate,  deny,  refer,  interrogate,  admire,  reckon,  confess,  repent, 
express,  feel,  express  shame,  express  doubt,  we  instruct,  command,  write, 
encourage,  swear,  testify,  accuse,  condemn,  acquit,  insult,  despise,  defy,  dis- 
dain, flatter,  applaud,  bless,  adore,  ridicule,  reconcile,  recommend,  exalt, 
recall,  gladden,  complain,  afflict,  discomfort,  discourage,  astonish,  exclaim, 
indicate  silence,  and  what  not  with  a  variety  and  multiplication  tliat  keep 
pace  with  the  tongue. 

The  human  hand  is  unique ;  no  member  of  the  animal  king- 
dom has  a  grasper  which  is  at  all  comparable  to  the  human  hand 
and  its  opposable  thumb ;  even  the  members  of  the  ape  tribe,  which 
are  the  nearest  to  man  in  structure,  have  a  hand  entirely  devoid 
of  the  subtle  powers  which  characterize  the  human  hand.  One 
might  fill  a  large  volume  with  descriptions  of  the  hand  and  its 
characteristics,  and  then  not  enumerate  the  half  of  its  powers. 

In  form  every  hand  is  at  once  the  indicator  and  epitome  of 
the  body  and  brain  to  which  it  belongs.  The  face  and  brain  of  an 
artist  have  associated  with  them  an  artist's  flexible,  muscular  hand. 
The  natural  mechanic  has,  with  his  square-boned  hand,  the  bony 
body,  the  square  forehead,  and  the  rectangular  face,  which  indicate 
his  dominant  capacity ;  for  "  Nature  never  made  a  man  with  the 
form  of  one  person  and  the  character  of  another."  The  first 
phalanx,  that  is,  the  end  joint  of  the  finger,  ought,  to  a  good  physi- 
ognomist, to  reveal  the  shape  of  the  body,  the  head,  the  face,  and 
features,  as  well  as  the  dominant  traits  of  character.  If  the  tip 
be  tapering  the  muscular  system  dominates,  and  the  subject  is 
governed  by  the  law  of  the  circle  or  curve.  If  the  tip  be  square 
the  mind  tends  to  mechanism  or  science,  and  exemplifies  the  law 
of  the  straight  line  and  angle.  So  exactly  do  the  basic  principles  of 
Form  apply  to  the  hand,  finger,  and  finger-nail,  that  any  observing 


1068  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

person,  after  having  mastered  these  principles,  ouglit  to  be  able  to 
describe  the  main  characteristics  of  any  subject  under  observation, 
as  well  as  the  shape  of  his  face,  his  bones,  his  jaws,  his  chin,  and 
his  nose,  by  inspection  of  the  first  phalanx  and  the  nail  of  a  single 
finger. 

A  great  deal  of  compilation  and  translation  has  been  made 
within  the  past  lew  years  on  the  subject  of  "  The  Science  of  the 
Hand,"  in  which  many  truths  have  been  elaborated  as  to  the 
meanings  of  the  forms  of  the  hand  and  fingers,  but  without  the 
sound  scientific  basis  afforded  by  the  basic  principles  of  Form  and 
comparative  anatomy  and  comparative  physiognomy.  My  obser- 
vation on  this  subject  will  afford  the  reader  the  scientific  bases 
which  the  works  of  D'Arpentigny  and  Desbarolless  lack,  albeit 
their  works  contain  a  fund  of  excellent  information,  but  present 
the  subject  in  its  infantoid  phase  as  an  art  and  not  as  a  science,  and 
mingled  witli  a  vast  amount  of  mediaeval  superstition. 

The  spirit  of  patient  research,  close  comparison,  and  accurate 
observation  of  these  two  eminent  writers  on  the  Hand  is  most 
admirable,  but,  when  they  assert  that  certain  forms  of  the  hands 
are  the  results  of  the  influence  of  an  "  occult  astral  fluid,"  it 
reminds  one  of  the  many  fanciful  and  exploded  theories  of  the 
mediaeval  age.  The  practical,  common-sense  age  in  which  we  live 
demands  a  demonstrable  basis  upon  which  to  build  a  science  of  the 
hand  as  well  as  of  the  face  of  man.  In  this  harmonious  and 
orderly  system  of  physiognomy  this  common  base  is  elaborated,  as 
I  believe,  in  a  practical  and  scientific  manner.  In  my  treatment 
of  the  physiognomy  of  the  hand  I  shall  use  the  basic  principles 
of  Form  for  my  guide,  as  developed  in  Chapter  II,  Part  I,  for  the 
explanation  of  the  meanings  of  the  several  fundamental  types  of 
hand.  The  basic  elements  of  Form,  viz.,  the  line,  the  angle,  the 
square,  and  curve,  apply  to  the  hands,  the  fingers,  and  nails,  in  the 
translation  of  their  forms  into  character,  just  as  they  do  to  the  forms 
of  the  features  and  body. 

The  color  and  texture  of  the  skin  of  the  hands  and  of  the 
nails  are  subject  to  the  same  general  interpretation  as  are  the  same 
qualities  found  on  other  parts  of  the  organism. 

In  reading  character  by  the  hand,  it  will  be  found  to  be  in 
harmony  with  the  face,  and  they  will  mutually  interpret  and  cor- 
roborate each  other;  where  the  bone  is  the  dominant  tissue  in  the 
hand,  and  it  be  a  square  bone,  the  observer  may  be  sure  that  the 
law  of  the  straight  line,  the  square,  and  angle  governs  the  shape 
of  the  face,  and  this  informs  him  that  the  ruling  powers  of  the 
mind  will  be  turned  in  the  direction  of  science  or  mechanism,  and 
that  the  strongest  traits  will  be  a  love  of  order,  thoroughness,  and 


THE   HAND.  1069 

observation,  and  that  morality  and  conscientiousness  will  be  the 
most  conspicuous  principles  in  the  character. 

Should  muscle  be  the  superior  tissue  in  the  hand,  and  the 
muscles  be  of  the  round  class,  a  taste  for  music,  sport,  and  domestic 
life  will  be  present,  as  well  as  commercial  and  artistic  powers.  The 
same  laws  which  reveal  character  in  the  face  also  rule  in  the 
delineation  of  character  by  the  hand.  Every  minute  appearance 
in  the  hand  is  as  significant  as  when  observed  in  the  face,  and 
close  observation  is  essential  to  obtain  the  full  import  of  these 
variations.     DesbaroUes  says: — 

Hands  may  resemble  one  another,  but  Nature  never  repeats  herself, 
and  in  objects  apparently  the  most  similar  she  places,  sometimes  by  an 
imperceotible  touch,  a  complete  diversity  of  instincts.* 

Every  combination  which  can  be  made  by  the  mingling  of 
round  muscle  with  square  bones,  or  by  the  blending  of  round 
muscle  with  round  bones,  or  by  the  joining  of  square  bones  with 
flat  muscles,  reveals  a  different  character,  and  their  anatomical 
diversities  are  just  as  potent  in  disclosing  character  by  the  hand  as 
by  the  face  or  body.  The  form,  size,  color,  and  quality  are  not 
the  only  factors  to  be  taken  into  account  in  reading  the  hand.  We 
must  observe  the  habitual  movement,  gesture,  repose,  proportions, 
hardness,  softness,  elasticity,  extension,  tension,  curvation,  and 
squareness  of  the  several  points  and  phalanges,  and  of  the  hand 
as  a  whole.  Hard  labor  and  certain  kinds  of  labor  often  change 
very  materially  the  hand  and  shape  of  the  fingers,  but  it  cannot 
change  all  of  the  natural  characteristics  so  as  to  completely  trans- 
form the  appearance  and  produce  the  form  of  another  distinct 
type ;  hard  labor  may  thicken  and  widen  the  palm,  it  may  enlarge 
the  joints,  but  it  cannot  flatten  the  nail,  nor  make  an  oval  nail 
square,  nor  make  spatulate  the  square  tip,  nor  make  a  round 
muscle  flat,  nor  a  square  bone  round.  It  cannot  destroy  the  pro- 
portion of  the  phalanges;  in  short,  it  cannot  so  far  modify  the 
type-characteristics  as  to  prevent  the  physiognomist  from  compre- 
hending the  accompanying  character. 

THE   CONSTRUCTION   AND   DIVISIONS   OF   THE   HAND. 

The  hand  is  divided  primarily  into  three  parts,  viz.,  the  carpus, 
metacarpus,  and  fingers.  The  fingers  are  divided  into  fourteen 
phalanges  or  joints,  the  thumb  having  but  two  phalanges.  The 
joint  which  joins  the  hand  is  termed  the  first  phalanx,  the  succeed- 
ing one  the  second  phalanx,  and  the  end  joint  the  tip.  The  palm 
has  two  surfaces, — the  back,  or  outside,  and  the  inside,  commonly 

•The  Mysteries  of  the  Hand,  A.  Desbarollee,  p,  176. 


1070  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

termed  the  "palm."  The  finger-tips  are  provided  with  abundance 
of  fine  and  sensitive  papillae,  or  organs  of  touch,  which  give  such 
exquisite  tactile  sense  to  the  tips  of  the  fingers ;  this  sensitiveness 
has  led  to  the  expression  that  the  tips  are  the  "eyes  of  the  hand." 

The  latter  will  be  fine  and  sensitive,  or  coarse  and  insensitive, 
according  as  the  skin  is  fine  and  thin,  or  coarse  and  thick;  the 
texture  of  tlie  hand  coincides  with  that  of  the  rest  of  the  body, 
and  in  this  manner  the  physiognomist  decides  upon  the  mental 
grade  of  the  subject. 

The  hand  may  be  soft  and  muscular,  or  soft  and  fat;  the 
former  indicates  strength  and  artistic  sense,  the  latter  a  dull,  nega- 
tive, vegetative  nature.  Warm  hands  denote  good  circulation, 
hence  active  mental  powers,  lively  emotions,  and  sympathy;  cool 
hands  belong  to  those  whose  circulation  is  not  rapid,  hence  they 
are  not  so  quick  mentally  nor  so  strongly  sympathetic  as  the 
former.  Moist  hands,  except  in  warm  weather,  announce  pathog- 
nomonic disturbances,  .  and  indicate  an  abnormal  condition.  I 
have  felt  in  one  day  the  hands  of  a  number  of  insane  persons,  and 
without  exception  I  have  found  them  cold  and  clammy,  with  a 
disagreeable  moisture  on  them,  thus  showing  disordered  physical 
conditions. 

The  form  of  the  hand  always  agrees  with  the  form  of  the  body 
or  brain;  that  is  to  say,  a  long,  thin  hand  will  accompany  a  tall, 
thin  body,  and  a  short,  thick  hand  belongs  to  a  short  and  thick 
person ;  a  short,  fat,  "  dumpy  "  hand  goes  with  the  vegetative  body. 

There  is  no  such  thing  as  an  "aristocratic"  hand.  Aristocracy 
is  a  human  institution,  while  the  shape  of  hands  are  a  mark  of 
Nature.  Beautiful  hands  are  not  confined  to  any  particular  rank 
of  life.  True,  the  idle  aristocrat  can  spend  his  time  with  the  mani- 
cure, polishing  his  nails,  and  thus  improve  their  looks ;  while  the 
poor  plebeian,  born,  perhaps,  with  the  mind  of  an  artist,  or  a 
metaphysician,  may  not  devote  as  much  time  as  the  former  to  the 
cultivation  of  his  finger-nails,  yet  exhibit  a  more  beautiful  hand. 
Hands  which  betray  only  superstition  and  imagination  are  often 
designated  "aristocratic"  by  the  ignorant,  simply  because  they  are 
white  and  soft,  of  small  size,  and  of  pleasing  form ;  in  this  small, 
characterless  hand  the  "aristocracy"  is  shown  by  less  mentality 
or  morality  than  is  disclosed  by  more  highly  developed  hands.  I 
cannot  imagine  a  more  characterless  hand  than  that  of  a  Chinese 
woman,  yet  her  hands  are  of  the  useless  type  termed  "aristo- 
cratic "  by  those  who  know  nothing  of  the  inherent  meanings  of 
the  forms  of  Nature. 

The  palm  of  the  hand  and  the  lowest  phalanx  of  the  thumb 
resemble  the  form  of  the  trunk,  or  body,  while  the  tips  of  the 


THE   HAND.  1071 

fingers  and  thumb  are  indicative  of  the  shape  of  the  brain,  and  by 
their  form  and  texture  announce  its  quality  and.  powers.  A  small, 
tapering  thumb  on  a  large  or  medium-sized  hand  denotes  instinct, 
sentiment,  passion,  and  a  lack  of  strong  reasoning  powers,  while 
a  large,  square-boned  tip  of  the  thumb  indicates  order,  logic,  and 
considerable  firmness  and  perseverance. 

THE   POSITION    OF   THE    HAND. 

The  habitual  mode  of  holding  the  hand  is  a  strong  indicator 
of  character.  Avaricious  people  carry  the  hand  with  the  fingers 
slightly  curved,  as  if  ready  to  clutch  something ;  hence  the  term 
"close-fisted."  The  very  secretive  close  the  hand,  or  nearly  so; 
while  the  heedless  have  the  hands  dangling  loosely  at  their  sides. 
Generous,  frank,  and  open  characters  carry  the  hand  wide  open, 
and  turn  the  palm  or  face  of  the  hand  outward  toward  the  spec- 
tators; whence  the  term  "open-handed." 

THE   LINES   OF   THE   HAND. 

The  palm  and  the  back  of  the  hand  present  two  diverse 
aspects  of  the  character.  The  back  is  mainly  bony,  the  palm  is 
muscular  or  fat.  Some  of  the  lines  of  the  palm  of  the  hand  appear 
at  birth,  others  are  caused  by  the  development  of  the  muscle  or 
fat  thereon.  These  lines  are  quite  different  in  every  individual, 
and  the  lines  of  the  two  hands  of  each  individual  are  in  most  in- 
stances as  diverse  in  appearance  as  are  the  two  ears  on  the  head 
of  a  given  subject. 

To  a  good  physiognomist  these  lines  (at  least  some  of  them) 
reveal  much  of  the  structure  of  the  body,  but  whether  they  reveal 
one's  destiny.,  as  is  claimed  by  palmistry,  I  am  not  able  to  say.  It 
would  not  seem  to  me  at  all  improbable,  but  it  must  have  taken 
hundreds  of  observers  and  ages  of  research  and  comparison  to 
have  developed  a  practical  system  of  this  science.  Some  of  the 
lines — those  around  the  base  of  the  thumb  and  on  the  inside  of 
the  knuckle-joints — are  caused  by  the  movements  of  the  thumb  and 
fingers;  whether  they  have  another  and  more  occult  meaning  I 
know  not.  In  fat  hands  these  wrinkles  would  be  deeper  than  in 
bony  ones,  and  thus  reveal  physiognomical  meanings.  The  hand 
seems  to  me  a  marvelously  complex  and  subtle  member,  and 
pregnant  with  meaning  in  its  numerous  developments  of  form, 
size,  color,  texture,  and  motion,  second  only  to  the  face  as  a  physi- 
ognomical indicator,  and  often  disclosing  what  the  face  does  not 
reveal. 

The  primary  or  fundamental  forms  of  the  hand  are  four,  and 
accord  with  the  vegetative,  the  muscular,  ttie  osseous,  and  the 


1072 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


brain  and  nerve  systems.    All  other  forms  are  composites  or  blends 
of  these  four  primitive  types. 

THE   VEGETATIVE   OR  INFANTOID   HAND. 

The  hand  of  a  healthy  infant  is  soft,  fat,  and  almost  destitute 
of  any  expression  of  character;  it  is  in  this  stage  only  a  picture 
of  innocent,  peaceful  beauty,  yet  withal  a  symbol  of  undevelop- 
ment,  like  its  associated  forehead  and  mouth. 

The  hand  of  the  vegetative  adult  is  short,  rather  than  long; 
thick,  soft,  and  fat;  the  palm  short  and  thick,  the  fingers  fat  and 
wrinkled,  the  knuckles  dimpled,  and  with  scarcely  any  more  ex- 
pression than  the  hand  of  the  infant,  yet  lacking  the  beauty  of  the 


Fig.  328.— vegetative  HAND. 


FI0.329.-SPATULATE  BAND. 


babe.  This  form  of  hand  discloses  absence  of  force  and  activity, 
and  the  signs  of  both  jiegative  and  positive  character  are  as 
apparent  in  the  hand  as  in  the  face. 

The  vegetative  hand  announces  love  of  ease  and  repose, 
together  with  fondness  for  eating,  and  particularly  for  liquid  diet; 
also  love  of  amusements  (if  others  make  the  effort),  together  with 
scant  moral  and  intellectual  powers,  small  self-control,  and  an  ever- 
changing,  fickle  disposition,  contented  and  good-natured  until 
opposed,  and  then  as  wrathful  as  a  rhinoceros  in  its  rage.  Domestic 
tastes  (of  a  negative  sort)  are  disclosed  by  this  type  of  hand. 


THE   HAND.  1073 


MUSCULAR   CLASS   OF   HANDS. 

Spatulate  Type. — The  main  peculiarity  of  this  type  is  found 
in  the  tips  of  the  finp:ers,  and  the  manner  in  which  the  nails  are 
placed  upon  them.  The  word  "spatulate,"  from  which  the  term 
"spatulated"  is  derived,  is  used  to  designate  the  implement  which 
the  apothecary  uses  in  mixing  his  compounds.  It  has  been  applied 
to  those  fingers  which  in  a  manner  resemble  that  implement, 
which  makes  an  excellent  description  of  them.     (See  Fig.  329.) 

The  spatulate  hand  belongs  to  the  muscular  class,  because,  as 
is  observed,  the  joints  are  not  prominent,  but  straiglit  at  the  sides, 
and  hidden  by  muscle.  There  are  several  varieties  of  this  type  of 
hand,  some  of  which  have  the  thumb  large,  while  others  are  small. 
The  complexities  and  subtleties  of  the  various  combinations  of 
form,  as  seen  in  diverse  varieties  of  the  same  class  of  hand,  are 
manifold.  I  have  not  space  to  delineate  all  of  them,  and  can  only 
give  the  associated  characteristics  of  the  primitive  types. 

The  spatulate  hand  is  the  useful  or  practical  hand  within  the 
muscular  class.  It  shows  by  its  flattened-out  tip  that  the  brain 
system  is  not  one  of  the  supreme  systems  of  the  associated  organism. 
This  form  of  hand  is  one  which  loves  labor — hard,  patient,  manual 
labor — and  enjoys  comfort  rather  than  luxur}^;  its  possessors  pre- 
sent the  most  practical  phase  of  the  muscular  classes ;  they  exhibit 
an  every-day,  common-sense  spirit,  and  enjoy  the  logic  of  facts 
rather  than  poetry;  they  are  a  combination  of  the  mechanico- 
scientism  of  the  square-boned  subjects,  with  a  slight  degree  of  the 
artistic  powers  of  the  muscular  hand,  of  an  ordinary  quality. 
Among  them,  therefore,  we  may  look  for  good  calculators,  arith- 
meticians, and  builders,  those  who  are  willing  to  do  the  real  work 
of  architecture,  as  well  as  able  to  superintend  it;  many  carpenters 
and  architects  are  found  in  this  class. 

They  do  not  possess  ardor  and  enthusiasm,  but  rather  a  cool, 
plodding,  patient,  and  obstinate  disposition,  faithful  to  love  and 
home,  enjoying  the  liberty  that  others  have  created  for  them,  and 
assisting  to  conserve  and  maintain  a  liberal  government,  yet  lack- 
ing the  push  and  enterprise  to  found  such  a  one ;  hence,  we  do 
not  find  this  form  of  hand  among  religious  fanatics,  governmental 
reformers,  pioneers,  and  discoverers. 

Commercial  Type. — There  are  two  distinct  forms  of  hand  in- 
cluded in  the  muscular  class ';  one  is  short  and  thick,  with  fingers 
and  thumb  short  and  thick,  and  the  joints  smooth  and  concealed 
by  the  muscles,  the  fingers  inclined  to  taper  without  being  small  at 
the  tip,  and  the  nails  moderately  broad  and  oval ;  this  description 
shows  that  the  round  muscles  are  present. 


'^. 


1074  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  character  which  accompanies  such  a  hand  is  commercial, 
amative,  social,  sportive,  musical,  and  domestic,  with  a  great  deal 
of  vitality,  will,  force,  courage,  vigor,  and  magnetism.  W.  H. 
Vanderbilt's  and  Roswell  P.  Flower's  hands  belong  to  this  class. 

Executive  Type. — One  of  the  varieties  of  this  class  is  caused 
by  a  combination  of  the  round  muscles  and  square  bones ;  with  a 
large  brain  of  high  quality  this  modification  shows  capacity  for 
politics  and  government,  and  exhibits  ambition  to  fill  executive 
positions.  Many  distinguished  statesmen  disclose  this  form  of  hand ; 
Grover  Cleveland's  hands  and  those  of  the  late  Ex-President  Thiers, 
of  France,  are  examples  of  this  class.  This  type  of  hand  has  a  short, 
thick  palm,  with  moderately  short,  thick  fingers,  oi\fine  texture  and 
color,  a  rather  thick  thumb,  the  joints  of  about  equal  length,  and 
a  wide,  squarish  nail.  The  dominant  traits  are  Will,  Force,  Execu- 
tiveness,  Logic,  and  Ambition,  with  a  subdominance  of  domestic 
tastes.  This  hand  has  a  powerful  grip,  and  is  cliaracterized  by  a 
quality  neither  very  hard  nor  very  soft. 

Artistic  Type  (Round  Muscles). — Another  variety  of  the  ar- 
tistic hand  is  caused  by  a  combination  of  round  muscles  with 
round  bones  and  a  subdominance  of  the  vegetative  system;  this 
blend  produces  the  best  form  for  artistic  efforts,  lor  it  gives 
strength  and  flexibility,  with  capacity  for  rapidity  of  movement; 
the  qualities  are  essential  to  artists,  shigers,  painters,  instrument- 
alists, poets,  and  athletes.  The  palm  exhibited  by  this  struc- 
ture is  moderately  thick,  soft,  and  flexible,  the  knuckles  often 
dimpled,  the  fingers  of  moderate  size  and  length,  and  the  joints 
entirely  hidden;  the  fingers  taper  from  the  knuckles  to  the  tips, 
which  are  conical.  Many  of  the  most  eminent  singers,  poets, 
and  painters  possess  this  form  of  hand, — with  individual  differ- 
ences, of  course.  With  this  hand  is  associated  a  character 
possessed  of  more  emotion  and  affection  than  reason  or  logic  ;  it 
discloses  inspiration  and  magnetism,  considerable  Approbativeness, 
domestic  tastes,  particularly  love  of  the  young  and  love  of  the 
opposite  sex. 

Superstitious  Type  (Round  Muscles). — Metaphysics  is  an  art, 
not  a  science ;  sophists,  idealists,  and  fanatics  illustrate  this  type, 
for  they  deal  in  theories,  both  secidar  and  religious,  which  are 
unsupported  by  facts.  They  can  easily  swing  around  the  circle  of 
faiths  if  only  they  be  sufficiently  fanciful,  sentimental,  and  imprac- 
tical, and  tinctured  with  a  mystically-religious  spirit.  This  class 
of  persons  exhibit  a  small,  thin  hand,  of  fine  texture,  with  long, 
slim,  and  flexible,  tapering  fmgers,  pointed  at  the  tip;  a  slim, 
medium-sized  thumb,  also  tapering ;  and  a  narrow,  longish,  oval 
nail,  of  an  elegant  appearance.      This   type  of  hand  is   found 


THE   HAND. 


1075 


mainly  among  tropical  races, — in  Asia,  India,  and  among  the 
Celts  of  Continental  Europe.  The  religions  of  these  people  are 
founded  on  miracle  and  mysticism;  their  doctrines  are  of  a  dreamy, 
listless,  negative  nature ;  they  possess  emotion  and  affection  rather 
than  reason,  justice,  or  morality.  This  form  of  hand  is  rare  in 
northern  countries,  where  practical  common  sense  and  reason 
abound.  It  illustrates  the  law  of  the  curve  rather  than  the  law 
of  the  straight  Une  and  square,  and  thus  reveals  an  artistic,  sensu- 
ous nature. 

The  Hand  of  Deceit  and  Dishonesty. — Fingers  very  slim  and 
very  flexible,  if  pointed,  indicate  error,  falsehood,  sophistry,  trickery, 


Fig.  330.— ARTISTIC  HAND. 


I  m 

Pig.  331.— SUPERSTirrOUS  HAND. 


and  deceit.  The  hands  and  fingers  of  many  sneak-thieves  are  a 
modification  of  this  type.  I  haAe  observed  many  Chinese  men 
and  women  in  California  with  the  superstitious  hand ;  also  a  few 
of  Anglo-Saxon  descent.  If  the  stature  is  tall  the  hand  will  be 
long  in  proportion. 


MUSCULAR   CLASS,   NO.    II   (ROUND   MUSCLES). 

Artistic  Type. — This  type  of  the  muscular  hand  is  longer  and 
thinner  than  the  preceding,  with  longet  fingers,  the  tips  of  which 
are  hidden  by  the  muscle ;  the  fingers  very  slim,  flexible,  and  end- 
ing in  a  conical  tip,  and  a  longish,  oval  nail ;  the  thumb  long  and 
thin.  The  character  associated  with  this  hand  is  intuitional, — 
much  given  to  romance  and  music ;  to  religion  of  an  occult  and 


1076  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

superstitious  nature ;  to  poetry ;  to  sentimental  love  and  friendship. 
The  eyes  associated  with  this  hand  are  large,  flat,  and  round,  but 
not  convex  ;  the  neck,  waist,  and  limbs  are  rather  long.  Ole  Bull, 
the  celebrated  violinist,  possessed  hands  of  this  type.  Paganini, 
another  wonderful  violinist,  had  a  most  exaggerated  form  of  this 
type ;  his  hand  had  a  weird,  wizard-like  expression,  and  harmo- 
nized with  his  face,  which  was  of  an  almost  unearthly  appearance. 
Both  of  these  artists  were  very  tall,  thin,  and  elastic,  and  resembled 
the  bow  of  the  instrument  from  which  they  drew  strains  of  seraphic 
melody.  Many  poets  exhibit  this  type  of  hand;  also  skillful 
jugglers,  prestidigitateurs,  and  clowns. 

THE   OSSEOUS   CLASS   (SQUARE   BONES). 

Mechanical  Type. — This  class  of  hands  exhibits  three  diverse 
types,  and  is  revealed  by  the  square-boned  hand  and  square,  flat 
nail ;  the  second  by  the  round-boned  hand ;  the  third  by  the  square- 
boned  fingers,  knotty  joints,  with  the  tip  not  so  square  as  the 
purely  meclianical  hand,  and  the  nail  curved  outward  instead  of 
being  flat,  and  with  more  of  an  oval  form  than  the  first  mentioned. 
The  square-boned  hand  of  the  mechanic  has  the  bone  predomi- 
nant. It  is  characterized  by  a  long  palm ;  fingers  with  large,  square 
bones,  knotty  joints,  and  square  tips,  and  rather  broad,  flat  nails. 
It  is  the  hand  of  practical  common  sense,  and  is  associated  with 
observation,  order,  and  morality,  with  faithful  rather  than  ardent 
love,  and  is  inclined  to  logical  reason  and  religion  founded  upon 
the  demonstrable  rather  than  upon  the  miraculous.  This  hand  is 
adapted  to  the  heavier  mechanical  pursuits,  to  iron-work,  plumb- 
ing, ship-building,  carpentry,  blacksmithing,  etc.  With  this  hand 
the  bony  system  is  slightly  in  excess  of  the  muscular,  with  the 
muscle  second  in  development;  where  there  is  a  good  brain  and 
nerve  system  in  combination  the  subject  is  capable  of  superintending 
mechanical  works  and  of  buying  and  selUng  mechanical  implements. 

Mechanical  Type. — The  second  variety  of  the  osseous  hand 
is  shown  where  the  bones  are  round  rather  than  square  ;  this  form 
of  hand  reveals  tlie  artisan  rather  than  the  artist  or  mechanic.  It 
is  a  hand  whicli  has  in  a  certain  degree  the  power  of  both  artist 
and  mechanic.  This  type  discloses  a  short  and  rather  broad  and 
strong  palm,  with  short,  round-boned,  flex'ible  fingers,  and  nails  in- 
chned  to  the  oval ;  also  a  delicacy  of  touch  suited  to  the  finer  works 
of  mechanism,  such  as  pattern-making,  wood-carving,  upholstery, 
type-writing,  piano-playing,  photograpliy,  milhnery,  and  decora- 
tive art.  With  a  good  brain  system  in  combination,  ability  for 
surgery  will  be  often  manifested,  as  surgery  requires  a  small,  strong, 
flexible,  constructive,  muscular  hand. 


THE   HAND. 


1077 


Scientific  Tyfe. — The  character  which  shows  a  decided  taste 
or  talent  for  tlie  natural  sciences  has  a  hand  more  bony  than  mus- 
cular ;  the  palm  not  so  thick  as  the  muscular  hand,  but  long  and 
bony ;  bony  knuckles ;  large,  square-boned  thumb,  with  the  two 
phalanges  equal  in  length,  or  nearly  so ;  longish,  square-boned 
fingers  with  knotty  joints,  the  tips  more  square  than  pointed,  and 
the  nails  more  oval  than  square  and  curving  outward  from  side  to 
side,  instead  of  being  fiat  and  square,  like  the  mechanical  hand. 
The  characteristics  which  accompany  this  hand  are  a  love  of  truth 
and  the  facts  and  laws  of  Nature,  and  an  insatiable  desire  to 
investigate  them;  a  logical,  rational  mind;  an  even  temper  and 


Fig.  332.— SCIENTIFIC  HAND. 


FIG.  333.— PHILOSOPHIC  HAND. 


the  emotions  well  under  control ;  the  afiections  more  tender  than 
violent,  and  faithful  rather  than  capricious.  Those  of  this  type 
desire  reform,  progress,  elevation,  learning,  and  liberty;  they  enter 
cordially  into  plans  tending  to  advance  these  principles,  and  are 
original  in  opinion,  firm,  amenable  to  law  and  order,  and  inde- 
pendent in  tliought. 

Philosopliic  Type. — Philosophy  is  one  of  the  branches  of 
science,  and  its  expounders  are  characterized  by  hands  which  con- 
tain a  good  deal  of  bone,  with  perhaps  an  almost  equal  amount  of 
muscle ;  this  gives  the  art  side  of  science. 

The  palms  of  these  hands  are  noted  for  their  thickness  and 
smoothness ;  the  joints  well  marked,  but  hidden  beneath  the  muscle ; 
the  fingers  incline  slightly  to  taper  from  the  knuckle-joint,  and  the 


1078  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

tips  are  a  compromise  between  the  square  and  oval ;  the  nails  are 
of  the  same  compound  form.  The  mental  powers  associated  with 
this  hand  are  of  the  logical  order,  and  manifest  themselves  by  a 
study  of  poHtical  economy  and  the  fundamental  principles  of  mind 
and  matter;  they  evince  a  taste  for  realities  rather  than  for  ideals. 

BRAIN   CLASS. 

Mental  Type. — Those  in  whom  the  brain  system  is  dominant 
disclose  relatively  small,  thin  hands,  with  a  thin  and  rather  feeble 
palm;  very  shm,  tapering  fingers,  with  the  tips  pointed  and  the 
nails  small  and  oval ;  joints  scarcely  perceptible,  and  which  seem 
as  though  composed  of  gristle  rather  than  bone.  The  pecuUarities 
of  this  class  are  manifested  by  power  for  protracted  thought,  and  by 
great  sensitiveness  and  delicacy  of  the  emotions ;  the  affections  are 
platonic  or  sentimental  rather  than  sensuous.  If  the  form  of  the 
bones  of  the  fingers  be  round  the  mind  will  incline  to  metaphysics 
and  the  belles-lettres.,  and  if  they  be  square  the  mind  will  turn  to 
the  study  of  the  laws  of  Nature — of  science  and  mechanism. 

MIXED   HANDS. 

There  are  many  hands  which  cannot  be  cjassed  with  any  of 
the  before-mentioned  primitive  types;  they  are  the  mixed  hands, 
those  which  are  not  purely  of  one  or  the  other  of  these  types,  but 
which  partake  somewhat  of  the  nature  of  more  than  one. 

It  is  impossible,  within  my  present  limits,  to  enter  into  a  de- 
tailed description  of  this  mixed  multitude;  I  shall  leave  to  the 
student  an  opportunity  to  exercise  his  comparison  upon  them ;  it 
will  afford  a  fine  field  for  physiognomic  study,  and  an  exercise  of 
comparative  anatomy  as  well. 

There  is  one  hand  of  the  mixed  varieties,  however,  which  it 
is  well  to  describe,  inasmuch  as  it  is  often  found  in  this  country, 
but  not  so  much  among  natives  as  among  immigrants  from  Europe. 
These  hands  are  seen  mostly  among  the  Russians,  Hungarians, 
Poles,  and  the  natives  of  other  countries  who  have  been  working 
like  "  dumb-driven  cattle  "  for  ages.  This  hand  is  about  evenly  made 
up  of  bone  and  muscle  of  coarse  quality.  The  palm  is  thick, 
hard,  and  broad,  and  spreads  out  as  it  nears  the  thumb  in  a  rude 
outhne ;  the  fingers  are  long  and  thick,  not  flexible,  with  a  sliglit 
inclination  to  taper;  the  joints  are  large,  but  not  knotty;  the  nails 
are  short  and  broad  and  of  a  rounding  form;  the  thumb  is  not 
large  in  proportion  to  the  fingers,  and  in  its  habitual  position  it 
curves  outward. 


THE   HAND. 


1079 


The  Useful  Type. — The  mind  associated  with  this  hand  is 
obtuse,  wanting  in  sensitiveness  and  imagination ;  the  possessors 
of  such  are  born  drudges  of  the  most  common  type;  they  are 
lacking  in  enterprise,  progress,  or  artistic  appreciation,  and  are 
indifferent  to  everything  beyond  their  own  material  interests,  and 
their  ambition  is  satisfied  with  enough  for  the  present.  They  care 
nothing  for  fame,  reputation,  nor  religion,  except  one  which  ex- 
empts them  from  thinking,  and  are  never  zealous  or  enthusiastic 
in  this  direction ;  in  short,  it  is  the  hand  of  stupidity,  of  drudgery, 
of  dullness,  and  negative  morality.  This  class  of  persons  are  very 
useful  in  all  civilized  communities  as  hewers  of  wood  and  drawers 


Fig.  a34.-MENTAL  HAND, 


Fig.  335.— useful  HAND. 


of  water  for  those  more  finely  organized;  they  fill  the  most  lowly 
positions,  and  such  as  require  little  thought  and  judgment,  such  as 
wood-choppers,  canal  and  railroad  laborers,  miners,  scavengers, 
hostlers,  etc.  Should  fortune  favor  them,  as  it  often  does  in  this 
country,  and  they  obtain  wealth  and  luxuries,  they  make  a  most 
unintelligent  use  of  them,  and  are  the  laughing-stock  of  all,  on 
account  of  the 
in  the  use  of  them 


Ignorant  and  tasteless  manner  which  they  exhibit 


BEAUTIFUL   HANDS. 

Types  of  beautiful  hands  may  be  found  within  all  of  the  fun- 
damental classes,  viz.,  among  the  vegetative,  the  muscular,  the 
osseous,  and  the  brain  classes.  A  bony  hand,  if  not  too  bony  or 
scrawny,  discloses  one  kind  of  beauty,  a  muscular  hand  another 


1080  PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

sort,  and  thus  of  each  class  of  hands.  A  study  of  physiognomy- 
will  enlarge  our  understanding  of  beauty,  and  teach  us  that  there 
are  beauties  to  be  found  in  hands  other  than  those  that  are  merely 
small,  soft,  and  white,  for  beauty  of  character  is  often  revealed  by 
hands  that  are  not  small,  soft,  and  white.  A  hand  with  the  osseous 
system  predominant,  if  associated  with  high  quality,  i.e.,  with  a 
fine  skin  and  a  healthy  color,  is  certainly  a  beautiful  hand,  or  ap- 
pears so  to  one  who  has  enlarged  his  understanding  of  beauty  by  a 
study  of  the  i7ilierent  meanings  of  Form. 

The  hand  of  an  adult  which  is  soft,  white,  and  dimpled,  with- 
out much  decided  form,  is  almost  as  devoid  of  character  as  an  in- 
fant's; any  person  who  could  consider  this  more  beautiful  than  a 
bony  hand,  which  reveals  fine  and  noble  characteristics,  must  cer- 
tainly be  wanting  in  physiognomical  sense. 


Fig.  336.-BEAUTIFUL  HANDS.    (Empress  of  RxresiA.) 

Various  Types. — Hands  in  which  the  bones  and  nerves  pre- 
dominate arouse  in  me  the  utmost  enthusiasm,  inasmuch  as  they 
reveal  the  height  of  moral  grandeur  and  heroism;  such  hands 
must  have  belonged  to  Andrew  Jackson,  and,  shghtly  modified,  to 
Abraham  Lincoln  and  William  Ewart  Gladstone. 

Hands  seem  to  me  to  be  beautiful  that  express  capacity,  either 
of  a  moral,  mental,  artistic,  or  useful  nature. 

I  cannot  consider  a  hand  beautiful  that  is  disproportionately 
small.  When  seen  on  a  man  it  gives  one  an  unpleasant  feeling, 
and  we  instinctively  feel  that  there  is  some  littleness  or  a  dwarfed 
condition  of  the  associated  character;  a  physiognomical  investigation 
will  show  this  to  be  the  case. 


THE   HAND.  1081 

Harmony  of  proportion  in  this,  as  in  all  features,  constitutes 
real  beauty.  A  hand  or  foot  disproportionately  small  is  no  more  a 
sign  of  beauty  than  is  an  undeveloped  nose,  mouth,  or  chin. 

A  well-proportioned  hand  is  one  which  harmonizes  not  only 
in  its  several  parts,  but  also  with  the  arm  and  body  to  which  it  is 
attached. 

In  my  estimation,  large  hands  or  feet  on  a  man  are  signs  of 
manly  character^  for  such  members  express  power  of  some  sort ; 
men  whose  hands  and  feet  are  large  do  nothing  on  a  small  scale. 

The  most  beautiful  object  in  this  world,  next  to  the  human 
face,  is  a  baby's  hand  ;  it  is  the  embodiment  of  grace,  innocence, 
and  beauty. 

Small  wonder  that  the  Palmers  of  old  gazed  into  the  hand  in 
order  to  foretell  the  future.  It  is  a  wonderful  and  interesting 
object,  and  the  next  most  striking  feature  to  the  human  face, 
which  I  regard  as  the  most  marvelous  object  in  existence;  it  is  the 
epitome  or  sum  of  all  things  in  the  universe. 


FIO.  337.— BEAUTIFUL  HAND.     (Taomoni.) 


THE  TEXTURE   OF   THE   HAND. 


A  great  deal  of  knowledge  both  of  th6  mental  and  physical 
nature  of  individuals  may  be  ascertained  by  the  texture  of  the  skin 
covering  the  hand.  If  it  be  fine-grained  and  thin,  with  the  pores 
invisible  to  the  naked  eye,  the  mental  powers  are  very  keen,  acute, 
and  sensitive,  the  physical  functions  active,  and  the  emotions 
intense  by  reason  of  the  high  organization  of  the  brain  and 
nervous  system.  If  the  pores  are  large  and  the  skin  thick,  a 
common  order  of  intellect  is  present  and  the  functions  and  emo- 
tions are  much  less  active  than  in  the?  former  subject.  An  excel- 
lent plan  to  ascertain  the  real  condition  of  the  skin  is  to  inspect 
the  under  part  of  the  wrist  and  arm,  for  this  part  is  protected  and 
usually  retains  its  natural  color  and  texture  when  labor  and 
exposure  have  changed  the  texture  and  color  of  the  skin  of  the  hand. 


1082  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIF^IC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

A  fine,  brilliant  color  of  the  outer  portion  of  the  palm  is  a  great 
beauty.  This  is  seen  only  in  the  hands  that  express  considerable 
intelhgence ;  it  is  caused  by  a  fine,  thin  skin  and  a  healthy  quality  of 
blood. 

The  under  part  of  the  finger-tips  should  be  a  pink  or  of  a 
healthy  red  color  to  come  up  to  the  normal  standard. 

THE   COLOR   OF    THE    HAND. 

In  a  normal  hand  the  skin  should  be  white  and  clear,  or 
brown  and  clear,  and  a  roseate  hue  should  be  seen  under  the  nails, 
the  tips  of  the  fingers,  at  the  outer  sides  of  the  palm,  and  on  the 
tip  of  the  thumb.  Hands  that  are  well  colored  are  warm,  and 
this  shows  a  good  circulation  and  indicates  great  vitality,  warm  and 
active  feelings,  and  strong  sympathies. 

Very  thin,  colorless  hands  denote  a  fragile,  sensitive  mind  and 
body,  not  long  for  this  world,  because  the  stock  of  inherited  vitality 
is  not  sufiicient  to  continue  life  to  an  extended  period. 

Some  hands  are  olive-colored,  as  we  observe  among  the 
Spanish,  Italian,  and  French.  If  the  skin  of  these  hands  be  clear 
in  appearance  and  fine  in  texture,  it  is  indicative  of  a  high  grade 
of  quality  and  of  mentality.  If,  on  the  contrary,  they  are  thick 
and  muddy  in  color  and  coarse  in  texture,  it  denotes  a  much 
coarser  grade  of  feeling  and  inferior  mental  powers. 

The  Nails. 

There  are  very  great  differences  of  form,  size,  color,  and  quality 
in  the  nails  of  the  fingers ;  these  diversities  are  as  rich  in  physiog- 
nomic meaning  as  are  the  same  qualities  in  the  face. 

The  forms  and  sizes  of  the  nails  have  been  described  along 
with  their  associated  classes  of  hands  and  fingers.  The  texture  of 
the  nails  discloses  character.  Nails  of  fine,  thin,  smooth  appear- 
ance belong  to  the  fine  and  refined,  to  the  mental  rather  than  to 
the  unrefined  and  stupid ;  while  nails  thick  and  coarse  in  texture 
belong  to  the  coarse,  strong,  and  unrefined,  with  more  capacity  for 
manual  than  for  mental  labor.  There  are  various  grades  between 
these  two  extremes  which  only  careful  observation  and  comparison 
of  each  subject  can  reveal ;  the  nails  will  agree  with  the  quality  of 
the  skin,  and  will  indicate  the  mental  status  of  its  possessor. 

Nails  that  present  a  flat  appearance  indicate  dyspeptic  and 
consumptive  tendencies,  or  at  least  congenital  weakness  of  the 
nutritive  system.  Nails  that  are  highly  arched  from  side  to  side 
disclose  not  only  good  assimilative  powers,  but  also  large  lungs 
and  an  arched  chest. 


THE  NAILS.  1083 


THE   COLOR   OF   THE   NAILS.      ' 

The  color  of  the  nails  reveals  internal  powers,  both  physio- 
logical and  mental.  Colorless  nails,  if  congenital,  denote  a  feeble 
condition  of  the  circulation — hence  absence  of  strong,  ardent 
sympathies — and  a  brain  incapable  of  profound  and  protracted 
labor.  If  flat  as  well  as  colorless,  they  denote  consumption  or 
dyspepsia,  and  foretell  an  early  decline. 

A  bright,  pinkish  color  of  the  nails  denotes  a  good  quality  of 
the  blood,  hence  warm  feelings  and  capacity  for  activity.  If  flat, 
with  good  color,  the  disposition  is  not  as  aspiring  and  energetic  as 
when  well-colored  and  arched  from  side  to  side ;  the  latter  belongs 
to  the  most  energetic  and  ambitious  minds,  capable  of  profound 
thought-of  executive  powers,  and  desirious  of  leadership. 

This  combination  of  form  and  color  shows  that  the  thoracic 
and  nutritive  systems  are  well  developed,  hence  the  arched  nail, 
combined  with  a  healthy  color,  denotes  just  what  the  arch  does 
wherever  found,  viz.,  power,  vigor,  activity,  health,  and  longevity. 

It  is  by  these  minute  appearances  that  character  is  determined, 
for  they  rest  on  the  basic  laws  of  Form,  and  are  governed  by 
the  laws  of  homogeneity  and  harmony,  by  the  action  of  which  one 
such  minute  portion  of  the  body  as  the  finger-nail  is  able  to  reveal 
the  structure  of  the  interior  organs,  the  mode  of  action  of  the 
mind  and  feelings,  and  in  many  cases  the  probable  duration  of  life. 

Nails  that  are  sallow  in  color  disclose  biliary  weakness  or 
jaundiced  conditions. 

Those  that  are  dark  in  color  announce  imperfect  aeration  of 
the  blood,  hence  imperfect  action  of  the  heart  may  be  inferred. 

Nails  that  bend  over  the  tops  of  the  fingers  denote  feebleness 
of  the  lungs  or  organs  of  digestion,  or  both. 

The  nails  in  some  races,  notably  among  the  Chinese,  are  cul- 
tivated in  lengths  and  are  considered  signs  of  high  breeding,  as 
showing  that  those  who  exhibit  them  are  not  obliged  to  do  manual 
labor.  I  have  seen  many  Chinese  merchants  with  several  of  the 
finger-nails  three  or  four  inches  in  length,  and  I  once  met  a  man 
who  trimmed  the  nail  of  his  little  finger  to  a  point  and  wrote  with 
it  in  place  of  a  quill. 

A  nail  arched  and  rosy,  whether  square  or  oval,  is  a  sign  of 
health  and  normal  development ;  hence  is  a  mark  of  beauty.  The 
nails  can  be  improved  in  shape,  smoothness,  and  brilliancy  by 
polishing  and  careful  cultivation  with  brush  and  scissors. 

"Hang-nails,"  as  the  loose  bits  of  skin  are  termed  which 
appear  about  the  rim  of  the  nails,  should  be  removed,  as  they 
detract  both  from  comfort  and  beauty. 


1084  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Biting  the  nails  is  a  habit  which  in  children  should  be  cor- 
rected ;  this  can  be  done  by  making  an  application  of  myrrh  or 
quassia  to  them.  Ulceration  of  the  stomach  has  resulted  through 
swallowing  the  fragments  of  nails  bitten  off. 

The  preceding  description  of  the  several  facial  features  and 
physiognomic  indications  gives  -most  valuable  knowledge  of  the 
human  face,  not  only  in  regard  to  the  significations  of  the  form 
and  color  of  the  features,  but  also  in  regard  to  the  subjects  of 
heauty^  morality,  and  intellect.  I  shall  be  rewarded  if  my  ideas  are 
understood  and  practically  applied  in  the  daily  life  of  my  readers. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

Signs  of  Health  and  Disease,  Strength  and  Weakness,  Beauty 
AND  Ugliness  in  the  Human  Face  and  Body. 

IT  would  seem,  at  first  mention  of  the  subject,  almost  a  work  of 
supererogation  to  point  out  the  signs  of  health  and  disease, 
strength  and  weakness,  beauty  and  ugliness  in  the  face  and 
body  of  man,  but  I  find  quite  as  great  a  lack  of  this  knowl- 
edge in  the  minds  of  the  masses  as  I  do  of  physiognomical 
indications.  I  shall  therefore  devote  a  space  to  the  discussion  of 
these  subjects. 

Without  a  knowledge  of  scientific  physiognomy  and  the  basic 
principles  of  Form  it  is  impossible  to  know  what  appearances  in 
the  face  reveal  either  health,  beauty,  or  feebleness,  unless  they  are 
very  decided,  and  even  in  this  case  there  are  many  who  could  not 
state  decisively  what  these  indications  were.  The  densest  ignor- 
ance in  regard  to  beauty  is  so  prevalent  that  it  is  small  wonder 
that  its  corresponding  signs  of  health  are  as  little  understood,  for 
strength,  health,  and  beauty  are  synonymous. 

The  majority  of  people  regard  as  beautiful  only  those  faces 
and  forms  in  which  the  curve  abounds.  Some  do  not  have  as  high 
a  standard  of  beauty  as  this,  even,  and  regard  as  beautiful  those 
features  in  which  the  concave  outline  is  present. 

Now,  we  have  learned  in  the  preceding  chapters  that  the  con- 
cave outline  in  any  feature  or  member  ever  denotes  relatively 
enfeebled  conditions ;  hence,  the  concave  nose,  cheeks,  or  chest 
cannot  rightly  be  considered  beautiful  because  they  are  departiires 
from  the  normal  standard  of  Form,  and  denote  relative  weakness. 
In  order,  therefore,  to  have  a  correct  idea  of  beauty,  health, 
strength,  or  weakness,  we  must  apply  the  laws  of  Form  to  every 
feature  of  the  face  and  to  every  part  of  the  body.  In  this  way  our 
comprehension  of  beauty,  health,  etc.,  will  be  much  enlarged,  and 
our  knowledge  of  the  powers  of  the  human  mind  and  body  be 
greatly  increased.  Had  we  no  standards  of  form  by  which  to  test 
our  forms  and  powers,  personal  opinion  would  be  the  only  criterion 
as  to  what  constitutes  beauty  and  health.  The  fact  that  one  likes 
or  prefers  a  certain  formation  or  a  certain  face  does  not  make  that 

(1085) 


1086  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

form  or  face  beautiful,  any  more  than  disliking  a  face  makes  it 
ugly.  The  application  of  the  laws  of  Form  alone  will  reveal  true 
beauty^  as  well  as  good  health,  strength,  feebleness,  or  ugUness  of 
features. 

That  face  is  healthful  and  beautiful  which  denotes  a  balanced 
condition  of  the  several  visceral  organs  and  other  systems  of  the 
body,  provided  the  organism  be  of  a  normal  quality  and  in  a  normal 
condition.  A  balanced  state  of  the  visceral  organs  is  shown  in  the 
face  by  ge^ieral  development  of  all  the  features^  together  with  a 
bright  eye  and  a  clear  skin,  a  healthy  color  of  the  complexion,  and 
well-colored  eyes  and  hair,  a  good-sized  nose,  large  nostrils,  full 
cheeks,  a  well-proportioned  chin,  curving  lower  jaw,  a  forehead 
broad  and  wide  (rather  than  narrow  and  high)  and  developed  at 
the  sides  and  front,  well-shaped  cheek-bones,  a  well-proportioned 
upper  lip,  gums  not  visible,  regular  teeth,  broad  (rather  than  long 
and  narrow)  and  red,  moist  lips.  These  indications  are  all  signs 
of  beauty,  whether  observed  separately  or  associated  in  the  same 
physiognomy. 

An  unbalanced  or  weak  organism  is  shown  in  the  face  by 
relatively  small  or  imperfectly-constructed  features,  as,  for  example, 
a  chin  very  short  and  narrow,  hollow  cheeks,  perpendicular  jaws, 
a  mouth  too  small  or  misshapen,  exposed  gums,  irregular  teeth,  or 
teeth  long  and  narrow ;  thin,  bloodless  lips ;  a  very  sliort  upper 
lip ;  nose  very  thin  or  extremely  short  or  concave  in  its  outline, 
or  turned  too  far  downward  at  the  tip,  or  narrow  nostrils ;  upper 
cheeks  very  flat ;  eyes  extremely  small  and  sunken  or  excessively 
large  and  bulging,  or  exhibiting  a  very  narrow  commissure  or  open- 
ing between  the  lids ;  hollows  in  the  forehead  at  the  temples  or  in 
the  front  of  the  forehead. 

A  thick,  leaden-colored  skin,  or  one  that  is  colorless,  or  one 
too  florid  or  purplish  in  hue,  or  covered  with  pimples  and  discolored 
spots ;  eyes  and  hair  very  light ;  narrow,  high,  spherical  forehead ; 
dull  eyes,  or  those  in  which  the  sclerotic  or  "  white  "  of  the  eye 
has  turned  yellow  or  is  bloodshot, — all  of  the  above-mentioned 
signs  of  weakness  are  all  signs  of  ugliness  or  lack  of  beauty,  of 
talent  and  mental  ability. 

SIGNS   OF    STRENGTH. 

Great  strength  is  not  always  the  attribute  of  the  largest  bodies 
and  faces,  any  more  than  the  largest  heads  are  the  indicators  of 
the  greatest  minds.  As  a  rule,  very  larffe  persons  are  not  so  strong 
and  capable  of  endurance  as  those  of  medium  size.  One  of  the 
best  indications  of  strength  of  body  is  breadth,  not  only  of  the 


SIGNS   OF   STRENGTH. 


1087 


shoulders,  but  of  the  head  and  features.  A  broad,  compactly-built 
man,  of  medium  height,  who  possesses  a  good,  healthy  skin  and 
complexion,  and  well-colored  eyes  and  hair,  is  more  apt  to  be  strong 


Fig.  388.— the  FARNESIAN  HERCULES, 

This  grand  statue,  now  in  the  Musetim  at  Naples,  was  executed  by  Qlycon,  an 
Athenian,  with  the  exception  of  the  right  hand,  which  is  modem.  The  artist  must 
have  made  a  long  and  comprehensive  study  of  both  anatomy  and  physiognomy,  for 
the  face  corroborates  and  repeats  the  body.  It  is  a  specimen  of  ancient  art.  and  was 
discovered  in  the  Baths  of  (aiacalla.  It  is  a  model  of  manly  .strength  and  beauty, 
and  embodies  I^avater's  signs  of  strength  given  in  following  p.Tges.  Were  all  mothers 
to  follow  the  laws  of  Nature,  such  manly  figures  might  be  living  realities,  instead  of 
being  seen  only  in  a  marble  statue. 

than  a  very  large  man  with  pallid  skin,  very  light  eyes,  flabby  flesh, 
and  muscles  loosely  put  together. 

The  circumstance  of  color  greatly  influences  the  muscular 


1088  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

power  and  capacity  for  endurance.  Color  gives  strength  and  in- 
tegrity to  the  tissues,  and  a  good  complexion  is  one  indication  of 
good  arterial  circulation. 

There  is  a  wide  difference  between  mere  muscular  strength 
and  the  ability  to  endure  long-sustained  labor  or  deprivation  of 
food  and  sleep.  A  good  muscular  development  is  required  for  great 
efforts  in  hflting,  etc.,  but  for  endurance  one  must  have  a  good  diges- 
tion, normal  nerves,  strong  and  square  bones,  pure  blood,  and  good 
lungs,  as  well  as  a  fair  endowment  of  muscle,  and  all  of  high 
quality.  Form  and  Quality  are  the  two  most  important  factors  in 
detecting  signs  of  strength  and  weakness.  Lavater  has  given  so 
good  a  description  of  these  indications  that  I  here  reproduce  them, 
with  his  remarks  thereon,  for  the  benefit  of  my  readers.  He 
remarks  thus: — 

What  we  call  strength  of  body  is  that  natural  facult}'  of  man  in  virtue 
of  which  he  acts  powerfully  and  without  effort  upon  another  bod}',  without 
easily  yielding  himself  to  a  foreign  impulsion.  The  more  a  man  operates 
immediately,  and  the  more  difficult  it  is  to  move  him,  the  stronger  he  is; 
the  less  he  is  able  to  operate,  and  the  less  resistance  he  can  make  to  the 
shock  of  another  body,  the  more  weak  he  is. 

Strength  may  be  divided  into  two  sorts, — the  one,  calm,  the  essence  of 
which  consists  in  immobility ;  the  other,  lively,  which  has  motion  for  its 
essence;  that  is,  it  produces  motion  without  yielding  to  it. 

The  latter  may  be  exemplified  by  the  elasticity  of  the  spring ;  the 
former,  by  the  firmness  of  the  rock. 

I  put  in  the  first  class  of  strong  persons  those  whom  you  may  denomi- 
nate Herculeses,  in  wliom  everything  announces  the  most  robust  constitu- 
tion ;  they  are  all  bone  and  nerve;  their  stature  is  lofty,  their  flesh  is  firm 
and  compact;  they  are* pillars  which  cannot  be  moved. 

Those  of  the  second  class  are  of  a  complexion  which  has  not  the  same 
firmness  nor  the  same  density ;  they  are  less  corpulent  and  massy  than  the 
preceding,  but  tlieir  power  unfolds  itself  in  proportion  to  the  obstacles  which 
oppose  them.  If  you  struggle  against  them,  if  you  attempt  to  repress  their 
activity,  they  stand  the  shock  with  a  vigor  and  repel  it  with  an  elastic  force 
of  which  persons  the  most  nervous  would  hardly  be  capable. 

Solid  and  calm  strength  manifests  itself  by  a  well-proportioned  stature, 
(rather  too  short  than  too  tall),  a  thick  nape,  broad  shoulders,  a  face  rather 
bony  than  fleshy,  even  in  a  state  of  perfect  health. 

I  add  some  other  signs  which  announce  this  species  of  strength: — 

A  forehead  short,  compact,  and  even  knotted;  frontal  sinuses  well- 
marked,  not  too  prominent,  and  which  are  entirely  smooth  in  the  middle,  or 
with  deep  incisions,  but  whose  cavity  ought  not  to  be  limited  to  a  simple 
flattening  of  the  surface ;  eyebrows  bushy  and  close,  placed  horizontal!}^, 
and  which  approach  near  the  eyes  ;  sunken  eyes,  and  a  determined  look  ;  a 
nose  broad,  firm,  bony  near  the  root ;  contours  straight  and  angular;  the 
hair  of  the  head  and  that  of  the  beard  short,  curled,  and  thick  ;  small  teetli, 
somewhat  broad  and  well  set;  close  lips,  and  the  under  one  jutting  out, 
rather  than  drawn  in ;  a  broad,  prominent  chin ;  the  occipital  bone  knotty 
and  projecting ;  a  bass  voice ;  a  firm  step. 


SIGNS   OF   STRENWa.      o,  ^  J  1089 

The  signs  of  weakness  given  by  Lavater  are  as  follow : — 

The  following  indications  are  those  of  weakness  :  A  tall  stature  with- 
out proportion  ;  much  flesh  and  little  bone  ;  tension  of  the  muscles  ;  a  timid 
countenance ;  a  flabby  skin ;  the  contours  of  the  forehead  and  of  the  nose 
rounded,  blunted,  and,  above  all,  hollowed ;  a  little  nose  and  small  nostrils  ; 
a  short  and  retreating  chin  ;  a  long,  cylindrical  neck ;  a  motion  either  vgry 
rapid  or  very  slow,  but,  in  either  case,  wo  firmness  of  step;  a  gloomy  look; 
depressed  eyelids;  an  open  mouth;  long,  yellowish  or  greenish  teeth;  a 
long  jaw,  with  a  joint  close  to  the  ear ;  the  flesh  white ;  fair,  tender,  and 
long  hair ;  a  shrill  voice.* 

My  own  observation  indorses  all  of  these  signs. 

Signs  of  weakness  in  the  face  are  related  to  and  point  out 
defects  of  hodih/  organizatmi,,  as,  for  example,  a  small  nose  and 
pinched  nostrils  show  that  poor  ventilation  and  compression  of  the 
waist,  continued  through  several  generations,  are  the  cause  of  these 
facial  appearances. 

Pimples  and  blotches  on  the  face  are  the  result  of  dietetic 
sins  of  the  one  exhibiting  them,  or  of  his  ancestors,  or  both  him- 
self and  those  preceding  him.  One  of  the  most  prolific  causes  of 
a  defectively-organized  liver  and  small,  weak  lungs  is  compression 
of  the  waist;  and  this  compression,  no  matter  how  moderate,  if 
habitual  and  practiced  by  one  generation  after  another,  as  observed 
in  all  so-called  civilized  communities,  will  in  time  result  in  facial 
ugliness,  and  its  effects  are  shown  by  a  small  nose,  pinched  nostrils; 
sallow,  or  leaden,  or  pallid  complexion ;  dull  eyes,  hollow  cheeks, 
perpendicular  jaws ;  pimpled,  blotched,  and  discolored  skin,  and 
other  facial  abnormalities. 

These  defects  appear  in  both  sexes,  although  compression  of 
the  waist  is  practiced  almost  entirely  by  the  female  sex.  The  sons 
as  well  as  the  daughters  born  of  a  long  line  of  females  who  have 
practiced  this  terrible  habit  show  both  in  their  lace  and  physique 
the  direful  effects  of  a  custom  which  leaves  its  unmistakable  signs 
upon  the  body  and  face.  Its  influence  upon  the  mind  and  moral 
sense  are  equally  apparent,  for,  as  I  have  shown  that  mind  and 
body  are  a  unity,  and  that  pliysical  function  and  mental  and  moral 
faculties  are  closely  related,  and  that  the  signs  of  tliese  functions 
and  faculties  are  registered  in  the  face  and  upon  the  body,  so  it 
must  be  apparent  to  the  thoughtful  that  in  order  to  have  tme 
beauty,  true  goodness,  real  strength  of  mind,  of  morals,  and  of 
body,  attention  must  be  paid  to  making  every  organ  and  function 
of  the  body  as  nearly  perfect  as  possible. 

The  exterior  of  tlie  body  is  dependent  for  its  form  upon  the 
size,  shape,  and  activity  of  the  interior  organs  mainly  ;  hence,  it 
will  be  seen  that,  in  order  to  have  a  beautiful  exterior, — in  order  to 

*  Lavater  on  Physiognomy,  edition  1877,  London,  vol.  iv,  p.  131  et  seq. 

69 


1090 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


have  a  handsome  face  and  a  fine  bodily  organization, — due  atten- 
tion must  be  given  to  the  condition  of  the  internal  organs. 

Exercise  in  a  gymnasium  may  develop  the  muscles  to  a  degree, 
but,  unless  proper  attention  is  given  to  diet  and  rest,  to  ventilation, 
etc.,  real,  enduring  strength  will  not  result.  The  power  comes 
frcfm  within. 

COMPRESSION    OF   THE   FEMALE   WAIST. 

Many  women  entertain  the  idea  that  moderate  compression 
of  the  waist  is  not  at  all  hurtful. 

Now,  moderate  compression  is  lohat  produces  all  these  de- 
formities, for,  according  to  accounts,  no  woman  ever  laces  tightly; 


Pia.  839.— NORMAL  FEMALE  WAIST. 


Fig.  340— abnormal  FEMALE  WAIST. 


and  thin,  weak,  ugly  figures  and  faces  are  quite  numerous  in  every 
civilized  community. 

This  species  of  deformity  has  never  been  attempted  by  savage 
races;  indeed,  no  barbarous  race  has  ever  exhibited  a  variety  of 
deformity  at  all  comparable  to  this  in  its  disastrous  efiects  upon 
mind  and  morals.  The  compression  of  the  brain  by  the  Flat 
Head  Indians,  it  is  said,  does  not  at  all  injure  the  intellect, 
while  we  know  that  lacing  the  waist  not  only  injures  the  intellect, 
but  it  also  produces  immorality,  disease,  and  ugliness.  Could  we 
have  one  generation  of  mothers  whose  waists  were  not  at  all  de- 
formed, I  am  convinced  we  should  have  a  generation  of  children 
that  would  be  a  wonderful  improvement  upon  the  present  one,  al- 
though I  think  it  would  require  several  generations  of  uncorsetted 
mothers  to  undo  the  dreadful  eff'ects  of  their  predecessors. 


COMPRESSION   OF   THE   FEMALE   "WAIST. 


1091 


Moderate  lacing,  as  well  as  tight  lacing,  induces  the  following 
disorders:  Liver  complaint,  dyspepsia,  uterine  disorders,  rush  of 
blood  to  the  head,  weakness  of  the  lungs,  shortness  of  breath,  and 


Fig.  341— the  VENUS  DE  MEDICI, 


This  transcendently  beautiful  statue  was 
executed  bv  Cleomenes,  who  lived  over  three 
hundred  vears  B.C.  It  is  on  view  at  the  UflBzi 
Gallery,  Florence.  Copies  of  this  statue  are  to 
be  found  in  all  the  academies  of  art  throughout 
the  world,  where  it  is  made  the  basis  of  design. 
The  fine  development  of  the  waist  enlightens 
us  greatly  as  to  the  normal  contour  and  mus- 
cular development  of  the  female  form.  It  will 
be  observed  that  the  measurement  of  the  waist 
is  nearly  as  great  as  that  of  the  shoulders.  A 
few  generations  of  mothers  with  such  bodily 
outlines  would  usher  in  a  race  of  wonderful 
beings,  far  surpassing  any  known  to  history: 
for  the  high  development  of  the  mind  and 
morals  depends  upon  the  normal  condition  of 
every  organ  and  function.  The  mind  and  body 
are  a  umty. 


Fig.  342.— EGERIA. 


Egeria,  one  of  the  goddesses  of  ancient 
Eome,  discloses  a  bodily  development  which  is 
a  marvel  of  strength  and  beauty.  It  would  be 
well  if  our  modem  goddesses  possessed  such  a 
development  of  the  waist,  l)ody,  and  limbs. 
Under  a  correct  regimen  there  niight  be  large 
numbers  of  women  thus  beautifully  developed. 
In  her  countenance,  attitude,  and  contours  the 
qualities  of  female  beauty,  strength,  and  loveli- 
ness are  observed.  An  analysis  and  comparison 
of  the  several  parts  of  the  body  will  prove  a 
grand  lesson  in  the  correct  proportion  of  the 
female  form.  Comparison  of  the  girth  of  the 
thorax  above  the  bust  with  that  of  the  waist 
line  just  below  the  hip-joint  will  give  a  just  idea 
of  the  relative  size  of  these  two  parts ;  the  waist 
Size  will  prove  to  be  the  larger. 


1092  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

other  disorders.  It  makes  the  face  sallow,  ashen-colored,  pimply, 
and  pallid;  makes  the  end  of  the  nose  red  or  purple;  creates  small 
nostrils,  a  concave  nose,  and  shows  in  the  walk  and  voice,  which 
latter  it  eventually  reduces  to  a  thin,  piping,  shrill,  or  nasal  tone. 
A  constant  pressure  upon  the  interior  organs  causes  them  to  be- 
come more  and  more  constricted  in  their  action,  and,  as  there  is 
not  sufficient  room  in  the  cavity  of  the  body  at  the  waist  for  them 
to  act,  they  press  some  of  the  organs  downward,  and  this  displace- 
ment of  organs  in  woman  gives  rise  to  congested  conditions,  which 
in  turn  lead  to  hysteria  and  other  immoral  states.  Obstructed 
circulation  prevents  the  blood  from  being  properly  purified  in  the 
liver  and  oxygenated  in  the  lungs,  and  these  two  circumstances 
combined  prevent  the  brain  from  receiving  its  share  of  nutriment, 
and  brain  exhaustion,  feeble-mindcdness,  and  loss  of  memory  fol- 
low. Not  only  does  the  subject  of  this  dire  practice  suffer  in  her 
own  person  all  of  these  terrible  consequences,  but  she  transmits 
all  sorts  of  enfeebled  conditions  to  her  offspring,  and  all  these 
evils  ensue  from  "moderate  lacing." 

SIGNS   OF   BEAUTY   IN   WOMAN. 

The  illustrations  (Figs.  339  and  340)  of  the  normal  and 
abnormal  waist  of  the  female  figure  show  to  what  extent  this 
deformity  has  gone,  while  the  beautiful  illustration  of  the  Venus 
de  Medici  shows  to  what  degree  of  beauty  and  strength  the  female 
figure  may  attain  under  right  conditions. 

Of  all  the  indications  of  beauty  in  the  female,  I  rank,  first,  a 
proportionate  waist ;  that  it  to  say,  a  waist  of  from  twenty-four  to 
twenty-six  inches  for  average-sized  women  in  youth :  smaller  sizes 
for  slight,  thin  women.  The  second  greatest  beauty  of  woman  is 
a  clear  and  fine  skin  and  a  brilHant  complexion ;  the  third,  a 
handsome  mouth ;  the  fourth,  a  well-shaped  nose ;  the  fiflh, 
bright,  well-colored  eyes. 

If  a  woman  possess  a  large  waist,  and  does  not  compress  it 
artificially,  she  is  quite  likely  to  have  a  fine  complexion,  as  well  as 
a  form  normally  developed.  Many  other  beauties  of  face,  body, 
mind,  and  sentiment  are  sure  to  follow  the  development  of  the 
physical  powers,  for  the  normally-constructed  woman  will  evolve  a 
normal  condition  of  emotion,  sentiment,  and  intellect;  hence,  I 
recommend  all  women  who  wish  to  enhance  all  their  cliarms  of 
mind,  body,  and  affection  to  avoid  compressing  the  waist  even 
moderately.  A  woman  who  develops  her  physical  powers  up  to 
their  highest  degree,  evolves  a  magnetic  power  which  no  wasp- 
waisted  belle  can  acquire,  and  which  has  also  the  good  quality  of 
permanency. 


SIGNS  OF   BEAUTY   IN   WOMAN.  109« 


HEALTH   HINTS. 


There's  a  skin  witliout  and  a  skin  within, 

A  covering  skin  and  a  lining  skin  ; 

But  the  skin  within  is  the  skin  without, 

Doubled  inward  and  carried  comi)letely  throughout. 

The  palate,  the  nostrils,  the  windpipe  and  throat, 
Are  all  of  them  lined  with  this  inner  coat. 
Which  through  every  part  is  made  to  extend, 
Lungs,  liver,  and  bowels  from  end  to  end. 

The  outside  skin  is  a  marvelous  plan 
For  exuding  the  dregs  of  the  flesh  of  man  ; 
While  the  inner  extracts  from  the  food  and  the  air 
What  is  needed  the  waste  of  the  flesh  to  repair. 

Too  much  brandy,  whisky,  or  gin 
Is  apt  to  disorder  the  skin  within  ; 
While,  if  dirty  and  dry,  the  skin  without 
Refuses  to  let  the  sweat  come  out. 

Good  people  all,  have  a  care  of  your  skin. 
Both  that  without  and  that  within  ; 
To  the  first  give  plenty  of  water  and  soap. 
To  the  last,  little  else  but  water,  we  hope. 

But  always  be  very  particular  where 
You  get  your  water,  your  food,  and  your  air ; 
For  if  these  be  tainted  or  rendered  impure, 
It  will  have  its  effect  on  the  blood,  be  sure. 

The  food  whicli  will  ever  for  you  be  the  best 
Is  that  you  like  most,  and  can  soonest  digest 
All  unripe  fruit  and  decaying  flesh 
Beware  of,  and  fish  that  is  not  very  fresh. 

But  of  all  things  the  most  I  would  have  you  beware 
Of  breathing  the  poison  of  once-breathed  air. 
When  in  bed,  whether  out  or  at  home  you  may  be. 
Always  open  the  windows  and  let  it  go  free. 

With  clothing  and  exercise  keep  yourselves  warm. 
And  change  your  clothes  quickly  if  caught  in  a  storm. 
For  a  cold  caught  by  chilling  the  outside  skin 
Flies  at  once  to  the  delicate  lining  within. 

All  you  who  thus  kindly  take  care  of  your  skin, 
And  attend  to  its  wants  without  and  within, 
Need  never  of  cholera  feel  any  fears. 
And  your  skin  may  last  you  a  hundred  years. 

Joseph  Poweb. 

THE  FACIAL  FEATURES  AS   REVELATORS  OF   STRENGTH   AND   BEAUTY. 

The  practical  value  of  scientific  physiognomy  is  nowhere 
more  apparent  than  in  tlie  exposition  it  makes  of  the  construction 
and  conditions  of  the  internal  organization  of  the  human  body. 
By  the  face  alone  we  are  able  (if  we  read  it  scientifically)  to  dis- 
tinguish differences  in  the  form,  power,  and  ability  of  the  several 
visceral  organs  and  systems.  Physicians  have  long  understood 
the  value  of  the  pulse  as  an  indicator  of  health  and  disease ;  the 


1094  PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

tongue,  also,  discloses  both  healthy  and  diseased  conditions  of  the 
various  organs,  tissues,  and  systems  hidden  from  the  sight  and 
touch  of  man ;  the  face,  too,  has  been  relied  upon  to  some  extent 
in  diagnosing  the  changes  and  conditions  incident  to  disease.  Yet 
the  face,  as  an  exponent  of  the  form,  size,  and  natural  power  of 
the  different  organs  and  systems  of  functions  which  constitute  the 
organism  as  a  whole,  has  never  been  understood  until  this  system 
presented  it.  This  knowledge,  added  to  an  understanding  of  the 
facial  signs  of  health  and  disease,  will  be  of  incalculable  advantage, 
particularly  to  physicians  and  mothers,  and,  indeed,  to  all  who 
are  desirous  of  understanding  and  conserving  their  mental  and 
physical  powers.  I  design,  in  this  chapter,  to  give  a  few  of  the 
prominent  signs  by  which  diseased  and  healthful  organs  and 
conditions  can  be  ascertained. 

To  a  thoughtful  and  observant  person  the  face  will  seem 
naturally  to  be  the  exponent  of  the  entire  organism.  It  has 
evolved  just  iri  the  same  way  that  the  various  organ  systems  have 
developed.  From  the  expressionless  faces  of  the  lower  animals, 
the  human  face  has  gradually  assumed  its  present  degree  of  per- 
fection of  form ;  as  the  evolution  of  the  race  continues,  it  is  prob- 
able that  there  will  be  additions  and  changes  of  the  physiognomy 
to  suit  the  altered  mental  and  physical  conditions  which  evolution 
will  entail.  There  has  been  a  constant  change  and  addition  of 
expressions  in  connection  with  the  evolution  of  the  physical  and 
mental  powers.  The  physiognomies  of  the  most  advanced  peoples 
are  much  more  expressive  than  those  of  the  lowest  races ;  the 
physical  powers  of  the  former  are  more  highly  specialized  than 
those  of  the  latter ;  in  fact,  we  find  that  the  mental  powers  keep 
pace  with  physiological  development  all  along  the  Hne  of  pro- 
gressive growth. 

The  forehead,  chin,  and  defined  nose  are  the  latest  acquisi- 
tions to  human  physiognomy;  none  of  the  lower  animals  possess 
either,  neither  have  they  the  same  degree  of  reason,  conscientious- 
ness, and  mechanical  ability  as  the  developed  man ;  and  the  signs 
for  these  faculties  are  found  in  the  forehead,  chin,  and  nose. 

THE   NOSE. 

The  nose,  as  has  been  shown  elsewhere,  is  an  indicator  of 
both  lungs  and  heart ;  and,  as  man  depends  upon  his  breathing 
and  circulatory  power  for  his  ability  to  perform  almost  all  of  the 
useful  and  great  acts  of  life,  the  importance  of  the  high  develop- 
ment of  the  nose  in  regard  to  size  and  form  must  be  apparent  to 
the  reader ;  therefore,  any  peculiarity  in  this  feature  which  would 
indicate  a  deficiency  in  the  action  of  either  the  lungs  or  the  heart 


THE   NOSE.  1095 

would  necessarily  afford  the  clue  to  the  grade  of  mentality  of  the 
possessor  of  snch  peculiarity. 

When  we  wisli  to  discover  the  natural  construction  of  the 
lungs  and  heart  and  tlie  power  and  vigor  of  the  circulation,  as 
well  as  the  ability  of  the  lungs  to  oxygenate  the  blood,  we  must 
look  to  the  size  and  shape  of  the  nostrils  and  nose.  If  the  nostrils 
be  small,  the  lungs  will  be  small  also ;  and  the  heart,  not  receiving 
a  large  supply  of  well-oxygenated  blood,  will  not,  of  course,  be  as 
powerful  as  where  the  supply  is  greater.  The  natural  or  inherited 
quality  of  the  individual  is  useful  in  estimating  the  strength  or 
weakness  of  the  internal  organs  and  the  power  of  their  functions ; 
this,  too,  must  be  taken  into  account  in  forming  an  opinion  in 
regard  to  their  action.  The  texture,  color,  and  clearness  of  the 
skin  and  eyes,  as  remarked  elsewhere,  will  assist  in  arriving  at  the 
quality  of  the  physiology  of  the  individual. 

These  characteristics  of  the  natural  physiological  conditions 
give  us  an  understanding  of  the  mental  powers,  for  mind  is  only  a 
question  of  physiology.  Although  we  have  been  taught  that  it  is 
something  superior  to  the  body,  we  know  that  it  cannot  exist  apart 
from  it,  and  cannot  be  regarded  as  an  entity.  Now,  when  we 
observe  a  person  whose  nose  lies  flat,  or  nearly  so,  against  his  face, 
we  know  directly  that  his  mental  construction  is  of  a  very  low 
order,  from  lack  of  the  pliysical  assistance  which  a  developed 
state  of  the  lungs,  heart,  and  stomach  renders.  A  low,  flat  nose 
denotes  a  low  grade  of  intellect — low,  because  there  is  not  the 
proper  apparatus  for  assimilating  enough  of  the  constituents  of  the 
atmosphere  to  give  noble  aspirations  and  lofty  and  vigorous  thought. 
A  hollow  or  "  scooped  "  nose — that  is  to  say,  a  nose  which  is  very 
low  at  the  centre  and  lies  nearly  level  with  the  plane  of  the  face — 
is  always  accompanied  by  a  weak  stomach,  or  a  tendency  to  such 
weakness.  Hollow,  retreating  eyes  and  depression  of  the  orbits 
or  surrounding  parts  disclose  a  deficiency  of  power  in  the  muscular 
system.  If  tlie  bones  of  the  forehead  do  not  project  well  out  over 
the  eyes,  the  bony  system  is  comparatively  small ;  that  is  to  say,  it 
is  small  in  proportion  to  the  other  systems  in  the  body.  If  the 
sign  for  Weight  be  small,  the  individual  will  not  be  able  to  balance 
himself  so  well  in  walking,  climbing,  dancing,  etc.,  as  where  it  is 
found  largely  developed.  Rut  as  my  design  in  this  chapter  is  to 
treat  particularly  of  the  facial  signs  and  indications  of  health  and 
disease,  both  natural  and  acquired,  as  well  as  of  beauty  and 
ugliness,  I  shall  pass  by  the  meanings  of  mental  significations  in 
the  countenance,  and  confine  myself  to  the  purely  physiological 
or  pathognomonic  aspect  of  the  physiognomy. 

If  the  nostrils  are  narrow  and  long,  the  lungs  will  correspond 


1096  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

in  formation.  The  strength  of  the  lungs  will  depend  upon  their 
inherited  quality,  regardless  of  size,  although  the  large  round  lungs 
are  usually  the  stronger.  The  strength  and  power  of  the  lungs 
may  be  known  by  a  healthful  color  of  the  skin,  as  well  as  by  a 
healthful  brightness  and  clearness  of  the  eyes. 

In  deciding  upon  possibilities  of  lung-power,  the  condition  of 
the  digestive  system  must  be  taken  into  account.  Where  assimila- 
tion is  easily  performed,  the  lungs  will  be  well  supplied  with  good 
blood;  but  if  the  nostrils  are  narrow,  the  skin  pale  or  blue,  and 
the  cheeks  thin  or  hollow,  great  care  must  be  taken  to  provide  the 
stomach  with  the  most  nourishing  food,  else  that  dread  scourge, 
consumption,  will  make  its  appearance.  Persons  with  weak  diges- 
tion set  little  value  on  food,  and  often  neglect  themselves  in  this 
respect,  and  in  this  way  the  lungs  become  impoverished  and  soon 
decay.  Such  persons  should  make  a  huslness  of  eating  and  cul- 
tivate the  appetite  by  eating  all  that  tlie  taste  calls  for.  Appetite 
can  be  cultivated,  just  as  any  other  defective  function  or  faculty. 
Poor  feeders  do  not  have  so  strong  a  liold  upon  life,  nor  are  they  as 
capable  of  friendship,  as  those  wlio  nourish  the  body  well.  Con- 
sumption can  be  cured  in  its  first  stages  by  pure  air  and  a  dietary 
suited  to  the  individual.  Medicine  cannot  cure  it.  It  may  some- 
times mitigate  the  severity  of  the  cough,  but  medicine  cannot 
supply  good,  rich  blood  in  the  right  proportions.  Notliing  but 
good  food  made  into  blood,  and  this  blood  oxygenated  by  the  purest 
atmosphere,  can  replace  the  diseased  and  worn-out  tissues.  Medi- 
cine never  created  either  blood  or  tissue ;  food  and  air  alone  perform 
this  miracle. 

Narrow  or  pinched  nostrils  are  evidence  of  weak  lungs.  This 
formation  also  shows  a  sluggish  arterial  circulation.  Weakness 
of  the  lungs  gives  other  indications  of  their  inability  to  perform 
their  office  properly;  a  pale,  bluish  cast  of  the  skin,  with  blue  or 
pale  lips  and  nails,  arching  of  the  nails  over  the  fingers,  sighing 
and  yawning  frequently,  shortened  respiration,  narrow  and  droop- 
ing shoulders,  and  a  flat  chest,  are  all  symptoms  of  an  imperfect 
thoracic  system. 

The  thoracic  or  lung  system  is  dependent  upon  the  normal 
action  of  the  intestinal  system  to  provide  nutrition, — to  supply  the 
lungs  with  a  sufficient  quantity  of  blood  of  a  suitable  quality  to 
keep  them  in  normal  action.  If  the  bowels  fail  to  perform  their 
share  of  work, — fail  to  provide  suitable  materials  for  the  manufacture 
of  blood, — the  lungs  become  impoverished  and  decay ;  and  the 
hectic  flush  denotes  an  abnormal  condition  of  the  intestinal  system, 
and  show  that  the  lungs  have  not  received  their  right  proportion 
of  good  blood  to  supply  their  necessities. 


THE   CHIN,   CHEEKS,    AND   LIPS.  1097 


THE   CHIN,    CHEEKS,    AND    LIPS. 

Physicians  in  all  ages  have  understood  many  signs  of  disease 
and  health  as  shown  by  the  various  expressions  and  changes  of 
the  human  face.  Hippocrates  and  Galen,  the  most  ancient  medical 
writers,  have  left  us  some  opinions  in  regard  to  signs  of  diseases 
which  they  had  observed.  Hippocrates  tells  us  that  it  is  a  bad 
symptom 

When  the  ej'es  of  the  patient  shun  the  light,  when  thej  begin  to 
squint,  when  one  appears  smaller  than  the  other,  when  the  white  begins  to 
redden,  the  arteries  to  grow  black,  to  swell,  or  to  disappear  in  an  extra- 
ordinary manner ; 

And,  he  adds : — 

The  more  the  posture  of  the  patient  approaches  that  which  was 
habitual  to  him  in  a  state  of  health,  the  less  the  danger. 

The  natural  predisposition  to  many  diseases  can  be  known  by 
the  peculiarities  of  facial  construction.  With  this  knowledge  once 
gained,  the  individual  will  be  able  to  ward  off  disease  by  using 
such  precautionary  measures  as  hygienic  law  dictates.  All  1ioll<m\s 
in  the  countenance  denote  weakness.  If  these  hollows  are  natural, 
the  defect  is  constitutional ;  if  temporary,  then  they  are  acquired, 
and  may  be  easily  remedied.  A  small,  narrow,  retreating  chin,  or 
one  which  hollows  inward  near  the  under  lip,  discloses  constitu- 
tional weakness  of  the  kidneys.  Hollow  cheeks  in  the  lower  part 
show  weak  digestion,  or  poor  assimilative  capacity.  Hollow  places 
in  front  of  the  ear-opening,  where  the  parotid  gland  is  situated, 
also  exhibit  less  of  assimilative  power  than  where  this  portion  of 
the  face  is  full.  I  have  observed  this  gland  so  emaciated  as  to 
form  deep  wrinkles  all  over  it.  This  appearance  shows  that  the 
salivary  glands  are  inactive  and  small ;  hence,  they  cannot  secrete 
and  supply  as  much  saliva  as  is  necessary  for  the  perfect  insaliva- 
tion  of  the  food  received.  A  thin,  pale,  and  dry  upper  lip  bears 
testimony  to  a  weakness  in  the  reproductive  system  ;  extreme  short- 
ness of  the  upper  lip  signifies  a  tendency  to  weakness  of  the  spine. 
Shortness  of  the  septum  of  the  nose,  so  that  it  is  level  with  the 
alae,  or  wings,  or  where  it  is  observed  to  be  shorter  than  the  sides, 
evinces  a  predisposition  to  bilious  disorders.  Disease  of  the  heart 
is  indicated  by  a  blue  skin,  fatty  cornea  of  the  eye,  and  red  and 
white  spots  on  the  face.  I  have  observed,  in  severe  cases  of  heart 
disease,  the  lips  and  gums  nearly  black  and  the  skin  as  dark  as  ii 
smeared  with  ink.  Another  sign  of  weak  lungs  is  shown  by  tlie 
hectic  flush  on  the  upper  part  of  the  cheek,  just  over  the  malar 
bones ;  this  flush  is  an  indication  of  an  abnormal  condition  of  the 


1098  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

intestinal  system,  and  is  observed  just  where  one  sign  for  the  intes- 
tinal system  is  situated. 

A  weak  or  defective  state  of  the  nutritive  system  prevents  a 
suitable  quantity  and  proper  quaUty  of  the  blood  from  being  manu- 
factured and  sent  to  the  lungs  and  brain ;  hence  it  is  that  those 
whose  nutritive  system  is  feeble  are  not  only  feeble  breathers,  but 
they  are  also  feeble  thinkers.  These  two  conditions  are  shown  not 
only  by  the  pallor  of  the  cheeks,  or  at  other  times  by  a  flushed 
condition  of  them,  but  the  nostrils,  in  many  subjects,  are  nar- 
row ;  thus,  one  defect  induces  another,  and  are  aU  registered 
unmistakably  upon  the  face. 

THE   COMPLEXION. 

The  complexion  and  color  of  the  skin,  eyes,  and  hair  have  a 
moral  as  well  as  intellectual  and  physical  signification.  Where 
the  organism  is  deficient  in  the  coloring  pigment  (as  I  have  ex- 
plained elsewhere)  a  weakness  of  the  glandular  system  is  usually 
indicated.  This  deficiency  is  sliown  by  milk-white  or  very  liglit 
eyes,  weak  hair,  and  skin  of  a  pallid  hue.  This  appearance  is 
often  accompanied  by  imperfect  vision,  deafness,  tubercles,  a  scrof- 
ulous diathesis,  chlorosis,  white  swellings,  and  many  other  diseased 
conditions  of  the  glands  in  various  parts  of  the  body. 

Now,  if  the  sight  or  hearing  is  imperfect,  the  individual  cannot 
gain  correct  knowledge  of  material  objects,  nor  of  speech  and  ideas. 
Persons  with  defective  senses  fail  to  apprehend  the  perfect  and  en- 
tire import  of  what  occurs  about  them ;  hence,  they  are  liable  to 
take  in  erroneous  or  partial  understandings  of  things  as  they 
appear.  They  are,  also,  by  reason  of  such  defective  senses,  less 
able  to  perceive  and  avoid  dangers,  and,  by  reason  of  their  weak- 
ness, less  able  to  resist  the  attacks  of  disease  and  more  liable  to  be 
affected  by  immoral  temptations. 

The  glandular  system  being  both  absorbent  and  secretory  in 
its  nature,  assisting  by  absorption  the  function  of  digestion,  would 
fail,  in  case  of  defective  action,  to  absorb  and  convey  the  materials 
essential  to  supply  the  coloring  pigment  which  the  foods  extract 
from  the  minerals  contained  in  the  earth  upon  which  they  are 
grown.  The  glands  would  also  fail  in  the  chemical  action  neces- 
sary to  furnish  new  tissues  and  animal  heat  to  the  organism.  Un- 
less all  these  operations  are  perfect.  Friendship,  for. example,  cannot 
exist  in  its  highest  state.  If  the  secreting  glands — the  lymphatics — 
are  too  weak  to  properly  perform  their  office,  and  fliil  to  absorb  the 
impurities  of  the  system,  the  body  becomes  charged  with  waste 
matter,  and  a  condition  of  moral  impurity  will  be  the  result.  Can 
it  be  doubted,  by  any  observant  or  logical  person,  that  a  sound  and 


THE   COMPLEXION.  1099 

pure  body  is  more  capable  of  morality  and  integrity  than  one 
which  is  weak,  diseased,  and  impure?  There  must  be  equilibrium 
in  the  several  functions  of  body  and  faculties  of  mind  in  order  to 
produce  harmonious  conditions  of  the  moral  and  mental  faculties. 
The  more  1  investigate  the  human  organism,  the  more  I  am  con- 
vinced that  the  moral  nature  is  dependent  for  its  purity  and  strength 
upon  physical  conditions,  and  not  upon  theories,  beliefs,  or  dogmas, 
although  cultivation  of  the  moral  sense  is  necessary  for  the  progress 
and  preservation  of  the  race. 

There  are  many  other  ways  in  which  the  moral  and  mental 
faculties  are  made  to  suffer  by  absence  of  coloring  matter.  Its 
deficiency  causes  people  to  be  suspicious.  Lacking  the  warmth 
essential  for  great  friendship,  they  are  ever  ready  to  suspect  their 
friends.  Ask  any  very  light-eyed  person  if  this  is  not  one  of  his 
characteristics.  A  candid  answer  will  prove  this  statement.  On 
the  other  hand,  too  much  coloring  pigment  induces  another  class  of 
diseases,  and  evidences  other  moral  and  mental  peculiarities  and 
defects.  Persons  with  very  dark  skin,  hair,  and  eyes  are  liable  to 
disorders  of  the  biliaiy  system,  to  fevers,  and  inflammations.  As 
with  great  deptli  of  color  intense  heat  is  always  found,  so  we  must 
infer  that  the  passions  and  emotions  of  very  dark  races,  such  as 
love,  jealousy,  hatred,  revenge,  and  the  like,  are  more  violent,  in- 
tense, and  heated  than  those  of  the  white  races.  This  fact  is  well 
illustrated  in  the  Negro  and  Indian,  as  well  as  in  the  Spanish, 
Portuguese,  and  Celtic  races  generally,  and  in  the  inhabitants  of 
the  tropics  as  well.  Sufficient  color  is  a  necessity  and  a  preservative 
of  lile  and  health.  It  also  gives  tone  and  strength  to  the  moral  and 
mental  faculties.  Too  little  coloring  pigment,  as  I  have  shown, 
renders  the  individual  weak  morally,  mentally,  and  physically,  and 
induces  shortness  of  life.  The  knowledge  of  these  facts  should  be 
an  incentive  to  the  study  of  hygiene,  and  the  application  of  its  laws 
to  the  human  organism.  Diet  suited  to  each  individual,  proper 
exercise  and  clothing,  with  sunlight,  pure  air  and  water,  should 
be  considered  as  first  in  the  scale  of  human  necessities,  and  the 
effort  to  procure  them  the  first  and  highest  of  religious  duties. 

A  hollow  in  the  centre  of  the  forehead  announces  a  weakness 
of  that  part  of  the  memory  which  is  devoted  to  the  memory  of 
events,  facts,  incidents,  and  biography.  Memory  has  as  many 
parts  as  there  are  faculties.  One  may  possess  an  uncommonly 
good  memory  for  names  and  not  for  dates,  or  a  memory  for  colors 
and  not  for  forms,  a  memory  for  tune  and  not  for  figures  or  time, 
or  a  memory  for  faces  and  not  for  names.  Many  forms  of  nervous 
diseases  weaken  the  general  memory.  Nervous  shocks  will  some- 
times impair  the  memory  for  names  of  things,  for  nouns  and  not 


1100  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

for  adjectives  and  other  parts  of  speech,  thus  proving  that  memory 
has  almost  infinitesimal  subdivisions. 

Memory  is  far  more  complex  and  minute  in  its  operations  than 
is  generally  understood.  The  learned  and  ingenious  Hooke  is  said, 
in  his  speculations,  to  have  estimated  "that  the  mind  is  capable  of 
containing  three  thousand  one  hundred  and  fifty-five  million  seven 
hundred  and  sixty  thousand  ideas."  Each  of  these  ideas  has  its 
own  memory,  as  a  matter  of  course,  I  think  this  estimate  under- 
rates rather  than  overrates  the  divisions  and  capacity  of  memory. 

The  prevalent  custom  of  the  almost  universal  use  of  tobacco 
and  alcoholic  drinks  is  not  only  demoralizing  the  present  genera- 
tion, but  is  laying  the  foundation  for  a  large  increase  of  criminal 
and  defective  men  and  women  in  the  next.  Wherever  we  find  the 
renal  or  kidney  system  constitutionally  defective  we  shall  be  sure  to 
find  the  moral  nature  correspondingly  weak.  The  children  bom 
of  drunkards  have  often  very  narrow,  retreating  chins, — the  first 
stage  toward  idiocy.  Many,  if  not  most,  idiots  show  similar  forma- 
tion, and  this  indicates  enfeebled  moral  perception  and  power. 
The  reports  of  the  superintendents  for  several  Homes  for  Inebriates 
have  fallen  under  my  observation ;  on  comparing  them,  I  find  that 
they  are  unanimously  of  the  opinion  expressed  by  one  of  them.  Dr. 
Haynes,  of  San  Francisco,  viz.,  that 

In  chronic  cases  of  alcoholism  there  is  a  general  impairment  of  all  the 
so-called  moral  faculties,  and  a  corresponding  increase  of  the  animal 
instincts  and  nature. 

He  also  adds: — 

From  our  own  observation,  as  a  general  rule,  there  seems  to  be  a 
change  in  the  very  morale  of  the  mind.  All  continuous  mental  effort 
soon  becomes  difficult  or  impossible;  not  onl^'  are  the  perceptions  blunted, 
but  the  intellectual  faculties  and  reasoning  powers  are  impaired.  This 
tendency,  which  plays  a  ver}-  important  part  in  the  production  of  prema- 
ture mental  decay,  has  been  attributed  chiefly  to  three  causes,  viz.,  hyper- 
trophy of  the  left  ventricle,  chronic  disease  of  the  kidney,  and  degeneration 
of  the  coats  of  the  cerebral  arteries. 

Some  parts  of  the  memory  are  affected  and  weakened  by  long- 
continued  catarrh ;  other  divisions  by  nervous  shocks.  Thus  we 
see  the  importance  of  keeping  the  several  parts  of  the  body  in 
repair  if  we  would  be  mentally  qualified  to  use  our  highest  powers. 
The  general  memory,  as  I  have  shown,  may  be  strengthened,  im- 
paired, or  wholly  obliterated  by  certain  physical  conditions.  It  may 
be  strengthened  by  a  judicious  use  of  it  in  the  following  manner : 
First,  by  a  slow  and  deliberate  perusal  of  whatever  subject  one 
desires  to  retain ;  afterward,  by  a  careful  review  each  night  of  the 
events  of  the  day,  week,  or  month.     A  few  moments  devoted  to 


THE   COMPLEXION,  1101 

this  exercise  will  produce  a  decided  increase  in  the  memorizing 
capacity.  It  may  also  be  strengthened  by  the  use  of  proper  foods 
and  the  non-use  of  stimulants  in  any  form.  Alcohol  and  malt 
liquors,  tea,  coffee,  pepper,  and  too  much  animal  food  all  tend  to 
stimulate  the  mind ;  but  all  exalted  and  stimulated  conditions  are 
sure  to  bring  reaction,  and  this  reaction  will  produce  exhaustion  of 
the  nerve-forces.  Hence,  it  is  apparent  that  this  process  called 
Memory,  which,  above  and  beyond  all  others,  has  been  considered 
a  purely  mental  function,  is  dependent  for  its  power  and  sustenance 
upon  dietetic  and  stomachic  conditions.  Another  proof  of  this 
dependence  is  given  us  in  the  fact  that  a  deficiency  of  color  in  the 
physiognomy — in  the  skin,  hair,  and  eyes — is  evidence  of  a  weak 
memory.  Now,  if  the  stomach  were  supplied  with  suitable  ma- 
terials from  which  the  right  proportions  of  color  coidd  be  extracted, 
and  if  the  chemical  action  of  the  systems  of  the  body  which  assist 
the  process  of  digestion  and  nutrition  were  normal,  and  if  the  body 
received  sufficient  sunlight,  the  memory  would  be  strengthened, 
and  this  "  mental "  process  would  be  correspondingly  improved. 
The  habitual  use  of  tobacco  assists  not  only  in  changing  the  color 
of  the  complexion,  but  sometimes  almost  entirely  obliterates  the 
memory  of  colors,  as  well  as  other  departments  of  Memory ;  and 
this  defect  is  intensified  where  this  habit  is  hereditary, — where 
grandfather,  father,  and  son  have  been  habituated  to  the  constant 
use  of  this  terrible  poison.  Not  only  is  the  color-sense  defective 
and  sometimes  obliterated,  but  other  physical  functions  and  mental 
faculties  lose  their  normal  power  and  vigor.  The  functions  of 
secretion  and  absorption  are  obstructed  by  the  presence  of  nicotine 
(an  active  principle  in  tobacco) ;  hence,  the  tissues  are  neither 
purified  of  their  waste  particles  nor  are  they  properly  rebuilt,  in 
consequence  of  the  lymphatics  failing  to  perform  their  office. 
These  glands  are  affected  in  such  manner  by  the  active  poison  of 
tobacco  that  normal  action  is  impossible.  The  proof  of  this  position 
will  be  better  understood  when  it  is  shown  that  the  color-sense,  or 
memor)^  of  colors,  is  very  defective  in  men, — far  more  so  than  in 
women.  This  arises  principally  from  the  fact  that  men  are  gen- 
erally consumers  of  tobacco,  while  women  seldom  make  use  of  it. 
The  percentage  of  color-blindness  in  men,  as  compared  with  the 
same  defect  in  women,  is  astonishing,  and  almost  surpasses  belief 
Had  we  not  the  statistics  of  eminent  and  reputable  physicians  and 
scientists  on  this  point  it  would  be  incredible. 

Now,  upon  the  integrity  of  the  memory  of  color  the  lives  of 
thousands  of  human  beings  daily  depend,  as,  for  example,  in  com- 
prehending colored  signals  and  lights  on  steam-ships  and  railroad 
trains ;  and,  as  these  positions  are  filled  exclusively. by  men,  it  is 


1102  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

apparent  that  the  safety  of  the  traveUng  community  is  jeopardized 
by  the  use  of  a  narcotic  which  destroys  this  most  important  depart- 
ment of  Memory.  The  facial  signs  of  this  defect  are  shown  in 
the  hvid  faces  and  the  colorless,  lustreless,  and  yellow  hue  of  the 
eyes  of  those  who  are  under  the  effect  of  the  poison  of  tobacco. 
It  impedes  respiration,  and  thus  decreases  lung  and  arterial  circula- 
tion ;  it  weakens  the  digestion  ;  it  impairs  the  reasoning  faculties ; 
it  unmans  the  individual,  producing  a  weakness  of  the  moral  sense 
the  same  as  alcohol,  and  gives  rise  to  timidity  and  irresolution  in 
principles  and  practice ;  and  all  these  defective  conditions,  when 
transmitted  to  posterity,  are  intensified  and  increased  many  degrees. 
It  is  one  of  the  greatest  obstacles  to  the  march  of  civilization,  inas- 
much as  society  countenances  the  perpetuation  of  tlie  race  by  those 
who  are  degraded  and  vitiated  by  the  use  of  narcotics.  If  drunk- 
ards and  tobacco-consumers  were  prevented  from  transmitting  their 
defective  organisms  the  advance  of  civilization  would  be  most 
rapid.  An  enlightened  self-interest  on  the  part  of  governments 
would  seek  to  prevent  such  abnormal  beings  from  inflicting  their 
perverted  conditions  upon  the  unborn,  for  I  claim  that  they  have 
rights  which  justice  should  accord;  but,  as  I  have  elsewhere 
remarked,  men  stupefied  and  besotted  are  not  masters  of  them- 
selves^ and  should  be  coerced  into  regarding  the  rights  of  others 
by  the  strong  arm  of  the  law  until  such  time  as  they  become 
reasoning  beings. 

USE   OF   STIMULANTS. 

"  The  facial  signs  of  the  diseased  conditions  induced  by  the  use 
of  stimulants  are  almost  too  well  known  to  need  notice  here,  but, 
as  they  are  strong  and  convincing  proof  that  all  bodily  or  func- 
tional conditions  are  registered  in  the  face,  I  will  state  some  of 
them.  The  reader  will  have  no  difficulty  in  verifying  these  signs, 
for  they  are  to  be  seen  in  every  grade  and  phase  of  society.  Blood- 
shot eyes,  the  white  of  the  eyes  turned  yellow ;  full,  puffed,  and 
swollen  cheeks,  particularly  of  the  lower  part,  near  the  mouth ; 
puffed  appearance  under  the  eyes;  sunken  eyes;  inflamed  con- 
dition of  the  entire  countenance,  but  particularly  of  the  cheeks, 
where  the  signs  for  digestion  and  the  intestinal  system  are  located, 
thus  disclosing  the  inflamed  and  abnormal  condition  of  the  digest- 
ive apparatus ;  swollen  and  purplish-colored  nose,  exhibiting  the 
perversion  and  blunting  of  all  those  fine  qualities,  the  signs  for 
which  are  located  at  the  end  of  the  nose.  Human  Nature,  Ideality, 
Sublimity,  Hope,  Analysis,  Constructiveness,  are  all  vitiated  and 
sometimes  wholly  obliterated,  as  we  see  by  the  conduct  of  the 
drunkard,  from  long-continued  use  of  alcoholic  beverages.    In  the 


DISEASE  OF   THE  EYES.  1103 

face  of  these  facts,  can  any  one  doubt  the  reliability  of  physiog- 
nomy as  a  recorder  of  bodily  conditions'?  The  signs  here  described 
show  also  diseased  li^'er,  lungs,  heart,  kidneys,  nerves,  and  brain, 
and  entire  digestive  apparatus. 

DISEASE   OF   THE   EYES. 

The  eye  shows  many  pathological  changes.  If  blood-shot, 
as  is  often  seen  in  those  who  are  habitual  drunkards,  it  denotes 
cerebral  and  intestinal  congestion.  Where  the  whites  of  the  eyes 
are  very  yellow,  long-continued  biliary  disturbance  is  indicated. 
Puffed  appearance  under  the  eyes  tells  of  diseased  kidneys.  A 
mixed  and  mottled  eye,  where  spots  and  specks  of  yellow,  brown, 
black,  and  green  are  found  intei-mingled,  invariably  denotes  scrofu- 
lous tendencies,  generally  pertaining  to  the  reproductive  system  or 
the  kidneys ;  usually,  both  systems  are  affected  where  this  appear- 
ance is  observed.  Where  a  large  portion  of  the  white  of  the  eye 
is  veiy  perceptible  under  the  retina,  while  the  eye  is  in  its  natural 
position  and  not  cast  upward,  gluttony  or  inordinate  lust  is  indi- 
cated. A  sunken  appearance  of  the  orbit  of  tlie  eye  announces  a 
deficient  muscular  system,  as  does  also  a  very  small  eye. 

THE    FOREHEAD. 

The  facial  sign  of  healthy  and  diseased  conditions  of  every 
feature  of  the  physiognomy  has  been  treated  of  in  this  chapter, 
with  the  exception  of  the  upper  part  of  the  forehead.  This  part 
of  the  face  requires  no  particular  investigation  as  to  health  and 
disease.  The  upper  part  of  the  forehead  has  no  movable  or  soft 
parts,  and  it  is  in  those  parts  where  expressions  can  be  observed 
that  diseased  conditions  are  most  apparent.  The  natural  forma- 
tion of  the  forehead,  however,  denotes  tendencies  to  healthful 
thought  or  to  sluggish  and  stupid  action,  not  only  of  the  brain, 
but  of  the  functions  of  the  viscera.  A  forehead  the  upper  part  of 
which  shows  a  not  too  abrupt  line  of  inclination  from  the  eyebrows 
backward  discloses  a  common-sense,  mechanical,  and  rather  quick- 
motioned  person.  This  formation  accompanies  the  osseous  and  mus- 
cular systems  and  an  active  liver,  hence  its  practical  and  mechan- 
ical ability.  This  combination  of  systems  indicates  quick,  active 
persons,  both  in  their  mental  and  physical  powers,  and  this  quick- 
ness results  from  an  active  arterial  circulation  and  strong  lungs. 
In  this  way  we  get  the  clue  to  the  construction  of  the  internal 
viscera  simply  by  the  outline  of  the  forehead.  Comparative  anat- 
omy is  infallible  in  deciding  character  by  form  alone,  and  in  this 
instance,  as  well  as  in  all  the  indications  in  regard  to  character, 
we  must  rely  upon  comparisons  made  and  proved. 


1104  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

A  forehead  the  upper  part  of  which  is  very  full,  and  which 
projects  forward  and  outward  from  the  eyebrows,  is  evidence  of  a 
dreamer,  a  theorist,  a  slow,  impractical  person, — one  who  must  be 
helped  by  others  or  do  with  little  of  this  world's  goods.  This 
formation  of  the  skull  belongs,  of  course,  to  a  body  which  corre- 
sponds in  its  build  to  the  brain  ;  that  is  to  say,  the  secretions  will 
all  be  slow  in  forming,  the  lungs  relatively  small,  tlie  arterial  circu- 
lation consequently  not  vigorous,  and  every  movement  of  the  body 
will  necessarily  be  slow  and  deliberate. 

All  these  differences,  and  many  others,  can  be  predicated  by  ob- 
serving just  this  portion  of  the  face  alone,  even  if  the  entire  body  and 
the  rest  of  the  face  were  shrouded  from  view.  When  physiology 
and  anatomy  are  taught  thoroughly  in  our  schools  and  colleges,  the 
amount  of  useful  knowledge  they  will  render  to  the  public  will  not 
be  equaled  by  any  other  department  of  science.  These  studies, 
added  to  scientific  physiognomy,  practically  applied,  would,  in  two 
generations,  go  farther  toward  regenerating  the  world  than  any 
system  of  ethics  of  which  I  have  knowledge.  I  hope  that  those 
mothers  into  whose  hands  this  book  may  fall  will  commence  to 
teach  their  children  the  meanings  of  the  forms,  colors,  and  features 
of  those  about  them  and  those  witli  whom  they  associate ;  the 
localizing  part  of  the  science  and  the  forms,  colors,  etc.,  can  be 
taught  to  children  as  easily  as  geography.  The  localizing  of  signs 
in  the  face  is  somewliat  similar  to  descriptive  geography  and  far 
more  interesting.  The  philosophical  or  theoretical  part  is  for 
more  mature  minds. 

If  time  permits  I  shall  endeavor  to  write  a  primary  work  for 
school-children.  I  have  been  encouraged  in  this  project  by  the 
solicitations  of  many  eminent  educators.  In  the  meantime  parents 
and  teachers  can  draw  the  attention  of  children  to  the  subject  by 
asking  them  what  they  think  is  the  meaning  of  certain  forms  of 
the  nose,  for  example ;  and  so  on,  of  other  features ;  and  then 
proceed  to  explain  the  meaning  of  natural  formations,  such  as  the 
arch  representing  superior  power  and  strength  wherever  found ; 
the  beak  of  the  birds  of  prey, — the  vulture,  the  condor,  etc., — 
representing  rapacity,  love,  and  power  for  overcoming,  desire  to  ac- 
quire the  resources  of  others,  etc.  Then  take  up  the  meanings  of 
other  formations  of  the  nose — the  scooped  or  flat  nose,  representing 
weakness ;  then  proceed  to  the  indications  and  meanings  of  other 
features  and  colors.  The  majority  of  children  can  be  thus  taught 
by  special  effort  on  the  part  of  parents.  My  own  children  have 
learned  a  great  deal  of  physiognomy  from  hearing  me  discuss  the 
science,  without  any  attempt  on  my  part  to  teach  them,  and,  when 
quite  young,  could  select  suitable  associates  and  companions  by 
this  knowledge. 


THE   FOREHEAD.  1106 

If  physiognomy  were  taught  as  a  part  of  our  educational 
curriculum,  our  children  would  be  able,  when  they  became  of 
marriageable  age,  to  select  suitable  companions  for  marriage,  both 
as  regards  physical  powers  and  mental  and  moral  characteristics, 
and  thus  be  spared  the  great  unhappiness  which  falls  to  the  lot  of 
many — I  might  say  of  most — mamed  couples.  This  is  the  result, 
mahily,  of  being  unsuitably  mated ;  this  unsuitableness,  in  most 
instances,  is  caused  by  ignorance  of  the  disposition  and  of  the 
mental  and  moral  character  of  each  other. 

The  interests  of  morality,  true  religion,  and  true  civilization 
would  be  enhanced  by  the  practical  application  of  scientific  prin- 
ciples to  the  reproduction  of  the  race.  Persons  suitably  mated — 
that  is  to  say,  harmoniously  united  in  regard  to  the  right  combina- 
tions of  forms  and  traits — would  insure  greater  perfection  in  their 
children  than  if  the  whole  matter  of  reproduction  were  left  to 
chance  and  ignorance  or  inharmonious  conditions.  I  cannot  con- 
ceive of  a  nobler  ambition  in  a  woman  than  the  desire  to  be  the 
mother  of  superior  or  perfected  offspring,  but  the  mother  alone 
cannot  achieve  this  result ;  the  father,  as  well  as  the  mother,  must 
make  himself  amenable  to  righteous  law — to  hygienic  law — if  this 
result  would  be  attained.  I  believe  this  ambition  will  be  woman's 
some  time  in  the  future,  and,  by  bearing  less  children  and  better 
ones,  true  progress  will  ensue.  By  this  method  humanity  and 
civilization  will  advance — the  real,  genuine  civilization ;  not  this 
wretched,  barbarous,  unjust,  immoral  condition  of  society,  which 
is  with  such  supreme  satisfaction  denominated  "  civilization,"  but 
a  higher,  more  just,  moral,  and  truly  religious  grade  of  develop- 
ment will  evolve  in  the  order  which  the  law  of  evolution  or  pro- 
gressive growth  dictates.  This  law  can  be  assisted  in  its  operation 
by  the  co-operation  of  man, — by  the  exercise  of  his  reason  and 
moral  sense ;  or,  it  can  be  retarded  by  the  ignorant  and  supersti- 
tious. The  law  of  evolution  can  be  traced  by  any  observant  per- 
son who  will  take  time  to  consider  the  growth  of  organized  beings, 
and  the  progress  of  tribes,  races,  nations,  and  peoples,  as  recorded 
in  animated  nature  and  historical  record. 

My  idea  of  civilization  would  be  shown  in  that  condition  ot 
hvimanity  which  seeks  to  make  the  laws  of  God  the  great  aim  of 
life.  By  this  I  mean  that  the  laws  of  Nature  should  be  practically 
applied  in  every  department  of  life, — to  the  domestic  and  social  re- 
lations, to  marriage,  to  hygienic  living,  and  the  reproduction  of 
the  race,  and  in  all  ways  that  natural  law  can  be  applied  to  elevate 
the  human  family.  The  term  "  civilization,"  applied  to  the  semi- 
barbarous  condition  from  which  we  are  slowly,  yet  surely,  emerg- 
ing, seems  like  a  grim  satire,  and  would  be  ludicrous  did  it  not 


1106  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

reveal  an  age  of  superstition,  ignorance,  immorality,  injustice,  and 
irreligion,  from  which  a  knowledge  and  application  of  the  laws  of 
science  can  alone  free  us. 

Beautiful  faces  are  those  that  wear — 
It  matters  little  if  dark  or  fair — 
Whole-souled  honesty  printed  there. 

Beautiful  eyes  are  those  that  show, 

Like  crystal  panes  where  heart-fires  glow, 

Beautiful  thoughts  that  burn  below. 

Beautiful  lips  are  those  whose  words 
Leap  from  the  earth  like  songs  of  birds. 
Yet  whose  utterance  prudence  girds. 

Beautiful  hands  are  those  that  do 

"Work  that  is  earnest,  and  brave,  and  true, 

Moment  by  moment  the  long  day  through. 

Beautiful  feet  are  those  that  go 
On  kindly  ministries  to  and  fro — 
Down  lowliest  ways,  if  God  wills  it  so. 

Beautiful  shoulders  are  those  that  bear 
Ceaseless  burdens  of  homely  care 
With  patient  grace  and  daily  prayer. 

Beautiful  lives  are  those  that  bless — 

Silent  rivers  of  happiness, 

Whose  hidden  fountains  few  may  guess. 

Unknown. 
BILATERAL   SYMMETRY   OF   THE   FACE. 

The  variations  in  the  symmetry  of  the  two  opposite  sides  of 
the  human  face,  as  well  as  in  the  two  sides  of  all  the  features,  is 
so  constant  a  factor  in  physiognomy  as  to  call  for  special  mention 
in  this  connection.  I  do  not  know  whether  there  exists  one  human 
countenance  which  exhibits  perfect  bilateml  symmetry.  I  have 
never  seen  one  that  did,  although  1  have  observed  a  few  that  very 
nearly  approximated  to  that  condition. 

Neither  is  it  usual  for  both  sides  of  the  nose,  the  nostrils, 
the  mouth,  the  eyes,  the  eyebrows,  the  chin,  the  cheeks,  the 
lips,  the  forehead,  the  head,  or  the  ears  to  be  alike  in  form  on 
both  sides. 

I  find  that  the  mouth  has  usually  less  variableness  in  the  two 
sides  than  the  nostrils,  while  it  is  most  rare  to  find  the  two  eyes  of  a 
given  person  of  the  same  form  or  size ;  the  most  decided  variations 
seem  to  occur  in  the  ears.  These  features  appear  in  the  majority 
of  cases  to  be  so  unlike  as  to  warrant  one  in  placing  implicit  belief 
in  the  statement  of  many  anthropologists,  viz.,  "  that  tlie  ri^it  side 
resembles  the  father  or  his  race,  and  the  left  side  the  mother  or 
her  relatives  or  ancestors." 


BILATERAL   SYMMETRY   OF   THE   FACE.  1107 

I  have  paid  great  attention  to  the  examination  of  ears,  and 
have  observed  very  closely  those  of  singers  and  orators  most 
especially,  as  well  as  those  devoid  of  these  powers.  The  ears  of 
Patti  are  very  nearly  ahke  in  size  and  form ;  so  also  are  those  of 
Gerster,  but,  as  a  rule,  clase  observation  will  show  great  dissimi' 
larity,  not  only  in  the  size  and  outline,  but  also  in  the  various 
parts  in  the  pinna,  the  helix,  the  antihelix,  the  concha,  the  lobe, 
the  tragus,  and  antitragus.  This  dissimilarity  of  the  ears  is  uni- 
versal, and  can  be  verified  by  the  examination  of  the  ears  on  any 
human  head.  Whether  these  dissimilarities  extend  to  the  ears  of 
animals  I  do  not  know,  not  having  taken  time  for  this  investigation. 

The  influences  that  mold  the  two  sides  diflerently  in  shape  are 
various ;  the  first  arises  from  heredity  or  the  transmission  of  the 
ancestral  male  and  female  principles  of  form ;  another  difierence 
proceeds  from  the  diverse  manner  of  using  the  right  and  left  sides 
of  the  body  and  limbs.  Facial  irregularities  are  often  caused  by 
masticating  with  one  jaw  more  than  with  the  other,  by  habitual 
squinting  of  one  eye,  by  raising  one  brow  the  most,  by  peculiar 
movements  of  the  mouth  and  lips  in  conversation,  whereby  one  side 
of  the  mouth  becomes  permanently  dift'erent  from  the  other;  this 
is  a  habit  often  practiced  by  those  with  very  flexible  muscles. 

The  variations  in  the  congenital  form  of  the  two  sides  of  the 
head  are  perhaps  the  most  remarkable  of  all  bilateral  dissimilarity. 
A  visit  to  a  manufacturing  hatter's  establishment  will  well  repay 
the  physiognomical  investigator,  for  in  the  shapes  of  the  patterns 
of  the  hats  of  his  customers  there  will  be  found  a  most  singular 
proof  of  the  absence  of  bilateral  symmetry  of  the  skull.  A  certain 
degree  of  this  diversity  is  due  no  doubt  to  the  greater  use  of  one 
side  of  the  body  than  of  the  other,  for,  as  I  have  shown  that  all 
functions  and  faculties  are  represented  in  the  brain,  it  follows 
logically  that  the  excessive  use  of  one  side  of  the  body  would 
result  in  variations  of  the  side  of  the  brain  which  corresponded 
with  the  side  of  the  body  thus  used. 

Investigation  of  the  relation  of  body  to  bmin  reveals  the  fact 
that  the  nervous  mechanism  of  the  right  side  of  the  body  is  repre- 
sented in  the  left  side  of  the  brain,  and  that  the  left  side  of  the 
body  is  represented  in  the  right  side  of  the  brain.  I  have  not 
pursued  the  investigation  of  bilateral  symmetry  with  the  view  of 
tracing  all  the  ramification  of  form  with  function  in  this  direction, 
but  I  am  convinced  that  a  most  fruitful  field  of  physiognomic  and 
physiologic  knowledge  could  be  derived  from  this  source. 

The  careful  student  of  physiognomy  should  pay  great  atten- 
tion to  bilateral  dissimilarities  of  the  facial  features,  and  endeavor 
to  ascertain  the  cause  in  each  individual  case. 


1108  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


THE   THOROUGH-BRED. 

The  conventional  marks  of  a  thorough-bred  person  are  not 
at  all  those  which  Nature  records  as  such.  Although  to  be  gentle 
is  one  indication  of  the  naturally  thorough-bred  individual  as  well 
as  of  he  who  is  conventionally  such,  yet  there  are  certain  phys- 
iological and  anatomical  peculiarities  of  structure  and  of  the  phys- 
iognomy which  the  student  must  comprehend  in  order  to  know 
who  is  and  who  is  not  congenitally  thoroughly  bred  or  naturally 
noble. 

Society  considers  as  well-bred  the  person  who  understands 
and  practices  all  the  forms  and  ceremonies  appertaining  to  its  func- 
tions ;  who  says  certain  things  at  certain  times  in  a  certain  manner ; 
who  observes  the  decrees  of  fashion,  and  generally  comports  him- 
self in  a  formal  manner,  in  consonance  with  a  written  and  an  un- 
written code  of  what  is  termed  "good  society."  This  species  of 
the  thorough-bred  does  not  require  much  intellect,  morality, 
physical  development  or  perfection  for  its  manifestation.  On  the 
contrary,  it  seeks  to  eliminate  all  originality  and  to  reduce  its 
votaries  to  a  "  sheepish "  condition  who  are  willing  to  follow  a 
self-appointed  "leader."  The  qualifications  of  said  leader,  be  it 
understood,  are  simply  plenty  of  coin  and  "cheek ;"  neither  mind, 
morals,  manliness  or  beauty  are  required  for  this  position. 

The  sort  of  being  that  Nature  stamps  as  thorough-bred  must 
possess  many  high  traits  and  a  large  degree  of  physical  perfection. 
The  face  read  scientifically  will  reveal  these  conditions. 

WHAT   ARE   THE   INDICATIONS   OF   A   THOROUH-BRED   PERSON  1 

A  congenitally  thorough-bred  person  will  exhibit  a  fine,  clear 
skin ;  fine  hair,  of  either  a  light  brown,  a  dark  brown,  a  black,  a 
red,  or  an  auburn  hue.  He  should  have  a  bright,  clear  eye. 
These  factors  indicate  fine  quahty.  There  should,  in  this  class 
of  persons,  be  an  equilibrated  development  of  the  five  superior 
systems,  viz.,  the  vegetative,  the  thoracic,  the  muscular,  the  osseous, 
and  the  brain  and  nerve  systems.  This  condition  of  equilibrium 
produces  harmony  and  a  well-proportioned  body,  and  this  again 
shows  in  the  face.  A  thorough-bred  individual  may  be  short  or 
tall,  yet  not  excessively  fat  nor  excessively  lean.  The  facial  signs 
of  thorough-breeding  are,  *as  before  stated,  a  fine,  clear  skin  ;  good 
complexion ;  bright  eyes,  neither  very  large  nor  excessively  small ; 
fine  hair,  regular  teeth,  a  well-proportioned  nose,  and  large  nostrils ; 
well-curved  jaws ;  full,  red,  and  moist  lips ;  a  proportionate  chin  and 
rounded  cheeks;    well-rounded  ears;  a  smoother  rich  and  full 


HOW   TO   REDUCE   SIZE    WITHOUT   LOSING   STRENGTH.  1109 

voice.  A  thorough-bred  person  may  belong  to  the  artistic,  me- 
chanical, or  scientific  classes,  either  appreciatively  or  executively; 
he  must  exhibit  both  gentleness  and  spirit,  as  occasion  requires ;  he 
must  be  governed  by  the  law  of  justice;  he  must  make  the  com- 
fort of  his  associates  his  concern,  and  do  what  is  right  in  order  to 
enhance  their  happiness. 

The  facial  indications  of  those  who  are  not  thorough-bred, 
speaking  physiologically,  are  as  follow :  A  coarse,  thick  skin ;  a 
"muddy"  complexion,  or  one  permanently  blotched,  pimpled,  or 
discolored;  dull  eyes,  very  small  or  very  large  and  bulging; 
coarse  hair,  or  that  which  is  very  light  or  colorless, — that  is  to  say, 
of  no  decided  hue.  I  regard  Aery  light  colored,  pallid  people  as 
morbid  varieties;  also  those  with  irregidar  teeth,  a  very  small  or 
ill-shapen  nose,  small  nostrils,  perpendicular  jaws,  exposed  gums, 
open  mouth,  receding  chin,  or  one  that  projects  greatly  forward, 
ending  in  a  point ;  thin,  pallid,  diy  lips ;  hollow  cheeks,  flat  upper 
cheeks,  ugly  or  ill-shapen  ears;  a  voice  weak,  thin,  hoarse,  shrill 
or  nasal;  a  long,  cylindrical  neck;  a  high,  narrow  forehead. 

The  undue  development  of  certain  organs  and  systems  of  the 
body  induces  abnormal  conditions,  as,  for  example,  an  excessive 
disposition  of  fatty  tissue.  When  the  appetite  is  voracious,  or  the 
nutritive  system  uncommonly  active,  too  much  of  the  carbonaceous 
elements  of  the  food  are  eliminated,  or,  as  it  often  occurs,  too  much 
carbonaceous  food,  such  as  white  bread,  potatoes,  etc.,  is  consumed 
for  the  needs  of  the  body ;  the  consequence  is  an  excess  of  fat, 
which,  in  many  subjects,  impedes  respiration,  prevents  activity, 
and  gives  a  generally  uncomfortable  feeling.  For  this  condition  a 
spare  diet  is  often  prescribed,  but  as  this  is  felt  to  be  a  hardship, 
and  as  few  who  attempt  it  succeed  in  continuing  it  long  enough  to 
produce  satisfactory  results,  it  is  pronounced  a  failure. 

For  this  class  of  people  there  is  a  very  agreeable  and  sure 
method  of  reducing  the  bulk  without  reducing  strength  and  with- 
out compelling  too  great  a  sacrifice  of  the  appetite. 

HOW  TO   REDUCE   THE   SIZE   WITHOUT   LOSING   STRENGTH. 

A  diet  which  will  attain  this  result  is  easily  obtained,  and  of 
it  the  subject  can  use  a  quantity  sufficient  to  allay  the  craving 
for  food. 

This  diet  consists  of  absolutely  raio  foods,  nothing  cooked 
being  allowed.  This  diet,  of  course,  must  consist  mainly  of  fruits, 
nuts,  grains,  milk,  and,  when  flesh-meat  is  desired,  a  Hamburg 
beefsteak  may  be  partaken  of;  this  steak  is  raw  beef  chopped  fine 
and  seasoned  with  onion,  salt,  pepper,  or  other  condiments;  to 
this  may  be  added  raw  oysters  and  clams.     Every  kind  of  fruit 


W^ 


1110  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

except  apples  is  allowed  ;  also  melons,  salads,  and  vegetables.  A 
small  quantity  of  freshly-cracked  grain,  about  a  tablespoonful  at  a 
meal,  is  very  strengthening  and  very  delicious  after  one  becomes 
accustomed  to  it. 

The  principle  upon  which  this  diet  reduces  size  without 
decreasing  the  strength  rests  upon  the  fact  that  the  use  of  water 
and  fire,  as  in  cooking,  eliminates  the  vitality  of  the  food  to  a  great 
degree;  thus  a  greater  quantity  of  cooked  food  is  desired.  It  is  a 
well-known  fact  that  when  a  farmer  wishes  to  fatten  his  poultry 
quickly  he  cooks  their  food,  and  thus  they  are  enabled  to  consume 
a  greater  quantity  of  the  fat-making  carbonaceous  elements. 

This  regimen  pursued  for  one  year  will  produce  astonishing 
results.  It  is  a  most  delicious  diet,  as  I  can  testify  from  personal 
experience. 


CHAPTER  V. 

Choice  of  Vocations, 
the  combinations  of  faculties  for  trades  and  professions. 

"Know  thyself!  This  is  the  source  of  all  wisdom,  said  the  great  thinkers  of 
the  past,  and  the  sentence  was  written  in  golden  letters  on  the  temple  of  the  gods. 
To  know  himself,  Linna?us  declared  to  be  the  essential  indisputable  distinction  of 
man  above  all  other  creatures.  I  know,  indeed,  in  study  nothing  more  worthy  of 
free  and  thoughtful  man  than  the  study  of  himself.  For  if  we  look  for  the  purpose 
of  our  existence  we  cannot  find  it  outside  ourselves ;  we  are  here  for  our  own 
sake." — Karl  Ernst  Baer. 

"We  generally  think  according  to  our  formation." — Winklemank. 

WHEN  a  mechanician  desires  an  instrument  for  a 
certain  purpose,  he  experiments  with  the  materials 
at  hand  and  puts  in  operation  the  principles  of 
physics  which  he  has  learned,  and  thus  the  required 
machine  is  produced.  The  mechanism  which  would 
move  a  house  is  quite  un suited  to  run  a  train  of  cars.  On  the 
other  hand,  a  sewing-machine  suitable  for  hemming  a  piece  of 
muslin  would  not  weave  a  web,  and  no  intelligent  mechanic  would 
attempt  the  use  of  these  several  machines  for  other  than  their  own 
purposes. 

Since  mechanical  principles  were  first  understood  they  have 
been  applied  to  perfect  instruments  for  the  \arious  uses  which  man 
requires.  In  this  matter,  as  well  as  in  many  other  details  of  life, 
man  exhibits  his  observation,  judgment,  and  reason,  but  here  it 
would  seem  that  his  powers  came  to  a  stand-still.  Where  there 
arises  a  necessity  for  selecting  a  human  machine  for  a  stated  pur- 
pose or  position,  man  has  no  guide  which  enables  him  to  judge 
by  the  form  or  looks  of  an  individual  whether  he  combine  the 
faculties  and  capacities  which  are  needed  for  any  particular  sort  of 
work.  If  it  be  merely  a  matter  of  digging  the  soil  or  of  bearing 
heavy  burdens,  any  man  is  competent  who  has  the  normal  use  of 
his  limbs  and  the  requisite  muscular  development ;  beyond  this 
men  cannot  judge,  by  their  looks  alone,  of  the  fitness  of  others  for 
any  given  position. 

It  is  true  that  some  persons  possess  large  intuitional  powers, 
and  can  tell  by  the  countenance  whether  one  be  honest  or  capable. 
Others  depend  upon  their  innate  sense  of  feeling,  or  "  instinct ;"  in 

(1111) 


1112  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

other  words,  they  are  aiFected  by  the  attraction  or  repulsion  pro- 
duced by  the  magnetism  of  those  near  them.  Tliis  class  ot*  persons 
are  generally  correct  in  their  estimate  of  character;  that  is,  in 
general ;  but  this  sense  does  not  include  exact  details  of  the  char- 
acter, it  senses  only  the  general  tone,  or  whether  it  be  harmonious 
or  uncongenial  to  them.  This  class /ee/,  but  do  not  see.  They 
say,  with  the  poet : — 

"I  do  not  like  you,  Doctor  Fell, 
The  reason  why  I  cannot  tell." 

This  is  the  sense  which  young  children  and  the  higher  animals 
use  in  their  intercourse  with  those  about  them.  In  dogs  and  horses 
this  "instinct,"  as  it  is  termed,  is  wonderfully  accurate,  but  of  course 
only  extends  to  the  knowledge  of  the  disposition  of  individuals. 

As  we  emerge  from  childhood  many  cares  and  a  variety  of 
studies  are  put  upon  us,  and  reason  and  perception  strengthen ; 
hence  they  crowd  out  and  take  the  place  of  this  natural  instinct, 
and  then  it  is  that  we  begin  to  depend  more  upon  later  acquisitions 
for  protection  and  for  our  knowledge  of  character,  and  we  use  our 
experience  in  a  larger  degree  when  dealing  with  our  fellows.  In 
this  manner  natural  intuition  becomes  vyeakened  by  disuse ;  and  if 
no  really  scieiitific  knowledge  of  character  replaces  the  natural  and 
instinctive  comprehension  of  human  nature,  the  masses  of  man- 
kind grope  through  life  victims  to  very  confused  and  unintelligent 
ideas  in  regard  to  the  looks  'and  characters  of  their  fellows ;  and  as 
they  have  no  positive  laws  to  guide  them,  they  endeavor  to  put  into 
use  venerable  saws  and  sayings, — the  offspring  of  ignorance  and 
superstition, — which  have  descended  from  ages  of  ignorance  and 
superstition,  from  ages  of  moral  and  mental  darkness,  which  we 
have  inherited  along  with  many  other  ideas  equally  venerable  and 
equally  erroneous. 

Now,  dogs  retain  and  increase  their  natural  and  instinctive 
comprehension  of  character,  because  their  powers  are  not  weakened 
by  studies  which  draw  away  their  attention  from  their  particular 
line  of  observation  and  feeling,  and  extended  experience  and  close 
and  intimate  companionship  with  man  intensifies  their  knowledge 
of  man's  character,  disposition,  and  intentions,  as  every  person  can 
testify  who  has  owned  and  associated  with  an  intelligent  animal. 

It  often  occurs  that  illiterate  people  comprehend  human' nature 
better  than  those  more  learned,  for  the  reason  that  they  rely  entirely 
upon  their  observation  and  experience  of  people,  and,  their  minds 
not  being  crammed  with  book-learning,  they  pay  more  attention  to 
the  investigation  of  the  words,  manner,  and  actions  of  their  fellows. 
Of  course  only  the  naturally  bright,  keen,  and  curious  arrive  at 
exact  and  couclusive  results  in  their  study  of  human  nature.     I 


CHOICI;  OF  roCATlONS.  1113 

have  been  often  surprised  at  the  sagacity  and  knowledge  of  human 
nature  displayed  by  some  unlettered  persons,  as  well  as  by  some 
young  children. 

A  knowledge  of  scieiitijic  jiJiysiognomi/  is  the  onli/  means  in 
the  world  which  will  enable  one  to  gauge  one's  capacities  and 
qualifications  at  sight,  and  estimate  one's  fitness  for  the  several 
departments  of  labor.  It  is  the  only  science  which  will  aid  men 
and  women  to  wisely  select  partners  in  marriage  or  partners  in 
business.  This  science  well  understood  will  do  this,  and  this  fact 
shows  that  it  should  be  included  in  the  education  of  every  indi- 
vidual. It  is  of  far  more  practical  value  than  any  other  science, 
or  a  score  of  merely  ornamental  studies  which  consume  much 
valuable  time  without  producing  the  valuable  and  important  results 
which  proceed  from  a  study  of  physiognomy. 

In  order  to  ascertain  to  which  particular  department  of  labor, 
whether  of  art,  science,  politics,  mechanism,  or  literature,  one  is 
best  adapted,  it  is  necessary  to  have  some  knowledge  of  the  systems 
of  functions  and  the  comhinations  of  faculties  required  for  each  of 
these  several  spheres  of  action. 

If  one  possess  a  combination  of  faculties  so  decided  in  their 
direction  as  to  show  in  early  life  as  a  talent  for  any  given  pursuit, 
that  one  should  by  all  means  be  pursued.  Cengenital  taste  and 
inclination  is  Nature's  method  of  indicating  the  fitness  of  the  indi- 
vidual for  a  given  department  of  study  or  labor,  and  natural  taste 
should  be  cultivated  and  developed,  and  in  this  work  Nature  always 
assists.  But  it  frequently  occurs  that  many  do  not  possess  traits 
which  exactly  and  strongly  indicate  the  direction  or  branch  of 
labor  to  which  one  is  best  adapted. 

Again,  many  persons  possess  a  combination  of  faculties  suited 
to  more  than  one  line  of  industry.  There  arises  then  in  the  mind 
of  the  subject,  and  of  his  parents,  an  uncertainty  as  to  which 
department  of  activity  he  shall  be  assigned.  In  this  case,  as  in 
the  former,  recourse  must  be  had  to  a  professional  physiognomist, 
unless  some  friend  has  become  qualified,  through  the  study  of  this 
system  of  physiognomy,  to  assist  the  doubting  mind.  Most  persons 
after  studying  this  system  should  be  able  to  give  valuable  infor- 
mation  on  this  science — if  such  individual  possess  good  judgment 
and  observation. 

A  volume  might  be  written  upon  every  feature  and  yet  much 
remain  untold. 

Each  face  which  we  meet  discloses  a  combination  of  faculties 
different  from  every  other  face,  hence  it  is  that  we  must  study  each 
face,  each  feature,  and  each  faculty  in  the  light  of  its  own  form 
and  distinct    meaning;  but  we   must   also  pay  attention   to  its 


1114  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

influence  upon  and  relation  to  all  the  other  faculties  in  combina- 
tion. 

Given  two  faces  aUke  with  the  exception  of  a  shght  difference 
in  the  length  of  the  upper  lip,  the  possessor  of  the  longer  one  (as 
it  denotes  Self-esteem)  will  be  self-reliant,  dignified,  and  inde- 
pendent. The  owner  of  the  shorter  one  will  be  wanting  in  self- 
confidence,  or  sometimes  undignified  and  subject  to  sudden  out- 
bursts of  temper, — soon  vexed  and  as  soon  over  it,  then  profuse 
in  apologies.  The  difference  in  this  one  feature  alone  will  make 
these  two  otherwise  similar  faces  express  an  entirely  different 
character. 

Again,  given  two  very  similar  faces  (if  such  thing  were  pos- 
sible) the  one  with  large  Conscientiousness,  the  other  lacking  some- 
what this  faculty,  the  former  would  exhibit  in  every  act  of  life  the 
presence  of  Conscientiousness.  The  work  of  the  fprmer  would  be 
more  thoroughly  done  ;  a  true  value  would  be  set  upon  friendship, 
a  just  estimate  upon  the  resources  and  advantages  of  life;  in 
fact,  an  appreciation  of  the  value  of  all  tilings  would  be  exhibited, 
and  a  consequent  practice  of  justice  and  manifestation  of  gratitude 
for  favors  received. 

The  latter,  while  desirous  of  enjoying  all  the  good  things  of 
this  life,  would  show  no  true  appreciaticyn  of  their  value,  and  hence 
would  make  friends  without  comprehending  their  merit,  and  by 
abusing  the  privilege  of  friendship  lose  them.  Such  characters 
cannot  value  or  estimate  properly  the  worth  of  knowledge,  property, 
honor,  love,  or  friendship,  nor  rate  anything  at  its  true  worth, 
because  the  fundamental  principles  of  justice,  of  Conscientiousness, 
are  wanting. 

THE  METHOD  TO  PURSUE  IN  READING  CHARACTER. 

In  commencing  to  read  a  character  we  must  first  decide  upon 
the  quality,  then  the  size  and  form  of  the  features  must  be  con- 
sidered. Quality,  size,  and  form  are  the  principles  to  be  first 
considered,  next  comes  the  subject  of  health  as  showing  power, 
then  proportion  and  color.  The  largest  features  dominate  and 
control  the  smaller,  for  large  features  express  strong  faculties. 
One  error  the  student  must  guard  against  is  in  computing  power 
by  the  size  regardless  of  the  q^iality.  If  the  subject  under  investi- 
gation possess  fine  quality  and  large  features,  then  we  can  predicate 
a  commanding  intellect,  such,  for  example,  as  that  of  Julius  Caesar, 
whose  portrait  is  shown  in  the  succeeding  chapter.  The  following 
from  Addison  aptly  describes  this  class : — 

Men  of  the  greatest  abilities  are  most  fired  witli  ambition,  and,  on  the 
contrary,  mean  and  narrow  minds  are  the  least  actuated  by  it. 


THE  METHOD  TO  PURSUE  IN  READING  CHARACTER     1115 

We  might  paraphrase  this  quotation  thus : — 

Men  of  the  greatest  features  arc  most  fired  with  ambition, 
and,  on  the  contrary,  mean  and  narrow  features  disclose  the 
least  of  it. 

It  will  be  thus  seen  that  to  endow  offspring  with  a  large  nose 
and  other  features  to  correspond  is  to  provide  them  with  abilities 
which  in  their  results  benefit  the  world. 

After  a  due  consideration  of  the  dominant  factors  of  character, 
viz.,  quality,  size,  form,  proportion,  color,  and  health,  an  analysis 
of  the  several  features  of  the  face  and  of  the  other  various  signs 
of  character,  such  as  the  voice,  the  walk,  the  gesture,  the  position 
of  the  shoulders  and  feet,  the  color,  size,  and  form  of  the  hands, 
fingers,  and  finger-nails,  should  be  entered  upon. 

With  these  directions  any  observant  person  who  has  read  the 
preceding  chapters  should  be  able  to  give  a  fair  delineation  of  char- 
acter from  the  living  subject.  An  attempt  to  do  so  from  photo- 
graphs is  risky,  inasmuch  as  they  rarely  present  sufficiently  sharp 
outlines,  or,  in  some  instances,  the  main  points  of  character  are 
worked  out  by  "  retouching"  the  negative,  the  lines  are  very  faintly 
shown,  and  the  wrinkles  so  decisive  of  character  are  usually  com- 
pletely worked  out;  hence  little  reliance  can  be  placed  upon  a 
photograph  unless  it  be  so  taken  as  to  give  sharp  outlines  and  a 
truthful  dehneation  of  all  the  minor  signs  of  character. 

In  order  to  facilitate  the  delineation  of  character  I  have  pre- 
pared the  following  list  of  the  combinations  of  traits  essential  in 
several  trades  and  professions : — 

THE   COMBINATION   OF   SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES   SUITABLE  FOR  A 
HOTEL  OR   BOARDING-HOUSE   KEEPER. 

The  muscular  and  brain  systems  should  be  supreme,  and  the 
vegetative  largely  represented.  The  social  qualities  should  be 
dominant,  hence  Friendship,  Benevolence,  Approbativeness,  Ali- 
mentiveness,  Hospitality,  Love  of  Young,  and  Mirthfulness  should 
aU  be  strongly  defined. 

The  mental  powers  essential  are  Executiveness,  Force,  Hope, 
Acquisitiveness,  Memory  of  Events,  Form,  Size,  Language,  Order, 
Time,  and  Calculation. 

A  man  or  woman  intending  to  pursue  either  of  these  two 
branches  of  industry  should  possess  a  high  sense  of  hospitality  and 
its  duties.  The  care  of  the  sick,  of  children,  and  of  helpless  women 
often  fall  upon  them,  and  all  the  laws  of  honor  and  of  humanity 
demand  consideration  from  those  under  whose  roof  circumstances 
have  placed  them  ;  hence  a  kindly,  sympathetic  nature  is  one  of  the 
strong  factors  in  the  character  of  a  hotel  or  boarding-house  keeper. 


1116  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Yet  benevolence  should  not  be  so  excessive  as  to  override  caution, 
else  frauds  and  impostors  will  prevent  success. 

Individuals  with  the  bony  and  muscular  systems  regnant  and 
the  brain  and  vegetative  systems  well  defined  also  make  good 
hotel-keepers,  if  the  quality  be  good.  Yet  the  first  described  are 
the  best  adapted  by  nature  to  this  pursuit. 

THE     COMBINATION     OF     SYSTEMS     AND     FACULTIES     REQUIRED     FOR    A 

MECHANIC. 

This  class  should  exhibit  a  square,  bony  form,  with  a  good 
admixture  of  the  muscular  and  brain  systems,  and  sufficient  of  the 
vegetative  powers  to  give  vitality.  They  should  cultivate  Economy, 
Love  of  Home,  Mirthfulness,  and  Sanativeness.  They  should 
possess  Force,  Form,  Size,  Weight,  Locality,  Order,  Time,  Ob- 
servation, Calculation,  Constructiveness,  Imitation,  and  Acqusi- 
tiveness. 

The  artistic  mechanic  or  artisan  requires  almost  the  same 
combination,  with  the  addition  of  relatively  more  muscle^  and  a 
finer  quality  of  muscle,  with  larger  Ideality,  in  order  to  impart 
taste,  beauty,  and  finish  to  his  work;  and,  if  engaged  in  the  sale 
as  well  as  the  manufacture  of  his  works,  large  Acquisition  would 
be  needed. 

Artistic  mechanism  includes  those  pursuits  which  are  partly 
mechanical  and  partly  artistic,  such  as  jewelry,  dentistry,  telegraphy, 
photography,  etc. 

THE     COMBINATION     OF     SYSTEMS     AND    FACULTIES    REQUIRED    FOR    A 

PRINTER. 

Those  who  possess  the  bone  and  brain  systems  m  excess,  also 
those  who  exhibit  the  muscular  and  brain  systems  dominant,  can 
make  good  printers  if  of  fine  or  average  quality.  Of  course  a 
due  admixture  of  the  vegetative  system  is  essential  in  order  to  give 
health  and  vitality. 

Printers  should  have  large  Form,  Size,  Order,  Locality,  Con- 
structiveness, Calculation,  Observation,  and  a  certain  degree  of 
Ideality  to  give  neatness  and  beauty  to  the  ornamental  branches ; 
also  large  Perseverance  or  Will  to  hold  steadily  to  their  work  until 
completed. 

The  colors  best  adapted  to  this  art  are  the  darker,  as,  for 
example,  black  hair  and  eyes,  or  dark-blue  eyes  and  brown  hair, 
and  a  well-colored  complexion.  Printers  should  practice  gymnastics 
and  get  as  much  fresh  air  as  possible  in  order  to  develop  health 
and  strength,  inasmuch  as  their  business  is  confining  and  often 
pursued  in  ill-ventilated  and  unsuitable  rooms. 


SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES   ESSENTIAL   TO   A   DRESSMAKER.       1117 


THE     SYSTEMS     AND    FACULTIES     ESSENTIAL     TO     A     DRESSMAKER     OR 
DESIGNER   OF   WOMEN'S   FASHIONS. 

The  woman  who  would  become  an  expert  dressmaker  or  de- 
signer of  fashions' should  have  the  muscular  and  brain  systems  in 
excess,  or  the  bony  and  muscular  systems  dominant,  with  a  good 
share  of  the  brain  and  vegetative  powers.  If  with  either  of  these 
combinations  a  fine  and  high  quality  of  the  brain  and  nervous 
system  is  present,  talent  of  the  "  Worth "  stamp  will  be 
exhibited. 

The  dress  of  woman  ranks  with  the  fine  arts;  hence,  a  good 
dress-fitter  and  designer  of  fashions  is  an  artist.  She  therefore 
requires  both  the  mechanical  principles  of  mathematical  measure- 
ment and  ability  for  artistic  draping  and  coloring;  this  combines 
the  mechanic  and  artist. 

In  order  to  succeed  in  this  avocation  one  must  have  large 
Form,  Size,  Color,  Ideality,  Constructiveness,  Calculation,  Imitation, 
and  good  health. 

The  modiste  who  employs  assistants  must  possess  Executive- 
ness.  Self-will,  Self-esteem,  Approbativeness,  Human  Nature,  Time, 
Order,  and  Memory  of  Events. 

THE    SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES   REQUIRED    BY   A    COOK. 

A  good,  natural  cook  is  a  benefactor  to  the  human  race.  I 
rank  cooking  among  the  highest  and  finest  arts  and  noblest 
sciences,  for  in  its  highest  aspects  it  is  both  an  art  and  a  science. 
Every  woman  and  man  should  understand  something  about 
cookery. 

Good  cooking  is  the  foundation  of  health,  wealth,  morality, 
and  domestic  happiness  and  comfort.  An  art  and  science  of  such 
importance  should  command  the  respect  of  all. 

Food  well  prepared  will  sometimes  overcome  a  tendency  to 
drink  intoxicating  liquors,  for  an  ill-prepared  meal,  or  one  into 
which  too  much  salt,  pepper,  or  spice  has  entered,  creates  an 
abnormal  thirst,  and  then  it  is  the  poor  victim  flies  to  the  dram- 
shop with  the  view  of  getting  the  comfort  which  his  food  has 
denied  him.  Bad  cooking  sets  up  an  irritation  in  the  digestive 
organs,  and  its  poor,  ignorant  victims  fly  to  stimulants  to  enable 
them  to  get  rid  of  the  indigestible  mass. 

A  cook  should  have  a  large  degree  of  the  vegetative,  thoracic, 
and  muscular  systems,  with  sufficient  of  the  brain  system  to  enable 
them  to  plan,  arrange,  and  execute  large  orders  for  banquets  and 
great  occasions.  A  fine  quality  of  the  organism  gives  delicacy  of 
taste  and  scents.     Yet  many  apparently  coarse-grained  negroes 


1118  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

are  good  cooks.  It  will  be  found,  upon  examination,  that  such 
cooks  are  fine-grained  in  their  order  ;  then,  too,  size  counts  for  a 
good  deal  in  the  domestic  signs  of  character,  and  negroes  have 
large  lips  (organs  of  taste) ;  but  among  the  Caucasian  races  size 
and  quality  are  the  factors  which  reveal  the  good  cook.  I  have 
known  among  the  latter  many  delicate-looking  women  who  were 
excellent  cooks,  but  in  these  the  lips  were  full,  red,  and  moist,  the 
nose  and  nostrils  relatively  large,  and  the  brain  and  nervous  system 
of  a  high  quality. 

A  cook  should  have  large  Alimentiveness,  Bibativeness, 
Economy,  Pneumativeness,  Color,  Sanativeness,  Hospitality,  Mirth- 
fulness,  Force,  Order,  Time,  Calculation,  Approbativeness ;  and,  if 
he  or  she  combine  catering  with  cooking,  Executiveness,  Imi- 
tation, Ideality,  Self-will,  Conscience,  Locality,  and  Self-esteem  are 
required. 

A  cook  needs  a  good  deal  of  time  in  the  preparation  of 
food;  hence,  if  housekeepers  expect  good  cooking  they  should 
not  put  too  many  burdens  upon  the  cook.  Again,  good  cooks 
require  good  materials  in  order  to  produce  ap^^tizing  dishes.  It 
is  true  that  an  excellent  cook  will  make  plain  food  taste  better 
than  can  a  poor  cook ;  but  nice  dishes  require  the  best  materials. 

When  we  Republican  Americans  are  willing  to  place  cooking 
upon  the  same  elevated  plane  with  other  fine  arts  and  sciences, 
and  accord  to  its  possessors  the  same  honors  that  we  pay  to  pro- 
fessors of  other  arts,  we  shall  find  many  first-class  men  and  women 
enter  its  ranks. 

Not  until  this  important  class  of  artists  receive  in  pay,  recog- 
nition, and  appreciation  their  just  dues,  shall  we  have  plenty  of 
real  good  hygienic  and  scientific  artists  in  our  kitchens. 

Cooking  should  be  taught  in  all  our  public  schools,  to  boys 
as  well  as  to  girls,  for  this  talent  is  not  the  exclusive  property  of 
either  sex,  and  can  be  developed  to  a  high  degree  in  those  mem- 
bers of  both  sexes  whom  Nature  has  endowed  with  gustatory 
talents. 

THE  COMBINATION  OF  SYSTEMS  AND  FACULTIES  REQUIRED  FOR  A  FARMER. 

Farmers  should  have  a  good  combination  of  the  bony,  muscu- 
lar, and  brain  systems,  with  sufficient  of  the  vegetative  to  nourish 
the  rest. 

They  should  possess  Economy;  Love  of  Young,  in  order  to 
enjoy  the  care  and  rearing  of  children  and  animals;  good  AUment- 
iveness.  Hospitality,  Pneumativeness,  Sanativeness,  Force,  Hope, 
Acquisitiveness;  also  fair  Constructiveness,  Self-wiU,  Form,  Size, 
Locality,  Time,  Order,  Calculation,  and  Reason. 


SYSTEMS    AND    FACULTIES    REQUIRED    FOR    AN    ENGINEER.       1119 

THE    COMBINATION    OF    SYSTEMS    AND    FACULTIES    REQUIRED    FOR    AN 

ENGINEER. 

Engineers  require  either  the  bony,  musculdr,  and  brain  systems 
regnant,  or  the  muscular  and  brain  systems  dominant,  with  a  good 
degree  of  the  thoracic  and  vegetative  powers  to  give  vitality.  They 
should  possess  Conscience,  Alimentiveness,  Pneumativeness,  Color, 
Sanativeness,  Force,  Resistance,  average  Caution,  Constructiveness, 
Executiveness,  Self-will,  Form,  Size,  Calculation,  Weight,  Locality, 
Time,  Order,  and  Constructiveness,  with  sufficient  Causality  and 
Comparison  to 'understand  mechanical  principles  and  their  applica- 
tion. Many  steam-ship  engineers  are  short,  broad,  stocky,  and  very 
cool  and  resolute.  This  muscular  and  brain  build  is  an  excellent 
one  for  this  position. 

THE   SYSTEM   AND   FACULTIES   ESSENTIAL   TO   MERCHANTS. 

Men  of  various  combinations  and  forms  may  succeed  as 
merchants  if  possessed  of  the  faculties  and  powers  suited  to  the 
particular  branch  of  commerce  undertaken. 

A  merchant  may  have  the  muscular  and  brain  systems 
dominant,  or  the  bone,  brain,  and  muscular  powers  supreme, 
with  a  good  degree  of  the  thoracic  to  give  vigor  and  enter- 
prise ;  also,  with  sufficient  of  the  vegetative  to  strengthen  all  the 
powers. 

For  large  commercial  enterprises  a  fine  quality  and  large  size 
of  the  brain  is  necessary,  together  with  such  assistance  from  the 
thoracic,  digestive,  and  muscular  systems  as  will  sustain  great  and 
prolonged  mental  efforts.  Large  size  of  the  features  and  relative 
width  of  the  face  are  usually  found  associated  in  the  physiognomies 
of  great  merchants,  who  must  possess  large  Alimentiveness,  Con- 
scientiousness, Friendship,  Economy,  Pneumativeness,  Self-esteem, 
Force,  Hope,  Sublimity,  Human  Nature,  Ideality,  Acquisition, 
Caution,  Constructiveness,  Executiveness,  Self-will,  Size,  Form, 
Observation,  Memory  of  Events,  Locality,  Time,  Order,  Calculation, 
and  large  reasoning  powers. 

In  giving  the  following  delineations  of  character  I  am  obliged 
to  be  guided  by  the  engraving.  I  have  obtained  the  best  to  be 
had  of  each  siilvject.  The  description  might  be  different  in  some 
respects  could  I  read  from  the  original. 

The  face  of  Daniel  Appleton  (Fig.  343),  the  founder  of  the 
great  publishing-house  of  D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  New  York,  is  a  fine 
illustration  of  the  best  class  of  merchants.  Fig.  3-44  is  the  portrait 
of  John  Wanamaker,  eminent  merchant  of  Piiiladelphia  and 
ex- Postmaster-General  of  the  United  States. 


1120  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

THE   SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES   REQUIRED   FOR   A    SPECULATOR. 

The  speculator  may  possess  the  muscular  as  the  dominant  or 
one  of  the  superior  systems.  This  enables  him  to  change  and 
shift  with  care  and  facility,  for  steadfastness  is  not  a  trait  by  which 
the  speculator  succeeds  ;  he  requires  a  keen,  penetrating  mind,  and 
a  strong  commercial  instinct.  Hence,  circuJarJy  built  men  are  best 
adapted  to  this  department  of  commerce,  and  it  will  be  found  upon 
examination  that  this  peculiar  formation  has  succeeded  in  specu- 


FlG.  343.— DANIEL  APPLETON.     (MERCHANT  AND  PUBLISHER.) 

The  physioftnomy  of  Daniel  Appleton  shows  the  brain  and  bony  sj'Steins  dominant, 
with  the  muscular  and  thoracic  systems  subdoniinant ;  a  fine  degree  of  the  vegitative 
powers  is  also  evident.  Tlie  outline  of  the  nose  alone  would  decide  in  favor  of  high 
Quality,  for  such  a  shaped  nose  is  the  evolutionary  outcome  of  high  organization. 
In  thecliin  we  see  (Conscientiousness  and  Firmness  most  decided.  Love  of  Home, 
Patriotism,  and  Benevolence  are  large.  The  signs  for  other  domestic  and  social 
faculties  are  prominent,  such  as  I>ove  of  Young,  Mirth,  Approbation,  Alimentiveness, 
Hospitality,  Friendship,  and  Sanativeness.  Self-esteem  is  only  average;  Modesty, 
conspicuous.  Color  is  normal.  The  nose  is  long,  showing  Caution;  broad  and  high, 
denoting  Pneumativeness  [he  was  a  profound  brralher]  ;  the  width  shows  breadth  of 
mind  ;  the  point  is  very  elaborate.  The  ear  is  large.  The  signs  in  the  nose  for  Analysis, 
Mental  Imitation,  Kublimitv,  Idealitv.  Human  Nature,  Acquisition,  Construction, 
Veneration,  Execntiveness,"and  Self-will  are  all  large.  Oliservation  and  Locality 
•  are  well  developed;  <'redenciveness.  small;  Calculation,  excellent:  Form,  Size,  and 
Language,  most  decided;  Time  and  Order,  large;  Memory  of  Events,  Reason,  and 
Intuition  are  pre-eminent.  Altogether,  the  physiognomy  of  a  high-minded,  able  man 
and  successful  merchant. 

lative  schemes.  Many  of  this  class  are  characterized  by  curly 
hair,  which  is  yet  another  indication  of  the  circuloid-muscular- 
commercial  individual.  The  speculator  does  not  require  large 
Conscientiousness  or  Firmness,  but  does  need  Alimentiveness, 
Mirthfulness,  Approbativeness ;  a  fair  share  of  Friendship  and 
Amativeness ;  small  Self-esteem  and  Modesty ;  large  Force  and 
Secretiveness ;  a  good  share  of  Hope ;  a  very  large  degree  of 
Agreeability,  Human  Nature,  and  Acquisitiveness;  considerable 
Credenciveness,  to  enable  him  to  believe  in  and  [)romote  wonderful 


SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES   REQUIRED   FOR   A    SPECULATOR.       1121 

schemes  and  plans,  and  enable  him  to  show  others  the  "  millions 
that  are  in  it,"  and  that  are  to  be  liad  by  just  investing  a  "  paltry 
few  hundred  dollars."  The  speculator  requires  considerable 
Executiveness,  Self-will,  Observation,  Memory  of  Events,  Calcula- 
tion, Language,  and  Reason ;  altogether,  a  combination  which 
produces  an  agreeable,  pliant,  versatile,  sociable,  quick-witted  dis- 
position. The  portrait  of  P.  T.  Barnum  illustrates  the  character 
of  one  of  the  most  successful  speculative  commercialists  of  this  age. 


Fig.  344.— JOHN  WANAMAKER.    (Merchant  and  Statesman.) 

The  Quality  of  this  subject  is  of  a  high  ciade,— the  brain  high  above  the  ears 
and  proportionately  broad,  the  nose  long  and  broad,  the  whole  expression  kindly, 
sympathetic,  and  genial.  The  brain  system  dominates;  the  bony  system  stands 
second,  the  thoracic  third,  while  the  ninscular  and  vegetative  are  about  equally 
developed.  In  the  chin  the  signs  for  Firmness  and  Conscience  are  well  dfveloj)ed, 
while  Love  of  Home,  Patriotism,  Mirth,  Approbation,  Hospitality,  Friendship,  Ijove 
of  Young,  and  Aniativeness  are  well  represented.  Pneunnitiveness  is  large  anil  Color 
excellent.  The  signs  in  the  nose  are  nearly  all  well  defined :  observe  Sublimity, 
Ideality,  Human  Nature,  Construction,  Acquisition.  Veneration,  Executiveness 
Reas(m,  and  Self-will.  The  forms  of  the  eye  and  eyebrow  are  noticeable  :  the  form 
of  the  eye  shows  .\greeability,  while  the  iiincr  terminus  of  the  brow  denotes  large 
Observation  and  sm:ill  Credcnciveness  ;  while  Prescience  is  only  average.  I.Anguage 
is  fluent  and  Calculation  very  pronounced.  Form,  Size,  Mental  Oruer,  Time,  and 
Memory  of   P>ents  are  excellent.    Intuition  is  supreme.    The  ear,  like  that  of  all 

Sreat  commercialists,  is  large.    The  hair  shows  order  and  neatness  without  boldness. 
Ir.  Wanamaker  is  a  reforiher,  to  some  extent,  in  business  methods. 

The  chin  and  the  wrinkles  upon  it,  and  the  hair  of  this  portrait, 
are  corroborative  signs  of  this  versatile  pursuit. 

THE    SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES   ESSENTIAL   FOR    A    PAINTER. 

Among  painters  who  have  excelled  we  find  a  variety  of  com- 
binations and  diverse  forms.  Yet  most  of  them  possessed — and  it 
is  requisite  to  high  art  that  they  should  exhibit — the  muscular  and 
brain  or  brain  and  muscular  systems  supreme  in  the  order  named, 
—both   of  high   quality.     A  large  endowment  of  the  thoracic 

71 


1122  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

system  is  indispensable,  together  with  sufficient  of  the  bony  system 
to  afford  the  mechanical  elements  of  the  art. 

The  faculties  required  for  a  great  artist  are  many,  and  must 
be  well  developed ;  for  a  grand  artist  must  be  a  grand  man, — a 
rounded  man, — and  able  to  fill  higli  positions  outside  of  the  realm 
of  painting.  Such  a  one  was  Michael  Angelo,  whose  portrait  is 
here  displayed.  He  was  great  as  a  painter,  sculptor,  and  architect, 
and  displayed  much  literary  and  ])oetic  skill.  Among  his  greatest 
works  are  the  frescoes  in  tlie  Sistine  Chapel,  "The  Last  Judgment," 
and  the  cupola  of  St.  Peter's,  at  Rome. 


Fig.  345.— PHINEAS  T.  BARNUM.    (Speculator.) 

The  rubject  of  this  sketch  is  an  illustration  of  the  most  successful  commercial 
speculator  of  the  age.  His  physiognomy  shows  the  hrain  and  muscular  systems  in 
the  ascendant,  while  the  bony  system  ranks  third,  and  the  thoracic  and  vegetative 
follow  in  about  equal  degrees  of  develoi>ment.  The  hair  is  curly,  showing  versar 
tility  and  imitative  ability;  the  ear,  very  large  and  very  commereial.  The  eliin  does 
not  disclose  severe  Firmness,  yet  its  width  uidieates  a  certain  degree  of  Conscien- 
tiousness, which  is  marred  by  the  oblique  wrinkles  and  imperfectly-curved  dimple, 
thus  showing  that  he  is  not'  one  of  the  "  rigid  righteous.''^  The  signs  for  I^ove  of 
Home  and  Patriotisni  are  evident,  while  Anproliativeuess,  Benevolence.  Mirth.  Lan- 
guage, Alimentiveness,  Hospitality,  F'riendship,  I^ove  of  Young,  and  Sanativeness 
are  all  large.  Force  and  Resistance  show  the  will  and  courage  whi<h  have  enabled 
him  to  carry  foi-ward  his  great  enterprises.  Self-esteem  and  Slodesty  are  well  devel- 
oped. In  the  nose,  which  is  broad  and  relatively  short,  we  see  that  the  signs  for 
Pneumativeness  [another  deep  breather].  Sublimity,  Ideality,  Human  Nature,  Con- 
struction, Accjuisition.  Veneration,  Exeiutiveness,  and  Self-will  are  all  pronounced. 
The  signs  for  Form,  Size,  Weight.  Locality,  Observation,  and  Calculation  are  mani- 
fest, wTiile  Memory  of  Events  and  Practical  Reason  are  excellent. 

The  painter  must  possess  largely  the  following  faculties: 
liOve  of  Home,  of  Young,  and  of  Country;  large  Alimentiveness, 
Amativeness,  Friendship,  Mirth,  Approbation,  Pneumativeness, 
Color,  Sanativeness;  a  good  degree  of  Force;  large  Hope,  Mental 
Imitation,  Human  Nature.  Sublimity,  Ideality,  Acquisitiveness, 
Constriictiveness ;  average  Executiveness  and  A'cneration  ;  strong 
Self-will;  a  fair  degree  of  Credenciveness  and  Prescience;  large 
Form,  Size,  Observation,  Locality,  Weight,  Time,  Order,  Calcula- 
tion, Intuition,  and  Reason. 


SYSTEMS  AND   FACULTIES  ESSENTIAL  FOR   A  PAINTER.  1123 

There  are  large  numbers  of  so-called  artists  who  are  mere 
copyists.  This  class  liave  not  tlie  originality  and  fertility  of  the 
great  masters  of  the  art ;  neither  have  they  their  boldness  of  exe- 
cution, their  wonderful  color-sense,  and  their  grand  conceptions. 
Art-copyists  do  not  possess  as  high  a  quality  of  organization  nor 
exhibit  as  grand  features  as  do  the  original  artists. 

The  physiognomies  of  the  following  great  modem  painters 


Fig.  346.— MICHAEL  ANGKLO.    (Painter,  Sculptor,  Writer,  Architect.) 

To  attempt  the  delineation  of  so  sublime  a  countenance  fills  the  physiognomist 
with  both  awe  and  wonder.  A  view  of  the  living  countenance  of  this  subject  must 
have  befen  elevating  and  mspiiing,  as  suggesting  the  possibilities  of  the  race.  The 
Quality  is  of  the  highest,  showing  its  supremacy  in  every  feature  and  outline,  as  well 
as  by  the  skin.  The  brain  dominates ;  it  is  high^  broad,  and  constructive  in  form.  It 
presents  the  principles  of  both  the  square  and  curve  in  an  equal  degree.  The  nose  is 
a  wonderful  feature.  The  tip  alone  would  decide  the  grandeur  of  his  mind.  The 
bridge  is  broad,  but  whether  broadened  by  a  blow,  which  broke  it,  cannot  be  known. 
It  must  originally  have  been  broad  to  coincide  with  the  other  features  and  the  fore- 
head, as  well  as  tlie  character.  The  ear  is  very  large,  the  concha,  or  bell,  deep  and 
wide  ;  the  beard  curly  and  long,  showing  great  virility ;  the  hair  waving  and  original 
in  appearance.  Everything  in  this  portrait  announces  originality— genius.  The  chin 
is  hidden,  but  such  a  superstructure  must  possess  a  foundation  of  domestic  and 
social  powers.  The  bonv  lorraation  shows  that  Conscience  and  Firnmess  are  large. 
The  lips  disclose  Benevolence.  Wit,  I>anguage,  Amativeness.  and  Love  of  Young. 
The  signs  for  Alimentive'ness,  iJibativeness,  Sanativeness,  and  Color  are  conspicuous. 
The  nose  is  long,  broad,  bonv,  muscular,  and  high  above  the  plane  of  the  face,  thus 
disclosing  the  presence  of  both  the  scientific  and  artistic  elements  of  Mind.  The 
point  of  the  nose  discloses  large  Suliliniity,  Ideahty,  and  Human  Nature,  while,  above, 
large  Constructivene.ss  and  Acquisitiveness  fill  out  the  sides.  Veneration  Executive- 
ness,  and  Self-will  indicate  great  powers  of  command.  Form,  Size,  Weight,  Locality, 
Observation,  and  Calculation  are  of  the  highest  grade  of  development.  language  is 
well  developed.  Time  and  Mental  Order  are  decided,  while  Causality,  Comparison, 
Memory  of  Events,  and  Intuition  reach  the  highest  development. 

can  be  studied  with  profit :  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  Gainsborough, 
Greuze,  Gerard,  Boucher,  de  Neuville,  Corot,  Delaroche,  Millet, 
Munkacsy,  Millais.  The  reader  has  been  referred  to  the  physiog- 
nomies of  the  "  old  masters  "  in  the  section  devoted  to  Color. 

The  portraits  of  Michael  Angelo  and  Raphael  Sanzio,  given 
herewith,  illustrate  grand  characters.  All  the  signs  of  superior 
artistic  talent  and  genius  are  plainly  discernible, 


1124 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


THE   SYSTEMS  AND   FACULTIES  ESSENTIAL  TO   A   POET. 

Great  poets  are  the  most  rare  of  all  the  artistic  minds,  and,  as 
only  one  really  grand  poet  is  needed  in  a  generation,  the  supply  seems 
always  to  equal  the  demand.  Poets  require  a  most  peculiar  and 
sensitive  quality  of  the  brain  and  nervous  system,  and  also  a  fine 
endowment  of  the  muscular  system,  in  order  to  feel  and  express 
emotion  and  to  construct  rhythmically,  for  these  two  powers  inhere 


Fio.  347.— RAPHAEL  8ANZIO.    (Paintek.) 

This  face,  taken  in  youth,  is  that  of  a  typical  artist.  Here  are  found  all  the  signs 
of  character  that  show  art-capacity  of  a  high  order.  The  curvilinear  principle  of 
structure  everywhere  asserts  itself.  To  a  high  Quality  he  adds  a  rich  endowment  of 
Color,  and  his  canvases  are  to  be  seen  to-day  in  many  European  galleries  gorgeous  in 
their  coloring.  In  this  department  of  art  he  h;\s,  perhaps,  never  been  excelled.  The 
brain  and  muscular  s^'steins  are  supreme  and  of  a  high  grade.  The  curving  outline 
of  the  jaw  indicates  dramatic  ability,  and  this  power  is  exhibited  in  numbers  of  his 
pictures,  particularly  in  that  of  "  A  Vision  of  a  Knight,'"  now  in  the  National  Gallery 
at  London.  Tbe  chin  is  artistic  and  delicate,  and' discloses  the  signs  for  l/ove  of 
Country  and  of  Home,  Conscientiousness,  and  considerable  Firmness.  Amativeness, 
Love  of  Young,  Mirth,  and  Modesty  are  quite  decided.  Friendship,  Hospitality, 
Alimentiveness,  Sanativeness,  and  Pneumativeness  are  conspicuous.  In  tlie  nose, 
■which  is  straight  and  high,  are  seen  the  signs  for  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Construction, 
Acquisition,  Veneration,  Executiveness,  and  Self-will  quite  decided.  Form  and  Size 
are  remarkably  developed.  Language,  most  cojiious  and  eloquent,  is  indicated,  and 
Credenciveness  and  Prescience  are  conspicuous.  Calculation  is  very  Inrge,  while 
Locality,  Memory  of  Events,  Intuition,  and  Artistic  Reason  make  up  the  physiog- 
nomy of  an  elegant  and  original  artist. 

in  the  muscular  system  ;  they  must  possess  a  great  susceptibility  to 
all  sensations  and  an  eye  which  sweeps  the  entire  compass  of 
natural  phenomena.  Like  the  great  painters,  they  must  be  many- 
sided,  not  angular,  nor  of  one  idea.  They  must  be  in  sympathy 
with  every  phase  of  human  nature,  and  intuitively  and  instinctively 
divine  and  feel  the  joys  and  sorrows  of  humanity.  They  require  a 
fine  endowment  of  the  color-sense  to  give  ardor  and  enthusiasm  to 


SYSTEMS  AND  PACtJLTlES  ESSENTIAL   TO  A  POET.  1125 

their  natures,  and  to  enable  them  to  paint  their  scenes  in  gorgeous 
and  glowing  colors. 

Poets  should  possess  proportion  and  beauty,  and  many  of 
them  in  their  youth  have  exhibited  a  remarkable  beauty  of  face 
and  form  ;  see,  for  example,  the  portraits  of  Milton,  Shakespeare, 
Tasso,  Schiller,  Goethe,  Burns,  Byron,  Shelley,  Victor  Hugo,  Mrs. 
Hemans,  L.  E.  Landon,  Lydia  Sigourney,  Thomas  Moore,  and 
other  poets  of  the  first  rank.  A  comparison  of  their  faces  with 
their  poetry  will  convince  the  observer  that  symmetry,  harmony, 


Pig.  848.— ALFRED  TENNYSON.    (Poet-Laureate  of  England.) 

In  this  countenance  the  two  factors  of  quality  and  intensity  are  most  apparent. 
The  hair  and  beard  alone  would  indicate  rhythm  and  originality.  The  domestic  traits 
are  decided,  for,  although  we  cannot  see  tlieir  signs  on  account  of  the  l)eard,  we 
know  that  such  a  superstructure  ha^i  a  rich  foundation  in  the  reality  of  being— the- 
vegetative  powers.  The  brain  system  is  supreme,  the  bony  and  muscular  systems 
about  equal,  while  the  thoracic  comes  next.  The  entire  face  shows  descent  from  a 
long  line  of  cultured  ancestry.  This  organism  is  an  art-product  purely :  every 
feature  announces  the  care  taken  by  ancestors  in  the  development  of  relined  traits. 
The  chin  shows  Patriotism  and  considerable  Firmness.  Benevolence  is  apparent,  while 
Self-esteem  is  not  large.  The  lower  lip  uidicates  Wit  and  fluency  ;  the  cheeks  reveal 
Friendship  and  Hospitalitv.  The  nose  presents  the  signs  for  Hope,  Analysis,  Mental 
Imitation,  Idealitv,  Sublimitv,  Human  Nature,  Construciivenes.s,  Veneration,  Exec- 
,  ,.  1..     ..,  •. n>,.-   .  „t * i,:i;»..  g^y^^■^  g^  politic 

m  are  all  pro- 

_  _  intense  color  of 

eyesT  hair,  aiid  complexion  gives  force,  fervor,  and  vividness  to  his  descriptions.  The 
use  of  the  color-terms  in  his  poems  show  the  presence  of  a  large  degree  of  the 
color-sense. 


Imitation,  Idealitv,  Sublimitv,  Muman  iNaiure,  i^onsiruciivenes-s,  veneraiK 
utiveness,  and  Self-will  very 'large.  The  eyes  show  great  agreeability  and 
tendency.  Locality,  Weiglit,  Form,  Size,  Order,  Time,  and  Calculation  an 
nounced,  while  Memory  of  Events  and  Intuition  are  decided.    The  intensi 


and  proportion  of  the  face  and  body  residt  in  like  qualities  in  theii 
mental  offspring. 

Where  there  exist  very  pecuHar  or  morbid  states  of  mind  it 
is  invariably  mirrored  in  the  face,  as  witness  the  physiognomy  of 
Dante,  with  his  drooping,  melancholy  nose  and  credencive  and 
gloomy  expression ;  these  qualities  affect  (one  might  say  "afflict ") 
his  entire  works,  and  thus  of  all  the  poets.  Burns,  with  his  natu- 
ralness, spontaneity,  and  sympathy,  wins  all  hearts,  for  his  poetry 
possesses  that  "touch  of  Nature  which  makes  the  whole  world 


1126  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC  PHTSTOGNOMT. 

kin."  A  man  who  could  write  "A  man  's  a  man  for  a'  that "  and 
"The  Cotter's  Saturday  Night "  shows  himself  not  only  one  with 
humanity,  but  possessed  of  true  Parnassian  fire.  A  poet  should 
possess  a  strong  domestic  nature  as  a  foundation  for  his  emo- 
tions, sympathies,  and  sentiments.  He  must  exhibit  the  signs  for 
Love  of  Home,  Patriotism,  Benevolence,  Amativeness,  Love,  of 
Young,  Friendship,  Color,  Hope,  Analysis,  and  Mental  Imitation 
large.  He  must  possess  Sublimity  to  give  vastness  and  grandeur 
to  his  descriptions ;  Ideality  to  assist  imagination  ;  Human  Nature 


Fig.  349.— TORQUATO  TASSO..   (Epic  Poet  of  Itai.y.) 


•  The  subject  herewith  presented  is  tliat  of  a  man  of  strong  passions  and  emotions. 
The  muscular  and  Iwain  systems  are  dominant, — both  of  higli  quality.  The  color  is 
dense  and  gave  power  to  the  mental  processes.  The  beard  is  luxuriant  and  covers  an 
oval  chin.  The  sign  of  Benevolence  is  conspicuous,  while  the  upper  lip  shows  the 
sign  for  Amativeness  well  defined,  and  the  eyes  corroborate  the  sensuous  aspect  of 
his  character.  The  long,  straight,  muscular  nose  denotes  the  artistic  type,  lor  this 
genius  was  an  artist  with  his  pen,  as  his  great  work  of  "Jerusalem  Delivered" 
testifies.  The  signs  for  Mental  Imitation,  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Constructiveness, 
Hman  Nature,  Acquisitiveness,  Veneration,  and  Self-will  are  excessive,  while 
Form,  Size,  Language,  Prescience,  Calculation,  and  Locality  are  strongly  delineated. 
Memory  of  Events  and  Intuition  are  most  decided.  The  face  is  that  of  one  who 
would  be  8waj;ed  by  the  violence  of  passion  and  emotion  rather  than  by  justice  or 
reason.    His  biography  corroborates  this  estimate  of  his  dominant  powers. 

to  comprehend  and  portray  character ;  Constructiveness  to  assist 
in  the  shaping  of  his  verse  and  for  aiding  in  the  plot  or  plan ; 
Credenciveness  to  give  faith  in  the  mysterious  ;  Prescience  to  con- 
nect him  with  the  future ;  Form  and  Size  to  aid  in  visualizing  and 
mentally  depicting  the  forms  and  appearances  of  all  objects ;  Lan- 
guage most  copious  and  vivid  must  be  his,  while  Music  and  Time 
must  be  present  in  such  power  as  to  give  rhythm  and  melody  to 
his  measures.  Above  all  he  must  possess  large  Intuition,  so  that 
he  may  divine  or  spontaneously  sense  qualities,  conditions,  and 
the  characters  of  all  phenomena. 


SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES   ESSENTIAL   TO   A   PLAYER.         1127 

The  portraits  of  two  most  eminent  poets  of  ancient  and 
modem  times  are  herewith  presented,  the  mediaeval  poet,  Torquato 
Tasso,  an  Italian,  and  Charles  Tennyson,  a  modem  EngHsh  writer; 
these  faces  are  admirable  studies  in  poetic  physiognomy. 

THE    SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES   ESSENTIAL   TO    A   PLAYER. 

Among  players,  as  among  poets  and  painters,  there  exists 
great  diversity  of  form  as  well  as  a  great  variety  of  combinations 


Fig.  &50.— EDWIN  BOOTH.    (American  Tracedian.) 

I  find  associated  in  this  subject  the  brain  and  muscular  systems,— both  of  high 
quality  and  of  equal  degrees.  Tlie  color  is  well  defined,  the  features  well  propor- 
tioned, and  the  nose  expressive  of  force  of  character  and  mental  energy.  The 
jaw  has  the  "dramatic  curve,"  the  chin  is  rounded,  the  eyes  full  and  convex;  all 
these  are  indications  of  artistic  capacity.  Conscientiousness  and  Firmness  are  large. 
The  signs  for  Love  of  Home,  Patriotism,  Benevolence,  Caution.  Alinientiveness, 
Pneumativeness,  Love  of  Young,  Force,  Mirth,  A])probation,  and  Self-esteem  are  in 
excess.  Amativeness  is  well  marked.  l)ut  showing  more  in  the  eyes  than  in  the  mouth, 
thus  revealing  that  the  sentimental  phase  oi  love  dominates  the  sensual.  Friendship 
is  only  avernee.  The  nose  is  a  noble  feature  ;  upon  it  we  see  the  signs  for  Ideality, 
Sublimity,  ^lental  Imitation,  Human  Nature,  ( dnstruction, Acquisition,  Veneration, 
Executiveness,  Reason,  and  Self-will  all  very  strongly  outlined,— a  truly  regal  feature. 
Form,  Size,  Language,  Calculation,  Observation,  Prescience,  Locality,"Weiglit,  Time, 
Order,  Music,  Memory  (of  all  sorts).  Reason,  and  Intuition  are  all  laijge.  The  hair  is 
wavv,  showing  artistic  powers  and  agreeability.  Altogether,  the  lace  of  a  great- 
minded  man  and  actor. 

of  faculties.  To  be  trvly  great  in  any  of  these  professions  a  great 
intellect  is  essential.  The  men  and  women  who  have  excelled  in 
the  higher  branches  of  the  drama  possess  large  natures  and 
exhibit  high  powers  in  other  directions,  as  in  literature,  painting, 
sculpture,  science,  etc.  Many  of  the  most  distinguished  players 
of  both  sexes  have  given  proof  of  excellent  literary,  musical,  and 
constructive  capacities.  The  biographies  of  the  leaders  in  this 
profession  reveal  these  facts,  and  their  faces,  read  scientifically, 
corroborate  them. 


1128  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

There  are  several  classes  of  the  dramatic  profession.  Some 
are  suited  only  to  one  department  of  the  mimic  art,  while  others, 
of  more  versatile  genius,  possess  several  varieties. 

For  convenience  we  may  divide  players  into  three  general 
classes,  viz.,  tragedians,  comedians,  and  comic  actors;  each  of  these 
classes  is  susceptible  of  subdivisions,  especially  the  two  latter, 
who  may  be  either  creative  or  imitative,  or  a  mixture  of  both. 
The  mental  equipment  of  a  tragedian  must  be  quite  different  from 


Fig.  351.— ADELAIDE  RISTORI.    (Italian  Tragedienne.) 

The  physiognomist,  in  reading  character  from  pliotographs,  is  subject  to  great 
disadvantage.  Tlie  accompanying  portrait,  taken  from  a  photograph,  does  scant 
justice  to  the  splendid  physiognomy  of  Madame  Ristori,  for  one  who  has  met  her 
face  to  face  cannot  easily  "forget  the  nobility  of  her  expression  and  the  grandeur  of 
her  bearing.  In  this  face  we  hnd  the  brain,  muscular,  and  thoracic  systems  largely 
developed  and  of  high  quality.  The  osseous  system,  too,  asserts  its  powers,  giving 
stability  to  all  her  acts.  The  nose  is  a  grand  feature ;  the  mouth  large,  disclosing 
linguistic  power ;  the  eyes  full,  and  the  jaws  greatly  curved  ;  the  color  dense.  The 
ear  is  large,  and  gives  evidence  of  great  auditory  ability  ;  the  bell,  or  concha,  is  worthy 
of  notice,  and  the  outline  and  elaboration  as  well.  In  the  chin  the  signs  for  Firmness, 
Conscientiousness,  Love  of  Home,  and  of  Country  are  strongly  delineated.  In  the 
lips  are  the  signs  for  Benevolence,  Amativenes.s,  Love  of  Young,  and  Mirthfulness. 
The  signs  for  Alimentiveness,  Bibativeness,  8anativeness,  Pneumativeness,  Hos- 
pitality, Friendship,  Modesty,  and  Self-esteem  are  all  manifest.  In  the  nose  the  signs 
for  Hope,  Analysis,  Mental  Imitation,  Human  Nature,  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Construc- 
tion, Acejuisition,  Veneration,  Executiveness,  and  Self-will  are  conspicuous ;  while 
Form,  Size.Observation,  Time,  Order,  Prescience,  Language,  and  Locality  are  pre- 
eminent. The  forehead  is  receding,  denoting  fervor  and  enthusiasm,  as  well  as 
progressive  tendencies ;  upon  it  the  signs  for  Memory  of  Events,  Ilellson,  and  Intui- 
tion  are  manifest. 

that  of  the  comic  player.  These  two  classes  bear  the  same  rela- 
tion to  each  other  as  the  singer  and  composer.  The  tragedian  of 
the  highest  class  must  possess  a  high  organization  of  both  body 
and  mind,  hence  it  is  that  we  observe  in  the  personnel  of  Ristori 
Salvini,  Booth,  Modjeska,  and  other  great  tragic  artists  a  body 
endowed  with  all  the  elements  of  power,  strength,  and  symmetry, 


SYSTEMS  AND  FACULTIES  ESSENTIAL  TO  A   PLAYER.          1129 

and  a  face  expressive  of  great  beauty,  mobility,  and  noble  features. 
Reference  to  the  face  and  form  of  the  above-named  artists  will 
verify  this  statement,  while  their  life-work  will  bear  witness  also. 

The  talent  for  acting  has  been  bestowed  by  the  Creator  along 
with  other  talents  for  \ise.  Its  object  should  be  twofold,  viz., 
amusement  and  instruction.  It  should^  above  all,  be  true  to  its 
liighest  capability,  and  assist  in  the  elevation  of  humanity.  This 
it  can  do  if  righihj  exiuhited. 

Many  of  the  grand  impersonations  of  the  great  players  just 
mentioned  are  both  instructive  and  entertaining;  and  surely, 
among  comedies,  what  more  pure  and  wholesome  pictures  of  life 
were  ever  presented  than  in  the  "  Old  Homestead,"  by  Denman 
Thompson ! 

The  stage  ranks  second  to  the  pulpit  in  its  influence,  and  I 
hope  to  live  to  see  it  rise  to  its  highest  powers,  and  become  what 
it  should,  a  moral  and  intellectual  power.  It  is  its  abuse  that  has 
brought  the  drama  into  disrepute  with  moral  people,  for  at  one 
time  in  the  history  of  the  Church  it  fostered  dramatic  repre- 
sentations, as  in  the  ancient  "Passion  Plays,"  now  revived  at 
Oberammergau. 

THE   FACULTIES   NECESSARY   TO   A   TRAGEDIAN. 

This  class  of  artists  should  possess  a  fine  and  large, brain 
system,  together  with  a  fine  quality  of  muscle  to  give  flexibility 
and  other  qualities,  large  thoracic  powers,  and  an  excellent  vege- 
tative system,  not  only  for  the  purpose  of  affording  the  strength 
and  vitality  for  the  arduous  duties  which  appertain  to  this  art, 
but  also  for  the  sake  of  the  domestic  sentiments  which  lie  at  the 
foundation  of  all  great  characters  ;  and  the  domestic  functions 
inhere  in  the  vegetative  system,  mainly,  assisted  by  the  muscular 
powers. 

The  faculties,  then,  for  the  tragic  player  to  possess  are  a 
fair  degree  of  Conscientiousness,  in  order  to  impart  thoroughness 
in  depicting  noble  characteristics;  also,  Firmness,  to  hold  him 
perse veringly  up  to  his  duties;  large  Patriotism,  Benevolence, 
Alimentiveness,  Amativeness,  Love  of  Young,  Mirth  fulness,  Ap- 
probativeness,  Friendship,  Pneumativeness,  Color,  Sanativeness, 
Self-esteem, and  Force;  a  good  share  of  Secretiveness ;  large  Hope, 
Analysis,  Mental  Imitation,  Sublimity,  Ideality,  Human  Nature, 
Acquisition,  Construction,  Veneration,  and  Executiveness ;  strong 
Self-will,  Credenciveness,  Form,  Size,  Observation;  Memory  of  all 
sorts;  Locality  and  Weight;  I^anguage,  most  fluent  with  verbal 
memory;  a  fair  sense  of  Music  and  Rhythm;  and  Time,  Order, 
Reason,  and  large  Intuition.     It  will  be  seen  by  the  above  how 


1130 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


well  developed  and  how  highly  organized  must  be  the  mind  of  a 
great  tragedian  or  tragedienne. 

I  give  herewith  the  delineations  of  the  physiognomies  of 
Mad.  Adelaide  Ristori  and  Edwin  Booth,  two  of  the  greatest  tragic 
players. 

THE    SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES    ESSENTIAL   TO    A    COMEDIAN. 

A  comedian  of  the  first  rank  must  possess  high  artistic  qualities 
and  a  many-sided  nature.    He  must  be  adaptable  and  keenly  appre- 


FlQ.  352.— BLAKCliK  liAUUKi  1  A. 


.  iv,  Membeb  of  thb 


COMEDIE  FkANCAISE,   PaKIS.) 

The  graver's  art  cannot  do  justice  to  the  beautiful  and  talented  face  of  Mdlle. 
Barretta.  Not  until  we  have  trained  physiognomical  artists  shall  we  be  able  to  present 
the  readers  of  physiognomy  with  a  real  "counterfeit  presentment"  of  any  living 
being.  In  this  portrait  we  see  the  supremacy  of  the  musc\ilar  and  brain  systems. 
A  prevalence  of  the  curve  in  all  the  features'  denotes  artistic  powers.  The  chin  is 
dramatically  oval,  the  eyes  convex,  the  brows  curved,  the  nose  straight  in  its  outline, 
the  ear  rounded,  the  hair  wavy.  In  the  chin  are  the  signs  for  Conscience,  Firmness, 
Patriotism,  and  Love  of  Home,  (juite  apparent;  Benevolence,  Amativeness,  Love 
of  Young,  Mirth,  and  Language,  m  the  lips  and  mouth.  Imitation  is  shown  by  the 
shortness  and  outward  curving  of  the  upper  lip ;  Approbativeness  and  Friendship, 
in  the  cheeks.  In  the  nose  the  signs  for  Hope,  Analysis,  Mental  Imitation,  Ideality, 
Sublimity,  Constructiveness,  Acquisition,  veneration,  and  .Self-will  are  all  con- 
spicuous. Form,  Size,  and  Observation  are  large,  while  Prescience  is  marked.  The 
nose  indicates  what  the  forehead  would  reveal  were  it  not  covered  by  hair.  We  read 
there  Memory  of  Events  and  Artistic  Reason.  In  the  bright,  wide-open  eyes  we 
observe  fluency  of  Language,  Verbal  Memory,  Intuition,  and  a  highly  emotional 
capacity.  The  color  of  the  eyes,  hair,  and  complexion  tells  us  that  the  color-sense  is 
highly  developed ;  hence,  ardor  and  enthusla-sm  are  manifested  in  all  her  actions  and 
emotions.  The  mouth  denotes  Wit  of  a  mirthful  nature.  The  entire  expression  is 
that  of  amiability  and  intelUgence. 

hensive.  He  requires  a  very  sensitive  brain  and  a  nervous  system 
of  fine  quality,  together  with  a  large  endowment  and  fine  degree 
of  muscle,  an  excellent  thoracic  development,  and  a  good  share 
of  the  vegetative  system,  to  give  power  to  the  domestic  and  social 
sentiments  and  to  aff'ord  the  nutrition  essential  to  his  arduous 
labors. 

A  fine  endowment  of  the  domestic  faculties  is  highly  impor- 
tant, for  it  is  through  these  traits  that  he  is  enabled  to  exhibit  the 


SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES   ESSENTIAL   TO   A   COMEDIAN.       1131 


softer  emotions,  such  as  Amativeness,  Love  of  Youn^,  Mirth  ful- 
ness, Approbativeness,  Friendship,  Patriotism,  and  Hospitality. 
The  better  endowed  he  is  with  these  traits,  the  better  able  is  he  to 
express  them  in  the  characters  which  he  attempts  to  portray. 

The  color-sense  should  be  a  ruling  power,  for  it  is  from  this 
quality  that  he  derives  earnestness  and  enthusiasm  ;  he  needs  it  as 
well  in  costuming  and  in  the  facial  "  make-up "  for  the  stage. 
Self-esteem  should  not  be  large,  and  it  is  seldom  large  in  comedians. 
Force  is  requisite ;  also  a  large  share  of  Secretiveness,  to  enable 


Fio.  353.-JOSEPH  JEFFERSON.    (COMBDIAN.) 

It  is  a  genuine  pleasure  to  a  pliysiogiiomist  to  <lelineat«!  a  face  so  full  of  talent 
and  power  as  that  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch.  In  this  individual  the  brain  and 
nervous  system  is  supreme  and  of  flue  quality.  The  muscular  system  comes  second 
in  the  order  of  development,  while  the  tlioracic  and  osseous  are  about  e<iual,  and  the 
vegetative  assists  by  its  powers  in  sustaining  all  of  the  others  in  coml)ination.  The  color 
is  well  defined  in  tlie  eyes,  hair,  and  comi)lexion.  One  scarcely  knows  which  most  to 
admire, — the  development  of  the  domestic,  the  social,  or  the  mental  powers.  The  lower 
jaw  is  wonderfully  curved,  tlius  disclosing  dramatic  talent.  The  chin  is  dimpled, — an 
accessory  art-sign';  it  is  also  broad  and  long,  thus  revealing  Conscientiousness  and 
indicating  Firmness.  The  signs  for  Love  oi  Home  and  of  Patriotism  are  manifest. 
Benevolence  in  the  lower  lip  and  lianguage  in  the  mouth  are  noticeable.  Amative- 
ness, Love  of  Young,  Mirthfulness,  Modesty,  and  Imitation  are  conspicuous  in  the 
upper  lip.  In  the  lower  cheeks  Approbation,  Alimentiveness,  Bibativeness,  and 
Hospitality  are  well  defined.  Friendship  is  large  and  Sanativencss  a  ruling  quality. 
The  nose  is  a  noble  feature,  and  has  all  the  requirements  for  talent,  viz.,  Quality, 
Form,  and  Size.  In  the  tip  we  find  the  indications  of  Ideality,  Subliinitj',  Analysis, 
Human  Nature,  Construction,  Acquisition,  Veneration,  Kxecutiveness,  and8elf-will. 
The  width  between  the  eyes  is  phenomenal,  showing  Form  and  Size  to  be  supreme; 
the  eyes  wide,  disclosing  Language  and  emotional  cai)acity;  the  fa(fe  very  wide 
across  the  eyes,  giving  evidence  not  only  of  Sanativeness  but  of  Kxecutiveness, 
force  of  character,  and  breadth  of  mind',  which  latter  is  accentuated  by  the  phe- 
nomenal widtli  between  the  eyes.  Locality,  Weight,  and  Calculation  are  manifest, 
■while  Time,  Order,  >Iusic,  Memory  of  Events,  Intuition,  and  Reason  are  all  exceed- 
ingly well  developed.  The  endowment  of  Vvit  and  Mirth  is  remarkable,  and  well 
expressed  in  Mr.  .TefTerson's  impersonation  of  his  marvelou.sly  fine  creation  of  "Rip 
Van  Winkle."  I  offer  to  his  genius  the  homage  of  an  appreciative  physiognomist. 

him  to  hide  his  own  individuality  while  personating  a  character 
quite  foreign  to  his  own.  Hope  should  be  well  represented  in  order 
to  give  sprightliness  and  vivacity  to  his  efforts,  while  Analysis 


1132  PRACTICAL   AND- SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

should  be  largely  developed  that  he  may  have  the  power  to  com- 
prehend all  that  goes  to  make  up  his  impersonations.  Mental 
Imitation  and  Human  Nature  are  required  in  order  that  he  may 
comprehend  the  motives  and  characteristics  of  various  sorts  of 
persons,  and  then  be  able  to  imitate  their  language,  dress,  manners, 
and  gestures.  Ideality  or  Imagination  is  necessary,  also  a  certain 
degree  of  Sublimity.  Constructiveness  is  also  most  essential,  for 
upon  it  the  actor  must  depend  for  many  of  his  ideas  in  regard  to 
the  plan  and  scope  of  a  play,  as  well  as  to  assist  him  in  costuming, 
etc.  A  great  deal  of  Self-will  must  be  had  in  order  to  hold  a 
character  strongly  tlirough  the  long  acts  of  a  play,  and  also  to  assist 
the  spontaneous  outbursts  of  passion  which  many  plays  require. 
A  fair  amount  of  Credenciveness  is  needed  to  comprehend  and 
interpret  the  awful  and  wonderful  aspects  of  human  nature.  Form 
and  Size  assist  in  many  ways :  they  aid  verbal  memory,  also  the 
memory  of  gestures,  attitudes,  and  the  draping  and  arrangement 
of  the  costume,  the  hair,  etc.  Locality  is  a  prime  necessity; 
Weight,  also,  to  assist  in  the  pitch  of  the  voice  and  the  force  of 
the  intonations  and  expression. 

Language,  most  copious,  is  a  talent  of  high  importance  to  the 
player.  Music  and  Time  must  be  had,  while  Artistic  Judgment 
and  Intuition  must  be  well  developed  to  enable  him  to  "  divine  " 
and  express  the  fullness  and  entirety  of  those  diverse  characters 
which  he  is  called  upon  to  impersonate. 

This  analysis  shows  how  many  talents  are  requisite  to  the 
mental  and  bodily  make-up  of  a  first-class  comedian  or  comedienne. 
Many  comedians  exhibit  talents  of  a  high  order  outside  of  the 
dramatic  profession,  as  in  the  several  arts,  literature,  sculpture,  and 
even  in  science.  Joseph  Jefferson,  whose  portrait  is  herewith 
given,  possesses  literary  ability  of  a  high  order.  Henry  Edwards, 
another  noted  comedian,  has  achieved  success  as  a  naturalist  and 
author.  Many  of  the  talents  useful  to  a  player  are  the  same  that 
are  required  for  hterary  pursuits,  such,  for  example,  as  Ideahty, 
Analysis,  Mental  Imitation,  Human  Nature,  Constructiveness, 
Form,  Size,  Verbal  Memory,  Language,  and  Intuition.  Most  of 
these  are  the  faculties  which  the  sculptor  and  painter  exhibit  in 
their  vocations. 

Fine  manners,  wit,  and  all  sorts  of  accomplishments  are  useful 
to  the  player,  and  he  will  do  wisely  and  add  greatly  to  his  success 
if  he  pursue  the  study  of  them  industriously.  He  must  study 
music,  dancing,  elocution,  fencing,  the  use  and  nature  of  cosmetics, 
and  the  arts  of  dress,  with  a  knowledge  of  historic  costuming,  if 
he  would  excel.  All  these  graces,  added  to  a  natural  qualification 
for  this  branch  of  art,  should  bring  wealth  and  fame. 


SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES   ESSENTIAL   TO   A   SOCIETY   BELLE.       1133 


THE   SYSTEMS   AND    FACULTIES   ESSENTIAL   TO   A    SOCIETY   BELLE. 

Beauty  is  not  always  one  of  the  requirements  of  a  popular 
society  lady,  but  she  must  possess  tact,  charming  manners,  certain 
accomplisliments,  amiabihty  (or  its  counterfeit,  vivacity),  and  style 
in  dress,  manners,  and  bearing.  She  must  be  au  fait  with  the 
existing  customs  of  the  society  in  which  she  mingles.  If  to  these 
qualities  or  a  part  of  them  she  add  beauty,  she  will  become  a 
celebrity.  In  this  rank  we  may  place  the  celebrated  Lady  Sidney 
Morgan,  Madame  de  Pompadour,  the  Countess  of  Blessington, 
Madame  de  Stael,  and  Madame  Rccamier,  all  of  whom  are  re- 
nowned for  their  success  as  leaders  of  the  most  brilliant  society  of 
their  era. 

The  art  of  conversation  of  the  kind  suited  to  the  general 
mind  must  be  one  of  the  talents  of  a  society  belle ;  she  must  know 
how  to  avoid  subjects  likely  to  wound  or  offend  ;  she  must  be  able 
to  talk  of  matters  light  and  pleasing  or  original  and  interesting ; 
she  must  have  the  capacity  for  remembering  the  names,  faces,  and 
position  or  rank  of  persons  and  where  she  has  met  them ;  she 
must  exhibit  a  kindly  interest  in  the  affairs  and  welfare  of  her 
associates,  and  must  exercise  great  discrimination  in  the  mingling 
of  her  guests. 

She  should  be  kind  to  the  needy  and  charitable  in  overlook- 
ing the  foibles  of  her  associates ;  she  should  cultivate  tact  and 
all  accomplishments ;  she  should  possess  a  fund  of  general  infor- 
mation upon  art,  literature,  music,  the  opera,  history,  and  the 
drama ;  she  should  be  a  patroness  of  charities  and  busy  in  church 
affairs  ;  she  should  seek  the  acquaintance  of  all  eminent  in  litera- 
ture and  influential  in  politics  and  in  society  ;  she  should  cultivate 
a  memory  for  faces,  names  of  persons,  and  the  locaUties  from 
whence  they  came,  and  remember  where  she  has  met  them. 

The  elegant  figure  of  Madame  Recamier.  one  of  the  most 
amiable  and  beautiful  women  of  the  Imperial  Court  of  France,  is 
a  specimen  of  a  most  brilliant  and  successful  society  belle. 

THE   SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES   NECESSARY   FOR   AN   OPERA-SINGER. 

Opera-singers,  both  male  and  female,  require,  first,  great  good 
health;  second,  a  strong  and  symmetrical  physique.  The  muscu- 
lar and  nervous  systems  should  be  supreme,  with  sufficient  of  the 
brain  system  to  aid  the  intelligent  rendering  of  character.  The 
thoracic  system  should  be  one  of  the  superior  systems,  and  the 
abdominal  powers  strongly  developed;  particularly  should  the 
diaphragm  be  powerful.  Among  the  great  opera-singers  we  find 
no  wasp-waisted  subjects ;  hence  Nature  has  free  play,  and  these 


1134 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


song-birds  are  able  to  give  forth  the  most  spontaneous,  sonorous, 
melHfluous,  and  prolonged  efforts.     The  greatest  of  lyric  artists, 


Fio.  354.— MADAME  RECAMIER.     (A  Belle  of  the  Imperial  Court  of 

France.) 

This  engraving  is  taken  from  the  lovely  painting  by  David,  which  now  adorns  the 
Gallery  of  the  Louvre  at  Paris.  It  is  a  representation  of  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
women  of  modern  times.  Her  beauty  was  equaled  by  her  elegant  manners,  kindness 
of  heart,  and  eqiiaV)le  disposition.  Could  Micliael  Angelo  have  seen  tli-s  charming 
creature  he  would  have  dedicated  his  celebrated  line  to  her. — "The  might  of  one 
fair  face  sublimes  my  love."  In  this  subject  the  brain  and  nervous  system  is  supreme ; 
the  muscular  powers  rank  next  and  are  of  the  finest  quality.  The  lovely  oval  of  the 
jaw  and  chin  and  the  rounded  contours  of  the  arms  and  joints  reveal  the  presence  of 
the  muscular  system.  The  face  has  an  expression  of  amiability,  vivacity,  and  ele- 
gance. The  entire  countenance  proves  the  supremacy  of  the  aesthetic  mind.  The 
signs  for  Conscience  and  Firmness  are  normaL  Benevolence,  Hospitality,  Approba- 
tion, Friendship,  Love  of  Young,  and  Amativeness  are  well  defined.  The  upper  lip  is 
short  and  curved  outwardly, — :uiother  artistic  indication.  The  nose  is  long  and 
straight,  the  tip  developed  at  the  signs  for  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Mental  Imitation,  and 
Constructiveness.  Veneration  and  Self-will  are  well  represented  ;  so.  also,  are  Form, 
Size,  Observation,  Language,  and  Color.  The  forehead  discloses  Memory  and  Artistic 
Reason  and  Judgment.  The  eyes  are  curved  and  express  Agreeability. '  The  attitude 
is  expressive  of  the  grace,  freedom,  simplicity,  ana  abandon  of  childhood,  and  the 
countenance  is  sparkling  and  intelligent. 

such  as  Grisi,  Persiani,  Patti,  Nillson,  Gerster,  Frau  Materna,  and 
others  have  a  beautifully  developed  muscular  physique,  expressive 


SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES   NECESSARY  FOR   AN   OPERA-SINGER.       1135 


face,  large    bright   eyes,  arched   brows,  curved  jaw,  and   other 
muscular  signs.  • 


Fig.  355.— GIULIA  GRISI.    (Opeka-singkii.) 

The  noble  fiRure  and  beautiful  face  of  Grisi  fills  the  mind  of  the  physiojrnomist 
with  enthusiasm.  Not  onlv  does  the  beauty  of  the  face  arouse  one's  feelinps,  but  the 
sight  of  so  grand  a  bodily  development  in  a  woman  atford.s  the  highest  satisfaction. 
Tne  attitude  of  the  bod  v.  the  form  of  the  arms  and  shape  of  the  liands,  the  devel- 
opment of  the  thorax  and  shoulders,  the  i)oise  of  the  head,  all  tell  us  of  a  regal 
woman.  The  rounded  outlines  and  presence  of  curves  everywliere  stamp  it  as  an 
artistic  mind.  Quality,  color,  proi)ortion,  and  harmonious  deVelopment  all  conspire 
in  this  glorious  organism  to  produce  perfection.  The  chin  and  lower  jaw  are  curved, 
disclosing  dr:ini  itic  powers.  The  lips  are  beautifully  molded  and  indicate  vocal 
capacity;  the  upper  lip  announces  Amativeness.  Modesty,  Ixive  of  Young.  Dignity, 
and  Inaependoiice.  The  nose  is  straight  and  high,  and"  has  all  the  signs  of  artistic 
originality;  tlie  signs  for  Analysis,  Mental  Imitation,' Human  Nature,  Ideality.  Sub-, 
limity.  Construction,  Veneratidn,  P^xecutiveness.  and  Self-will  are  (conspicuous.  The 
eyes  are  dark  and  express  fluency.  The  interciliary  space  is  artistic ;  the  brows  are 
finely  curved  and  disclose  aesthetic  tastes.  The  signs  for  P'orm,  Size.Obscrvation, 
Memory  of  Events,  and  Artistic  Rea.son  are  all  displayed.  The  length  from  the  tip 
of  the  nose  to  the  point  of  the  chin  is  quite  marked  ;  the  cheeks  and  lips  are  full  ana 
altogether  indicate  musical  talent  The  color  of  the  hair  is  l)lack,  thus  affording  the 
fervor  and  intensity  of  feeling  necessary  for  the  expressicm  of  the  grand  dramatic 
characters  which  she  portrayed  so  magnificently  upon  the  lyric  stage.  The  whole 
expression  is  one  of  kindliness,  sympathy,  and  artistic  genius. 


1136  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  vegetative  system  must  have  a  good  representation  in  this 
class,  for  the  domestic  sentiments  assist  emotion,  and  emotion  is 
what  the  true  artist  must  portray.  Many  of  them  become  very 
fat, — Alboni  and  Parepa  Rosa,  for  example. 

They  make  loving  wives  and  mothers  and  warm  friends.  In 
disposition  they  are  social  and  domestic,  and  have  all  of  the  artistic 
love  of  color,  foi*m,  display,  and  sensation,  and  exhibit  the  most 
sensuous  tastes.  They  must  possess  large  vocal  ability,  Hope. 
Mental  Imitation,  Ideality,  Sublimity  (for  the  tragic  roles),  Human 
Nature,  Constructiveness,  Self-will,  Form,  Size,  Music,  Time,  and 
Intuition. 

Herewith  I  present  the  magnificent  figure  of  Giulia  Grisi,  one 
of  the  most  gifted  and  beautiful  of  lyric  artists. 

THE    SYSTEMS    AND    FACULTIES    REQUISITE    FOR    A    MUSICAL    COMPOSER. 

Musical  composers  are  of  many  diverse  combinations  of 
systems  and  faculties.  It  is  this  diversity  of  traits  which  produces 
such  great  variety  of  style  in  music.  The  combmation  of 
faculties  which  could  produce  the  solemn  and  magnificent 
"Stabat  Mater,"  of  Rossini,  for  example,  would  be  quite  un- 
like that  which  would  compose  the  lightsome  strahis  of  the 
"Orphee  aux  Enfers,"  or  "La  Belle  Helene,"  of  Offenbach. 
Thus  we  see  that  as  great  variety  and  diversity  of  character  and 
mental  and  bodily  endowments  are  required  for  the  several  sorts 
of  musical  composers  as  are  needed  to  express  the  varied  kinds  of 
literature  or  art.  So  true  it  is  that  man  is  competent  only  to 
express  in  his  works  those  principles  which  are  the  ruling  ones  in 
his  own  organism. 

The  musical  reader  will  recognize  these  distinctions  in  the 
individuality  of  musical  composers  by  the  entire  dissimilarity  of 
their  productions ;  and  those  who  are  skilled  in  music  recognize 
the  particular  "style"  of  each  composer  as  it  is  played  or  sung. 
Although  he  may  never  have  heard  the  composition  in  question, 
he  recognizes  it  as  he  does  the  personal  appearance  of  the  several 
composers,  viz.,  by  the  peculiarities  of  their  facial  features;  by 
their  voice,  their  walk,  their  attitude  and  gestures;  for  the  music 
of  each  individual  is  as  markedly  diverse  as  are  their .  bodily  and 
mental  structures. 

Let  the  student  place  before  him  the  portraits  of  a  number 
of  musical  maestros  who  are  very  differently  constituted,  and 
then,  afler  making  a  physiognomical  delineation  of  their  character, 
let  him  listen  to  their  several  compositions,  and  he  will  become 
convinced  that  man  is  best  capable  of  reproducing  in  his  works 
the  principles  wliich  are  the  more  strongly  represented  within  him. 


SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES   REQUISITE   FOR   MUSICAL   COMPOSERS.       1137 

If  one  will  place  side  by  side  the  portraits  of  Handel  and 
von  Weber,  then  those  of  Rossini  and  Schubert,  also  those 'of 
Wagner  and  Beethoven,  he  will  certainly  find  that  the  facial 
characteristics  of  each  are  representative  of  their  peculiar  style  in 
compositions. 

The  musical  composts*  must  possess  a  large  and  rounded 


Fig.  356.-FRANZ  SCHUBERT.    (MusicAi.  Composer.) 

The  face  of  Schubert  oflFers  a  most  striking  contrast  to  that  of  Wagner.  In  this 
countenance  we  observe  the  combination  of  round  l)oncs  with  round  muscles,  which 
expresses  beauty,  talent,  and  sensuousuess.  The  wavy  hair,  cnrvilinear  features,  and 
dimpled  chin  announce  (juite  another  type  of  (•haractcr  than  that  of  \Vagner.  There 
is  much  less  of  the  bold  and  severe.but  more  of  the  softer  traits,  discernible  in  this  face, 
yet  it  is  none  the  less  original  in  its  expression.  The  entire  structure,  including  the 
hair,  is  built  upon  a  system  of  curves.  The  brain  is  dominant  and  of  verv  fine 
quality ;  the  muscular  system  ranks  second,  the  thoracic  third,  and  the  rouniled 
osseous  system  follows  in  the  order  of  development.  The  chin  is  most  completely 
expressive  of  the  artist :  the  round  dimplrn  give  a  clue  to  the  entire  man.  A  love  of 
the  beautiful  in  the  opposite  sex.  voluptuousness,  creative  or  dramatic  talent,  and 

id  flf 


ture,  and  speaks  of  love  and  social  enjoyments,— of  "wine,  women,  and  song."  In  the 
cheeks  Alinientiveness,  liibativeness.  Hospitality.  Friendship,  Sanativeness,  and 
Approbativeness  are  conspicuous.  The  color-sense  is  very  decicied,  as  seen  in  the  hair 
an<I  eyes.  The  upper  lip  is  an  artistic  feature,  curvinri  outwardly,  thus  indicating  Phys- 
ical Ihiitation.  The  nose  is  broad  and  muscular,  high  and  broad  at  the  tip.  The  signs 
for  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Analysis,  Hope,  Mental  Imitation.  Human  Nature,  (^onstruct- 
iveness,  Acqtiisition,  Veneration,  and  Self-will  are  all  well  defined.  The  sui)ercirary 
region  near  the  eyes  and  nose  is  noteworthv,  showing  great  width  between  the  eyes  and 
depth  of  the  inner  angles,  indicating  both  Form,  Size,  and  Prescience  in  a  large  degree. 
The  mouth  denotes  fluent  vocality,  both  of  language  and  melody.  Calculation,  as  in 
all  composers,  is  most  decided,  while  Weight.  Locality,  Memory  of  Events,  Time, 
Music.  Order,  and  Intuition,  with  Musical  .Judgment  and  Reason,  make  up  the 
physiognomy  of  one  of  the  great  composers  of  the  world.  A  comparison  of  his  com- 
positions with  those  of  Wagner  will  give  the  student  all  the  corroboration  of  their 
physiognomic  dissimilarity  that  he  desires. 

nature.  He  must  be  a  many-sided  being  in  order  to  express  true 
greatness  in  rhythm.  A  fine  brain  and  nervous  system,  together 
with  an  excellent  muscular  development,  is  requisite  for  certain 
styles  of  music,  such  as  Mozart's  and  Schubert's,  for  example; 
while,  for  a  bolder,  grander,  and  more  severe  style,  mere  love  is 
necessary,  as  we  observe  in  the  faces  of  Wagner  and  Beethoven  ; 

72 


1138  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

or,  as  we  observe  in  Handel,  a  large  endowment  of  the  vegetative 
system,  along  with  a  fine  brain  and  nervous  system,  and  sufficient 
admixture  of  the  muscles  to  afford  the  sense  of  rhythm  and 
melody  so  essential. 

The  faculties  which  are  necessary  are,  first,  a  good  share  of  the 
domestic  and  social  functions  and  sentiments,  along  with  which 
there  must  be  the  following  mental  powers,  which  can  be  discovered 
in  the  nose  of  most  composers,  viz..  Analysis,  Mental  Imitation, 
Ideality  or   Imagination,    Sublimity,   Human  Nature,  Construcfc- 


FiG.  857.— RICHARD  WAGNER.   (Musical  Composer.) 

This  bold  and  aggressive  face  announces  an  original  and  independent  genius,  with 
all  the  force  and  power  requisite  to  create  a  revolution  in  his  own  department  of  art. 
The  brain  system  is  dominant ;  the  bony  system  takes  next  place,  while  the  muscular 
powers  follow  :  all  of  these  are  of  high"q{iality.  The  chin  shows  remarkable  Firm- 
ness and  Conscientiousness  of  the  most  severe  type,  while  its  extreme  forward  pro- 
jection indicates  an  economical  disposition.  Love  of  Home  and  Patriotism  are 
manifest.  Benevolence  is  not  large.  Love  of  Young  and  .\mativeness  are  well 
defined.  Alimentiveness  and  Bibativeness  are  normal.  Approbation  and  Friendship 
are  medium.  Self-esteem  is  only  of  average  development.  The  nose  is  a  wonderful 
feature,  both  in  size  and  outline ;  it  announces  great  Force,  Courage,  Resistance, 
Human  Nature,  Executiveness,  and  Pneiunativeness.  The  boldness  and  originality 
of  his  musical  compositions  required  all  these  traits, — first,  to  enable  him  to  conceive, 
and  then  to  force  upon  the  public  his  singularly  novel  methods  of  execution.  The 
color-sense  is  strongly  defined  and  assists  the  mental  powers.  Constructiveness, 
Sublimity,  and  Acquisition  are  prime  elements  in  this  character ;  so,  also,  are  Observa- 
tion, Weight,  Locality,  Form,  Size,  L;inguage,  Memory  of  Events,  Music,  Time, 
Order,  Calculation,  Intuition,  and  Reason.  Altogether,  the  face  of  a  remarkably 
strong  and  individualized  man. 

iveness,  Acquisition,  Veneration,  and  Self-will.  The  signs  for 
Form,  Size,  Weight,  Music,  Time,  Order,  Calculation,  and  Reason 
must  be  pre-eminent. 

The  chins  of  the  majority  of  composers  are  dimpled;  the  sign 
for  Amativeness  large  in  all.  The  hair  of  most  of  them  is  quite 
different  from  that  of  ordinary  people,  thus  showing,  by  this 
physiognomic  indicator,  original  powers. 

These  faculties  are  possessed  in  varying  degrees  by  all  really 
good  or  great  musical  composers.     The  several  varying  degrees  of 


SYSTEMS   AND    FACULTIES   ESSENTIAL   TO    A    SCULPTOR.        1139 

development  of  brain,  bones,  muscle,  and  of  the  thoracic  and 
vegetative  systems  can  be  easily  discovered  by  the  observant 
investigator. 

Those  in  whom  the  brain  system  dominates  all  the  other 
systems  will  give  a  more  lofty  and  refined  quality  of  music  than 
he  who  excels  in  muscle,  as  in  Schubert,  for  example,  where 
melodies  are  of  the  sensuous  order,  more  nearly ;  and  thus  of  each 
peculiar  endowment,  that  system  which  is  dominant  gives  the 
key-note  to  the  style  of  the  entire  range  of  each  individual's 
eJ0Forts. 

Composers  must  possess  a  modicum  of  every  sort  of  time, 
and  that  which  inheres  in  each  of  the  five  superior  systems  is 
necessary  for  all;  hence  the  thoracic  as  well  as  the  bmin  system 
will  be  relatively  well  developed  in  all  musical  composers,  as  well 
as  the  brain  and  nervous,  the  muscular  and  osseous. 

THE   SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES   ESSENTIAL   TO    A   SCULPTOR. 

A  great  variety  of  form  and  talents  are  found  within  the 
noble  guild  of  sculptors;  yet  all  are  characterized  by  certain 
similar  capacities.  This  art  is  really  a  blending  of  art  and 
mechanism ;  we  therefore  expect  to  find  some  of  the  salient  points 
of  both  mechanic  and  artist,  with  a  touch  of  the  scientific  as  well. 
A  great  sculptor  is  a  grand  character,  and  all  great  sculptors  ex- 
press in  the  face  the  nobility  and  comprehensiveness  of  their  in- 
tellect, as  witness  Michael  Angelo,  Canova,  Thorwaldsen,  and 
others.  The  capacity  to  express  greatness,  whether  by  the  chisel, 
pen,  brush,  voice,  or  by  mechanism,  is  stamped  unmistakably  upon 
the  face  and  bodies  of  those  who  possess  this  power.  A  knowl- 
edge of  scientific  physiognomy  is  necessary,  perhaps,  to  ascertain 
the  exact  quality  and  power  of  this  talent,  although  the  lives  and 
sentiments  of  the  masters  of  sculpture  are  exponents  of  their 
innate  powers.  A  truly  great  being  moves,  as  it  were,  in  an 
atmosphere  of  his  own  creating,  far  above  the  strata  in  which  the 
commonplace  crowd  dwell;  he  is  thus  often  misunderstood  and 
misrepresented,  for  it  is  essential  to  the  comprehension  of  character 
that  we  have  within  ourselves  a  germ,  at  least,  of  the  traits  we 
would  understand.  If  this  capacity  be  not  ours,  then  it  is  im- 
possible to  comprehend  a  greater  character  than  our  own,  for  such 
characters  cannot  be  measured  by  our  limited  personal  standard. 

A  great  sculptor  must  possess  a  fine  brain  and  nervous 
system,  together  with  an  excellent  degree  of  both  bone  and  muscle, 
for  the  measurement  and  manipulation  of  such  solid  and  hard 
material  as  marble  requires  the  most  solid  tissues;  then,  too,  the 
principles  of  Mechanism,  of  Calculation,  of  Weight,  Size,  Form, 


1140  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Locality,  etc.,  must  be  used  in  transforming  a  shapeless,  chaotic 
block  of  marble  into  a  beautiful,  life-like  statue,  The  artistic 
faculties  of  Sublimity,  Ideality,  Constructiveness,  and  Mental 
Imitation  must  characterize  the  sculptor,  together  with  the  faculties 
of  Amativeness,  Force,  Love  of  Young,  Love  of  Home,  Patriotism, 


Fig.  358.— ARIADNE. 

In  viewing  the  ideal  beauties  of  this  subject,  one  is  filled  with  wonder  and  delight 
at  the  genius  which  was  able  to  conceive  and  execute  so  perfect  a  figure  of  woman. 
This  talent  is  little  short  of  divinity,  and  bears  within  itself  a  heaven-born  germ  of 
creative  energy.  The  grace  and  elegance  of  the  attitude  are  only  equaled  by  the 
beautiful  outlines  and  exact  details  oi  the  whole.  t)ne  knows  not  which  part  most  to 
admire  J  all  is  coherent,  homogeneous,  proportionate,  and  natural.  Tlie  freedom  and 
simplicity,  the  chasteness  and  delicacy  expressed  in  each  limb,  feature,  and  contour 
entirely  divests  this  angelic  form  of  the  slightest  tinge  of  grossness.  It  would, 
indeed,  be  a  ba.se  mind  or  a  silly  prude  who  could,  at  sight  of  this  statue,  be  stirred 
by  feelings  other  than  those  of  "gratitude  to  God  for  creating  the  creator  of  this  noble 
work,  who  has  wrought  out  of  a  block  such  perfection  for  the  enlightenment  of  the 
ages.  One  generation  of  women  possessed  of  similar  forms  would  advance  the  moral 
sense  of  the  world  incalculably,  for  such  women  would  express  normal  powers  of 
mind  and  body. 

Conscientiousness,  Firmness,  Friendship,  Mirthfulness,  and  other 
domestic  and  social  powers.  Large  Reason  and  Intuition  must 
also  be  his.  If  all  these  powers  are  inherited  in  a  high  degree, 
and  then  developed  by  cultivation,  we  have  a  genius  of  tran- 
scendent power,  such  as  Phidias,  among  the  ancients,  and  Canova, 
Greenough,  Story,  Clark,  and  Miss  Hosmer  in  modern  times.    The 


SYSTEMS    AND    FACULTIES   REQUIRED    BY    A    PHYSICIAN.        1141 

art  of  the  statuary  is  akin  to  architecture,  and  these  two  profes- 
sions develop  the  scientific  side  of  art,  for  both  are  based  on 
mathematics  primarily,  and  depend  upon  Measurements,  Weight, 
Size,  Form,  and  Calculation  in  a  large  degree.  It  is  thus  shown 
that  high  powers  and  a  large  and  comprehensive  mind  are 
essential  to  the  great  professor  of  each  art  and  science.  It  is  true 
there  are  many  grades  in  every  profession,  yet  every  student  wiU 
designate,  by  his  works,  the  rank  to  which  he  is  entitled.  The 
beautiful  figure  of  Ariadne  expresses  the  grade  of  artistic  rank  to 
which  its  designer  belongs.  I  am  happy  in  sharing  with  my 
readers  the  pleasure  I  derive  from  the  contemplation  of  this  sub- 
lime ideal  of  female  loveliness  and  perfection.  It  is  a  specimen 
of  the  sculptor's  skill  and  powers  rarely  excelled.  It  is  the  work 
of  Danneker. 

THE   SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES   REQUIRED   BY    A   PHYSICIAN. 

A  physician  should,  in  the  first  place,  be  possessed  of  the 
highest  morality,  for  no  other  profession  is  called  upon  to  exercise 
this  power  in  so  large  a  degree.  The  honor  and  happiness  of  en- 
tire communities  are  often  in  his  keeping ;  besides,  the.  physician, 
like  the  scientist,  must  abound  in  Conscientiousness  in  order  to 
discern  the  trutJis  of  Nature  as  they  exist,  without  mingling  guess- 
work or  speculative  theories  with  his  observations. 

It  is  a  well-established  law  of  human  nature  that  we  cannot 
give  out  what  we  have  not  in  our  own  organization,  nor  compre- 
hend fully  any  principle  which  is  not  largely  represented  in  our 
own  organism ;  therefore,  those  whose  province  it  is  to  discover 
and  apply  the  laios  and  facts  of  Nature  must  possess  a  large  de- 
velopment of  Conscientiousness  in  order  to  be  able  to  distinguish 
truths  from  errors.  From  this  we  infer  that  the  bony  system 
should  be  one  of  the  supreme  systems  of  the  physician  ;  bone,  be- 
ing the  most  stable  tissue  in  the  organism,  is  hence  the  most 
rehable.  Along  with  the  osseous  system  there  must  be  also  a  good 
endowment  of  the  brain  and  nervous  system  to  afford  sensitiveness 
and  judgment,  as  well  as  of  the  muscular  powers  to  aid  in  the 
mechanical  parts  of  surgery.  A  good  degree  of  the  thoracic  and 
vegetative  systems  are  essential  to  nourish  and  sustain  the  mental 
processes  and  to  assist  the  domestic  and  social  qualities  which 
the  physician  needs  in  order  to  attract  and  hold  the  friendship  of 
his  patients.  A  good  share  of  Firmness'  is  required  and  is  observed 
in  the  faces  of  all  good  and  great  physicians.  The  faculties  of 
Love  of  Home,  Benevolence,  Love  of  Young,  and  of  the  opposite 
sex  should  be  normally  developed  ;  so,  also,  should  Alimentiveness, 
Sanativeness,  Pneumativeness,  and  a  good  degree  of  Force  and 


1142  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Resistance.  Caution  must  be  exercised  and  developed  where  it  is 
deficient.  The  mental  faculties  of  Analysis  and  Human  Nature 
must  be  large,  while  Constructiveness,  Self-will,  and  an  average 
amount  of  Executiveness  are  required.  Form,  Size,  and  Locality 
are  most  useful  with  a  preponderance  of  all  the  practical  faculties ; 
hence  it  is  that  we  observe  such  projection  of  the  eye-bones  in  all 


Fig.  350.— M.  PASTEUR.    (Physician  and  Discovekkr.) 

The  noble  countenance  associated  with  this  sketch  is  that  of  a  man  well  known 
to  fame,  for  his  numerous  and  important  discoveries  in  physical  and  sanitary  science 
rank  him  with  the  greatest  of  the  world's  benefactors.  In"  this  face  the  lirain  system 
is  dominant  and  of  fine  quality ;  the  muscular  system  stands  second  in  evolution,  and 
the  osseous  and  thoracic  follow  closely  in  power.  The  lower  third  of  the  face  is  well 
developed  and  affords  sustenance  to  the  higher  powers.  The  nose  is  broad,  higli,  and 
muscular;  in  it  we  perceive  the  evidence  of  Imagination.  (This  faculty  often  aids  in 
invention  and  discovery.)  The  lower  third  discloses  Analvsis,  Mental  Imitation,  Sub- 
limity, Human  Nature,  Constructiveness,  Acquisition,  Veneration,  and  Reason  of 
the  highest.  Self-will  is  conspicuous.  The  space  between  the  eyes  and  eyebrows  is 
worthy  of  attention,  being  very  broad,  thus  nulicating  large  Form  and  Size,  as  well 
as  a  comprehensive  mind.  The  eyes  and  mouth  denote  normal  Language,  while  in 
the  forehead  we  observe  corroborative  signs  of  logical  capacity,  as  well  as  Memory 
of  Events  and  very  great  Intuition. 

good  physicians.  Large  Observation,  Causality,  Comparison, 
Memory  of  all  sorts,  together  with  Time,  Order,  and  Intuition  are 
requisite.  The  physician  who  is  true  to  his  calling  must  exhibit 
for  it  the  greatest  devotion  and  enthusiasm,  for  physicians,  like 
poets,  are  born,  not  made  such  by  a  college  education  alone.  They 
should  be  ambitious  to  excel  and  succeed,  and  with  a  desire  for 
progress  in  the  high  and  holy  profession  to  which  Nature  has 
called  them. 

A  physician  must  cultivate  such  traits  as  are  weak,  as,  for 
example,  Secretiveness ;  he  should  be  the  most  prudent  and  dis- 
creet of  men — able  to  command  his  tongue  and  facial  muscles  to 
that  degree  that  even  the  most  acute  and  anxious  patient  shall  not 
perceive  the  slightest  movement  or  change.  He  should  cultivate 
cheerfulness  and  sociality,  without  gossiping  (a  gossiping  physician 


SYSTEMS   AND    FACULTIES    REQUIRED   FOR   A    SURGEON.  1143 

is  a  dangerous  being)  ;  he  should  develop  his  friendliness,  love  of 
children,  and  of  tlie  opposite  sex ;  in  short,  he  should  be  a  lover 
of  liumanity. 

THE   SYSTEMS   AND    FACULTIES    REQUIRED    FOR   A    SURGEON. 

The  best  form  for  a  surgeon  who  attempts  the  most  severe 


Fig.   360.— EDWARD  JENNER,   M.D.      (Celebrated   English   Phy8Icla.n, 
Author,  and  Discoverer  of  Vaccination.) 

No  scientific  pliysioenoinLst  could  mistake  this  face  for  other  tlianthat  of  a  physi- 
cian, and  an  earnest  and  attentive  one  as  well,  as  evidenced  by  the  siens  of  "natural 
Fhysician"  in  the  cheek-bones,  in  the  attitude  of  the  head  and  neck,  and  oy  the  thought- 
ul,  observant  expression  of  the  eye.  Tlie  combination  of  systems  in  this  subject  is  such 
as  is  most  frequently  observed  among  physicians,  viz.,  the  sujiremacv  of  the  osseous  and 
brain  systems.  The  inu.-<cular,  tlioi  a<'ic,  and  vegetative  powers  all  assist  in  this  com- 
bination by  their  development.  The  signs  for  C<mscience  and  Firmness  are  apparent. 
Love  of  Home  and  Patriotism  rank  high.  Benevolence,  Amativeness,  Love  of  Young, 
Mirth,  Approbation,  Self-esteem,  Modesty,  Friendship,  Alinientiveness,  Sanativeness, 
Pneumativeness,  and  Color  combine  to  form  a  lovely  domestic  and  social  nature.  The 
form,  size,  and  peculiarities  of  the  nose  claim  attention.  It  is  a  nose  denoting  Con- 
8tructivenes.s,  Originality,  and  logical  power.  The  signs  for  Hope,  Analysis,  Alental 
Imitation,  Human  Nature,  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Construction,  and  Acquisition  are 
strongly  delineated.  Self-will  is  normally  developed,  while  Size,  Fonn.  Observation, 
Weight,  Ijocality,  Calculation,  and  Memory  of  various  sorts  are  manifest.  The  signs 
of  Language  in  the  eye  and  mouth  denote  ifuency,  while  the  practical  faculties,  being 
dominant,  would  give  clearness,  ])ei  spicacity,  and  directness  to  his  style  of  expression, 
either  oral  or  written.  Time,  Order,  Reas(m.  and  Inttiition  are  well" developed.  The 
long-continued  observation  and  experiments  of  this  noble  physician  in  his  endeavor 
to  protect  humanity  from  the  ravages  of  small-pox  by  his  discovery  of  vaccination, 
met  at  last  with  a  suitable  recognition,  for  he  received  by  a  vote  o{  Parliament  the 
sum  of  £.30,(X)0,  and  special  honors  were  awarded  him.  It  is  a  singular  fact  that  all  of 
the  benefactors  of  the  human  race — those  who  have  benefited  it  by  discoveries  of  any 
kind  whatever— have  met  with  the  most  violent  opposition.  trea<hery,  and  often 
disgrace,  before  they  could  make  the  world  see  the  value  of  their  discoveries.  Such 
was  the  case  with  Dr.  Jenner,  but  his  firmness  and  truth  at  last  gained  the  victory. 

operations  is  the  round  build  of  body  and  head,  and  many  of  them 
are  of  this  shape.  The  muscular  system  should  be  supreme,  with 
the  brain  system  a  close  second,  the  bony  and  thoracic  systems 
about  equal  and  next  in  development. 

The  muscular  tissue  is  comparativehj  imfeeling — insensitive; 


1144 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


hence,  the  surgeon  must  have  a  large  share  of  this  material  in  his 
organism. 

The  surgeon  should  possess  large  Force,  to  aid  him  in  oper- 
ations; a  good  degree  of  Cautiousness,  in  order  to  prevent  a  rash 


Pig.  361.— JOHN  HUNTER.    (RrROEON,  .\natomist,  Discovkrer,  and  Author.) 

In  this  portrait  we  have  the  evidence  of  an  exceedingly  well  balanced  character 
of  a  hitjh  order.  The  brain  and  mnscular  systems  are  well  developed,  while  the 
thoracic,  the  osseous,  and  vegetative  systems  are  largely  represented.  T^ie  chin  dis- 
closes Firmness  and  Conscientiousness'  also  Love  of  Home  and  Patriotism.  Benevo- 
lence is  well  defined.  Alimentiveness.  Love  of  Young,  Mirth,  Amativeness,  Bibative- 
ness,  Hospitality,  Approbativeness,  Friendship,  Sanativeness,  Self-esteem,  Modesty, 
Force,  Resistance,  and  Caution  are  all  well  and  about  equally  developed.  The  nose  is 
unique.  It  is  long,  high,  broad,  and  wonderfully  elaborate  in  tlie  lower  third.  Pneu- 
mativeness  announces  its  power  by  the  general  large  size  of  the  nose  and  nostrils. 
Color  is  highly  manifested.  The  signs  for  Hope,  Analysis,  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Mental 
Imitation,  and  Human  Nature  are  in  excess.  Constructiveness  is  supreme.  This 
faculty  was  probably  inherited,  alonfj  with  other  artistico-mechanical  traits,  from  his 
father,  who  was  a  carpenter.  Ae(iuisition  is  higlily  manifested ;  this  trait  he  exhibited 
by  the  wonderful  collection  he  made  for  his  museiim,  lie  having  collected  and  prepared 
more  than  ten  thousand  anatomical  objects.  The  nose  also  exhibits  large  Veneration, 
Executiveness,  Reason,  and  Self-will.  The  space  between  the  eyes  is  remarkable, 
and  denotes  a  most  uncommon  seii.se  of  P''orm,  The  space  between  the  brows  and  the 
width  of  the  ethmoid  bone  is  very  great,  announcing  the  sense  of  Size.  The  eyebrows 
disclose  strength,  vigor,  and  origmality ;  the  eyes.  Language ;  the  manner  "of  their 
setting,  large  Observation  and  Prescience.  The  form  of  the  outei;  angle  indicates 
Agreeability.  The  peculiar  formation  of  the  malar  or  cheek  bones  is  noteworthy  ;  it 
reveals  by  its  fullness  the  signs  for  the  natural  physician  and  surgeon.  The  lateral 
portion  of  the  forehead  shows  the  presence  of  round  muscles  ;  hence,  is  a  secondary 
sign  of  large  Construction,  while  Locality,  Weight,  Time,  Order.  Calculation,  Reason, 
and  Intuition  are  all  highlv  manifest.  The  hands  and  fingers  are  characteristic,  and 
disclose  strength  and  flexibility.  This  grand  surgeon  and  physician  won  the  greatest 
honors  and  achieved  the  highest  positions  in  his  profession',  having  been  physician 
extraordinary  to  the  king  and  surgeon-general  of  hospitals  in  England.  He'  wrote 
the  "Natural  History  of  the  Teeth,^'  "  Observations  on  the  Animal  Economy,"  besides 
numerous  other  works,  which,  with  his  collections  and  museum,  are  left  to  enlighten 
posterity. 

use  of  the  knife;  large  Constructiveness,  in  order  that  he  may 
invent  those  diverse  appliances  needed  for  each  individual  case,  and 
also  to  give  ingenuity  and  dexterity  in  dressing  wounds.  He  re- 
quires large  Locality,  to  enable  him  to  remember  and  visualize  the 
position  of  all  the  various  organs,  veins,  arteries,  bones,  and  muscles 


OTHER   CLASSES   OF   SURGEONS.  1145 

in  the  body.  Form  and  Size  are  also  requisite  to  aid  the  memory  of 
the  shape  and  relative  position  of  each  part,  and  to  assist  Locality. 
Human  Nature  is  essential  in  order  that  he  may  be  en  rapport 
with  his  patients,  and  also  to  enable  him  to  divhie  instinctively  all 
bodily  and  mental  states.  He  should  be  a  good  physiognomist,  and 
be  well  versed  in  the  pathology  of  physiognomy.  He  must  have 
large  Observation,  in  order  to  take  cognizance  of  the  most  minute 
changes  and  appearances.  Calculation  is  a  useful  trait  also,  as  it 
is  required  in  many  ways  in  the  medication  and  treatment  of  the 
wounded,  as  in  chemistry  and  in  making  surgical  implements,  etc. 
He  should  have  large  Friendship,  in  order  to  attach  his  patients  to 
him  and  to  command  their  esteem;  enough  Benevolence  to  sympa- 
thize, but  not  enough  to  weaken  the  feelings  when  severity  is 
required.  The  faculty  of  Amativeness  is  necessary  to  comprehend 
the  nature  of  the  opposite  sex;  Love  of  Young  also,  that  he  may 
inspire  children  with  love  and  confidence. 

The  sense  of  Weight  should  be  a  strong  one,  for  the  muscular 
sense  is  dependent  upon  its  power  in  order  to  gauge  the  amount 
of  force  to  be  used  in  handling  instruments  and  in  bandaging 
wounds,  limbs,  etc.  Executiveness  is  required  to  assist  authority 
and  give  resistance.  Self-will  is  another  ally  most  necessary,  as 
well  as  Analysis,  Time,  Order,  and  Reason.  A  fair  share  of 
musical  ability  is  required  to  assist  the  ear  in  making  examinations 
of  the  heart  and  lungs,  and  in  auscultation  for  various  other  pur- 
poses. If  to  these  iaculties  one  adds  large  Intuition,  he  has  a  fine 
bodily  and  mental  equipment  for  the  practice  of  surgery. 

OTHER  CLASSES  OF  SURGEONS. 

Many  army  surgeons  are  characterized  by  a  round  and  broad 
form,  with  broad,  rather  low,  and  roimd  heads ;  short,  round  arms, 
and  round  and  tapering  fingers.  Tliis  build  is  the  most  suitable 
for  those  severe  operations  which  require  the  greatest  exhibition  of 
force,  endurance,  and  coolness;  another  class  of  surgeons — those 
who  undertake  the  more  delicate  and  less  forceful  operations — are 
characterized  by  about  an  equal  development  of  the  brain  and 
muscular  systems.  This  class  of  surgeons  tend  naturally  to  the 
treatment  of  those  finer,  less  difficult,  and  more  delicate  cases  of 
operative  surgery,  such,  for  example,  as  treatment  of  the  ear,  the 
eye,  etc.  This  class  of  surgeons  require  a  fine  endowment  of  the 
brain  and  nervous  system.  In  short,  the  muscles  as  well  as  ner^•es 
of  tliis  class  must  be  sensitive  to  a  great  degree,  and  this  combi- 
nation calls  for  a  fine  and  high  organization. 

The  surgeon  should  be  something  of  an  actor  in  order  to 
know  when  to  be  sympathetic  and  when  to  be  severe.     Yet  he 


1146  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

should  cultivate  a  friendly,  cheerful  disposition,  and  then  use  it 
when  necessary.  To  all  should  be  added  a  high  sense  of  responsi- 
bility to  God  and  humanity  for  his  gifts  and  talents. 

Great  surgeons,  like  great  poets,  painters,  and  singers,'  are 
sent  into  the  world  not  to  selfishly  enjoy  their  own  great  gifts,  but 
for  the  benefit  and  enjoyment  of  the  -world  at  large.  A  talented 
surgeon  lives  not  alone  for  his  own  day  and  generation,  but  by 
the  power  of  his  genius  he  lives  for  the  ages,  and  sends  the  results 
of  his  skill  and  knowledge  down  the  stream  of  time  to  bless  and 
comfort  millions  who  come  after  him. 

The  great  operations  and  discoveries  which  such  men  as 
Hunter,  Harvey,  Jenner,  Cooper,  Jackson,  Abemethy,  Pasteur, 
Maudsley,  Mott,  Kemochan,  Pancoast,  Sayre,  Barker,  and  a  host 
of  others  equally  gifted  will  aid  and  enlighten  humanity  as  long  as 
civilization  progresses.  These  men  are  the  world's  benefactors, 
and  I  know  of  no  profession,  except  it  may  be  the  theatrical,  that 
is  as  charitable,  and  none  more  self-sacrificing.  I  herewith  present 
the  portraits  of  three  eminent  physicians  and  surgeons,  each  re- 
markable for  discoveries  which  serve  to  alleviate  suffering  and  save 
life.  Their  physiognomies  will  not  be  without  interest  to  the 
reader,  whom  I  advise  to  read  a  biography  of  each,  which  can  be 
had  in  most  public  libraries. 

THE    SYSTEMS    AND    FACULTIES   ESSENTIAL   TO   THE   ORATOR. 

Where  the  gift  of  oratory  has  been  inherited  it  will  assert  its 
presence  by  certain  undeniable  signs  in  the  face,  and  these  will  be 
corroborated  by  the  bodily  build  and  the  hands.  This  power  can 
be  cultivated  to  a  large  degree ;  but  where  one  is  greatly  deficient 
in  the  power  of  verbal  expression  he  cannot  become  a  fluent  and 
eloquent  speaker.  It  inheres  in  the  physical  construction  of  man 
(where  it  is  present)  as  well  as  in  the  brain ;  there  must  be  a  con- 
sensus of  action  between  the  brain  and  body  in  oratorical  subjects, 
for  the  orator  expresses  by  his  gestures  and  attitudes  that  which 
his  voice  fails  of  doing.  There  are  two  classes  of  orators — the 
electric  and  the  magnetic.  It  is  difficult  to  say  which  is  the  supe- 
rior. I  suppose,  like  the  diverse  classes  of  other  artists,  the  several 
varieties  are  suited  to  many  dissimilar  departments  of  action. 

THE   ELECTRIC    CLASS   OF   ORATORS. 

The  electric  orators  are  those  in  whom  the  brain  and  nerve 
system  is  predominant,  with  the  muscular  system  subdominant. 
These  make  clear,  incisive,  lightning-like  speeches,  appeals,  and 
arguments.  Such  were  Demosthenes,  Cicero,  Patrick  Henry, 
Henry   Clay,   John    Randolph,   and   Channing.      These   orators 


THE   ELECTRIC   CLASS   OF   ORATORS.  1147 

electrified  their  auditors,  and  were  capable  of  infusing  into  them  a 
spirit  of  instant  action. 

The  electric  orator  is  characterized  by  a  fine  nervous  energy, 
and  the  brain  system  is  dominant,  the  figure  is  tall  and  relatively 
thin  rather  than  round,  the  face  long  and  oval,  and  eyes  large  and 
bright,  quick  in   movement,   and   expressive.     The   logical   and 


Fig.  362.— master  HARRY  SHANNON.    (Oratob.) 

The  portrait  herewith  presented  gives  no  adequate  idea  of  tlie  subject  of  this 
sketch,  yet  after  having  met  personally,  and  having  listened  to  the  oratory  of  this 
precoeio"us  genius,  I  felt  impelled  to  give  my  reatlersthe  lienefit  to  be  derivea  from  a 
study  of  his  speaking  countenance.  The  mouth,  ears,  eyes,  and  frontal  sinuses  all 
announce  oratorical  ability.  The  chin  is  laoking  in  F"irmnes8,  but  shows  a  good 
degiee  of  Conscience;  the  jaw  has  the  dramatic  curve.  The  mouth  is  very  wide, 
straight,  and  well  formed.  The  lower  lip  denotes  Benevolence ;  I-ove  of  Home  and 
Patriotism  are  apparent,  while  Amativeness  and  Love  of  Young  .ire  uncommonly 
well  developed.  The  upper  lip  reveals  Modesty  and  a  dignified  degree  of  Self-esteem 
and  Independence.  Alimentiveness  is  relatively  deficient,  Sanativeness  moderate, 
Mirthfulness,  Api)rol)ativeness,  and  Friendship  decided.  The  nose  reveals  Ideality, 
Sublimity,  Human  Nature,  Construction,  Acquisition,  Veneration,  Reason,  and 
strong  Self-will.  The  signs  for  Size,  Form,  Prescience,  Observation,  Locality,  and 
Calculation  are  conspicuous.  Mental  Order,  Time,  Music,  and  I>anguage  most 
copious  are  indicated,  while  Memory  of  Events,  Verbal  Memory,  and  Intuition  are 
phenomenally  developed.  This  lad  has  beautiful  dark-brown  eyes,  long  lashes,  a 
clear,  delicate  complexion,  brown  hair,  and  refined  manners.  His  voice  is  loud  and 
melodious,  and  his  memory  and  rendition  of  the  speeches  of  all  the  great  orators  is  a 
wonderful  exhibition  of  precocious  genius.  This  analysis  proves  that  the  orator 
must  have  high  quality  and  the  physical  and  mental  constitution  (suited  to  the  re- 
quirements of  this  art.  The  orator  should  have  an  ardent  love  of  Liberty,  an  abound- 
ing sense  of  Sublimity,  and  an  appreciation  of  the  natural  rights  of  man.  together 
with  a  large  endowment  of  the  color-sense  to  make  his  addresses  fervid  and  im- 
passioned. 

argumentative  style  predominates  in  this  class;  they  are  noted  for 
keenness  at  retort,  for  incisive  sarcasm,  vehement  and  scathing 
invective,  and  for  holding  before  their  .auditors  a  high  standard  of 
conduct  and  motives. 

This  class  should  possess  a  large  degree  of  Conscientiousness 
and  Self-esteem;  Ideality,  to  impart  elegance  and  finish;  sufficient 
of  the   thoracic  system   to  give   color   and   earnestness  to  their 


1148  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

utterances,  and  a  normal  condition  of  the  vegetative  functions  to 
supply  nutriment  and  the  domestic  sentiments. 

THE   MAGNETIC   CLASS   OF   ORATORS. 

Another  class  of  orators  is  illustrated  by  those  in  whom  the 
brain  and  muscular  systems  are  about  equally  developed,  and  of 
high  quality. 


Fig.  363.— henry  CLAY.    (Amkkioan  Orator  and  Statesman.) 

To  meet  face  to  face  and  delineate  the  cliaracter  of  such  a  man  would  indeed  be 
a  great  pleasure  to  tlie  scientific  physioenoniist.  In  this  are  all  tlie  .signs  of  oratorical  . 
greatness.  Oratory  is  art,  hence  we  find  signs  of  the  artist  in  the  face.  The  dimpled 
chin  announces  the  influence  of  the  muscular  system,  which  in  tliis  subject  ranks  next 
to  the  brain  and  nervous  system.  The  lower  third  of  the  face,  from  the  point  of  the 
nose  to  the  chin,  is  long,  the  cheeks  full  and  wide  from  side  to  side,  the  mouth  very 
wide,  straight,  and  well  formed,  the  lii)s  even ;  the  slight  outward  curvation  of  the 
upper  lip  is  common  to  those  who  have  spoken  in  public  professionally,  as  is  observed 
in  clergymen,  actors,  and  orators.  The  sign  in  the  chin  for  Firmness  is  only  average, 
while  Conscientiousness  is  larger ;  Love  of  Home  and  Patriotism  are  very  marked  ; 
Benevolence  is  full ;  Language  in  the  mouth  and  eves  most  eloquently  indicated : 
Approbativeness,  Alimentiveness,  Friendship,  Mirthfulness,  Amativeness,  Love  of 
Young,  Self-esteem,  and  Modesty  all  find  strong  representation.  The  nose  is  a  won- 
derful feature  ;  it  is  long,  high  its  entire  length,  and  broad  on  the  back.  Its/orm 
alone  stamps  its  quality,  iEor  such  a  nose  denotes  the  highest  grade  of  mental  and 
physiological  power.  The  Up  of  the  nose  is  remarkably  developed,  and  indicates  a 
broad  understanding  of  Human  Nature.  It  also  discloses  large  Ideality,  Sublimity,  and 
Constructiveness,  moderate  Acquisitiveness,  and  large  Reason,  Veneration,  Execu- 
tiveness,  and  Self-will.  The  observing  faculties  are  conspicuous.  Form,  Size.  Locality, 
Observation,  Memory  of  Events,  Time,  Order,  and  Calculation  are  among  the  great 
faculties  which  embellish  this  grand  countenance.  The  frontal  sinuses  and  the  ear 
g^ve  assurant^e  of  development  of  the  vocal  and  aural  apparatus.  The  hair  is  well 
colored  and  straight,  the  eyes  deep  in  hue,  and  the  entire  expression  earnest  and  in- 
tellectual.   The  eye  indicates  sight,  insight,  and  Intuition. 

Magnetic  orators  are  ardent,  enthusiastic,  witty,  mirthful,  and 
overpowering  in  their  expression  of  feeling.  So  full  of  emotion 
are  they  that  they  catch  the  jwpuJar  ear  by  their  exhibition  of 
and  appeals  to  the  domestic  and  social  natun^s  of  their  hearers. 
They  depend  upon  their  ardor  and  vehemence  to  captivate  the 
minds  of  their  listeners.     They  are  possessed  of  strong  emotional, 


/ 

THE   MAGNETIC   CLASS   OF   ORATORS.  11,49 

afFectional,  and  often  passionate  natures,  and  seem  capable,  when 
aroused  to  their  highest  pitcli  of  power,  of  carrying  all  before 
them,  and  of  changing  the  minds  of  men  whose  convictions  are 
based  on  the  strongest  sense  of  justice. 

The  magnetic  orator  is  characterized  by  the  round  form  of 
head  and  body,  by  full,  convex  eyes,  oval  face,  roimded  chin,  and 
many  exhibit  a  round  or  cleft  dimple  in  the  chin  and  cheeks;  the 


Fig.  364.— ERNESTINE  L.  ROSE.*   (Polish  Orator  and  Reformer.) 

In  this  cxpressivp  countenance  Nature  has  stamped  all  of  the  sifrnR  of  Oratory, 
as  well  as  of  Conscience,  Reason,  and  Decision.  This  face  shows  that  its  owner  has 
the  courage  of  her  convictions.  It  is  the  countenance  of  a  lively,  mirthful,  witty, 
noble,  logical  woman,  full  of  sweetness  and  intelligence.  The  uj)right  carriage  of  the 
head  and  position  of  the  neck  denote  rectitude,  independence,  and  courage.  In  this 
face  are  all  the  signs  of  oratorical  ability.  The  brain  and  mu,>»cular  systems  are  about 
equal  and  of  high  quality.  Theartisticpliase  of  nund  is  indicated."  hence  her  ora- 
torical efforts  would  be  characterized  by  {)olish  and  elegance.  The  chin  is  oval :  in  it 
we  see  the  signs  for  Firmness  and  Conscience  well  defined,  also  Ijove  of  Iiome, 
Patriotism,  and  Benevolence.  The  sustaining  powers  are  well  developed,  a.s  the  signs 
for  Alimontiveness,  Bibativeness.  rncuniativene.ss.  and  Color  indicate.  The  social 
virtues  are  well  rei)resented,  hence  we  find  Hospitality,  Friendship,  Approbati(m, 
Mirth,  and  Language  large;  so.  also,  are  Aniativeness  and  Love  of  Young.  The 
mouth  is  wide,  straight,  and  beautifully  molded  :  the  upper  lip  denotes  Modesty.  Tlie 
nose  is  aesthetic,  constructive,  literary^  and  logical  in  its  three  divisions.  Strong  Self- 
will  is  manifest.  The  width  between  the  eyes  and  eyebrows  is  remarkable,  and  indi- 
cates not  only  the  capacity  to  vistialize  forms.  I)\it  shows  also  a  breadth  and  compre- 
hensiveness of  intellect.  'The  eyes  denote  power  of  Emotion  and  language.  The 
sign  for  Prescience  is  large,  while  the  forehead  denotes  the  supremacy  of  Memory  of 
Events,  Reason,  and  Intuition.  This  lady  was  a  fearless  and  eloquent  champion  of 
woman  suffrage  and  one  of  the  world's  great  reformers  and  benefactors. 

hands  are  muscular  and  dimpled,  and  the  fingers  rounded  and 
inclined  to  taper,  with  oval  nails. 

This  class  of  orators  possess  a  large  endowment  of  the  domestic 
and  social  sentiments;  hence,  we  observe  in  them  the  signs  for 
Amativeness,  Love  of  Home,  Patriotism,  Mirth,  IjOve  of  Young, 
Force,  Color,  Approbativeness,  Friendship,  Hospitality.     Mentally 

*  This  cut  by  permission  of  the  editor  of  "  The  History  of  Woman  Sufifrage." 


1150  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

they  exhibit  the  signs  for  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Constructiveness, 
Acquisitiveness,  Self-will,  Form,  Size,  Credenciveness,  Language, 
Memory  of  various  sorts,  Music,  Time,  Calculation,  Reason,  and 
Intuition. 

This  combination  produces  the  most  emotional  type  of  oratory. 
Henry  Ward  Beecher,  John  B.  Gough,  and  Robert  G.  Ingersoll 
are  fine  illustrations  of  the  magnetic  class. 

They  are  all  highly  dramatic,  and,  being  permeated  with  color, 
are  vivid,  sensational,  and  intense  in  their  utterance. 

The  art  of  oratory,  like  all  other  arts,  is  a  congenital  aptitude, 
and  must,  Uke  all  other  arts,  be  developed  by  exercise  and  cultiva- 
tion to  be  of  the  highest  efficiency.  A  natural  orator  can  be  much 
strengthened  by  learning  the  art  of  breathing  in  such  manner  as  to 
conserve  his  respiratory  powers,  in  order  to  produce  the  mOst  pro- 
longed and  sustained  efforts.  He  should  study  elocution  to 
improve  his  gestures  and  attitudes;  a  knowledge  of  logic  and 
rhetoric  are  essential  to  impart  reason  and  elegance.  To  be  an 
orator  presupposes  the  capacity  for  original  and  rapid  thought; 
but  in  order  that  the  mind  sliall  have  material  upon  which  to 
meditate,  and  from  which  to  draw  instruction  and  argument,  simile 
and  metaphor,  a  great  amount  of  experience  of  every  phase  of 
life,  thought,  and  emotion  is  essential,  as  well  as  a  great  fund  of 
knowledge  drawn  from  the  master  minds  in  every  department  of 
knowledge.  An  orator  should  be  familiar  with  history,  statistics, 
biography,  poetry,  and  literature  of  many  kinds;  he  should  have 
a  broad  acquaintance  with  the  political  history  of  his  country ;  and 
if  to  all  this  he  add  a  large  sense  of  justice,  he  will  not  fail  to 
strongly  impress  himself  upon  the  minds  of  all  who  hear  him. 

Fine  manners  add  greatly  to  the  efforts  of  the  omtor,  and  a 
kindly,  sympathetic  manner  in  private  throw  a  charm  about  his 
personality  which  assists  in  making  him  popular. 

To  be  a  great  orator  is  to  be  in  a  sense  immortal,  for  as  long 
as  civilization  lasts  the  tJioughts  of  great  orators  are  cherished ;  for 
although  the  magnetic  or  electric  effect  of  their  utterances  may 
have  died  away,  their  thoughts,  if  they  be  noble  or  inspiring,  or 
such  as  appeal  to  our  common  humanity,  are  transmitted  to  the 
most  remote  generations.  Witness  the  speeches  and  arguments  of 
Demosthenes,  for  example,  now  over  two  thousand  years  old! 

There  are  other  varieties  of  these  two  ruling  types  of  orators, 
and  all  grades  of  capacity,  from  the  cross-roads  stump-speaker  to 
the  brilliant  orator  of  the  Senate  and  Parliament.  These  general 
and  diverse  grades  may  be  classified  by  applying  the  laws  of  scien- 
tific physiognomy  to  their  faces. 

The  vocal  and  aural  developments  of  great   speakers   are 


SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES   ESSENTIAL   TO   A   CLERGYMAN.       1151 

peculiar,  and  one  has  only  to  scan  the  size  of  the  mouth  and  the 
area  of.  the  cheeks,  the  size  of  the  nose  and  nostrils,  the  frontal 
sinuses,  and  the  ear,  to  find  all  tlie  evidence  of  vocal  and  auditory 
capacity.  The  section  in  the  preceding  chapter  devoted  to  the 
ear  will  reveal  linguistic  capacity  in  this  appendage. 

The  coloi'  of  orators  is  another  salient  circumstance.  I  have 
never  known  of  one  who  was  pallid,  and  with  colorless  eyes  and 
hair. 

THE   SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES   ESSENTIAL   TO   A  CLERGYMAN. 

This  class  of  men,  according  to  Francis  Gal  ton,  are  "  largely 
recruited  from  the  sickly  portion  of  adults."  If  this  be  so,  it  is  a 
lamentable  fact,  for  no  profession  has  greater  need  of  abounding 
health  and  strength  than  that  which  undertakes  to  be  the  moral 
guide  and  exemplification  of  a  higher  life.  A  condition  of  deli- 
cacy or  ill  health  should  deter  one  from  entering  the  ministry,  for 
one  who  is  constitutionally  weak  cannot  possess  strong  and  hearty 
sympathies,  nor  can  he  perform  those  arduous  duties  which  fall  to 
the  lot  of  most  clergymen,  nor  practice  the  self-denial  required,  nor 
can  he  from  morbid  conditions  of  mind  give  forth  sound,  correct, 
and  moral  views  of  life  and  conduct.  A  weak  or  diseased  con- 
dition of  body  imparts  a  perverted  idea  of  religion.  As  the  mind 
and  body  are  so  completely  bound  together  tliat  one  cannot  be 
disordered  without  the  other  partaking  of  its  conditions,  it  follows 
that  a  sound  constitution  and  robust  health  are  the  first  requisites 
of  a  clergyman. 

The  combinations  best  adapted  to  illustrate  a  truly  moral 
and  religious  life  are  the  bone,  brain,  and  thoracic  systems  domi- 
nant, or  the  brain,  bone,  and  muscular  systems  supreme,  or  the 
bone,  muscular,  and  vegetative  powers  in  the  order  arranged. 
Those  endowed  with  the  systems  here  mentioned  love  and  prac- 
tice morality,  purity,  and  truth,  because  they  are  constituents  of 
their  being;  hence  they  are  well  fitted  to  2)^'actice  what  they 
preach,  and  are  thus  exemplars  of  their  own  precepts — the  most 
convincing  method  of  im[)arting  truth  or  knowledge.  Men  of  these 
characteristics  are  less  liable  to  commit  wrong  than  those  in  whom 
the  muscular  or  vegetative  systems  are  dominant.  It  is  true  that 
those  of  the  bone  and  brain  build  are  not  so  magnetic  and  dramatic 
as  those  in  whom  the  muscular  and  brain  powers  are  regnant ;  they 
are  not  so  emotional  and  enthusiastic  as  the  latter,  but  they  are  often 
most  earnest,  clear,  decided,  logical,  practical,  moral,  and  electric 
when  they  are  gifted.  Men  of  the  emotional  stamp  are  more  fit 
for  the  stage-platform  or  politics  than  for,  the  pulpit.  The  sensa- 
tional  and   dramatic  styles   should  be  left  to  the   theatre,  and 


1152  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

religion,  pure  and  simple,  should  depend  more  upon  calm,  dispas- 
sionate reason  and  sound  morality  for  its  foundation. 

A  clergyman  should  be  possessed  of  a  well-balanced  physiology 
and  physiognomy ;  he  should  have  large  Conscientiousness  and 
Firmness  ;  a  good  degree  of  Alimentiveness,  in  order  to  sustain  his 
mental  powers;  a  Love  of  Young,  that  he  may  attract  and  instruct 


Fio.  365.— HENRY  HART  MILMAN.    (Former  Dean  of  St.  Paul's,  London.) 

A  great  diversity  of  talents  are  exhibited  in  thi.s  countenance.  Literary,  philan- 
tliropic,  moral,  reliRfousi,  and  executive  qualities  hero  shine  forth.  Every  feature  is 
noteworthy  ;  one  knows  not  which  most  to  admire.  The  thoracic  system  is  supreme; 
the  osseous  and  muscular  systems  are  about  equal,  and  rank  next  in  the  order  of 
development;  while  the  vegetative  poAcrs  are  normally  indicated.  The  chin  dis- 
closes Firmness,  Consi-ience,  and  Economy,  together  with  Patriotism  and  Love  of 
Home.  Benevolence  in  the  lower  lip  is  conspicuous.  The  signs  of  Alimentiveness, 
Sanativeness,  Pneuiuativeness,  Force,  Color,  Hospitality,  Amativeness,  Friendship, 
Approbation,  Love  of  Young,  Modesty,  and  Self-esteem  are  all  l.irge,  and  show  that 
the  sustaining  powers  and  domestic  and  sooi.al  nature  was  most  uncommonly  devel- 
oped. The  nose  is  long,  high,  broad,  and  extremely  high  and  elaborate  at  the  tip.  The 
signs  for  Hope.  Analysis.  Human  Nature,  Mental  Imitation,  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Con- 
struction, and  Acquisition  announce  a  Hrst-class  literary  power.  His  poems,  hi.stories, 
dramas,  etc.,  are  corroborations  of  these  signs  of  literary  capacitv.  v  eneration,  Ex- 
ecutiveness,  and  Self-will  till  out  the  upper  portion  of  a  "noble  feiiture.  The  eyes  are 
deep-set,  and  the  brows  flex  downward  at  the  inner  termini,  disclosing  Observation. 
Preseience  is  normal,  while  Credenciveness  is  deficient.  Locality,  Form,  Size, 
Language,  Weight,  Time,  Order,  Calculation,  and  Music  are  well  defined.  The  pro- 
jection of  the  brow  and  the  receding  forehead  announce  a  practical  thinker ;  the 
squareness  of  the  brow  denotes  Order,  and  is  a  secondary  sign  of  rectitude.  The  ear 
is  large,  well-rounded,  and  reveals  fine  aural  capacity."  Tlie  form  of  the  neck  dis- 
closes vitality,  and  its  position  earnest  attention.  The  hair  is  straight,  with  a  flexi- 
bility that  indicates  artistic  powers,  and  these  were  exhibited  in  his  dramas  and 
poems.  Altogether  it  is  a  face  of  great  mental  capacity,  moral  grandeur,  and  of 
physical  perfection. 

children;  Mirthfulness,  to  make  him  cheerful;  Friendship,  in  order 
to  win  and  hold  friends,  and  to  impel  him  to  the  active  duties  of 
friendship ;  Hospitality,  that  he  may  offer  reasonable  entertainment 
to  his  friends  and  flock.  He  should  have  a  good  share  of  Sana- 
tiveness, Pneumativeness,*and  Color  to  impart  vigor  to  his  body 
and  give  power  to  his  words  and  works.     Considemble  Self-esteem 


SYSTEMS    AND    FACULTIES   ESSENTIAL   TO    A    CLERGYMAN.       1153 

is  required  that  he  may  exhibit  dignity  and  independence ;  a  cer- 
tain amount  of  Force  is  a  good  quality  to  enable  him  to  present 
his  ideas  with  power  and  to  combat  error  vigorously.  Sufficient 
Secretiveness  is  a  strong  ally  to  enable  him  to  keep  the  confidences 
of  his  people  sacred ;  a  fair  degree  of  Hope  and  Caution  assists  his 
efforts ;  a   large  degree  of  Benevolence  is  essential  that  he  may 


Fig.  366.— cardinal  HENRY  EDWARD  MANNING. 

In  this  noble  face  all  of  the  signs  of  intellectual  power,  purity,  and  benevolence 
are  visible.  The  brain  and  bone  systems  are  supreme,  while  the  muscular  powers  are 
well  developed,  as  evidenced  1)V  the  form  of  the  nos^e  and  the  size  and  form  of  the 
eye.  The  long,  thin  face  and  full  lower  lip  reveal  sympatlietic  and  benevolent  tenden- 
cies, while  the  fine  quality  and  large  develo])m(Mit  of  the  brain,  in  combination  with 
the  last  mentioned,  woulcl  impart  the  phUaiitlirnpic  phase  to  his  character.  In  the 
chin  the  signs  for  Firmness  and  ('onscicntiousness  are  normal;  I^ove  of  Home  and 
Patriotism  are  apparent.  The  lower  lij)  is  full  and  denotes  large  Sympathy.  Sanative- 
ness,  Mirthfulne.ss,  Pneumativeness,  Economy.  Modesty,  and  Self-esteeih  are  largely 
defined.  Mental  courage  and  force  of  chara'cter  is  indicate<l  bv  the  large  size  and 
form  of  the  nose,  which  discloses  the  following  faculties:  Human  Nature,  Sub- 
limity, Conr-trnctiveness,  Acquisition,  V^eneration,  Mental  Imitation,  Analysis,  Ex- 
ecutiveness.  Reason,  and  Self-will,  all  consi)icuous.  In  the  eye  and  mouth  the  signs 
of  fluent  Liinguage  are  evident;  Prescience  and  ( 'redenciveness  are  both  manifest; 
while  in  the  forehead  the  signs  of  Memory  of  Event-s,  Mental  Order,  Time,  Causality, 
Comparison,  and  Intuition  are  most  decided.  The  hand  is  characteristic  of  philo- 
sophic rather  than  of  scientific  tendencies.  The  ear  is  that  of  an  orator.  The  brain 
shows  a  theoretical  rather  than  a  practical  mind,  although  so  large  an  amount  of 
bone  tends  to  make  the  theories  practical  to  a  certain  degree.  The  expression  of  the 
face  convevs  the  idea  of  intellectual  and  moral  force.  The  Cardinal  is  inclined  to 
reforms  vnihin  his  sphere,  and  has  shown  his  philanthropy  in  many  ways,  particularly 
in  the  settlement  oi  the  recent  strike  of  the  dock-laborers  in  Ijondonln  favor  of  the 
oppressed  laborers. 

be  charitable  and  sympathetic  in  dealing  with  sinners  as  well 
as  with  saints.  Mentally,  a  clergyman  needs  a  fair  share  of 
Ideality,  Sublimity,  Mental  Imitation,  and  Construction  in  order  to 
arrange  his  ideas  in  good  form  and  with  beauty  and  loftiness.  He 
requires  large  Veneration  to  give  a  sense  of  submission  to  law ; 
Executiveness,  in  order  to  control  and  command;  a  modicum  of 
Self-will  is  helpful,  and  Form,  Size,  and  Prescience  as  well ;  fluent 

73 


1154  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and  eloquent  Language  should  be  his.  He  should  have  large 
Human  Nature  in  order  to  understand  all  phases  of  life  and  every 
condition  of  humanity — its  needs  and  weaknesses ;  large  Intuition, 
to  enable  him  to  instantly  divine  their  mental  and  moral  status. 
A  large  degree  of  Credenciveness  is  not  required,  as  it  tends,  if  too 
greatly  exercised,  to  superstition,  and  this  trait  conflicts  with  prac- 
tical truthful  demonstration.  He  should  cultivate  an  active  liver 
by  attention  to  dietary  laws,  for  this  imparts  clearness  to  the  ideas 
and  cheerfulness  to  the  disposition  ;  this  enables  him  to  present  re- 
ligion in  a  pleasing  and  happy  manner,  instead  of  in  the  sad  and 
gloomy  way  in  which  bilious  and  dyspeptic  ministers  are  wont  to 
impart  their  teachings.  A  minister  should,  like  Moses,  be  a  good 
hygienist,  in  order  that  he  may  know  how  not  only  to  retain 
the  healthful  equilibrium  of  his  own  body,  but  to  be  able  to 
distinguish  physical  ailments  from  moral  and  mental  defects. 
Many  persons  often  confound  these  two  conditions. 

A  clergyman  should  be  a  student  of  the  natural  sciences,  for 
in  this  department  of  nature  he  will  find  laws  and  truths  that  are 
"infallible."  The  laws  of  God,  as  shown  by  the  laws  of  science, 
are,  hideed,  a  "  revelation,"  and  need  only  close  observation  and 
analysis  to  assure  us  of  their  accuracy.  To  all  these  a  clergyman 
should  add  a  knowledge  of  scientific  physiognomy,  that  he  may  be 
sure  of  his  opinions  in  regard  to  the  character  of  his  people,  and 
thus  be  enabled  to  work  for  their  higliest  welfare. 

A  clergyman  should  possess  the  elements  of  progress  and  re- 
form, and  this  requires  the  courage  that  springs  from  Conscien- 
tiousness. Large  Conscientiousness  will  give  this  power  unaided 
by  the  facidty  of  Resistance,  for  it  is  the  mightiest  force  in  the 
human  mind ;  this  faculty  needs  the  balance  of  logical  Reason  to 
make  it  most  effective. 

With  this  analysis  I  present  delineations  of  the  physiognomies 
of  Cardinal  Manning  and  Dean  Milman,  eminent  members  of  the  two 
ruling  Christian  denominations,  viz.,  the  Protestant  and  the  Romish. 

THE    SYSTEMS    AND   FACULTIES   ESSENTIAL   TO   A    LAWYER. 

As  long  as  people  omit  the  practice  of  the  injunction  "  Love 
thy  neighbor  as  thyself"  we  shall  require  the  services  of  lawyers ; 
and,  as  the  millennium  does  not  appear  to  be  near  at  hand,  there 
seems  a  probability  of  our  needing  their  services  for  a  long  time  to 
come.  I  will,  therefore,  outline  the  requirements  of  a  "legal 
gentleman." 

He  may  have  a  combination  in  any  degree  of  any  of  tlie  four 
superior  systems,  if  he  have  a  suitable  quality  of  the  brain  as  well 
as  of  the  vegetative  powers  to  impart  vigor  and  reason. 


SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES   ESSENTIAL   TO    A    LAWYER.         1155 

The  various  phases  of  the  law  require  many  diverse  sorts  of 
mind  to  interpret  it;  it  is  with  this  profession  as  with  all  others, — 
the  several  aspects  and  departments  need  minds  suited  to  their  re- 
quirements. In  certain  hranches  the  best  combination  is  the  brain 
and  bony  systems  dominant,  as  in  courts  of  equity ;  in  others,  the 
brain  and  muscular  systems  supreme  are  required ;  this  class  make 
the  best  advocates  and  orators,  while  those  with  the  brain,  bone, 
and  muscular  systems  of  fine  quality,  well  developed,  make  good 
counselors. 

A  good  lawyer  requires  a  good  development,  firstly,  of  the 
vegetative  powers  to  give  the  sustenance  essential  to  his  arduous 
labors,  and  these  powers  create  the  social  and  domestic  sentiments 
which  he  requires,  not  only  to  attract  and  hold  friends,  but  he 
needs  them  in  order  to  exhibit  th(^  emotions  before  a  jury,  for  there 
is  no  use  of  endeavoring  to  ImlUite  them;  without  in  some  degree 
feeling  them  he  will  fail  in  his  attempt  and  meet  with  no  response. 
He  should  cultivate  Force,  in  order  to  stand  his  ground  and  pre- 
sent his  ideas  and  arguments  in  an  earnest  and  energetic  manner, 
and  also  to  assist  sarcasm  and  invective ;  Resistance,  that  he  may 
oppose  with  vigor  the  onslauglits  of  his  opponents;  and  Secretive- 
ness  tliat  he  may  be  able  to  use  great  discretion  in  keeping  his 
ideas  and  plans  secret  until  the  right  opportunity  presents  itself  for 
him  to  show  his  liand.  Caution,  also,  is  a  necessity,  to  make  him 
prudent  in  speech  and  action.  I^arge  Self-esteem  is  requisite  to  im- 
part confidence  and  self-possession  ;  not  too  much  Modesty,  for  it 
is  not  well  for  a  lawyer  to  underrate  his  abilities,  nor  to  be  back- 
ward in  asserting  himself;  sufficient  Conscientiousness  is  wanted 
that  he  may  inspire  the  confidence  of  his  clients  and  to  enable  him 
to  carry  conviction  of  the  justice  of  his  cause  to  the  minds  of  judge 
and  jury ;  Firmness  must  be  normal  to  give  the  patience  and 
perseverance  necessary  in  long-continued  causes, 

A  fine  mental  endowment  is  required  by  one  who  would  suc- 
ceed in  law,  and,  with  this,  an  excellent  education  is  a  necessity. 
Not  only  is  a  comprehensive  knowledge  of  the  law  required,  but  all 
sorts  of  learning  as  well ;  a  lawyer  must  possess  a  mind  well  stored 
with  dates,  facts,  and  a  variety  of  anecdotes,  as  well  as  poetry,  with 
which  to  amuse,  entertain,  and  adorn  his  language.  He  requires 
a  good  share  of  Veneration  that  he  may  respect  the  rulings  of  the 
court ;  large  Language,  in  order  to  express  himself  with  precision 
and  eloquence,  and  sway  the  jury  and  carry  public  opinion  with 
him.  A  wide  knowledge  of  Human  Nature  must  be  his,  in  order 
to  know  how  to  comprehend  tlie  motives  of  people  as  well  as  how 
to  manage  them ;  to  work  upon  the  sympathies  of  the  jury  as  well 
as  to  convince  by  logic  the  more  reasonable  part  of  them. 


1156  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Lawyers  should  make  a  thorough  study  of  scientific  physiog- 
nomy, for  this  will  add  greatly  to  their  power  in  the  management 
of  both  jury  and  witness.  This  study  should  be  a  part  of  the 
curriculum  of  all  law-schools.  Mirthfulness  is  a  great  assistant, 
for  this,  with  large  Language  and  Construction,  creates  wit,  and 
wit  is  very  convincing  to  certain  minds.  A  sense  of  Sublimity 
is  an  aid,  for  it  gives  the  power  and  enables  one  to  compre- 
hend causes  involving  vast  interests ;  he  must  possess  sufficient 
Ideality  to  make  his  language  polished,  and  to  impart  a  sense  of 
propriety,  taste,  and  elegance  to  his  dress,  manners,  and  speech, 
for  all  of  these  circumstances  carry  weight  and  influence  all  be- 
holders. A  dirty,  slovenly  lawyer,  whose  dress  and  appearance  is 
repulsive,  must  exhibit  almost  superhuman  powers  to  be  able  to 
naturalize  the  effect  of  his  personnel.  A  good  degree  of  Will  is  a 
necessity,  and  a  large  and  strong  Memory  of  all  sorts ;  Reason  of 
the  highest,  also,  and  a  large  measure  of  Intuition.  To  all  these 
great,  good  health  is  necessary,  a  love  of  work  and  study,  indom- 
itable energy  and  perseverance,  and  a  determination  to  succeed. 

THE   SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES   ESSENTIAL   TO    AN    INVENTOR. 

Among  inventors  are  to  be  found  men  of  various  combina- 
tions of  systems  and  faculties.  They  present  various  forms  which 
are  in  harmony  with  the  sort  of  implement  or  plan  which  they 
create.  Edison,  for  example,  exhibits  a  high  quality  and  large 
endowment  of  the  brain  and  nervous  system  supreme,  and  he 
deals  with  the  finer  forces  of  Nature  which  are  akin  to  the  elec- 
trical mechanism  of  the  brain  and  nervous  system.  Elias  Howe 
possessed  a  fine  quality  and  large  endowment  of  the  brain  and 
muscular  system,  and  his  invention  was  moved  by  wheels — cir- 
cular objects.  Morse,  who  invented  the  telegraph,  had  a  combi- 
nation of  brain,  muscle,  and  bone  nearly  equal  in  development, 
and  his  creations  required  the  use  of  several  principles  of  mech- 
anism, and  he  had  the  organization  and  form  suited  to  the  creation 
of  various  sorts  of  mechanism. 

Thus  we  see  that  the  inventor  inherits  the  peculiar  powers 
that  are  required  for  putting  in  operation  those  principles  of  me- 
chanics which  are  the  most  decided  in  his  own  organization.  No 
postulate  can  be  sounder  than  that  which  is  so  well  expressed  by 
Winckelmann,  and  quoted  at  the  head  of  this  chapter,  viz.,  "We 
generally  think  according  to  our  formation."  Not  only  does  man 
tJiinJc  according  to  his  formation,  but  he  acts  in  harmony  with  his 
build.  Indeed,  he  cannot  well  act  in  opposition  to  it ;  hence  the 
inventor  is  born  with  the  capacity  for  that  which  his  genius 
produces. 


SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES   ESSENTIAL   TO   AN   INVENTOR.       1157 

The  inventor  requires  a  large  brain,  together  with  sufficient 
development  of  the  muscular  system  to  aid  the  mental  conception 
of  motion,;  enough  of  the  bony  system  to  give  clearness  and  a 
perception  of  truth;  that  is  to  say,  perception  of  the  laws  of 
Nature,  which  are  based  on  mathematical  precision,  and  all  the 
works  of  man  are  representative  of  tlic  mechanical  laws  governing 
the  works  of  Nature.     He  should  have  sufficient  of  the  thoracic 


Fig.  367.— CYRUS  HALL  McCORMACK.    (Inventor  of  the  Reaper.) 

In  this  energetic  countenance  we  observe  all  of  the  elements  of  mechanical 
ingenuity.  The  signs  for  Thought,  Perseverance,  Construction,  and  Intuition  are 
marked.  The  brain,  bone,  and  muscular  and  thoracic  systems  are  about  equally 
developed  and  of  high  quality.  The  lower  third  of  the  lace  is  covered,  but  obser- 
vation of  the  rest  of  the  countenance  assures  us  that  Firmness  and  Conscience  are  well 
represented,  as  well  tliat  Alimentiveness  is  indicated  by  the  well-nourished  appear- 
ance of  the  phvsiognoniy.  ( "olor,  Kanati  veness,  and  Pneumativeness,  also  the  domestic 
functions  and  faculties,  are  well  developed — for  so  tine  a  superstructure  has  aa 
equally  excellent  foundation.  The  nose  is  broad,  high,  and  of  proportionate  length. 
The  tip  is  both  high  and  broad,  indicating  not  only  Human  Nature,  Ideality,  and 
Sublimity  very  large,  but  it  also  shows  a  progressive,  investigating  spirit.  Mental 
Imitation,  Analysis,  Constructiveness,  Acquisitiveness,  Veneration,  txecutiveness. 
Reason,  and  Helf-will  are  all  conspicuous.  The  eyes  are  deep  set  under  an  overhang- 
ing mechanical  brow.  The  signs  of  Form,  Size,  Weight,  Faculty.  Observation, 
Order,  Time,  Calculation,  Memory  of  Events,  and  Intuition  are  all  remarkably  devel- 
oped. The  ear  is  large  and  round,  disclosing  good  aural  capacity,  Music,  and  Com- 
mercial capacity.  The  hair  falls  in  slight  and  easy  curves,  and  Ls  an  accessory  sign  of 
Constructiveness.  The  face,  as  a  whole,  indicates  originality,  will,  progress,  and 
energy. 

system  to  enable  him  to  instinctively  comprehend  and  apply  the 
principles  of  periodicity,  which  are  characteristic  of  the  move- 
ments of  the  heart,  lungs,  circulation,  and  digestion,  and  to  all 
these  a  good  share  of  the  vegetative  powers,  to  give  sustenance  to 
the  other  systems,  and  to  evolve  those  sentiments  which  lie  at  the 
base  of  all  creative  efforts,  such  as  Amativeness  and  Love  of 
Young. 

Reference  to  the  physiognomy  of  all  superior  inventors  wiU 


1158  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

disclose  a  large  degree  of  these  as  well  as  of  other  domestic  and 
social  traits.  The  inventor  requires  a  good  degree  of  Force,  Self- 
esteem,  Pneumativeness,  and  Caution  ;  he  should  liave  large  Hope, 
but  not  enough  to  make  him  too  sanguine  and  mislead  him ;  he 
needs  Analysis,  Mental  Imitation,  Ideality,  and  (in  the  construction 
of  mechanism  involving  great  principles)  a  good  share  of  Sub- 
limity is  useful.  Self-will  is  a  much-needed  factor ;  Form,  Size, 
Weight,  Locality,  Time,  Order,  Calculation,  Reason,  and  Intuition 
are  required  in  a  large  degree. 

A  knowledge  of  physics,  natural  philosophy,  mathematics, 
and  mechanics  is  required.  A  love  of  investigation,  an  insatiable 
curiosity  in  regard  to  laws  and  principles,  and  a  patient,  persever- 
ing spirit  are  characteristic  of  all  those  great  inventors  who  have 
blessed  the  world  with  their  inventions.  I  advise  my  readers  to 
familiarize  themselves  with  the  life,  labors,  and  struggles  of  the 
great  inventors  of  modern  times — those  men  who  have  wrought 
out  of  their  inner  consciousness  the  wonderful  systems,  imple- 
ments, and  machines  which  have  been  mainly  instrumental  in 
evolving  a  high  civilization. 

A  knowledge  of  how  such  men  as  Watt,  Stephenson,  Fulton, 
Hoe,  Morse,  Edison,  and  Goodyear  struggled,  suffered,  and  suc- 
ceeded would  very  greatly  stimulate  and  strengthen  other  in- 
ventive minds,  as  well  as  the  minds  of  all  who  take  an  interest  in 
the  development  of  character.  Nothing  so  sharpens  the  faculties 
as  the  struggles  necessary  to  compel  the  icorld  to  accept  a  great 
idea  which  has  taken  form  and  wrought  out  practical  and  philan- 
thropic results,  such,  for  example,  as  the  use  of  steam,  of  electricity, 
the  art  of  printing,  the  sewing-machine,  etc. 

Character  is  developed,  first,  by  an  inward  force  acting  on 
circumstances;  second,  by  outward  circumstances  and  opportuni- 
ties. The  great  characters  of  the  world  were  not  created  in 
luxury,  for  luxury  enervates  and  destroys.  History  records  few 
inventors  or  reformers  who  were  reared  in  the  lap  of  ease  and 
surrounded  by  wealth ;  and  parents  need  not  expect  great  things 
of  their  children  whose  minds  are  clogged  and  senses  cloyed  with 
the  material  things  of  life.  Grand  characters  are  the  result  of 
self-denial,  self-control,  self-sacrifice,  and  the  pursuit  of  high  ideals, 
or  else  evolve  in  the  order  of  Nature  by  natural  development, 
having  inherited  capacity  for  greatness  which  is  irresistible. 

THE    SYSTEMS   AND    FACULTIES   NEEDED    BY    A   COMMANDER. 

The  conduct  of  a  great  campaign,  whether  naval  or  military, 
requires  high  mental  qualifications  and  great  bodily  powers. 
Commanders  need  a  large  and  broad  brain  to  give  strengtli  and 


SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES   NEEDED   BY   A   COMMANDER.  1159 

comprehensiveness  to  their  ideas  and  plans ;  they  require  a  large 
endowment  of  both  bone  and  muscle  to  impart  stability  and  ag- 
gression to  their  movements.  The  thoracic  system  must  be  well 
developed,  for  this  gives  love  of  progress,  a  desire  for  leadership, 
and  makes  the  mind  clear  and  I'ertile.  The  vegetative  system 
must  be  active  in  order  to  noiuish  and  sustain  the  mental  efforts 
and  bodily  activities.  All  of  these  functions  need  to  be  of  high 
quality.  The  faculties  essential  to  true  greatness  in  the  direction 
of  command  are  many.  Large  Firmness  and  Conscientiousness 
are  needed  to  make  the  character  persevering  and  unyielding,  and 
also  to  impart  a  high  sense  of  duty  and  responsibility,  and  to  hold 
others  up  to  the  same  standard.  Large  Patriotism  is  needed  to 
impel  one  to  plan  for  his  country's  good  and  glory.  Amative- 
ness  is  an  assistant  to  a  vigorous  manhood.  Pneumativeness  is 
required  to  give  vigor  and  enthusiasm.  Color  also  aids  by  im- 
parting enthusiasm,  and  also  makes  all  of  the  tissues  more  power- 
ful. Self-esteem  is  a  strong  ally,  for  it  lerids  dignity  and  inde- 
pendence to  the  character.  Large  Force  and  Resistance  are  neces- 
sary in  order  to  oppose  and  resist  attacks.  A  due  degree  of 
Secretiveness  and  Caution  is  essential,  and  is  needed  in  order  to 
keep  plans  secret  and  prevent  rashness.  Human  Nature  must  be 
cultivated  to  enable  one  to  deal  with  all  sorts  of  characters. 
Executiveness  should  be  one  of  the  dominant  faculties,  as  well  as 
Self-will.  Constructiveness  on  a  large  scale  is  needed  to  aid  in 
plans  and  schemes.  Form,  Size,  and  Observation  are  requisite  to 
assist  Construction  and  enable  one  to  visualize  the  field  of  action, 
as  well  as  faces  and  all  forms  and  shapes  connected  with  the 
duties  of  a  commander.  Locality  is  another  powerful  assistant; 
so  also  are  Mental  Order,  Calculation,  and  Reason. 

A  commander  should  be  a  well-disciplined  soldier  or  sailor; 
he  should  have  a  comprehensive,  technical  knowledge  of  his  pro- 
fession; he  should  be  familiar  with  the  biography  of  all  the  great 
commanders  of  the  world,  and  the  history  of  all  the  principal 
campaigns  and  engagements  of  all  ages. 

So  many  varieties  of  character  exist  among  commanders  that  it 
is  no  easy  task  to  describe  and  classify  them.  Some  are  aggressive, 
and  rush  forward  into  engagements  with  an  impetuosity  that 
carries  all  before  them.  Such  were  Napoleon,  Napier,  and  Julius 
Caesar.  Others,  more  calm  and  patient,  sit  quietly  down  and  plan, 
in  a  comprehensive  spirit,  great  campaigns,  and  with  a  knowledge 
of  the  enemy's  strength,  weakness,  and  plans  move  to  an  attack 
with  almost  a  certainty  of  success.  Marlborough  and  Grant 
were  of  this  class.  Other  commanders,  like  McClellan,  are  less 
aggressive,  but  make  great  organizers.     There  was  never  as  large 


1160 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 


Fig.  368.— CAIUS  JULIITS  C^SAR.    (Roman  Commander,  Statesman, 
Orator,  and  Author.) 

The  scientific  physiognomist  may  well  pause  before  so  noble,  so  god-like  a  coun- 
tenance as  this.  It  is  the  grandest  I"  have  ever  beheld.  Certainly  no  modem  physi- 
ognomy is  at  all  comparaole  to  it.  All  the  elements  of  grandeur  are  here.  The 
shoulders,  the  chest,  and  neck  assure  us  (were  it  not  visible)  of  a  great  physiognomy. 
What  I  might  say  of  this  countenance  would  not  begin  to  express  what  the  sight  of 
it  alone  reveals.  Language  is  wholly  inadequate  to  describe  it,  yet  in  the  interests  of 
science  I  must  make  the  attmnpt.  The  chin  is  a  truly  Roman  feature,  and  seems  too 
prominent,  but  were  it  smaller  the  harmony  of  the  whole  would  be  destroyed.  The 
rounded  coutour  of  the  lower  jaw  reveals  the  tragic  elements  of  his  character,  which 
he  illustrated  in  his  actions  upon  the  stage  of  life.  The  lips  are  noble  and  beautiful.; 
the  nose— oh,  what  a  sublime  feature  !  The  eyes  announce  great  power,  and  are  pro- 
portioned to  the  rest  of  the  organism.  The  superciliary  area  and  the  brows  are 
grand  and  unique.  The  upper  part  of  the  forehead,  and  the  forehead  as  a  whole,  is 
unapproacliable.  The  ear  is  in  grand  style,  both  as  to  size  and  form,  and  discloses 
wonderful  powers.  The  brain  system  is  of  the  highest  quality  and  is  dominant;  the 
muscular  ranks  next ;  and  tlie  thoracic  and  osseous  are  about  equal  in  degree,  and 
are  very  nearly  as  well  developed  as  the  first-mentioned  ;  the  vegetative  is  sufficient 
for  nutrition  ;  where  the  muscular  system  is  so  largely  developed  a  gre.at  degree  of 
the  vegetative  is  not  required.  In  the  chin  we  find  the  signs  for  Firmness,  Con- 
science, Patriotism,  and  Love  of  Home  ;  in  the  lower  lip,  Benevolence.  The  cheeks 
are  muscular,  and,  with  tlie  curved  jaw,  denote  great  constitutional  vigor.  Amative- 
ness  and  Love  of  Young  are  well  doflned.  Tiu^  signs  in  the  nose  are  all  conspicuous ; 
Hope,  Analysis,  Mental  Imitation,  Ideality,  Sulilimitv,  Human  Natiire,  Construction, 
and  Acquisition  are  all  large  ;  the  executive  portion  is  strongly  outlined.  Veneration, 
Reason,  Executiveness,  and  Self-will  together  make  this  the  grandest  and  most 
aggressively-mental  nose  ever  beheld.  The  eye  shows  Language,  Motion,  and  Ob- 
servation, "its  position  in  relation  to  the  surrounding  parts  is  a  wonderful  study. 
The  signs  of  Form,  Size.  J'rescience,  Observation,  Weight,  Locality,  Time,  Order, 
Music,  (!aloulati(ni,  and  Memory  of  Events  are  of  the  largest.  The  upper  p.artof  the 
forehead  announces  great  Memory  of  Events,  and  corroborates  the  signs  of  Causality 
and  Comparison  in  tlie  nose.  Intuition  is  "mmense,  and  this  faculty  in  combination 
with  Human  Nature  (lieight  of  the  tip  of  th  ■  nose  above  the  plane  of  the  face)  gave 
him  almost  superhuman  knowledge  and  command  of  men  and  things.  The  whole 
expresses  great  intellectual  power,  comprehensiveness,  and  ambition. 


SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES   NEEDED    BY    A   COMMANDER. 


1161 


an  army  so  well  organized  and  disciplined  as  that  which  General 
McClellan  left  to  his  successor,  who  had  the  faculty  requsite  to 
supplement  that  of  General  McClellan's  grand  gift  of  organization. 
Possibly  the  general  who  led  the  attack  could  not  have  built  up 
so  vast  an  army  as  the  former.  In  militaiy  matters  many  sorts  of 
character  are  needed  to  caiTy  forward  the  various  operations  and 
meet  the  requirements  of  a  campaign.  There  must  be  those  com- 
petent to  provide  food  for  man  and  beast;  others  to  secure  the  neces- 


Fia.  369.— SIR  CHARLES  JOHN  NAPIER,    (Admiral  of  the  British  Navy.) 

This  truly  leonine  countenance  reveals  just  what  the  visage  of  the  king  of  beasts 
discloses,  viz.,  force,  courage,  and  aggression.  We  observe  in  this  subject  the  domi- 
nance of  the  brain  and  muscular  systems,  with  the  osseous  and  thoracic  taking 
second  place.  The  chin  is  broad,  thus  showing  a  high  regard  lor  duty  and  giving 
severity  to  the  character.  I^ove  of  Home  and  Patriotism  are  manifest,  while  the 
mouth,  wide  and  straight,  denotes  (  apacity  and  linguistic  powers.  The  nose  is  a  re- 
markable feature;  its  length  denotes  persj)icacity ;  its  height  and  brcadtli,  vigor  of 
the  visceral  organs  and  lorce  of  mind.  Ibe  point  discloses  the  signs  of  Analysis. 
Human  Nature,  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Mental  Imitation,  Construction,  and  A(^quisi"ti<m 
are  very  well  defined.  '  Veneration,  Self-will,  Logical  Ueasoii,  and  Executiveness 
are  the  prominent  signs  in  the  fa<!e.  The  width  Itetween  the  eyes  is  uncommonly 
great,  and  shows  not  only  large  Size  and  Form,  but  a  broad  and  comprehensive  intel- 
lect. The  eyes  disclose  Language  and  muscular  power.  The  signs  of  Observation, 
Weight,  Locality,  Calculation,  Time,  Order,  and  Memory  of  Events  are  <;onspicuou8ly 
apparent.  The  hair  and  beard  indicate  vigor  and  strength,  while  the  general  ex- 
pression denotes  power.  This  subject  entered  the  British  Navy  at  thirteen,  and  the 
following  year  was  wounded  in  an  engagement.  The  profession  of  arms  and  the 
ability  to  command  were  hereditary  in  his  family,  and  were  shown  at  an  early  age. 
It  requires  more  than  one  generation  of  coniniaiiders  to  (ieveloj)  sticli  a  nose  and 
ihysique.  For  his  brilliant  services  this  fearless  commander  received  high  honors 
rom  his  own  and  other  governments.  It  is  thus  that  true  bravery  and  courage  should 
be  ever  recognized. 


F. 


sary  quantity  of  ammunition;  others  to  build  roads  and  bridges; 
others,  yet,  to  drill  and  discipline;  others  to  organize,  and  others 
to  command.  Yet,  because  one  man  commands,  the  labors  of  all 
others  should  not  be  ignored,  nor  should  they  be  deprived  of  their 
meed  of  praise.  I  regard  the  organizing  and  executive  ability  of 
General  McClellan  quite  as  great  in  its  way  as  the  aggressive 
spirit  of  command  displayed  by  General  Grant.  It  was  certainly  ^ 
quite  as  essential  to  the  success  of  the  campaign  that  it  should 


116*2  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

have  thorough  organization  and  disciphne  as  that  it  should  have 
an  energetic  leader  when  ready  for  action.  With  this  analysis  1 
present  the  portraits  of  two  aggressive  and  successful  commanders, 
viz.,  Julius  Caesar  and  Admiral  Napier. 

THE    SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES   NECESSARY   TO    A    SCIENTIST. 

The  scope  and  plan  of  Nature  is  vast  and  wide,  and  those 
who  would  enter  her  temples  must  be  of  many  diverse  constitu- 
tions and  be  dominated  by  the  spirit  of  truth.  This  is  a  sine  qua 
71011.  Science  is  a7i  exposition  of  the  laws  of  God,  <(s  sJiotrn  h//  the  ^ 
laics  of  Nature;  hence,  law,  truth,  and  infallibility  lie  at  its 
foundation  and  accompany  its  every  ste]).  A  man  who  does  not 
love  truth  better  tlian  his  own  ideas  and  tlieories  is  a  recreant,  and 
not  fit  to  be  ranked  among  the  noble  army  of  truth-seekers  which 
in  this  age  is  exploring  every  department  of  Nature's  broad 
domain  with  the  view  of  ascertaining  God's  laws  and  His  method 
of  creation.  Surely  no  pursuit  can  rank  higher  than  this.  The 
reign  of  law  in  all  departments  of  the  universe  is  an  assured  fiict. 
To  seek  out  and  apply  these  laws  is  the  aim  of  tlie  true  scientist. 
To  live  without  a  knowledge  of  these  natural  laws  is  to  live  with- 
out God,  for  to  remain  in  ignorance  of  law,  as  do  the  beasts,  is  to 
follow  their  methods  of  existence.  That  "  the  carnal  mind  is 
enmity  against  God "  is  well  illustrated  by  the  opposition  that 
the  weak-minded,  vicious,  and  bigoted  in  all  ages  have  shown 
to  the  advancement  of  trutli  as  revealed  by  natural  law.  The 
persecution  of  Bruno  and  Galileo  for  asserting  that  the  world 
moved  is  only  one  of  the  thousand  persecutions  which  the  truth- 
ful scientist  has  had  to  suffer.  Fortunately,  in  these  days  the 
scientist  is  not  threatened  with  the  stake  and  faggot  as  formerly, 
yet  certain  ecclesiastical  institutions  still  pursue  him  with  opposi- 
tion and  anathemas.  Tlicir  day  is,  however,  short,  for  "  Truth  is 
mighty  and  will  prevail,"  and  the  reign  of  law  is  bound,  under  the 
inexorable  law  of  evolution,  to  become  a  recognized  fact. 

The  powers  and  faculties  needed  by  the  discoverers,  leaders, 
and  teachers  of  science  are  many,  and  must  be  of  high  quality  and 
power.  They  must  be,  in  the  first  place,  logicians;  tliat  is,  they 
must  have  a  large  endowment  of  Causality  and  Comparison,  in 
order  to  analyze  and  classify  their  ideas,  theories,  observations, 
objects,  and  materials.  They  require  a  sound  and  well-balanced 
body  and  mind.  Tliey  must  be  fearless  and  independent,  in  order 
to  cope  with  error  courageously. 

The  scientist  must  possess  enthusiasm,  for  nothing  is  so 
capable,  it  seems  to  me,  of  arousing  one's  whole  being  as  the 
discovery  and  demonstration  of  a  great  fact  or  law  in  Nature. 


SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES    NECESSARY   TO    A    SCIENTIST.  1163 

A  large  degree  of  sensitiveness  of  tlie  brain  and  nervous 
system  is  essential,  for  the  scientist  must  be  alive  to  the  appear- 
ances of  all  things  in  Nature,  particularly  so  of  that  class  of 
phenomena  which  his  peculiar  talents  fit  him  for  observing.  A 
spirit  of  curiosity,  of  speculation,  and  of  inquiry  must  be  his, 
together  with  untiring  patience  and  perseverance.  A  broad  and 
comprehensive  manner  of  investigation  must  characterize  his 
methods,  in  order  that  he  shall  know  whether  the  principles  which 
he  promulgates  are  sustained  and  corrobomted  by  the  facts  and 
laws  of  other  departments  of  demonstrated  science. 

A  lively  imagination  is  indispensable,  yet  it  must  not  exceed 
a  certain  degree,  otherwise  he  will  entertain  chimerical  fancies  which 
cannot  be  proven  by  cognate  facts  and  laws.  The  nerves  of  all  good 
and  great  scientists  reveal  that  Ideality  has  assisted  them,  not  only  in 
doing  their  work  in  an  ornate  and  finished  manner,  but  it  demon- 
strates that  it  has  aided  in  imagining  the  probability  of  the  existence 
of  the  Unseen.  In  this  way  many  missing  links  in  tlie  chain  of 
scientific  evidence  have  been  discovered  and  worked  out  to  a 
demonstration.  Sublimity  is  required  to  bring  the  mind  en  rapport 
with  the  vast  and  complex  laws  and  works  of  Nature.  A  small 
and  narrow  brain  is  not  competent  to  grasp  in  its  entirety  the 
grandeur  and  magnificence  of  universal  law,  and  Sublimity  is  one 
of  the  faculties  which  here  assists. 

The  physiognomies  of  all  the  celebrated  discoverers,  theorizers, 
and  demonstrators  of  science  are  proof  of  what  is  here  stated. 
Examine,  for  example,  the  faces  of  Galileo,  the  Herschels,  Arago, 
Buffbn,  La  Grange,  Huxley,  Darwin,  Spencer,  and  Agassiz,  and  in 
each  countenance  will  be  found,  in  varying  degrees,  the  signs  of 
character  above  named. 

A  sound  visceral  organization  is  one  great  essential  to  scientific 
labors  and  profound  thought,  such  as  is  required  for  the  solving 
of  the  great  problems  of  Nature.  The  faces  of  the  leaders  of 
scientific  thought  in  all  cases  disclose  a  normal  or  balanced  degree 
of  the  visceral  powers.  A  life  devoted  to  scientific  researcli  is 
highly  beneficial  to  health  and  conduces  to  longevity.  Statistics 
corroborate  this  statement,  while  the  investigation  of  the  physiog- 
nomies of  a  large  majority  of  scientists  discloses  the  fact  that  the 
tendency  to  longevity  is  part  of  their  birthright.  It  is  this  sound- 
ness of  the  foundation  system  of  functions,  in  combination  with 
a  good  brain,  that  has  given  them  the  capacity  for  profound  and 
prolonged  mental  labor.  The  exercise  of  the  emotions^  such  as 
are  necessary  in  many  artistic  pursuits,  tends  to  impair  the  health 
and  shorten  life.  All  of  the  most  exhausting  emotions  are  con- 
stantly called  into  play  in  most  artists,  for  the  expression  of  art  is 


1164 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


based  on  love,  joy,  hatred,  jealousy,  revenge,  etc.,  as  the  poems, 
plays,  works  of  fiction,  paintings,  and  statues  of  these  classes 
prove,  and  these  emotions  cannot  be  portrayed  and  represented 
without  being  felt  in  a  certain  degree.  Then,  too,  the  passions 
of  love,  rivalry,  and  jealousy  are  much  more  strongly  felt  and 


Fig.  370.— MARY  SOMERVILLE.    (Scotch  Scientist,  Author.) 

In  this  placid  and  thoughtful  face  we  find  the  evidence  of  scientific  capacity,  of 
a  lively  disposition,  of  a  true,  sweet,  strong-minded  woman.  In  this  organism  the 
brain  and  osseous  systems  dominate,  tlie  muscular  and  thoracic  rank  next,  vvhile  the 
vegetative  powers  assist  nutrition  and  domestic  sentiment.  The  chin  is  curved,  indi- 
cating dramatic  tastes  and  constitutional  vigor.  It  discloses  Firnmess,  Conscientious- 
ness, Patriotism,  and  Love  of  Home.  The  signs  for  Henevolencre,  Amativeness,  Love 
of  Young,  Modesty,  Approbation,  Alimentation,  Hospitality,  Friendship,  Sanative- 
ness,  Pneumativeuess,  Color,  Caution,  and  Mirth  are  conspicuous.  The  nose  is  long, 
high,  and  broad  its  entire  length,  and  reveals  Sublimity,  Ideality,  Human  Nature, 
Constructiveness,  Acquisition,  Veneration,  Reason,  Executiveiiess,  and  Self-will. 
The  mechanical  faculties  are  well  represented.  Size  and  Form  are  excessively  devel- 
oped. Language,  both  in  the  eyes  and  mouth,  denotes  linguistic  talent.  Observation, 
Calculation,  Time,  Order,  Memory  of  Events,  and  Intuition  are  decided.  The  neck 
is  a  noble  member.  The  position  of  the  head  announces  attention,  while  the  expres- 
sion of  the  eyes  indicates  thought  and  mildness  of  disposition.  The  works  of  this 
lady  are  very  scholarly  and  profound.  8he  gave  a  translation  of  Laplace's  great  work, 
"Mecanique  Celeste,"  and  produced  a  work  entitled  "On  the  Relation  of  the  Physi- 
cal Sciences."  She  wrote  extensively  on  such  subjects  as  gravitation,  heat,  elec- 
tricity, comets,  the  tides,  and  distinguished  herself  by  experiments  on  the  magnetic 
influence  of  the  solar  rays  of  the  spectrum.  She  wa^  made  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Astronomical  Society,  and  received  a  pension  of  three  hundred  pounds  sterling  per 
annum  from  the  Civil  List  Fund.  Added  to  all.  she  was  a  devoted  wife,  an  affec- 
tionate mother,  a  good  housekeeper,  and  a  true  friend. 


exhibited  by  the  artistic  classes ;  hence  it  follows  that  a  calm  and 
reflective  state  of  mind  is  more  conducive  to  health  and  longevity 
than  where  the  mind  is  the  battle-ground  of  excessive  emotional 
activity.  Many  eminent  scientists  have  lived  in  full  possession  of 
their  mental  powers  to  a  very  advanced  age,  as  witness  Caroline 
Herschel,  who  lived  to  ninety-seven  years ;  Chevreul,  who  died  re- 
cently at  one  hundred  years.     Humboldt  lived  to  a  great  age,  and 


SYSTEMS    AND    FACULTIES    REQUIRED    BY    A    CIVIL   ENGINEER.       1165 


his  mental  labors  were  prodigious,  and  continued  to  his  latest  days. 
I  might  instance  very  many  more.  With  this  analysis  I  give  the 
delineation  of  Karl  Vogt,  emhient  German  anthropologist,  and 
Mary  Somerville,  the  most  celebrated  female  mathematician  of 
Great  Britain. 


Fig.  371.— KARL  VOGT.    (German  Anthkopoi-ogist,  Physician,  Author.) 

In  the  face  before  us  we  have  all  the  evidences  of  a  sound  and  vigorous  consti- 
tution and  a  broad  and  profound  thinker :  indeed,  breadth  is  the  key-note  to  the 
entire  organism.  High  Quality,  dcei)  Color,  Proportion,  and  Health  are  all  revealed  in 
this  strong  countenance.  Strength  without  coarseness,  combined  with  many  high 
traits,  assure  us  that  we  are  dealing  with  one  of  Nature's  "  thorough-bred  "  crea- 
tures. The  brain  and  muscular  systems  dominate.  The  chin  announces  a  char- 
acter of  great  stability.  Firmness  and  Conscience  are  well  defined.  Love  of  Home 
and  Patriotism,  lienevolence.  Love  of  Voung.  Amativeness,  Alimentiveness,  Pneu- 
mativeness,  Color,  Sanativeness,  Friendship,  and  Hospitality  are  all  well  developed, 
and  show  us  the  basis  of  a  sound  intellect  and  healthy  moral  and  domestic  nature. 
The  upper  lip  is  relatively  short,  proving  that  egotism,  at  least,  is  not  present.  The 
breadth  of  check  and  signs  for  Sunativeness  disclose  great  health  and  capacity  for 


shape  of  the  forehead  slio>ys  a  comprehensive  brain,  and  reveals  the  signs  for  Time, 
Order,  Memory  of  Kveiits,  lieason,  and  Intuition.  The  shape  of  the  chest,  shoulders, 
and  neck  tells  us  that  the  thoracic  strut^ture  is  capable  of  sending  a  large  quantity 
of  well-oxygenated  blood  to  the  brain  with  rapidity.  The  position  of  the  head  denotes 
the  attentive,  patient  thinker. 

THE    SYSTEMS    AND   FACULTIES    REQUIRED    BY   A   CIVIL   ENGINEER. 

The  ability  to  design  and  construct  important  works  by  appli- 
cation of  the  laws  of  physics  as  illustrated  in  engineering  requires 
a  superior  intellect  and  a  body  constructed  upon  sound  mei^hanicaf 
principles.  A  mechanical  body  is  always  associated  with  a  me- 
chanical mind ;  that  is  to  say,  the  mind-  and  body  are  a  unit,  and 
each  expresses  the  other,  if  we  liave  only  a  method  by  which  we 
can  translate  form  into  character.  This  method  is  developed  in 
scientific  physiognomy  and  corroborated  by  the  facts  of  physiology, 
anatomy,  evolution,  heredity,  embryology,  and  kindred  sciences. 


1166  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  mechanical  engineer  requires  a  due  development  of  the 
brain,  osseous,  and  muscular  systems  of  good  quality.  He  needs 
a  large  endowment  of  the  vegetative  powers  to  nourish  and  sustain 
the  other  systems.  A  fair  share  of  Color  is  essential  to  give  integ- 
rity to  all  the  tissues  and  for  tlie  practical  uses  of  the  materials 


Fig.  372  —WASHINGTON  A.  ROEBLING.    (Civil  Engineer,  Authob.) 

The  dominant  expression  of  this  face  is  one  of  power— of  calm,  collected,  yet 
conscious  ability.  The  quality  is  fine,  the  face  well  proportioned.  The  shoulders 
and  thoracic  development  are  wonderful,  and  give  assurance  of  great  mental  energy. 
The  face  is  that  of  a  tvpical  mechanic  of  the  most  talented  class.  The  projection  of 
the  brows  and  recession  of  the  forehead  reveals  the  born  mechanic,  and  grand  and 
accurate  observer.  The  osseous,  brain,  muscular,  and  thoracic  systems  are  equally 
and  highly  developed ;  the  vegetative  also  asserts  its  power  in  an  active  manner. 
,  The  lower  third  of  the  face  cannot  be  seen  ;  in  this  case  we  must  rely  on  those  parts 

that  are  visible  ;  hence  we  know  that  the  domestic  functions  and  faculties  are  well 
defined.  Alimentiveness,  Sanativeness,  Color,  and  F'riendship  are  conspicuous.  The 
beard  indicates  great  vitality  and  is  an  accessory  sign  of  longevity.  The  nose  is  broad, 
high,  of  proportionate  length,  and  remarkalily  elaborated  at  the  tip.  It  is  a  typical 
constructive  nose— the  nose  of  a  builder.  Upon  it  we  observe  the  signs  for  Analysis, 
Mental  Imitation,  Human  Nature,  and  Suhliniity  very  large;  whue  Ideality,  Con- 
structiveness.  Acquisition,  Veneration,  Execntiveness,  Reason,  and  Self-will  are 
highly  developed.  The  formation  of  the  eye-bones— the  superciliary  ridge— is  un- 
common. Here  are  located  the  signs  for  all  of  the  observing  or  practical  and  mechan- 
ical traits.  The  eves  are  deeply  set ;  the  brows  show  scarcely  any  arching ;  the  out- 
line of  the  forehead  is  worthy  close  attention,  as  well  as  the  strong,  broad,  and  com- 
pact head.  The  signs  for  Form,  Size,  Ob.servation,  Locality,  Prescience,  Weight, 
Time,  Order,  and  Calculation  are  excessive.  Credenciveness  is  deficient,  while 
Memorv  of  Events  is  excellent ;  language  is  not  eloquent,  yet  fluent,  practical,  and 
clear.  The  forehead  corroborates  the  signs  in  the  nose  of  Causality  and  Comparison ; 
Intuition  is  fairlv  developed.  The  ear  discloses  good  aural  capacity.  The  hair  is 
straight,  and  the  poise  of  the  head  announces  Dignity,  Independence,  Resolution, 
Force,  and  Resistance. 

involved  in  the  profession.  Strong  muscles  are  necessary  in  order 
to  impart  the  sense  of  rhythm  and  periodicity,  and  to  aid  the 
faculties  of  Constructiveness  and  Calculation,  as  well  as  to  give 
dexterity  in  the  manipulation  of  materials.  Very  large  powers  of 
observation  must  be  had,  and  all  the  practical  qualities  as  well. 
The  faculties  of  Form  and  Size  should  be  excessive,  and  the 


SYSTEMS    AND   FACULTIES    REQUIRED    BY    A    CIVIL   ENGINEER.       1  107 

sense  of  Weight,  also,  to  enable  one  to  judge  of  the  qualities  of 
pressure,  resistance,  etc.  Calculation  should  be  most  decided  to 
facilitate  the  arithmetical  part  of  the  profession.  Locality  is 
required  for  the  purpose  of  memorizing  and  visualizing  places,  etc. 
Large  Sublimity  is  an  essential  trait  to  enable  the  engineer  to  com- 


N^<^*»H. 


Fig.  373.-^AMES  B.  EADS.    (("ivii,  Engineer,  Inventor.) 

The  outlines  of  this  nose,  he.id,  and  face  recall  to  mind  the  i)hysioKnomies  of  the 
ancient  Greek  architects.  In  this  noble  countenance  we  observe  the  dominance  of 
the  brain,  muscular,  and  osseous  systems,  which  are  highly  developed  and  of  fine 
quality.  The  thoracic  and  vegetative  follow  closely,  both  in  amount  and  fineness. 
The  position  of  the  shoulders  and  thorax  reveals  integrity  and  power.  The  height 
of  the  top  of  the  head  from  the  shoulders  is  unusual ;  its  uprightness  speaks  of 
straight  conduct.  The  outline  <>f  the  head  describes  a  perfect  dome.  The  wrinkles 
across  the  forehead  show  talent  and  straight  thoughts.  Across  the  root  of  the  nose 
are  the  executive  wrinkles,  showing  that  the  habit  of  command  and  authority  has 
been  long  exercised.  Mirthful  wrinkles  at  the  outer  comers  of  the  eyes  are  proofs 
of  a  cheerful  disposition.  The  mouth  shows  Kloquence  and  Wit,  as  well  as  Mirth, 
Love  of  Young,  Order,  and  Meditation.  The  chin  is  broad,  disclosing  (Conscientious- 
ness. The  signs  for  .Self-esteem  and  Modesty  are  prominently  displayed ;  so,  also,  are 
Alimentiveness,  Bibativeness,  Ar)i)robation,"  Hospitality,  Patriotism,  Love  of  Home, 
Sanativeness,  .and  Friendship.  Pneumativeness  and  Color  are  conspicuous.  The  nose 
is  of  a  pure  Greek  type.  It  is  what  I  term  an  "architer-tuial"  nose,  resembling,  as 
it  does,  a  column  or  pill.ar.  It  is  high,  long,  broad,  and  straight.  The  signs  for  Human 
Nature,  Mental  Imitation,  Analysis,  Ideality.  Sublimity,  Construction,  Acquisition. 
Veneration,  Reason,  Executiveness,  and  Self-will  are  very  large.  The  eyes  are  well 
set  under  a  mechanical  brow,  the  brows  close  down  to  the  eyes.  The  signs  for  Observa- 
tion, Weight,  Size,  Form,  Locality,  Time,  Order,  Calculation,  Causality,  ('onq)arison, 
and  Intuition  are  highly  developed.  Credenciveness  is  deficient  and  Prescience  about 
the  average.  The  ear  is'large,  and  indicates  excellent  aural  and  commercial  capacities. 
The  area  about  the  root  of  the  nose  is  noteworthy  :  it  shows  the  most  talented  degree 
of  Self-wiU.  Allusion  has  been  made  to  this  in  the  section  devoted  to  an  analysis  of 
Self-will. 

prebend  great  and  complex  laws,  and  give  the  capacity  for  under- 
taking grand  enterprises.  Time  is  a  useful  trait,  and,  in  connection 
with  Order  and  Calculation,  is  a  strong  ally.  Con  struct!  veness 
must  be  had  in  order  to  impart  ingenuity,  deftness,  and  inventive 
skill.  Strong  Self-will  and  Executiveness  are  able  assistants,  and 
give  the  ability  to  hold  on  to  one's  purposes  and  assist  in  controll- 
ing large  numbers  of  workmen. 


1168  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Force  and  Resistance  are  most  useful,  for  they  enable  one  to 
judge  of  and  estimate  similar  qualities  in  mechanism ;  they  also 
impart  strength  and  resolution  to  the  character.  Large  reasoning 
powers  are  necessary  for  the  purpose  of  analyzing,  comparing,  and 
classifying  with  facility. 

Many  of  the  great  and  successful  engineers  have  been  mental 
colossi.  The  labors  which  they  have  performed,  both  within  and 
outside  of  their  profession,  seem  to  be  tlic  work  of  supernatural 
beings  when  we  come  to  contrast  them  with  the  labors  of  men  in 
many  other  pursuits.  Tlie  biographies  of  such  as  Smeaton,  Watt, 
Vauban,  the  Stephensons,  Eads,  the  Rooblings  (father  and  son), 
Ericsson,  and  others,  read  like  fairy-tales.  These  records  are  highly 
instructive  and  throw  great  light  upon  their  physiognomies. 

The  master-minds  in  all  of  those  departments  of  labor  which 
require  a  knowledge  of  mechanical  principles,  such  as  engineer- 
ing, invention,  and  architecture,  possess  vigorous  bodies.  A  man 
with  feeble  physical  powers  could  not  perform  the  duties  apper- 
taining to  the  planning  and  superintending  of  a  work  like  the 
bridge  over  the  Niagara  or  the  erection  of  a  building  like  the 
Capitol  at  Washington.  Such  works  entail  the  most  profound  and 
prolonged  meditation,  as  well  as  manual  labor,  in  draughting  the 
plans,  selecting  men  and  materials,  impressing  upon  others  the 
importance  of  the  work,  inspiring  confidence,  and  imparting 
courage  and  enthusiasm  to  those  who  furnisli  the  means,  and  in 
many  ways  not  directly  connected  with  the  profession  must  the 
great  engineer  use  his  strength. 

Above  and  beyond  all  other  powers  required  by  the  engineel 
is  the  faculty  of  Conscientiousness, — not  alone  for  the  moral  power 
which  this  trait  exhibits,  but  it  is  necessary  as  well  to  tlie  com- 
prehension of  the  great  underlying  laws  of  mechanics,  which  in 
their  expression  are  types  of  the  laws  which  govern  the  world, 
hence  are  founded  on  absolute  trutli  and  integrity. 

An  equilibrated  condition  of  mind  and  body  is  essential  to 
the  engineer,  for,  as  the  fundamental  principle  of  all  structures  is 
equilibrium,  so  a  man,  in  order  to  produce  this  condition  in  ma- 
chinery, must  possess  in  his  own  organism  a  large  share  of  this 
most  necessary  principle. 

With  tliis  description  of  the  structure  of  a  civil  engineer  I 
present  the  physiognomy  of  Colonel  Washington  A.  Roebling, 
who,  with  his  father,  was  engineer-in-chief  of  the  Brooklyn  Bridge, 
and  also  that  of  Captain  James  B.  Eads,  tlie  engineer  who  planned 
and  built  the  Missouri  Bridge,  the  New  Orleans  jetties,  and  other 
grand  structures.  These  two  very  dissimilar  countenances  are 
typical  faces :  that  of  Captain  Eads   is   the   countenance  of  an 


SYSTEMS    AND    FACULTIES    REQUIRED    BY    A    BANKER.  1169 

architect  as  well  as  that  of  a  mechanical  engineer,  while  that  of 
Colonel  Roebling  is  a  purely  mechanical  type ;  the  outhne  of  the 
forehead  alone  announces  this  phase  of  character. 

THE    SYSTEMS   AND    FACULTIES    REQUIRED    BY    A    BANKER. 

In  order  for  a  man  to  succeed  in  any  pursuit  he  must  have 
the  mental  aptitudes  and  bodily  organization  suited  to  that  pur- 
suit. This  postulate  can  be  verified  by  collecting  the  portraits  of 
any  number  of  those  engaged  in  a  given  trade  or  profession,  and 
it  will  be  found  that  the  majority  are  similar  in  the  formation  of 
features  as  well  as  in  bodily  structure.  So  true  it  is  tliat  form  and 
faculty  are  allied  that  it  has  been  noted  in  all  ages  and  expressed 
by  philosophers  of  all  nations,  yet  witliout  the  scientific  basis  and 
analysis  which  alone  make  observations  valuable.  Many  persons 
dissimilar  in  form  and  function  acquire  by  long-continued  thought 
in  similar  directions  the  same  expression  of  lace,  the  same  walk, 
attitude,  voice,  gestures,  and  mannerisms.  Emerson,  our  great 
observational  philosopher,  had  remarked  this,  for  he  tells  us  that 

Each  religious  sect  has  its  physiognomy.  The  Methodists  have  ac- 
quired a  face,  the  Quakers  a  face,  the  Nuns  a  face.  An  Englishman  will 
pick  out  a  dissenter  by  his  manners.  Trades  and  professions  carve  their 
own  lines  on  face  and  form.* 

The  love  of  acquisition  of  material  things,  where  it  amounts 
to  a  talent,  must  be  so  strongly  impressed  upon  the  form,  and 
consequently  upon  the  features,  as  to  reveal  its  power  to  those  who 
know  how  to  translate  form  into  character.  When  we  inquire 
which  races  and  nations  have  had  the  most  eminent  success  in 
gaining  wealth,  we  shall  find  that  the  Hebrew  race  and  the  English 
nation  are  the  best  endowed  with  the  instinct  of  commercialism. 

This  question  being  settled,  we  come  then  to  the  observation 
of  the  fonm  which  the  majority  of  these  people  exhibit.  We 
shall  find  that  an  immense  majority  of  them  are  characterized  by 
breadth^  by  relative  shortness  of  stature,  and  by  a  dominance  of 
the  vegetative  functions  and  muscular  system,  as  well  as  by  a  high 
development  of  the  muscular  organs,  viz.,  of  the  heart,  stomach, 
and  reproductive  system. 

The  superior  development  of  these  functions  produces  a  rela- 
tlvely  short  and  broad  structure,  and,  according  to  the  basic  laws 
of  Form,  breadth  means  strength  and  shortness  indicates  a  less 
mental  and  more  of  a  material  phase  of  intellect.  From  this 
analysis  we  deduce  the  fact  that  those;  engaged  in  the  acquisition 
of  material  wealth  by  virtue  of  congenital  ability  would  be  of  the 
broad  and  short  build,  with  a  head,  face,  and  features  to  corre- 

»  English  Traits,  R.  W.  Emerson,  p.  54. 

74 


1170 


PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


spoiid ;  and  this  is  wliat  we  find  to  be  the  case  when  we  come  to 
generalize,  and  by  this  method  we  see  that  the  great  bankers  of 
the  world  are  broad  and  relatively  short  men.  The  Rothschilds, 
Hebrew  bankers  of  Europe ;  George  Peabody,  of  London ;  Ros- 
well  P.  Flower,  of  America,  and  many  others,  illustrate  this  prin- 
ciple of  form  and  faculty. 

The  banker  requires  a  large  degree  of  Conscientiousness, 
Firmness,  Economy,  Love  of  Young,  Patriotism,   Benevolence, 


Fig.  374.-ANTHONy  ROTHSCHILD.     (Banker.) 

In  this  portrait  we  flud  all  the  elements  which  go  to  make  up  a  successful 
flnanoier.  The  face  is  one  of  the  best  types  of  the  Hebrew  commercialist.  The  dis- 
tinguishing form  of  the  outline  is  breadth, — roundness, — thus  evidencing  a  vigorous 
visceral  organization  as  well  as  a  comprehensive  judgment.  In  the  chin  the  signs  for 
Firmness,  Conscientiousness,  Love  of  Home,  Patriotism,  Alimentiveness.  Economy, 
and  Bibativeness  are  well  delineated.  The  mouth  is  wide,  denoting  good  digestive 
capacity  and  linguistic  talent.  The  signs  for  Benevolence,  Love  of  Young,  Amative- 
ness,  Mirth,  Approbation,  Hospitality,  Friendship,  Modesty,  and  Self-esteem  are 
con.spicuous.  Sanativeness  and  Pneumativeness  are  decidedly  developed.  The  nose 
is  broad,  straight,  and  of  an  eqiial  thickness  its  entire  length  ;  upon  it  the  signs  for 
Caution,  Sublimity,  Human  Nature,  Ideality,  Construction,  and  Acquisition  are 
supreme.  Veneration,  Reason,  Executiveness",  and  Self-will  are  strong  allies.  Form 
and  Size  are  remarkably  developed.  Observation  and  Locality  are  excellent,  while 
Calculation  is  of  the  highest  grade  of  power.  The  forehead  shows  corroborative 
signs  of  (JommercialJudgment,  together  with  large  Memory  of  Events  and  Intuition. 
To  sum  up  the  entire  personnel,  we  may  say  that  this  character  is  social,  domestic, 
and  commercial,  and  possessed  of  aesthetic  tastes,  love  of  nmsic,  painting,  and 
sculpture. 

Alimentiveness,  Approbation,  Friendship,  Hospitality,  Sanative- 
ness, Color,  and  Self-esteem.  He  requires  all  these  in  order  to  give 
vigor  to  his  mental  processes,  to  impart  those  domestic  sentiments 
which  are  essential  to  one  whose  nature  is  based  upon  the  material 
things  of  life,  and  because  these  vegetative  functions  and  domestic 
sentiments  are  inseparably  bound  together. 

The  banker  should  have  Force,  a  good  share  of  Secretiveness, 
Caution,  and  a  moderate  degree  of  Hope.     He  needs  Sublimity 


SYSTEMS   AND  FACULTIES   REQUIRED   BY   A   PHILANTHROPIST.       1171 

to  enable  him  to  comprehend  and  invest  in  large  enterprises. 
He  requires  Human  Nature,  large  Acquisition,  Construction,  Ex- 
ecutiveness.  Self-will,  not  too  much  Credenciveness,.a  good  degree 
of  Size,  Form,  Locality,  Weight,  Time,  Order,  Memory  of  Events, 
large  Calculation,  and  excellent  reasoning  powers. 

A  delineation  of  Anthony  Rothschild,  banker,  one  of  the 
members  of  the  most  extensive  banking-houses  in  the  world,  is 
here  given.  It  is  a  typical  face,  and  will  well  repay  a  careful 
analysis. 

THE    SYSTEMS   AND    FACULTIES    REQUTHRD    BY   A   PHILANTHROPIST. 

There  are  very  many  diverse  phases  of  the  sympathetic  faculty, 
some  of  which  require  only  the  most  ordinary  grade  of  intellect  to 
exhibit  activity.  Many  persons  feel  sympathy  for  others,  yet  fail  to 
take  active  steps  to  relieve  them.  There  is  one  class  of  sufferers 
that  require  only  that  others  listen  to  or  witness  their  grief  in 
order  to  satisfy  and  relieve  them.  Others  in  need  feel  the  want 
only  of  some  comparatively  inexpensive  assistance.  There  is  a  class 
of  persons  everywhere  to  be  found  who  are  competent  to  deal  witli 
this  form  of  suffering. 

And  thus,  for  every  grade  and  shade  of  human  misery  we 
shall  find  that  Nature  has  provided  a  person  or  class  of  persons 
competent  to  sympatliize  with,  understand,  and  relieve  each  of 
these  several  forms  of  want  and  suffering. 

The  philanthropist  is  one  who  has  the  capacity  to  ameliorate 
the  condition  of  large  numbers  of  his  fellow-beings ;  it  follows, 
then,  that  he  must  have  within  his  own  organization  not  only 
the  requisite  degree  of  sympathy  to  impel  him  to  action  in  the 
direction  of  relief,  but  he  must  have  also  an  intellect  sufficiently 
broad  and  comprehensive  to  understand  the  conditions  which 
afflict  so  generally  large  numbers  of  human  beings,  and  possess 
sufficient  ingenuity  to  devise  ways  and  manage  the  large  funds 
which  are  required  in  all  grand  philanthropic  schemes.  Philan- 
thropists are  subdivided  into  classes.  One  portion  of  them  pass 
their  time  in  accumulation,  and  leave  their  millions  to  found  some 
grand  charity  after  their  demise,  as  did  Stephen  Girard,  who  has 
endowed  probably  the  most  magnificent  charity  (and  one  whicli 
contains  in  its  provisions  all  of  the  elements  of  perpetuity)  that 
has  ever  been  devised. 

Another  class  of  philanthropists,  like  George  Pea  body,  Coimt 
Kumford,  and  Leland  Stanford,  prefer  to  administer  upon  their  ac- 
cumulations before  death,  and  enjoy  the  luxiu-y  of  seeing  the  good 
which  their  gains  can  accomplish.  Now,  the  ability  to  plan  and 
carry  forward  such    large   schemes  as  these  men   have  matured 


1172 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


requires  the  exercise  of  high  administrative  capacity ;  hence,  the 
philanthropist  who  endows  and  manages  a  great  institution  for 
charitable  purposes  is  necessarily  great  in  both  sympathy  and  in- 
tellect, and  therefore  we  find  in  this  class  a  form  in  consonance 
with  these  qualities. 

In  corroboration  of  this  statement,  study  the  personnel  of 
Matthew  Vassar,  who  founded  and  endowed  Vassar  College  for 


Fig.  375.— GEORGE  PEABODY.    (Banker,  Philanthropist.) 

The  brain  in  this  subject  is  high  and  broad  and  reveals  fine  Quality ;  the  mus- 
cular and  thoracic  systems  rank  second.  The  chin  is  also  wide  and  the  nose  is  both 
broad  and  high.  The  space  between  the  eyes  is  uncommonly  wide.  All  of  these  cir- 
cumstances, summed  up  and  proved  by  the  basic  laws  of  F'orm.  show  us  that  we  have 
a  very  comprehensive  mind  to  deal  with.  The  cliin  discloses  lurfje  Conscientiousness, 
Firnmess,  Love  of  Home,  Patriotism,  and  Economy.  The  signs  for  Benevolence, 
Love  of  Young,  Amativeness,  Mirthfulness,  Friendsliip,  Ho.spitality,  Color,  Pneu- 
mativeness,  and  Sanativeness  are  all  prominently  disi)layed.  The  nose  is  a  feature 
seldom  met.  It  is  constructive,  acquisitive,  logical,  and  executive ;  upon  it  the  signs 
for  Mental  Imitation,  Human  Nature,  Sublimity,  Ideality,  (jonstructiveness,  Acquisi- 
tiveness, Veneration,  Reason,  Executiveness,  and  Self-will  are  all  conspicuous.  The 
eyes  are  those  of  an  observant  and  thoughtful  man  ;  the  brows,  lowered  close  down 
to  them,  show  their  practical  inclination.  The  (•ai)acitv  for  P^orm  and  Size  is  very 
great.  The  signs  for  Oljservation,  Memory  of  Events,  Locality,  Time,  and  Order  are 
well  defined.  Verbal  Language  is  about  average,  while  the  ability  to  express  thought 
by  the  pen  in  an  earnest,  clear,  and  elegant  manner  is  manifest.  Calculation  is  fairly 
represented.  The  indications  of  the  reasoning  powers  in  the  forehead  corroborate 
those  in  the  nose,  and  declare  Causality  and  l^omparisnn  to  be  of  the  best.  Intuition 
is  one  of  the  leading  traits  of  this  character.  Credenciveness  is  small  and  Prescience 
above  the  average.  The  ear  discloses  aural,  commercial,  and  acquisitive  capacity. 
The  position  of  the  head  shows  the  attentive  thniker.  This  gentleman  endowed 
several  large  libraries,  homes  for  working-people,  and  other  charities  on  a  magnificent 
scale.    He  was  also  a  very  successful  banker. 

Women,  and  of  George  Peabody,  whose  endowments  and  philan- 
thropies are  as  cosmopolitan  as  they  are  varied.  John  Howard, 
who  was  a  practical  philanthropist  and  reformer,  also  exhibited  a 
broad  and  robust  frame.  M.  Godin,  who  founded  the  celebrated 
Familistere  in  Guise,  France,  is  still  another  example  of  the  prac- 
tical philanthropist.  The  name  of  Wilberforce  should  not  be 
omitted  in  this  connection.     There  are  many  others  who  belong 


SYSTEMS  AND   FACULTIES  NECESSARY  TO   A  PHILOLOGIST.      1173 

to  this  class  whose  form  and  features  correspond  to  the  foregoing 
description. 

In  order  to  give  we  must  first  possess,  and  these  possessions 
must  be  either  mental  or  material,  or  both.  The  philanthropist, 
then,  must  have  the  power  to  acquire  something^  either  mental  or 
material  treasures,  earthly  power  or  position,  which  will  enable 
him  to  act  for  the  good  of  others. 

This  analysis  shows  us  what  is  the  best  form  for  a  philan- 
thropist, and  what  faculties  he  must  possess  in  order  to  successfully 
carry  forward  his  plans  for  the  relief  of  the  masses. 

The  man  of  broad  sympathies  requires  large  Conscientious- 
ness and  Firmness ;  Love  of  Home,  of  Country,  and  of  Young. 
Benevolence,  Friendship,  Approbation,  Alimentiveness,  Pneu- 
mativeness,  and  Sanativeness  are  required  to  give  vigor  to  the  body 
and  to  evolve  the  domestic  traits.  There  must  be  large  Human 
Nature,  Constructiveness,  Acquisitiveness,  Executiveness,  Self-will, 
Time,  Order,  Calculation,  and  large  reasoning  powers.  To  all 
of  these  great  good  liealth  must  be  added  in  order  to  'persoinaUy 
and  actively  superintend  the  schemes,  institutions,  and  operations 
which  philanthropy  devises. 

There  are  many  diverse  manifestations  of  the  benevolent  and 
sympathetic  feeling,  and  these  various  forms  of  feeling  are  ex- 
hibited in  other  ways  than  by  philanthropy.  This  is  the  highest 
or  largest  expression  of  sympathy.  The  faculty  of  Benevolence, 
under  its  various  aspects,  has  been  elaborated  in  Chapter  II. 

THE   SYSTEMS    AND   FACULTIES    NECESSARY   TO    A    PHILOLOGIST. 

The  science  of  language  is  receiving  in  this  age  a  great  deal 
of  attention,  and  from  a  stand-point  radically  different  from  that 
which  characterized  its  study  in  the  past.  Its  scientific  phase  is 
now  being  developed,  hence  its  investigators  require  special  and 
high  faculties. 

The  scientific  analysis  of  the  languages  of  the  various  races 
of  the  world,  both  ancient  and  modern,  is  throwing  a  flood  of  light 
not  only  upon  their  racial  descent,  their  habits,  customs,  and  status 
in  progressive  evolution,  but  it  is  also  giving  a  fund  of  information 
as  to  the  form  and  structure  of  man.  The  study  of  philology, 
taken  in  connection  with  scientific  physiognomy,  will  carry  forward 
the  science  of  language  with  rapid  strides,  and  I  predict  that,  with 
the  universal  knowledge  of  physiognomy  and  the  application  of 
its  principles  to  all  other  departments  of  human  science,  a  wonder- 
ful advance  in  all  of  tliem  will  be  made. 

There  are  so  many  departments  of  language  that  a  great  diver- 
sity and  variety  of  students  is  required  to  investigate  its  many  phases. 


1174  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  study  of  the  structure  of  language  is  a  fascinating  though 
ofttimes  baffling  pursuit.  The  tracing  to  their  origin  certain  verbal 
forms  is  a  part  of  this  study,  the  comparison  of  sounds  and  of  in- 
flections another  branch,  and  the  memorizing  of  language,  both 
spoken  and  written,  still  another  department.  Each  of  these  re- 
quires the  use  of  distinct  faculties,  and  one  who  would  combine  all 
of  these  studies  must  possess  certain  inherent  aptitudes. 

The  philologist,  then,  must  possess  a  large  endowment  of  the 
brain,  muscular,  and  osseous  systems  of  fine  quality.     He  must 


Fig.  376.— WILLIAM  DWIGHT  WHITNEY.    (Philologist,  Author.) 

The  countenance  of  this  subject  bears  the  expression  of  thought  observation, 
and  patient  perseverance.  The  well-nourished  appearance  of  the  cheeks  shows  that 
Friendship,  Sanativeness,  Alimentiveness  are  normal,  ami  that  the  veeetative  system 
is  well  developed.  The  beard  discloses  vigor.  The  brain  system  is  dominant,  while 
the  thoracic,  muscular,  and  osseous  systems  are  equally  developed.  In  the  nose  the 
signs  of  Mental  Imitation,  Ideality,  Human  Nature,  Uonstructiveness,  Acquisitive- 
ness, Veneration,  Reason,  Executiveness,  and  .Self-will  are  conspicuous.  Prescience 
is  well  defined.  Credenciveness  is  deficient,  while  Form,  Size,  Locality,  and  Obser- 
vation are  manifest.  In  the  forehead  the  sign  of  Memory  of  Events  is  excessive, 
and  the  faculty  of  ('onstruetiveness  has  corroboration  in" the  rounding  out  of  the 
lateral  portion  of  the  forehead.  The  eyes  are  relatively  small  and  deep-set,  and  indi- 
cate that  the  capacitj;  for  written  language  exceeds  that  of  oral  language, — evinces, 
in  short,  that  the  subject  can  write  and  think  better  than  he  can  talk.  His  works  on 
philology  are  practical,  and  show  deep  research  and  a  comprehensive  intellect. 

have  sufficient  of  the  thoracic  to  aid  him  in  comprehending  and 
making  natural  pauses,  intonations,  and  inflections,  and  enough 
of  the  vegetative  to  impart  vigor  to  his  mind  in  order  that  his 
deductions  shall  have  a  sound  basis,  which  a  large  quantity  of 
well-oxygenated  blood  can  alone  supply. 

The  mental  faculties  required  by  the  student  of  language  are 
Mental  Imitation,  Analysis,  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Human  Nature, 
Constructiveness,  Acquisitiveness,  Reason,  Veneration,  and  Self- 
will.  .  The  practical  traits  needed  are  Form,  Size,  Locality,  Observa- 
tion, Language,  Time,  Order,  Music,  Calculation,  and  Intuition. 


SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES   ESSENTIAL   TO   AN   EDITOR.  1175 

To  all  of  this  there  must  be  brought  the  most  unflagging 
energy,  patience,  perseverance,  and  a  determination  to  succeed. 
The  labors  of  such  as  Worcester,  Webster,  and  Johnson  in  one 
department  of  pliilology  have  been  of  incalculable  benefit  to  mil- 
lions, and  will  descend  to  posterity  to  aid  its  efforts  to  remote  ages, 
while  those  of  Max  Miiller  and  Professor  Whitney  in  another 
branch  of  Language  will  ever  be  remembered  with  gratitude  by 
all  who  can  appreciate  their  labors. 

THE    SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES   ESSENTIAL   TO    AN    EDITOR. 

If  one  were  to  examine  the  physiognomies  of  a  group  of, 
say,  twenty  editors,  one  would  be  inclined  to  say  that  it  would  be 
necessary  to  give  a  description  of  each  one  separately  in  order  to 
arrive  at  a  knowledge  of  editorial  capacity.  Editors,  like  musicians, 
are  of  many  diverse  forms  and  of  all  nationalities,  yet  to  the  2)rac- 
tical  physiognomist  tliey  exhibit,  as  do  musicians,  certain  indica- 
tions in  common.  They  require,  and  all  successful  editors  possess, 
certain  general  characteristics  which  fit  them  for  their  career. 
There  are  certain  individualities  which  distinguish  eacli  one  of 
them — a  peculiar  mode  of  expression  or  of  management  which 
comes  to  be  recognized  by  their  readers.  All  these  are  as  dis- 
tinctly individual  as  are  their  respective  physiognomies.  It  is  true 
that  editors,  like  all  other  professional  people,  are  graded  in  classes 
according  to  the  sort  of  newspapers  which  they  publish.  Some 
publish  religious  journals,  others  secular;  others  dramatic  or 
musical,  or  humorous  or  illustrated  papers.  Some  of  these  re- 
quire certain  traits  which  the  others  do  not,  yet  all  must  have,  to 
be  successful,  good  health,  a  well-developed  domestic  nature,  a 
good  mental  endowment,  together  with  a  fair  degree  of  scholastic 
knowledge.  To  all  this  the  editor  must  add  a  knowledge  of  cur- 
rent literature.  If  he  write  for  a  religious  journal  he  must  be 
conversant  with  the  theological  knowledge  of  all  eras ;  if  for  a 
political  paper,  he  must  possess  a  comprehensive  knowledge  of  the 
politics  and  politicians  of  his  country,  past  and  present,  with  all 
their  measures  and  movements.  If  he  edit  a  musical  or  dramatic 
paper,  then  he  must  be  familiar  with  all  that  pertains  to  these  two 
realms  of  art. 

All  editors  require  a  good  general  memory  of  facts,  dates,  and 
occurrences.  A  knowledge  of  the  biography  of  all  sorts  and  con- 
ditions of  people  is  necessary.  A  large  acquaintance  with  public 
men  and  women  is  essential.  A  gifl  of  Language,  with  power  to 
use  it  in  an  original,  brilliant,  forcible,  or  witty  manner,  is  one  of 
the  essentials  of  a  popular  editor.  He  must  have  Mental  Order 
and  Time  in  a  large  degree,  and   for  a  musical  journalist   the 


1176 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


Fig.  377.— MRS.  FRANK  LESLIE.    (Editor.) 

No  scientific  physiognomist  could  mistake  or  misinterpret  the  hieroglyphs  of  Nature  which 
ornament  every  feature  of  this  speaking  countenance.  The  signs  of  many  sorts  of  talent  are 
here  revealed.  The  eyes,  eyelashes,  and  eyebrows,  taken  alone,  are  a  guide  "to  the  linguistic  and 
emotional  part  of  the  character.  The  muscular  and  brain  systems  are  supreme,  the  thoracic  and 
osseous  systems  stand  next  in  rank,  while  the  vegetative"  powers  lend  their  aid  in  such  degree 


ness,  .\pprobation.  Friendship,  Hospitality,  Pneumativeness,  Sanativene.ss.  Color,  Modestv,  and 
Self-esteem  are  all  conspicuously  displayed.  There  is  a  good  share  of  Force  and  Resistance. 
Cautiousness  is  large  and  secretiveness  normal.  The  nose  discloses  great  capacity  of  several  sorts  : 
it  is  artistic,  commercial,  and  executive.  The  signs  of  Hope,  Analysis,  Mental  Tmitation,  Human 
Nature,  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Construction,  and  Acquisition  are  all  ciinspicuous  ;  so,  also,  are  Venenv- 
tion,  Executiveness,  Reason,  and  Self-will.  The  niechanico-artistic  sip^s  are  large.  Form,  Size, 
Observation,  Calculation,  and  Language  are  excessively  developed.  This  subject  has  capacity  for 
art  and  literature  as  well  as  for  finance  and  exhibits  great  administrative  powers.  The  mouth  and 
eyes  announce  talent  for  Ijanguage,  both  verbal  and  oral.  Tlie  size  of  the  nose  reveals  force  of 
character.  The  hair  is  waving— another  a-sthetie  symbol.  Altogether,  the  physiognomy  of  a  social, 
domestic,  literary,  and  able  woman.  Her  talents  are  well  suited  to  her  great  life-work — editing 
illustrated  journals. 


SYSTEMS  AND  FACULTIES  REQUIRED  BY  A  WRITER  OF  FICTION.       1177 

faculties  of  Music  and  Time  are  necessary.  For  the  editor  of  an 
art  journal  the  faculties  of  Form,  Size,  and  Color  are  requisite. 
Cautiousness  is  useful,  yet  Energy  and  Force  must  be  exhibited  on 
all  questions  requiring  them.  Mirthfulness  in  a  large  degree  is 
needed  by  the  humorous  writer,  and,  if  the  editor  manages  a  paper 
as  well  as  writes  for  it,  he  must  have  good  executive  powers. 
Added  to  all  of  these  many  gifts,  he  must  exercise  untiring  energy 
and  manifest  a  desire  to  lead  and  excel.  Lazy  or  spasmodic 
writers  seldom  succeed  or  become  popular  unless  they  possess 
genius.  In  these  days  the  plodding,  persevering  writer  (if  he  have 
a  fair  talent  or  aptitude  for  journalism)  is  the  one  which  makes 
the  strongest  and  most  permanent  impression  upon  the  public 
mind. 

With  this  analysis  I  take  pleasure  in  presenting  the  physiog- 
nomy of  Mrs.  Frank  Leslie,  a  most  able  and  successful  editor  of 
several  illustrated  journals. 

THE    SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES    REQUIRED   BY   A    WRITER    OF    FICTION. 

The  prevailing  opinion  among  people  generally  is  that  writers 
of  fiction — and,  indeed,  all  writers — require  only  brain  develop- 
ment, including  a  large  degree  of  imagination,  in  order  to  produce 
their  works.  That  a  good  and  suitable  brain  system  is  required  is 
true,  but  that  a  fine  and  large  brain  without  suitable  bodily  func- 
tions to  assist  emotion  and  create  sentiment  could  produce  a  touch- 
ing and  popular  work  of  imagination  I  do  not  believe. 

The  writer  of  fiction,  then,  requires  a  suitable  brain  and  sensi- 
tive nervous  system  in  order  that  he  may  be  keenly  sensitive  to  all 
external  influences.  He  requires  a  fine  muscular  endowment  in 
order  to  express  emotion  and  passion.  He  must  have  a  fair  amount 
of  osseous  material  to  give  coherence  and  stability  to  his  thoughts  ; 
also  a  fine  degree  of  the  glandular  powers  to  proc?t/ce  emotion. 
He  needs  the  warmth  and  enthusiasm  which  arise  from  thoracic 
activity  and  all  the  fervor  and  enthusiasm  which  Color  imparts. 
A  large  and  active  liver  is  essential  to  produce  clearness  of  mind, 
analytical  power,  and  fertility  of  suggestion.  The  proof  that  all 
these  functions  are  necessary  to  writers  of  fiction  is  found  in  their 
facial  development. 

In  order  that  a  writer  of  fiction  shall  be  not  only  popular  and 
successful,  but  that  his  works  shall  find  a  permanent  place  in  the 
regard  of  the  public,  very  many  high  faculties  are  essential.  In 
the  first  place,  he  requires  a  broad  and  warm,  sympathetic  nature. 
The  domestic  faculties  must  be  as  well  developed  as  the  purely 
mental  capacities,  for  his  success  is  owing  largely  to  his  skill  in 
portraying  the  tender  emotions  and  domestic  sentiments,  and,  in 


1178  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

order  to  do  this  well,  he  must  possess  the  capacity  for  feeling  the 
same.  Therefore,  a  writer  of  fiction  must  have  strong  Love  of 
Home,  of  Young,  and  of  the  oiDposite  sex.  The  latter  trait  is 
large  in  all  of  the  great  original  writers,  for  this  faculty  assists 
creative  efforts.  A  love  of  young  is  needed  particularly  by  those 
who  write  for  children,  as  it  enables  them  to  enter  into  the  feelings 
and  comprehend  the  characters  of  youth.     A  certain  degree  of 


Fig.  378.— CHARLES  DICKENS.  (Novelist.) 
The  subject  of  this  slight  sketch  possessed  all  the  elements  of  character  essen- 
tial to  a  popular  and  successful  novelist.  The  brain  and  muscular  systems  are 
supreme  and  of  tine  quality.  The  vegetative  powers  are  exceedingly  well  "developed, 
and  created  the  lovely  social  and  domestic  sentiments  wrought  out  in  his  works. 
The  local  signs  for  certain  of  these  faculties  are  hidden  liy  the  beard,  but  Benevo- 
lence and  Amativeness  are  visible  and  verv  well  defined.  The  signs  for  Alimentive- 
ness.  Hospitality,  Approbation,  Friendship,  Mirth,  Sanativeness,  Color,  and  Self- 
esteem  are  conspicuous.     The  nose  is  relatively  short  and  broad  and  muscular. 


The  signs  for  Form,  Size,  Observation,  and  Locality  are  all  large.  Calculation  is 
deficient,  Credenciveness  average.  Prescience  lacking.  Verbal  Language  well  repre- 
sented. The  forehead  is  broad  and  curved  laterally  (corroborative  sign  of  Construct- 
iveness).  The  signs  for  Mental  Order,  Time,  and  Music  are  manifest.  The  face 
reveals  capacity  for  deep  feeling,  both  social  and  domestic,  and  herein  lay  Dickens' 
greatest  power.  The  abihty  to  express  in  language  the  domestic  and  social  life  and 
feelings  of  his  characters  is  shown  throughout  his  works,  and  constitutes  the  bond  of 
sympathy  between  them  and  his  reader.  Abstract  Keason  was  not  his  gift.  The 
signs  for  Artistic  Reason  and  Intuition  are  discernible.  As  a  character-painter  of 
certain  phases  of  life  he  is  unexcelled. 

Conscientiousness  is  required  to  give  thoroughness  to  the  work, 
and  to  imbue  the  character  of  the  writer  with  the  power  to  feel  in 
order  to  portray  the  like  quality.  The  faculty  of  Benevolence  is 
requisite  ;  also  Hospitality,  Approbativeness,  Friendship,  Modesty, 
and  a  certain  degree  of  Self-esteem.  Large  Mirthfulness  is  very 
essential.  The  development  of  all  these  sentiments  is  dependent  upon 
normal  and  sound  visceral  organization,  and  this  the  writer  must 


SYSTEMS  AND  FACULTIES  REQUIRED  BY  A  WRITER  OF  FICTION.       1179 

have,  not  only  to  enable  him  to  feel  and  portray  these  sentiments, 
but  also  to  give  the  strength  and  vigor  necessary  to  sustain  the 
exhausting  play  of  the  emotions  which  the  writer  of  dramatic 
poems,  plays,  and  novels  must  experience  in  order  to  reproduce 
them  upon  paper. 

The  mental  requirements  of  the  imaginative  writer  are  many 
and   varied.     He   must    have   excellent   analytical   power,  large 


Fig.  379.— WILLIAM  MAKEPEACE  THACKERAY.    (Painter, 
Novelist.) 

I  would  that  I  could  present  the  living  countenance  of  this  subject  to  my 
readers,  for  in  it  could  be  read  at  a  glance  the  constructive  character  of  every  f eatiire. 
The  curving  jaw  and  chin  announce  dramatic  ability ;  the  upper  lip,  I^ove  of  Young 
and  Amativeness,  both  of  which  assist  creative  efforts.  The  thick,  constructive 
nose  is  the  very  acme  of  mental  and  artistic  creation,  and  the  rounding  temples  fur- 
nish corroborative  evidence  of  originalitv.  The  brain  and  muscular  systems  are 
dominant,  while  the  osseous  and  thoracic  follow  closely  in  develoj)ment,  and  a  good 
endowment  of  the  vegetative  powers  gives  their  quota  of  plivsical  strength  and 
domestic  sentiments.  The  signs  for  Firmness,  Conscience,  Love  of  Home,  Patriotism, 
Economv,  Benevolence,  Approbation.  Hospitality,  Alimentiveness,  Friendship,  Self- 
esteem,  "Modesty.  Ix)ve  or  Young,  Mirth,  and  Amativeness  are  well  defined,  and 
together  form  the  foundation  for  a  strong  domestic  and  social  nature.  Pneumative- 
ness.  Color,  and  Sanativeness  are  strongly  indicated.  The  nose  is  a  remarkable  fea- 
ture, being  long,  wide,  and  high,  and  nearly  stra'ght  in  its  outline.  The  signs  for 
Idealitv  and  Human  Nature  are  large  ;  Constructiveness.  pre-eminent.  Acquisition, 
Veneration,  Reason,  and  Executiveness  are  conspicuous,  while  Self-will  is  a  strong 
ally.  Form,  Size,  Locality,  Observation,  and  Weight  are  decided,  while  Credencive- 
ness  and  Prescience  are  only  moderate.  Time,  Order,  and  Language  are  manifest. 
Memory  of  Events  and  Intuition  are  .strongly  delineated.  The  hair  is  wavy — a 
secondary  sign  of  artistic  capacity.  This  gentleman  was  an  excellent  painter,  "and 
might  have  excelled  in  that  direction  had  he  persevered  in  it.  His  style  of  delineat- 
ing character  differed  from  Dickens'  in  this :  ne  was  satirical  and  exaggerated,  while 
the  latter  put  more  humor  into  his  caricatures,  and  both  treated  of  the  follies,  weak- 
nesses, and  excellencies  of  character  with  the  pen  of  an  artist.  For  the  scientific  and 
psychological  analyses  of  Human  Nature  we  must  look  elsewhere. 

Ideality  and  Sublimity,  Human  Nature  in  excess,  large  Constructive- 
ness and  Acquisition,  a  modicum  of  Veneration,  and  executive  ca- 
pacity in  order  to  impart  the  same  feelings  to  certain  characters,  and 
strong  Self-will  as  well.  The  faculties  of  Form  and  Size  must  have  a 
strong  representation  in  order  that  he  may  visualize  clearly  and 
describe  well  his  imaginary  forms  and  figures.     Color  is  essential, 


1180  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

that  he  may  use  color-terms  in  his  descriptions.  A  good  degree 
of  Locality,  Credenciveness,  and  Observation  is  necessary.  Lan- 
guage, most  fluent  and  ornate,  must  be  cultivated  and  exhibited. 
A  sense  of  Time  and  Mental  Order  is  very  useful.  Artistic  Judg- 
ment or  Reason,  as  well  as  Intuition,  are  strong  factors  in  the 
mental  equipment  of  the  imaginative  writer. 

I  take  great  pleasure  in  presenting  herewith  the  portraits  of 
Charles  Dickens  and  William  Makepeace  Thackeray,  two  of  the 
best-known  English  novelists.  Both  of  these  men  were  wonderful 
physiognomists,  as  their  descriptions  of  character  attest.  That 
Dickens  understood,  in  an  artistic  way,  the  association  of  form 
with  character,  the  following  description  of  the  form  and  mental 
methods  of  "  Gradgrind  "  will  prove : — 

"  Now,  what  I  want  is  Facts.  Teach  these  boys  and  girls  nothing  bnt 
Facts.  Facts  alone  are  wanted  in  life.  Plant  nothing  else  and  root  ont 
everything  else.  You  can  only  form  the  minds  of  reasoning  animals  upon 
Facts  ;  nothing  else  will  ever  be  of  an^'^  service  to  them.  This  is  the'  prin- 
ciple upon  which  I  bring  up  my  own  children,  and  this  is  the  principle  upon 
which  I  bring  up  other  children.     Stick  to  Facts,  sirl  " 

The  scene  was  a  plain,  bare,  monotonous  vault  of  a  school-room,  and 
the  speaker's  square  forefinger  emphasized  his  observations  by  underscor- 
ing every  sentence  with  a  line  on  the  schoolmaster's  sleeve.  Tlie  emphasis 
was  helped  by  the  speaker's  square  wall  of  a  forehead,  which  had  his  e3^e- 
brows  for  its  base,  while  his  eyes  found  commodious  cellarage  in  two  dark 
caves  overshadowed  by  the  wall.  The  emphasis  was  helped  by  the  speaker's 
mouth,  which  was  wide,  thin,  and  hard-set.  The  emphasis  was  helped  by 
the  speaker's  voice,  which  was  inflexible,  dry,  and  dictatorial.  The  em- 
phasis was  helped  by  the  speaker's  hair,  which  bristled  on  the  outskirts  of 
liis  bald  head — a  plantation  of  firs  to  keep  the  wind  from  its  shining  surface — 
all  covered  with  knobs,  like  the  crust  of  a  plum-pie,  as  if  the  head  had 
scarcely  warehouse  room  for  the  hard  facts  stored  inside.  The  speaker's 
obstinate  carriage,  square  coat,  square  legs,  square  shoulders — nay,  his 
very  neckcloth,  trained  to  take  him  13}^  the  tliroat  with  an  unaccommodating 
grasp,  like  a  stubborn  fact  as  it  was — all  helped  the  emphasis. 

"  In  this  life  we  want  nothing  but  Facts,  sir.  Nothing  but  Facts. 
Thomas  Gradgrind,  sir.  A  man  of  realities.  A  man  who  proceeds  upon 
the  principle  that  two  and  two  make  four  and  nothing  over,  and  who  is  not 
to  be  talked  into  allowing  for  anything  over.  Thomas  Gradgrind,  sir! 
with  a  rule  and  a  pair  of  scales  and  the  multiplication  table  alwajs  ready  in 
his  pocket  to  weigh  and  measure  au}^  parcel  of  human  nature  and  tell  you 
exactly  what  it  comes  to." 

Li  this  portrait  and  analysis  the  scientific  physiognomist  recog- 
nizes a  man  with  the  bone  and  brain  systems  dominant  and  the 
muscular  and  vegetative  systems  not  ranking  so  high  as  the  former. 
This  combination  would  exhibit  great  Probity,  Practicality,  Pre- 
cision, and  Order,  with  but  scant  Ideality  or  Imagination.  It  also 
produces  angularity — squareness — without  balance  or  rounded  or 
curvilinear  ideas.  There  is  no  doubt  that  Dickens  had  met  with  a 
man  of  this  square  or  angular  formation,  with  his  precise  and 


SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES   REQUIRED   BY   A   STATESMAN.         1181 


"rectangular"  method  of  talking,  and,  with  his  penchant  for 
caricature,  had  exaggerated  his  peculiarities  in  the  character  of 
"  Gradgrind." 

The  descriptions  of  the  forms,  faces,  color,  and  stature  of  the 
creatures  of  imagination  by  talented  writers  of  fiction,  from  Shakes- 
peare down,  are  of  great  interest  to  tlie  physiognomist,  as  show- 
ing that  the  faculty  of  Human  Nature  is  one  of  their  strongest 
powers.  The  scientific  analyses  of  characters  by  George  Eliot  and 
Balzac  are  well  worthy  our  attention. 


Fig.  380.— ARMAND  RICHELIEU.    (Cardinal,  Duke  of  France, 
Statesman,  Author.) 

This  countenance  discloses  ^eat  capacities,  superstition,  craft,  knowledge  of 
human  nature,  and  large  reflective  powers.  It  is  the  face  of  a  typical  sixteenth- 
century  politician.  E:very  feature  reve.nls  power.  The  chin,  by  its  form,  denotes 
cunning,  craft,  and  wit,  with  FirnlIlt■^'^i  large  and  l.'onscientiousness  only  of  average 
development.  The  under  lip  shows  a  fair  degree  of  Benevolence.  The  upper  lip  in- 
dicates large  Amativeness.  The  nose  is  a  grand  feature,  and  reveaLs,  at  first  glance, 
the  secret  of  his  power.  The  eyes,  the  superciliary  si)aces,  the  eyebrows,  and  fore- 
head are  all  remarkable  features.  The  brain  system  is  dominant  and  of  high  quality, 
the  muscular  takes  second  rank,  the  thoracic  follows  a  dose  third,  while  the  osseous 
svstem  is  next  in  degree.  The  signs  in  the  nose  are  all  well  defined  :  C^autiousness, 
Hope,  Analysis,  Human  Nature,  Mental  Imitation.  Weality.  Sulilimity,  Construction, 
Acquisition,  Executiveness,  \'eneration,  I,ogical  Reason,  :ind  Self-will  are  developed 
in  such  large  degree  as  to  form  a  most  unique  organ,  and  indicate  great  mental 
powers  and  administrative  cai)acitie8  of  tlie  first  rank.  Form  and  Size  are  very  large  : 
so,  also,  are  Prescience,  Credt-ncivene.ss,  Calculation.  I^ocality,  Observation,  Lan- 
guage, Order,  Time,  Memorv  of  Events,  Reason,  and  Intuition.  The  size  and  form 
of  the  nose  indicate  Mental  Force  and  Resistance,  as  well  as  a  love  of  domination. 

Fiction  has  its  place  in  the  development  of  character,  and  in 
this  age  exercises  a  powerful  influence  upon  the  community.  Its 
creators  are  receiving  that  attention  which  they  justly  deserve. 

THE   SYSTEMS   AND   FACULTIES    REQUIRED    BY    A    STATESMAN. 

As  the  construction  of  society  and  goveniments  change,  tlio 
requirements  of  those  who  are  to  i-ule,  govern,  and  administer  tlie 
laws  must  also  move  with  the  onward  march  of  progress. 

The  statesman  required  by  a  mediaeval  monarchy  would  not  be 


1182  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the  best  suited  to  a  modern  kingdom,  and  certainly  not  to  a  modem 
republic.  Again,  the  several  departments  of  every  government 
must  have  men  suited  to  the  needs  of  each ;  hence,  it  is  clearly 
proved  that  statesmen  may  be  of  many  forms  and  possess  a  great 
variety  of  faculties,  differing  in  kind  and  degree.  Yet,  with  all 
these  differences,  they  must  exhibit  many  traits  in  common.  A 
statesman  needs,  in  the  first  place,  a  broad  and  comprehensive 
mind,  well  filled  With  facts  and  data  of  many  sorts,  and  a  large 
knowledge  of  his  country's  laws  and  history,  as  well  as  a  complete 
knowledge  of  the  structure  of  other  governments.  He  must  have 
a  sound  judgment  in  practical  affairs,  together  with  a  strong  sense 
of  equity.  Large  executive  powers  must  be  his,  and  a  strong  con- 
stitution and  great  good  health.  He  requires  large  Firmness, 
Conscience,  Patriotism,  Love  of  Home,  Alimentiveness,  Amative- 
nes's.  Friendship,  Pneumativeness,  Sanativeness,  a  good  share  of 
Force  and  Resistance,  large  Self-esteem,  considerable  Caution,  and 
a  due  amount  of  Secretiveness.  He  requires  Sublimity  to  give 
breadth  to  his  ideas  and  ability  to  cope  with  vast  subjects.  He 
must  have  Acquisitiveness,  Constructiveness,  Human  Nature,  Ven- 
eration, Executiveness,  and  Self-will ;  not  too  much  Credenciveness ; 
a  good  development  of  Size,  Form,  Observation,  Memory  of  Events, 
Locality,  Time,  Order,  Calculation,  Causality,  and  Comparison. 

To  be  a  great  statesman — such  as  Webster,  for  example — 
requires  a  gift  of  eloquence,  as  well  as  a  comprehensive  knowledge 
of  laws,  a  well-stored  mind,  and  familiarity  with  administrative 
customs. 

A  great  statesman  is  a  benefactor  to  the  human  race,  for  he 
will  act  disinterestedly  for  the  highest  good  of  all :  he  will  sink 
his  own  personal  interests  in  his  efforts  for  humanity. 

CONCLUSION. 

In  concluding  this  (to  me)  very  pleasant  work,  I  take  leave 
of  the  subject  with  regret,  for  the  reason  that  there  is  so  much 
more  that  might  have  been  written  left  unwritten.  It  is  the  mis- 
fortune of  all  sciences  that  no  book  is  large  enough  to  give  them 
fuU  representation.  This  is  eminently  true  of  the  science  of  phys- 
iognomy. It  necessarily  includes  all  sciences^  and  in  order  to  give 
it  scope  one  must  interrogate  the  principles  of  many  other  allied 
systems  of  science.  The  subjects  of  ethnology,  evolution,  heredity 
(yet  in  embryo),  and  hygiene  are  properly  a  part  of  physiognomical 
lore.  I  have  not  been  able,  through  want  of  space,  to  give  these 
subjects  the  attention  which  they  deserve  in  this  connection.  I 
advise  those  of  my  readers  who  wish  to  become  thorough  students 
of  physiognomy  to  familiarize  themselves  with  all  of  these  studies, 


CONCLUSION.  1183 

They  are  a  part  of  human  science  and  will  greatly  aid  in  the 
comprehension  of  character. 

The  reader  will  have  discovered,  I  opine,  that  the  knowledge 
of  physiognomy  reveals  something  more  than  merely  a  method  of 
reading  character  hy  local  signs  in  the  face.  It  leads  out  in  many 
directions.  A  system  which  gives  a  pmctical  method  of  reading 
character  by  facial  indications  is  a  great  advancement  in  knowl- 
edge. This  discovery  of  itself  forms  an  epocli  in  physical  science, 
and  if  this  were  its  only  use  it  would  be  a  most  wonderful  stride 
forward,  but  this  is  only  the  beginning  of  its  power  and  useful- 
ness. The  capacity  to  read  the  face  creates  the  ability  to  adapts 
and  to  be  able  to  know  the  characters  best  adapted  to  each  other 
in  marriage,  for  example,  is  one  great  step  forward  in  progressive 
evolution — in  the  scientific  culture  of  the  race.  The  laws  of 
adaptation,  as  applied  to  marriage,  tend  directly  to  race  improve- 
ment; hence,  to  better  physiques,  to  a  larger  life,  grander  qualities 
of  mind,  and  higher  morality. 

These  are  not  the  only  uses  to  which  physiognomical  science 
can  be  turned.  The  ability  to  decide  accurately  the  trade  or  pro- 
fession to  which  one  is  best  adapted  is  another  grand  use  which 
can  be  made  of  this  science.  It  teaches  how  to  work  icith  Nature  in 
the  choice  of  pursuits,  instead,  as  heretofore,  of  leaving  one  to  grope 
in  ignorance  of  his  powers  until  youth  and  opportunity  are  past. 

The  conservation  and  economizing  of  all  our  powers,  both 
mental,  moral,  and  physical,  is  another  grand  lesson  which  it 
teaches. 

The  development  of  all  sides  of  the  character,  with  directions 
how  to  improve  tlie  stronger  and  strengthen  the  weaker  faculties 
of  mind,  are  herein  set  forth. 

The  methods  to  pvu'sue  in  order  to  improve  the  beauty  of  the 
face,  the  body,  the  disposition,  and  the  intellect  are  by  this  system 
made  known. 

To  be  able  to  use  this  science  to  produce  all  these  effects  is  to 
give  the  ability  to  create  the  grandest  types  of  man  possible.  This 
power  then,  thus  used,  disproves  the  erroneous  charge  that  science 
tends  to  fatality ;  that  because  one  is  born  with  a  peculiar  bent  of 
mind  and  with  a  certain-shaped  face  and  body  he  is  therefore 
destined  to  a  certain  fate  from  which  he  cannot  extricate  himself 
Were  man  not  the  most  malleable  being  in  existence  this  charge 
might  have  some  foundation.  It  is  true  that  a  human  being  can 
best  pursue  the  path  or  direction  which  is  the  most  decidedly  ex- 
hibited in  his  organization;  but  this  does  not  preclude  the  possi- 
bility of  changing  that  bias  radically,  and  of  successfully  following 
a  direction  very  different  to  the  one  inherited. 


1184  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  knowledge  of  how  scientifically  to  accomplish  this,  if 
practically  applied,  does  away  with  the  false  charge  of  "  fatality," 
"destiny,"  "predestination,"  etc.,  brought  against  science  by  those 
who  lack  the  ability  to  comprehend  or  the  industry  to  investigate 
the  laws  of  Nature. 

The  every-day  experiences  of  parents  and  teachers  prove  that 
often  the  most  hopeless  children,  when  brought  under  the  influence 
of  superior  conditions,  have  become  men  and  women  of  great 
promise.  How  much  more  rapidly  might  the  work  of  cidtivation 
be  carried  forward  if  an  accurate  method  could  be  applied  to 
ascertain  the  strength  and  weakness  of  the  child  without  having 
first  to  experiment !     This  method  scientific  physiognomy  furnishes. 

Viewed  in  every  aspect,  physiognomy  will  be  found  of  use  to 
mankind.  It  is  with  the  purpose  of  elevating  humanity  that  I 
have  attempted  the  task  of  giving  to  the  world  the  observations 
which  I  have  been  a  life-time  in  making.  It  is  a  labor  of  love, 
offered  in  a  true  missionary  spirit,  the  knowledge  of  which  will 
protect  the  innocent  by  unmasking  the  vicious. 


Appendix  to  Part  I. 


(1185) 


Appendix  to  Part  I. 


Origin   and  Evolution  of  the  Visceral  Organs   and  Facial 

Features. 

"  Systematic  physiology  is  based  especially  upon  the  history  of  development, 
and  unless  this  is  more  complete  it  can  never  make  rapid  progress,  for  the  history  of 
development  furnishes  the  philosopher  with  the  materials  necessary  for  the  secure 
construction. of  a  system  of  organic  life.  We  should  study  each  organ,  each  tissue, 
and  even  each  function,  simply  with  the  view  of  determining  whence  they  have 
arisen. " — Huschke. 

IN  viewing  the  beautiful  ideals  of  art,  as  shown  by  the  sculp- 
tured marbles  of  the  great  masters  of  ancient  Greece;  in 
regarding  the  beauteous  blending  of  color  and  imagei-y,  as 
exhibited  in  the  works  of  Titian,  Correggio,  and  Michael 
Angelo ;  in  beholding  the  grand  and  sublime  efforts  of  some 
impassioned  orator,  or  in  contemplating  the  wonderful  mechanism 
brought  into  existence  by  the  creative  mind  of  a  master  inventor, 
the  thoughtful  observer  will,  no  doubt,  ask  himself  these  questions: 
How  has  man  become  possessed  of  the  varied  powers  necessary  to 
the  perfecting  of  all  these  creations '?  Did  he  come  into  existence 
fully  equipped,  like  Minerva  from  the  brain  of  Jupiter,  and  endowed 
with  all  the  faculties  essential  to  these  operations '?  No,  reader  ! 
Nature  produces  no  miracles ;  in  her  domain  orderly,  progressive, 
unerring,  infallible  law  is  the  method  by  which  perfection  is 
attained. 

This  is  as  true  in  the  department  of  Sociology  as  of  Biology, 
and  governments  go  forward  only  as  fast  as  the  people  are  prepared. 
This  preparation  is  also  a  matter  of  growth  and  development,  and 
society  moves  forward  on  fixed  lines,  presided  over  by  immutable 
laws.  There  are  no  miracles  in  Nature,  and  no  retrogression. 
All  who  have  gazed  upon  the  pictured  representations  of  the  native 
Australians,  or  those  who  have  visited  them  in  ther  own  habitat, 
have,  no  doubt,  observed  in  their  organisms  the  absence  of  certain 
faculties  and  certain  functions.  The  muscular  system  is  seen  to  be 
very  defective,  as  evidenced  by  the  lack  of  muscular  development  in 
the  calves  of  the  legs,  in  the  arms,  and  in  the  entire  body.  (See  Fig. 
4,  page  65,  Native  Australians.)  The  faculties  which  derive  their 
power  from  this  system  are,  consequently,  lacking  in  this  people. 

(1187) 


1188  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  architectural,  artistic,  literary,  and  mathematic  powers  are  en- 
tirely wanting.  Their  rude  habitations  cannot  compare  in  archi- 
tectural skill  with  the  buildings  of  the  ant,  wasp,  mole,  or  beaver. 
You  may  say  that  they  have  speech,  and  that  speech  is  a  "  divine 
gift."  How,  then,  does  it  occur  if  these  people  are  "  divine  " — the 
children  of  God,  above  and  beyond  all  the  lower  animal  creations, 
and  endowed  with  the  so-called  "  divine  gift  "  of  speech — I  ask, 
how  does  it  occur  that  these  people  are  so  undeveloped  as  not  to 
compare,  in  natural  intelligence,  with  some  races  of  dogs,  for 
example  ^. 

Is  it  because  they  have  had  no  education — no  schools, 
churches,  hospitals,  and  jails,  and  other  concomitants  of  civiliza- 
tion 1  Not  at  all ;  these  would  be  as  useless  to  tliem  as  clothing, 
houses,  and  furniture.  They  are  incapable  of  further  development. 
Their  language  alone  would  prevent  their  progress,  since  it  is,  like 
tliemselves,  in  its  infancy ;  they  speak  in  guttural  monosyllables, 
like  babes  when  they  first  essay  speech.  Theirs  is  a  condition  of 
arrested  development ;  they  have  become  paralyzed,  ossified ;  they 
can  go  no  further,  and  will  die  out,  for  when  progression  ceases 
annihilation  results.  The  conditions  requisite  for  the  growth  of 
this  race  were  absent  for  ages.  They  developed  without  admixture 
of  other  blood,  and  this  alone  produces  stagnation.  They  occupied 
what  may  properly  be  termed  an  island  home,  where  no  great 
beasts  ranged  to  invite  the  force  of  man  to  their  destruction.  This 
one  circumstance  prevented  their  advance  by  impeding  muscular 
development,  and  without  the  development  of  the  muscular  system 
the  grandest  achievements  of  civilization  are  impossible. 

Those  who  liave  followed  the  course  of  this  system  of  physi- 
ognomy will  have  seen  how  many  beautiful  faculties  are  evolved  from 
the  muscular  system — how  many  depend  upon  its  perfection  and 
dominance.  Mechanism,  art,  commerce,  sentiment,  and  social  life 
find  in  the  high  development  of  the  muscular  system  their  best  illus- 
tration. Blot  out  from  the  human  organism  all  these,  and  what 
remains'?  An  organism  incapable  of  furtlier  evolution,  because 
Nature  never  leaps,  and  cannot  progress  except  in  her  regular  order. 
If  the  muscles -have  not  been  properly  developed,  the  functions  and 
faculties  which  are  related  to  the  muscular  system  will  not  make 
their  appearance,  and  the  bone  and  brain  systems  will  not  be  per- 
fected. Hence,  annihilation  will  follow  any  race  that  does  not 
move  according  to  the  laws  and  requirements  of  evolution. 

How  do  we  know  the  methods  of  Nature  in  regard  to  man's 
evolution'?  There  are  four  sources  from  which  we  derive  this 
knowledge:  Comparative  Anatomy,  Physiology,  Evolution,  and 
Embryology.     These  sciences  write  the  history  of  man's  develop- 


APPENDIX    TO   PART   I.  1189 

ment  in  living  letters.  The  means  of  obtaining  this  knowledge 
are  in  existence  in  the  world  at  the  present  time.  The  profoundest 
minds  of  the  age  are  turned  to  the  investigation  of  the  origin  of 
man  and  of  his  mind ;  it  is  reasonable  to  conclude  that  they  will 
bring  forth  results  of  their  investigations  in  the  sluipe  of  })roofs. 
This  tliey  have  already  done  to  some  extent,  and,  by  the  vast 
researches  of  one  man  alone — Ernst  Haeckel — we  are  able  to  trace 
the  evolution  of  races,  and  of  the  organs  of  animal  and  human 
organisms. 

My  theories  of  the  nature,  origin,  location,  and  meaning  of 
the  several  organs,  functions,  and  faculties  of  the  human  mind  and 
body  have  been  shaping  for  years.  I  have  refrained  from  putting 
them  forward,  because  I  knew  that,  on  account  of  their  novelty, 
they  would  be  subjected  to  severe  and  adverse  criticism  ;  because, 
also,  I  had  not  the  corroborative  testimony  of  those  better  known 
to  science.  But,  as  time  has  progressed,  investigation  and  research 
on  the  part  of  eminent  thinkers  have  given  me  all  the  evidence  I 
need  to  sustain  the  basilar  principles  of  my  system.  Observation 
of  the  faces  and  forms  of  men,  women,  and  animals  will  supply 
the  rest. 

The  more  I  investigate  Mr.  Haeckel's  system  of  evolution, 
the  more  profoundly  am  I  impressed  with  its  truth.  In  it  I  find 
the  corroboration  of  my  system,  or  at  least  many  parts  of  it;  and 
I  blush  while  I  write  it,  that  one  so  obscure  as  myself  can  claim  to 
be  able  to  corroborate  anything  that  so  great  a  scientist  has 
advanced.  I  also  find  in  physiognomy  the  corroboration  of  much 
that  he  has  stated,  but  especially  have  I  found  in  tlie  human  face 
the  proofs  of  the  evolution  of  the  organs  and  systems  of  the  body 
of  man,  simply  by  the  order  of  the  location  of  their  signs  in  the 
face.  The  order  of  their  placing  and  action  in  the  body  is  also  a 
proof  of  many  of  his  positions,  and  mine  as  well. 

Here  I  am  about  to  attempt  a  very  difficult  task.  I  am 
desirous  of  giving  my  reader  somewhat  of  Mr.  Haeckel's  system 
of  the  origin  and  progress  of  the  systems  and  organs  of  the  body 
in  a  few  pages.  This  is  a  work  to  which  he  devotes  two  volumes, 
and  my  attempt  may  be  thouglit  presumptuous;  but  still  it  is  my 
proof,  and  I  hope  I  may  accomplish  my  task  without  injustice  to 
his  elaborate  descriptions,  illustrated,  as  they  are,  with  numerous 
diagrams  and  plates.  It  must  be  home  in  mind  that  tlie  knowl- 
edge of  the  origin  and  progressive  development  of  the  entire  man, 
as  he  now  stands  perfected,  has  been  sought  for,  first  in  the  simplest 
organisms  in  the  world,  viz.,  in  the  amoeba ;  thence  coming  along 
up  the  scale  of  progressive  evolution  to  the  family  of  worms, 
thence  along  the  line  of  investigation  to  the  brainless  fishes ;  thence 


1190  PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

to  the  skulled  organisms,  through  reptiles,  birds,  and  beasts, 
to  man.* 

In  order  to  make  my  evidence  more  complete,  I  will  go  back  to 
primeval  times,  and  take  up  the  investigation  of  primeval  organisms ; 
because,  in  their  origin  and  evolution  they  type  the  growth  and 
progress  of  man,  his  organs  and  functions.  The  amoeba  (Fig.  3, 
page  63)  is  composed  of  a  small  speck  of  slime,  or  plasmoid  sub- 
stance. Under  the  microscope  it  discloses  a  simple  cell,  or  germ. 
This  form  is  the  beginning  of  life  in  every  plant,  animal,  and  man 
in  the  world.  Man,  at  his  commencement,  is  nothing  more  than 
this — a  small  cell,  or  germ,  combined  with  a  microscopic  quantity 
of  mucus-like  substance.  In  the  case  of  the  amoeba,  we  find 
that,  without  any  organs,  it  yet  has  powers  such  as  are  seen  only 
in  developed  organisms.  It  seems  to  possess  the  faculties  of  motion 
witliout  muscles,  bones,  or  limbs,  irritability  without  nerves,  diges- 
tion without  stomach,  reproduction  without  sexual  organs,  and 
respiration  without  lungs;  and,  withal,  purely  chemical  in  its  action. 
At  the  first  dawn  of  all  things  in  existence,  chemical  action  alone 
seems  to  be  dominant.  As  it  lies  in  the  water — for  that  is  its 
natural  abode,  and  it  can  be  seen  in  bodies  of  both  fresh  and  salt 
water  almost  any  day  by  seeking  for  it — it  can  project  one  part 
like  a  limb;  it  can  expand,  contract,  or  roll  up  in  a  spherical 
shape.  It  digests  by  absorption  the  minute  animalculae  contained 
in  the  water,  thus  showing  it  to  be  carnivorous  without  teeth.  It 
reproduces  by  fission,  or  division ;  that  is  to  say,  after  it  has  attained 
a  certain  size  it  separates  into  two  parts,  and  these  again,  in  their 
turn,  repeat  the  process  when  the  right  proportions  are  reached. 

You  will  ask  how  it  is  possible  for  an  animal  to  do  all  this 
without  organs  or  functions.  The  answer  I  make  to  this  is,  that 
these  powers  must  be  diffused  through  the  creature  just  as  they 
are  at  the  other  extreme  of  evolution ;  just  as  they  are  found  in 
man,  the  highest  expression  of  organized  life,  as  the  amceba  is  the 
lowest;  just  as  all  the  elements  of  life  are  diffused  through  oxygen, 
hydrogen,  nitrogen,  and  carbon.  All  the  possibilities  of  organic 
form  and  life  are  in  these  simple  constituents ;  yet  we  see  that  they 
have  neither  form  nor  organs.  Although  man  has  several  systems 
of  functions,  still  they  are  so  blended  and  interrelated  that  it  is 
impossible  for  any  one  of  them  to  act  independently;  they  are 
diffused,  so  to  speak,  all  through  the  human  system.  The  nerves, 
the  muscles,  the  bones,  the  tissues,  the  mind  itself,  even,  is  diffused, 
and  irritation  and  sensibility  proceed  from  all  the  nerve-ganglia  in 
the  body,  just  as  irritation  and  sensibility  are  manifested  by  the 
microscopic  amoeba,  without  any  perceptible  nervous  system. 

*  Evolution  of  Man,  Ernst  Haeckel,  vol.  ii,  pp.  80-43. 


APPENDIX   TO   PART   I.  1191 

The  next  stage  of  progression  after  the  amoeba  is  a  simple 
aggregation  of  cells,  without  organs  as' yet.  The  manner  in  wliich 
these  germ-cells  aggregate  or  break  up  into  otlier  cells  is  most 
interesting,  and  has  been  observed  in  very  low  mammals,  in  guinea- 
pigs,  and  rabbits,  in  the  amphioxus,  and  in  the  eggs  of  toads  and 
frogs.  The  eggs  of  all  these  animals  develop  exactly  as  do  the 
cells  of  the  amoeba.  Observation  of  the  manner  in  which  the  eggs 
of  frogs  develop  shows  that  their  eggs  are  circular,  and  the  upper 
half  appears  darker  than  the  lower;  this  marks  the  egg  into  two 
distinct  halves.  This  marking  into  halves  commences  about  an 
hour  after  being  deposited  ;  an  hour  later  another  line  or  furrow  is 
formed,  cutting  the  first  at  right  angles.  This  change  continues 
in  geometrical  progression  from  two  to  four,  thence  to  eight,  to 
twelve,  to  sixteen,  to  twenty-four,  to  thirty-six,  to  forty-eight,  to 
sixty-four,  until  one  hundred  and  sixty  cells  are  formed,  the  greater 
number  of  which  consist  of  the  cells  which  later  form  the  animal 
functions;  the  less  number,  the  vegetative  functions  of  the  animal. 
This  law  of  mathematical  progression  is  one  proof  of  my  proposi- 
tion that  all  the  operations  of  Nature  have  mathematical  law  as  a 
common  basis.  The  commencement  of  all  life  is  on  so  infinitesimal 
a  scale  that,  until  the  microscope  reached  its  present  perfection, 
the  means  to  ascertain  all  of  the  laws  of  evolution  did  not  exist. 

The  next  stage  appears  as  a  simple,  hollow  globe,  filled  with 
liquid,  the  wall  of  which  consists  of  a  single  layer  of  cells. 

The  next  progressive  step  shows  us  a  hollow  body,  with  an 
opening  at  one  end,  the  wall  consisting  of  two  different  cell-strata. 
These  strata  Mr.  Haeckel  describes  thus: — 

The  two  cellular  layers  which  surround  the  cavity  of  the  primitive 
intestine,  and  alone  constitute  the  wall  of  the  latter,  are  of  very  great  sig- 
nificance; for  these  two,  which  alone  constitute  the  whole  body,  are,  in  fact, 
the  two  primary  germ-lajers,  or  primitive  germ-layers.  The  outer  cell-hiyer 
is  the  skin-layer,  or  exoderm ;  the  inner  cell-layer  is  the  intestinal  layer,  or 
entoderm.  The  whole  body  of  all  true  animals  proceeds  solely  from  these 
two  primary  germ-layers.  The  skin-la3'er  furnishes  the  outer  body-wall ; 
the  intestinal  laj'^er  forms  the  inner  wall  of  the  intestine,  and  directly  sur- 
rounds the  intestinal  cavity.  At  a  later  period  a  cavity  JTornis  between  the 
two  germ-layers  ;  this  cavity,  filled  with  blood  or  lympli,  is  the  body-cavity 
(coeloma).  The  two  primary  germ-layers — tiie  outer,  or  serous,  and  the 
inner,  or  mucous  layer — were  first  clearly  distinguished  in  1817,  by  Pander, 
in  the  incubated  chick;  but  their  full  significance  was  first  thoroughl}'^ 
recognized  by  Baer,  in  1828,  who  gave  the  name  of  animal  layer  to  the  outer 
la3'er;  that  of  vegetative  layer  to  the  inner.  These  names  are  very  apt, 
because  it  is  the  outer  layer  which  especially,  if  not  exclusively,  gives 
rise  to  the  animal  organs  of  sensation  and  movement — the  skin, the  nerves, 
and  the  muscles;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  it  is  especially  from  the  inner 
layer  that  the  vegetative  organs  of  nourishment  and  reproduction — the 
intestine  and  blood-vessel  systems — arise.* 

•Evolution  of  Man,  Ernst  Haeckel,  vol.  1,  pp.  19-196. 


1192  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  hollow  body  mentioned  here  is  the  primitive  intestine; 
the  opening,  the  first  appearance  of  the  mouth;  the  two  different 
kinds  of  cell-strata  form  the  inner  and  outer  skin;  the  inner  skin 
assists  in  digestion,  and  the  outer  forms  the  covering  and  assists  in 
motion  and  sensation. 

The  next  advance  made  shows  an  organism — the  turbellaria, 
a  gUding  worm,  which  is  found  at  the  present  day  in  both  fresh 
and  salt  water.  These  creature's  have  two  openings  to  the  body, 
a  nerve-system,  consisting  of  a  simple  nerve-ganglion  at  the  top 
of  the  mouth-opening,  a  pair  of  simple  eyes,  and  nose-pits ;  also,  will 
be  found  a  pair  of  simple  kidney-ducts.    Mr.  Haeckel  remarks : — 

The  appearance  of  these  (kidne3'-dncts)  at  so  early  a  period  shows 
that  the  kidney's  are  very  important  primordial  organs.  It  also  shows 
their  existence  in  all  flat  worms;  for  even  the  tape-worms,  which  in  conse- 
quence of  the  adoption  of  a  parasitic  mode  of  life  have  lost  the  intestine, 
yet  have  the  two  secreting  primitive  kidneys, or  excretory  ducts.  The  latter, 
therefore,  seem  to  be  older  and  of  greater  physiological  importance  than  the 
blood-vessel  system,  which  is  wholly  wanting  in  the  flat  worms.* 

The  reader  will  observe  that  the  kidney  system  makes  its 
appearance  before  the  heart,  liver,  lungs,  blood-circulating  system, 
brains,  bones,  or  any  of  the  smaller  organs  or  systems  of  the  body. 
Mr.  Haeckel  observed  this  fact,  and,  as  he  expresses  it,  "the 
kidneys  seem  to  be  of  greater  physiological  importance  than  the 
blood-vessel  system."  Of  the  first  appearance  of  the  kidney  system, 
Mr.  Haeckel  observes: — 

These  four  organ  systems  which  have  been  mentioned  were  already  in 
existence  when  an  apparatus  developed  tertiarily  in  the  human  ancestral 
line,  which  at  first  sight  seems  of  subordinate  significance,  but  which  proves, 
by  its  early  appearance  in  the  animal  series  and  in  the  embryo,  that  it  must 
be  very  ancient,  and  consequently  of  great  physiological  and  morphological 
value.  This  is  the  urinary  apparatus,  or  kidney  system,  the  organ  system 
which  secretes  and  removes  the  useless  fluids  from  the  body.f 

We  have  already  seen  how  the  primitive  kidneys  appear  in 
the  embryo  of  all  vertebrates  long  before  any  trace  of  the  heart  is 
discoverable.     Later  on  Mr.  Haeckel  remarks: — 

The  human  skin  and  intestines  are,  according  to  this,  many  thousands 
of  years  older  than  the  muscles  and  nerves.  These  again 'are  much  more 
ancient  than  the  kidneys  and  blood-vessels,  and  the  latter,  finally,  are  many 
thousands  of  years  older  than  the  skeleton  and  the  sexual  organs.  The 
common  view  that  the  vascular  system — that  is,  the  blood-circulating  sys- 
tem— is  one  of  the  most  important  and  original  organ  systems  is,  therefore, 
erroneous.  It  is  as  false  as  the  assumption  of  Aristotle,  that  the  heart  is 
the  first  part  to  form  in  the  incubated  chick.  On  the  contrary,  all  the  lower 
intestinal  animals  show  plainl}'  that  the  historic  evolution  of  the  vascular 
system  did  not  begin  till  a  comparatively  late  period.^ 

» Evolution  of  Man,  vol.  ii,  p.  81.  f  ^id.,  p.  368.  t  Ibid.,  p.  SS8k 


APPENDIX   TO   PART   I.  1193 

My  observations  in  my  own  peculiar  branch  of  science  lead 
me  to  see  the  importance  of  the  kidney  system^  not  only  from  a 
physiological  stand-point,  but  also  from  a  moral  one.  The  chapter 
on  the  "'  Rationale  of  Physical  Functions  and  their  Signs  in  the 
Face  "  explains  this  theory. 

The  two  systems  of  organs  which  appeared  first  in  man's 
primitive  ancestors  were  the  intestinal  and  skin  systems;  these  came 
simultaneously.  After  these  came  the  gill-intestine,  which  fore- 
shadowed the  lungs.  A  rudimentary  stomach  was  also  evolved. 
The  two  systems  which  appeared  next  in  order,  and  simultaneously, 
were  the  nerve  and  muscle  systems.  Then  evolved  the  blood-cir- 
culating system,  as  yet  without  a  heart,  the  blood  circulating  through 
tubes  without  any  central  organ. 

The  next  set  of  systems  which  appeared  were,  first,  the 
skeleton,  and  then  the  sexual  system;  reproduction  previous  to 
this  having  been  produced  by  fission,  or  in  other  ways  not  requiring 
sexual  organs.  The  first  two  systems  which  appeared  were,  as 
above  stated,  the  intestinal  and  the  outer  skin-covering,  which 
were  used  for  motion  and  also  for  sensation.  This  sense  of  touch 
stood  in  place  of  nerves  to  these  low  organisms ;  they  gained  all 
knowledge  of  their  surroundings  from  the  sense  of  touch,  and 
"  without  touch,"  says  Taine,  "  nothing  could  exist." 

Later  on  in  evolution  this  outer  skin 

Had  become  especially  sensitive,  gradually  withdrew  into  the  shelter 
of  the  interior  of  the  bod}-,  and  there  laid  the  first  foundation  of  a  central 
nervous  organ.  As  differentiation  advanced,  the  distance  and  distinction 
between  the  external  skin-covering  and  the  central  nervous  system  detaclied 
from  this  become  continually  greater,  and  finally  the  two  were  permanently 
connected  bj-  the  conductive  peripheric  nerves.* 

Says  Haeckel : — 

"  Let  us  now  turn  aside  from  these  very  interesting  features  in  evolu- 
tion and  examine  the  development  of  the  later  human  skin-covering,  with 
its  hairs,  sweat-glands,  etc.  The  skin,  in  the  first  place,  forms  the  geneial 
protective  covering  which  covers  the  whole  surface  of  the  body,  and  pro- 
tects all  other  parts.  As  such,  it  at  the  same  time  effects  a  certain  change  of 
matter  between  the  body  and  the  surrounding  atmospheric  air — perspiration 
or  skin-breathing.  In  the  second  i)lace,  the  skin  is  the  oldest  and  most 
primitive  sense-organ,  the  organ  of  touch,  which  effects  the  sensation  of  the 
surrounding  temperature,  and  of  the  pressure  or  resistance  of  bodies  with 
which  it  comes  in  contact.  These  organs  of  our  body  which  discharge  the 
highest  and  most  perfect  functions  of  ginimal  life — those  of  sensation,  voli- 
tion, thought;  in  a  word,  the  organs  of  the  psyche,  of  mental  life — arise 
from  the  external  skin-covering. "f 

•  Evolution  of  Man,  E^mst  Haeckel,  vol.  il,  p.  196.  t  ^W**- 


1194  PRACTICAL   AKD   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  corroboration  of  this  last  sentence  of  Mr.  Haeckel  is 
found  stated  in  one  of  the  sub-basic  principles  of  scientific  physi- 
ognomy— "  texture  is  significant  of  quality  " — for,  without  seeing 
the  face  of  an  individual  or  his  form  even,  the  quality  of  his  men- 
tality is  disclosed  by  the  quahty  of  his  skin  and  hair,  both  of  which 
must  and  do  correspond  always  to  man's  mental  quality.  The 
finer,  clearer,  and  more  sensitive  the  skin,  the  finer  will  be  the 
quality  of  the  mental  sensations  and  sensibility,  or,  in  other  words, 
of  his  brain  and  nerves.  Thus  another  proof  of  my  propositions 
is  given  us  from  this  great  man's  research.  Although  the  two 
sciences  on  their  first  presentation  do  not  seem  to  be  directly  con- 
nected, yet  as  we  proceed  we  shall  find  that  they  are  corroborative 
of  each  other. 

In  physiognomy  the  brain  and  nerve  system  is  located  the 
highest  in  the  organism,  and  comes  last  in  tlie  order  of  progressive 
development,  for  the  reason  that  the  true  brain,  the  perfected 
cerebrum,  was  the  last  organ  in  developing,  and  is  the  chief 
seat  of  mentality,  although  mentality  is  diffused  tlirough  all  of  the 
several  systems  of  the  entire  organism,  whether  of  man  or  animal. 

The  first  appearance  of  anything  like  a  skeleton  is  the  noto- 
chord,  which  is  not  yet  true  bone,  but  cartilaginous  in  its  nature. 
It  foreshadows  the  vertebrae,  or  what  is  commonly  called  the  back- 
bone. Along  the  inner  side  of  this  cord  a  medullary  or  nerve-tube 
is  found,  which  has  evolved  from  the  upper  throat-ganglia — the 
first  appearance  of  a  nervous  system.  This  notochord  develops 
sufficient  strength  later  on  in  evolution  to  support  strong  side- 
muscles  and  an  oar-like  tail,  which  were  needed  for  swimming. 
From  the  anterior  portion  of  the  notochord,  near  and  above  the 
mouth-opening,  a  little  capsule  made  its  appearance.  This  is  the 
first  beginning  of  a  brain.  Hitherto  the  mental  powers  of  animal 
organisms,  their  consciousness  and  sensibilities,  the  sense  of  feeling 
or  touch,  have  been  located  in  the  body,  in  the  inner  and  outer 
skin,  in  the  muscles  and  notochord. 

Now  a  great  step  forward  is  taken.  A  single  nostril  forms 
above  this  capsule,  and  nostrils  presuppose  a  use.  At  the  side  of 
the  animal  in  which  this  stage  of  evolution  exists,  just  below  a 
simple  eye  which  has  formed,  are  seven  little  openings  called  gill- 
openings.  The  air  contained  in  the  water  taken  in  at  the  mouth, 
which  is  only  a  round  opening  without  jaws  as  yet,  is  respired 
through  these  little  gill-openings;  this  is  the  first  approach  toward 
breathing  through  an  apparatus  especially  for  that  purpose. 
Hitherto  breathing  has  been  carried  on  by  lower  organisms 
through  a  process  called  skin  respiration,  or  by  using  the  oxygen 
contained  in  the  water  taken  into  the  mouth-opening. 


APPENDIX   TO  PART   1.  1195 

These  characteristics  are  all  of  the  most  important  which 
have  evolved  from  the  first  simple  one-celled  amoeba  until  the  fish 
family  is  reached.  Heretofore  we  have  considered  very  low  organ- 
isms— gastrsea,  worms,  and  lampreys.  The  evolution  of  fishes 
marks  a  great  advance  in  the  origin  of  organs.  The  one  little 
capsular  brain  has  formed  four  other  similar  little  bladders,  which, 
later  on,  form  one  whole  brain  ;  these  five  parts  are  the  origin  of 
the  five  parts  of  the  brain  as  they  are  found  divided  in  the  human 
skull.  Two  jaws  appear,  also  two  nostrils,  and  the  swimming 
bladder,  which  organ  develops  into  tlie  true  lungs  in  the  higher 
vertebrates ;  as  now  found  in  the  fish  it  is  used  as  a  hydrostatic 
apparatus,  by  means  of  which  the  fish  rises  and  sinks  in  tlie  water. 
The  swimming  bladder  is  developed  from  the  anterior  portion  of 
the  intestinal  canal,  and  corresponds  in  its  position  to  the  lungs  in 
the  higher  organisms. 

The  strong  side-muscles  which  were  evolved  in  the  swimming 
worm  now  develop  into  two  fore  and  two  hind  limbs;  the  two  fore 
limbs  are  called  pectoral  fins,  and  the  hind  limbs  ventral  fins. 
These  fins  foreshadow  the  upper  and  lower  limbs,  the  hands  and 
feet,  of  man,  and  the  limbs  of  all  vertebrate  animals.  With  the 
coming  of  these  there  appeared  a  sympathetic  nerve  system,  a 
spleen,  and  salivary  gland.  In  this  stage  of  progress  the  noto- 
chord  has  ossified  and  become  true  bone,  although  fish-bone  is 
always  more  like  cartilage  than  the  bones  of  higher  animals. 
Some  little  bony  arches,  called  gill-arches,  have  been  thrown 
upward  and  forward  from  the  anterior  portion  of  the  notochord, 
or,  as  it  now  is,  the  backbone  of  the  fish,  and  these  form  the  upper 
and  lower  jaws.  Fishes  have  from  four  to  six  pairs  of  gill-open- 
ings, which  lie  between  the  gill  arches. 

In  the  embryos  of  man  and  the  higher  vertebrates  only  three  or  four 
pairs  are  developed.* 

In  the  latter  only  a  single  vestige  of  a  gill-opening  remains,  the 
remnant  of  the  first  gill-opening.  This  changes  into  a  part  of  the 
organ  of  hearing;  I'rom  it  originates  the  outer  ear-canal,  the 
tympanic  cavity,  and  the  Eustachian  tube. 

In  all  the  tliree  higher  vertebrate  classes,  also  in  man,  the 
tongue-bone  (os  hyoides)  and  the  bonelets  of  the  ear  originate  from 
the  gill-arches.  From  the  first  gill-arch,  from  the  centre  of  the 
inner  surface  of  which  the  muscujar  tongue  grows,  proceeds 
the  rudimentary  jaw-skeleton,  the  upper  and  lower  jaws,  which 
inclose  the  cavity  of  the  mouth  and  carry  the  teeth.  The  original 
formation  of  the  human  mouth-skeleton  of  the  up^er  and  lower 

*  Erolatton  of  Man,  Ernst  Haeckel,  vol.  ii,  p.  829. 


1196  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHVSIOGNOMY. 

jaics  can  he  traced  haxik  to  the  earliest  fishes^  from  which  we  have 
inherited  them. 

The  next  stage  of  evolution  brings  us  to  the  amphibia,  creatures 
endowed  with  the  power  to  hve  on  land  or  in  water.  In  this  class 
of  animals  a  lung  for  breathing  while  upon  land  is  required. 
This  organ  evolves  from  the  forward  and  upper  end  of  the  intes- 
tine, and  the  air  is  inhaled  through  a  tube  or  windpipe. 

At  the  upper  end  of  the  windpipe,  below  its  entrance  into  the  throat, 
the  larynx,  the  organ  of  voice  and  speech,  develops.  The  larynx  occurs 
even  in  amphibia  in  various  stages  of  development,  and  with  the  aid  of 
Comparative  Anatomy  we  can  trace  the  progressive  development  of  this 
important  organ  from  its  very  simple  rudiment  in  the  lower  amphibia  up  to 
the  complex  vocal  apparatus  represented  by  the  larynx  of  birds  and 
mammals.* 

The  power  for  breathing  necessitates  a  heart  or  blood-cir- 
culating system.  We  accordingly  find  in  the  order  of  the  amphibia 
a  heart,  not  yet  perfected  in  its  power  and  mechanism  as  in  the 
higher  organism  of  reptiles,  birds,  and  mammals.  Of  this  change 
in  the  mode  of  breathing  air  directly  from  the  atmosphere  instead 
of  from  water,  Mr.  Haeckel  says : — 

This  physiologically  significant  modification  of  the  mode  of  respira- 
tion is  the  most  influential  change  that  affected  the  animal  organism  in  the 
transition  from  water  to  dry  land.  In  the  first  place,  it  caused  the  develop- 
ment of  an  air-breathing  organ,  the  lung,  the  water-breathing  gills  having 
previously  acted  as  respiratory  organs.  Simultaneouslj%  however,  it  eflfected 
a  remarkable  change  in  the  circulation  of  the  blood  and  in  the  organs  con- 
nected with  this,  for  these  are  always  most  closely  correlated  with  the 
respiratory  organs,  f 

In  this  last  sentence  the  reader  will  find  the  proof  of  the  origin 
of  my  sign  for  the  action  of  the  heart :  "  The  larger  the  lung  and 
nostril,  the  greater  the  size  and  power  of  the  heart."  These  two 
organ  systems  are  closely  interrelated,  and  one  always  conditions  the 
other.  The  change  from  water-breathing  to  air-breathing  led  to 
many  other  important  changes.  Of  this  transformation,  Mr. 
Haeckel  remarks : — 

Within  the  vertebrate  tribe  it  was  undoubtedly  a  branch  of  the  primi- 
tive fisiies  (Selachii),  which,  during  the  Devonian  period,  made  the  most 
successful  ettort  to  accustom  itself  to  terrestrial  life,  and  breathe  atmos- 
pheric air.  In  this  the  swimming  bladder  was  especially  of  service,  for  it 
succeeded  in  adapting  itself  to  respiration  of  air,  and  so  became  a  true 
lung.  The  immediate  consequence  of  this  was  the  modification  of  the 
heart  and  nose.| 

»  Evolution  of  Man,  vol.  ii,  p,  835.  f  IMd.,  p.  116.  J  Ibid.,  p,  118. 


APPENDIX    TO    PART   I.  1197 

Here  is  still  another  proof  of  the  origin  of  my  sign  in  the 
face  for  the  power  and  activity  of  the  circulatory  system  and  heart. 
Let  us  return  to  the  further  description  of  the  evolution  of  the 
organs  by  Mr.  Haeckel,     He  says : — 

While  the  true  fishes  have  onl}^  the  blind  nose-pits  on  the  surface  of 
the  head,  these  now  become  connected  with  the  mouth-cavity  by  an  open 
passage;  a  canal  formed  in  each  side  leading  directly  from  the  nose-pit  into 
the  mouth-cavity,  and  thus,  even  while  the  mouth-opening  was  closed,  at- 
mospheric air  could  be  introduced  into  the  lungs.  While,  moreover,  in  all 
true  fishes  the  heart  simply  consists  of  two  compartments — an  auricle  which 
receives  the  venous  blood  from  the  veins  of  the  body,  and  a  ventricle  which 
forces  this  blood  through  an  arterial  expansion  into  the  gills — the  auricle, 
owing  to  the  formation  of  an  incomplete  partition-wall,  is  now  divided  into 
a  right  and  left  half;  the  right  auricle  alone  now  received  the  venous  blood 
of  the  body,  while  the  left  auricle  received  the  pulmonic  venous  blood  pass- 
ing from  the  lungs  and  the  gills  to  the  heart.  The  simple  blood  circulation 
of  the  true  fishes  thus  became  the  so-called  double  circulation  of  the  higher 
vertebrates,  and  this  development  resulted,  in  accordance  with  the  laws  of 
correlation,  in  further  progress  in  the  structure  of  other  organs.* 

The  vertebrate  class,  which  thus  first  adapted  itself  to  the  habit  of 
breathing  air, is  called  mud-fishes, — dipne-usta,  or  double-breathers, — because, 
like  the  lowest  amphibia,  they  retain  the  earlier  mode  of  breathing  through 
the  gills,  in  addition  to  the  newly-acquired  lung  respiration.  In  their  mode 
of  life  they  are  true  amphibia.  During  the  tropical  winter,  in  the  rainy 
season,  they  swim  in  the  water  like  fishes,  and  inhale  water  through  the  gills. 
During  the  dr}'  season  they  burrow  in  the  mud  as  it  dries  up,  and  during 
that  period  breathe  air  through  lungs,  like  amphibians  and  higher  verte- 
brates.f 

The  life  on  land  of  these  amphibious  creatures  necessitated 
an  apparatus  for  locomotion.  This  caused  an  advance  in  the 
strength  of  the  side-muscles  which  were  attached  to  the  fins,  and 
a  change  in  the  fins  themselves.  Of  the  construction  of  these  fins, 
Mr.  -Haeckel  observes : — 

The  thorough  researches  of  Gegenbaur  have  shown  that  the  fins  of 
fishes,  concerning  which  very  erroneous  views  were  previously  held,  are  feet 
with  numerous  digits ;  that  is  to  say,  the  cartilaginous  or  osseous  raj^s, 
many  of  which  occur  in  every  fish-fin,  correspond  to  the  fingers  or  digits  on 
the  limbs  of  higher  vertebrates ;  the  several  joints  of  each  ray  correspond 
to  the  several  joints  of  each  digit.  In  the  double  breathers  the  fin  yet  re- 
tains the  same  structure  as  tn  fishes,  and  it  was  only  gradually  that  the  five- 
toed  form  of  foot,  which  occurs  for  the  first  time  in  amphibians,  was  de- 
veloped from  this  multidigitate  form.;}; 

The  great  significance  of  the  five  digits  depends  on  the  factthat  this  num- 
ber has  been  transmitted  from  the  amphibia  to  all  higher  vertebrates.  It  would 
be  impossible  to  discover  any  reason  why,  in  the  lowest  amphibia  as  well  as 
in  reptiles,  and  in  higher  vertebrates  up  to  man,  there  should  always  origi- 

*  Ibid.,  vol.  ii,  pp.  nv,  118.  f  Ibid.,  vol.  u,  p.  123.  J  Ilrid.,  vol.  ii,  p.  124. 


1198  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

nally  be  five  digits  on  each  of  the  anterior  and  posterior  limbs,  if  we  denied 
that  heredity  from  a  common  five-fingered  parent-form  is  the  efficient  cause 
of  this  phenomenon.  Heredity  alone  can  account  for  it.  In  many  amphibia 
certainly,  as  well  as  in  many  higher  vertebrates,  we  find  less  than  five 
digits,  but  in  all  these  cases  it  can  be  shown  that  separate  digits  have  retro- 
graded, and  have  finally  been  completely  lost.  The  causes  which  led  to  tlie 
development  of  the  five-fingered  foot  of  the  higher  vertebrates  in  this 
amphibian  parent-form  from  the  many  fingered  foot,  must  certainly  be  found 
in  the  adaptation  to  the  totally  altered  functions  which  the  limbs  had  to 
discharge  during  the  transition  from  an  exclusively  aquatic  life  to  the  one 
which  was  partially  terrestrial.  While  the  many-fingei'ed  fins  of  the  fish 
had  previously  served  almost  exclusively  to  propel  the  body  through  the 
water,  they  had  now  also  to  support  the  animal. while  creeping  upon  land. 
This  effected  a  modification  both  of  the  skeleton  and  of  the  muscles  of  the 
limbs.  The  number  of  fin-rays  was  gradually  lessened,  and  was  finally  re- 
duced to  five.  These  five  remaining  rays  now,  however,  developed  more 
vigorously.  The  soft,  cartilaginous  rays  became  hard  bones ;  the  rest  of 
the  skeleton  became,  consequently,  more  firm ;  the  movements  of  the  body 
became  not  only  more  vigorous  but  more  varied.  The  separate  portions  of 
the  skeleton  system,  and  consequently  of  the  muscular  system,  also  became 
more  and  more  differentiated,  owing  to  the  intimate  correlation  of  the  mus- 
cular to  the  nervous  system;  the  latter  also  naturally  made  marked  progress 
in  point  of  functions  and  structure.  We  find,  therefore,  that  the  brain  is 
much  more  developed  in  the  higher  amphibia  than  in  mud-fishes  and  in  the 
lower  amphibia. 

In  the  last  few  sentences  of  this  description  of  the  evohition 
of  amphibia  I  find  the  corroboration  of  my  theoiy  of  the  pro- 
gressive development  of  some  of  man's  physical  functions  and 
mental  faculties.  I  have  shown  elsewhere  that  as  the  muscular 
system  evolved  and  became  differentiated  man's  capacity  for 
mental  progression  was  enhanced.  If  the  reader  will  refer  to 
Fig.  4,  page  65^  he  will  find  -in  the  illustration  I  make  of  the 
native  Australian  how  exactly  in  accord  my  theory  of  the  order 
of  development  of  the  functions  in  man  is  with  Mr,  Haeckel's 
proof  of  the  evolution  of  the  organs  and  functions,  not  only  in 
the  lowest  organism,  but  in  the  embryonic  life  of  man ;  and,  lastly, 
in  his  most  developed  and  perfected  state  as  a  full-grown  member 
of  the  latest  and  highest  race. 

As  we  ascend  in  the  scale  of  development  from  a  lower  to  a 
higher  grade — from  the  Vegetative  to  the  Thoracic,  from  the 
Thoracic  to  the  Muscular  functions — we  find  different  growths 
overlapping  each  other,  as  it  were,  and  this  peculiarity  is  notice- 
able in  every  department  of  organic  life.  This  method  is  not  only 
apparent  in  the  successive  growths  of  the  same  organism,  but  it  is 
also  very  marked  in  the  evolution  of  species,  where  we  often  see, 
as  in  amphibia,  functions  which  are  useful  both  for  aquatic  and 
terrestrial  existence.  So,  in  the  human  family,  as  I  read  in  thfe 
face  and  body,  we  see  the  remains  of  former  existences,  the  re- 


APPENDIX   TO   PART   I.  1100 

mains  of  our  animal  ancestors.  Not  only  are  these  inheritances 
characterized  by  phenomena  which  tlie  popular  voice  terms  "ani- 
mal passions,"  such  as  liate,  revenge,  destruction,  and  jealousy, 
but  we  see  in  the  uselessness  or  purposelessness  of  numerous  organs 
and  parts  of  useless  members,  which  are  scattered  in  different  por- 
tions of  the  human  organism,  the  greatest  proofs  of  evolution,  and, 
indeed,  the  one  of  all  others  which  would  establish  the  truth  of 
that  doctrine  on  a  firm  and  unassailable  foundation.  I  shall  give 
brief  mention  of  these  rudimentary  remains  of  our  ancestors. 

The  generality  of  people  accept,  without  question  or  analysis, 
the  human  organism  as  they  find  it,  never  glancing  back  to  trace 
laws  and  appearances  to  their  origin  ;  but,  as  soon  as  inquiry  and 
investigation  commence,  light  flows  in  upon  them.  I  will  refer  to 
only  a  few  of  the  remnants  of  former  animal  existences  that  are 
now  found  incorporated  in  the  human  system,  without  having  any 
use  or  purpose  in  man's  economy,  but  which,  on  the  contrary,  often 
induce  disease  and  suffering.  I  will  first  call  attention  to  the  fine 
short  hairs  found  all  over  the  body.  What  is  their  use  to  man "? 
None  that  physiologists  have  been  able  to  discover.  They  are 
simply  vestiges  of  the  thick  hairy  covering  found  on  our  most 
immediate  animal  ancestors.  The  little  circle  of  muscles  surround- 
ing the  ear-shell  is  another  relic  of  an  existence  which  found  flap- 
ping and  raising  and  lowering  the  ears  a  necessity.  These  muscles 
are  not  of  the  slightest  use  to  man,  as  his  ears  are  immovable. 
At  the  inner  corner  of  the  eye  we  find  a  little  fold  of  skin,  the 
remains  of  the  nictitating  membrane, — the  third  eyelid, — which  is 
useful  to  some  birds  and  fishes,  such  as  owls,  sharks,  and  others, 
but  serving  no  purpose  in  the  human,  family.  At  the  termination 
of  the  vertebrae,  or  backbone,  we  have  five  little  bones,  with  joints 
and  shrunken  muscles,  that  are  of  no  use  to  man.  They  are  sub- 
ject to  disease,  and  I  have  recently  heard  of  the  successful  ampu- 
tation of  the  coccyx,  as  this  rudimentary  "  tail  "  is  called.  Another 
useless,  and  worse  than  useless,  relic  is  the  thyroid  gland.  It  is 
situated  in  front  of  the  larynx,  and  is  the  remnant  of  the  crop  so 
useful  to  our  animal  ancestors.  It  is  often  the  scat  of  disease.  The 
swelling  so  common  in  the  mountains  of  Switzerland,  called 
"  goitre,"  is  an  affection  of  this  gland,  which  has  no  use  in  the 
organism  of  man.  There  are  various  other  parts,  like  the  vermi- 
form process  in  the  intestines,  which  are  only  a  detriment  to  us ; 
also,  some  atrophied  muscles  in  the  thighs,  which  are  useless  in 
our  present  state  of  existence.  They  were  very  useful  formerly  in 
climbing  trees, — a  process  our  animal  ancestors  found  essential  to 
their  welfare.  There  are  many  remains  of  former  conditions  of 
the  reproductive  system  when  organisms  were  bisexual,  and  thus 


1200  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

it  is  that  in  man  are  found  portions  of  rudimentary  female  organs 
that  are  functionally  active  only  in  women.  These  have  no  use  in 
the  body  save  to  enlighten  us  on  the  subject  of  our  pedigree  and 
descent,  and  also  to  teach  us  the  methods  of  Nature  in  evolution ; 
yet  all  serve  to  illustrate  the  power  of  God,  who  from  so  small  a 
beginning  as  a  simple  germ-cell  can  create  by  successive  steps  the 
complex  being  we  call  Man. 

No  portion  of  the  human  system  acts  independently,  but  all 
of  the  five  superior  organ  systems  are  so  correlated  that  neither 
can  act  without  being  affected  by  or  affecting  the  others.  These 
several  powers  are  diffused,  as  it  were,  through  the  entire  body, 
although  there  is  a  sufficiency  of  connection  and  similarity  of 
action  in  each  to  enable  us  to  trace  its  cause  and  operation  through 
the  entire  organism.  At  the  same  time,  each  system  extends  its 
influence  (as  we  rise  in  development)  forward  into  the  next  growth, 
and  there  are  faculties  and  functions  which  seem  to  belong  to  and 
affect  the  operations  of  functions  and  faculties  in  the  next  system 
above,  as,  for  example,  mouth-breathing  represents  the  condition 
of  amphibia  before  true  lung-breathing  was  established.  Yet 
breathing  through  the  nose  is  the  more  perfected  method  of 
respiration. 

I  cannot  give  with  the  limits  of  this  work  (neither  is  it  perti- 
nent) the  history  of  the  evolution  of  all  the  various  organ  systems 
in  the  human  body.  I  shall  present  simply  those  wliich  in  my 
judgment  seem  to  be  corroborative  of  theories  which  are  the  result 
of  years  of  observation  and  research  on  my  part.  Without  pre- 
tending to  carry  the  reader  along  the  regular  course  of  the  evolu- 
tion of  the  organs,  so  as  to  show  the  development  of  the  structure 
of  the  skull,  brain,  and  interior  organs  of  the  body  not  already 
noticed,  I  shall  content  myself  with  giving  some  extracts  from  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  second  volume  of  Haeckel's  "  Evolution  of 
Man,"  bearing  upon  and  sustaining  my  theory  of  the  origin  and 
location  of  mind.  I  will  first  quote  a  paragraph  which  is  simply 
a  reiteration  of  what  has  already  been  adduced  by  Flourens,  Longet, 
and  other  well-known  anatomists.     Mr.  Haeckel  remarks : — 

It  is  possible  to  remove  the  great  hemispheres  of  a  mammal,  piece  by 
piece,  without  killing  the  animal,  thus  proving  that  the  higher  mental 
activities,  consciousness  and  thought,  conscious  volition  and  sensation,  may 
be  destroyed,  one  by  one,  and  finally  entirelj'  annihilated.  If  the  animal 
thus  treated  is  artificially  fed  it  may  be  kept  alive  for  a  long  time,  for  the 
nourishment,  digestion,  respiration.,  the  circulation  of  the  blood,  the  secre- 
tion,— iii  short,  the  vegetative  functions, — are  in  no  way  destroyed  b}^  the 
destruction  of  this  most  important  mental  organ.  Conscious  sensation  and 
voluntary  motion,  the  capacity  for  thought,  and  the  combination  of  the 
various  higher  mental  activities  have  alone  been  lost.* 

*  Evolution  of  Man,  Ernst  Haeckel,  vol.  ii,  p.  22S. 


APPENDIX   TO   PART  I.  1201 

Of  the  origin  of  the  source  of  mind,  sensation,  and  conscious- 
ness he  says : — 

Comparative  anatomy  and  physiology  show  that  in  the  low  animals 
specialized  sense-organs  are  entirely  wanting,  and  that  all  sensations  are  trans- 
mitted through  the  outer  surface  of  the  skin-covering.  The  undifferentiated 
skin-layer,  or  exoderm,  of  the  gastrsea  is  the  simple  cell-layer  from  which 
the  differentiated  sense-organs  of  all  intestinal  animals  (ife/azoa),  and  there- 
fore of  all  vertebrates,  originally  developed.  Starting  from  the  considera- 
tion that  necessarily  only  the  most  superficial  parts  of  the  bod}' — those 
immediately  exposed  to  the  outer  world — could  have  accomplished  sensa- 
tions, we  should  be  justified  in  conjecturing,  a  joriort,  that  tiie  organs  of 
sense  also  owe  their  origin  to  the  same  source.     This  is,  indeed,  the  fact.* 

Elsewhere  Mr.  Haeckel  observes : — 

The  history  of  evolution,  in  conjunction  with  the  rapidly-advancing 
comparative  anatomy  and  ph3^siology  of  the  sense-organs,  affords  the  only 
safe  foundation  for  the  natural  theory  of  the  mind.f 

Speaking  of  the  varying  degrees  of  intelligence  or  mental 
activity  in  the  lowest  vertebrates,  he  remarks : — 

Side  by  side  within  the  various  classes,  orders,  genera,  and  species  we 
find  so  great  a  variety  of  vertebral  intellects  that  at  first  sight  one  can 
scarcely  deem  it  possible  that  they  can  all  be  derived  from  the  mind  of  a 
common  primitive  vertebrate.  First,  there  is  the  little  lancelet.  which  has 
no  brain  at  all,  but  only  a  simple  medullary  tube,  the  entire  mental  capacity 
remaining  at  the  very  lowest  grade  occurring  among  vertebrates.  The 
cyclostoma,  also,  standing  just  above,  exhibit  a  hardl}'  higher  life,  though 
they  have  a  brain.  Passing  on  to  the  fishes,  we  find  these  intelligences,  as 
is  well  known,  at  a  very  low  point.  Not  until  from  these  we  ascend  to  the 
amphibia  is  any  essential  progress  in  mental  development  observable.  | 

Here,  again,  I  find  still  further  proofs  of  my  theories.  The 
reader  will  remember  that  I  have  stated  elsewhere  that  the  natural 
order  of  the  progressive  development  in  the  races  of  man,  from  the 
lowest  to  the  higher,  was  from  the  vegetative  system  to  the  tho- 
racic, from  the  thoracic  to  the  muscular.  Now,  the  great  advance 
made  by  the  amphibia  was  in  the  increased  development  of  the 
muscular  system, — first,  in  the  addition  of  lungs,  heart,  and  mus- 
cles to  assist  locomotion  on  land.  This  increased  action  of  the 
muscular  system,  of  course,  advanced  the  mental  powers  and 
activities.  The  amphibia  would  necessarily  be  brought  into  con- 
tact with  new  and  diverse  methods  of  life  in  order  to  establish  itself 
on  land,  and  to  accommodate  itself  to  the  new  conditions  which 
this  form  of  life  entailed.  The  circumstance  of  having  to  provide 
food  other  than  that  supplied  by  the  waters  would  not  only 
strengthen  and  cultivate  the  muscular  system,  but  would  sharpen 
the  mental  activities  of  the  creature.     Its  life,  being  passed  partly 

*  Ibid.,  vol.  ii,  p.  235.  t  Ibid.,  vol.  ii,  p.  237.  J  Ibid.,  vol.  ii,  p.  447. 

76 


1202  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

on  land,  would  strengthen  the  bony  system,  for  sunlight  is  essen- 
tial to  the  development  of  the  osseous  structure  in  animals  as  well 
as  in  man.  And  here  the  next  great  advance  in  physiological  and 
anatomical  and  mental  development  was  made,  for  the  reader  will 
please  observe  that  faculties  and  functions  advance  and  develop 
simultaneously. 

Let  us  here  continue  Mr.  Haeckel's  description  of  the  evolu- 
tion of  mind  in  the  lower  vertebrates.     He  says : — 

This  progress  in  mental  development  is  much  greater  in  mammals, 
although  even  iiere,  in  the  beaked  animals  (Ornilhostoma),  and  the  next 
higher  class,  the  stupid,  pouched  animals  (Marsupials),  the  entire  mental 
activit}^  is  still  of  a  very  low  order  ;  but  if  we  pass  on  from  these  to  placental 
animals,  within  this  multiform  group  we  find  such  numerous  and  important 
steps  in  differentiation  and  improvement  that  the  mental  differences  between 
the  most  stupid  placental  animals  (for  instance,  sloths  and  armadilloes)  and 
the  most  intelligent  animals  of  the  same  group  (for  instance,  dogs  and  apes) 
seem  much  more  considerable  than  the  ditterences  in  the  intellectual  life  of 
dogs,  apes,  and  men.* 

This  last-mentioned  advance,  my  readers  will  observe,  is  based 
on  the  differentiations  which  resulted  in  a  more  complex  arrange- 
ment of  the  organs  and  functions  of  reproduction,  and  of  all  the 
concomitant  functions  and  faculties  which  this  great  advance 
requires.  A  more  extensive  and  complex  nervous  system  and 
brain  would  be  necessitated  by  such  change,  and  in  the  placental 
animals  we  accordingly  find  that  the  mentality  has  advanced  in 
the  ratio  of  their  physical  and  anatomical  development.  Herein 
I  find  another  proof  of  one  oi'  my  theories,  namely,  that  functions 
and  faculties  are  correlated;  that  the  mental  cannot  progress  without 
the  physical  powers ;  that  they  depend  upon  each  other — condition 
each  other;  that,  in  short,  mind  is  a  part  of  the  entire  hody^  and 
does  not  inhabit  any  one  particular  portion  of  the  organism,  but  is 
diffused  all  through  it — is  blended  with  every  function,  and  is  part 
of  every  function.  This  knowledge  simplifies  the  doctrine  of  mind, 
spirit,  and  soul  very  materially.  As  the  mind  or  brain  has  always 
been  considered  the  organ  of  the  spirit  or  soul  by  theologians  and 
metaphysicians.  Comparative  Anatomy  will  give  them  all  the 
evidence  needed  to  ascertain  its  locality  and  attributes.  Of  the 
difference  between  nature  and  spirit,  Mr.  Haeckel  observes : — 

Accordingly,  we  cannot  assent  to  the  popular  distinction  between 
Nature  and  spirit.  Spirit  exists  everywhere  in  Nature,  and  we  know  of  no 
spirit  outside  of  Nature ;  hence,  also  the  usual  distinction  between  natural 
science  and  mental  science  is  entirely  untenable  ;  every  real  science  is  at  the 
same  time  both  a  natural  and  a  mental  science;  man  is  not  above  Nature, 
but  in  Nature.f 

»  Evolution  of  Man,  Ernst  Haeckel,  vol.  ii,  p.  447.  f  Ibid.,  vol.  ii,  p.  455. 


APPENDIX    TO   PART   I.  1203 

In  closing  this  review  of  portions  of  Mr.  Haeckel's  "  Evolution 
of  Man,"  let  us  compare  the  points  of  resemblance  and  correspond- 
ence between  the  two  sciences,  and  summarize  the  proofs  by  which 
his  evidence  is  corroborative  of  my  discoveries  in  scientific  physi- 
ognomy. The  first  point  of  resemblance  between  the  two  is 
evidential  of  one  of  my  basilar  laws,  namely,  that  all  creations,  as 
well  as  all  particles  of  matter,  have  for  their  basis  three  underlying 
laws — those  of  chemistry,  architecture,  and  mathematics.  I  have 
shown,  in  the  description  of  germ-cells,  that  all  life  is  at  first  a 
simple  cell,  a  purely  chemical  compound;  in  its  next  stage  it  takes 
on  a  fixed  and  definite  form  or  shape,  thus  showing  its  architectural 
proportions.  The  number  of  the  divisions  of  the  germ-cells  in 
geometrical  ratio  proves  that  mathematical  law  governs  every  par- 
ticle of  matter,  and  controls  the  physical  as  well  as  mental  basis  of 
life. 

My  theory  of  the  high  importance  of  the  kidney  system  as  a 
moral  agent  and  a  purifier  of  the  body  and  mind,  I  think,  is  well 
sustained  by  the  investigations  of  Mr.  Haeckel  among  the  lower 
animal  organisms,  where  he  finds  the  existence  of  kidney-ducts 
long  before  any  of  the  organs  and  functions  which  are  considered 
by  the  generality  of  people  more  essential  to  the  existence  of  the 
human  organism.  Of  course,  physicians  and  physiologists  com- 
prehend thoroughly  the  "high  physiological  importance,"  as  Mr. 
Haeckel  terms  it,  of  the  kidney  system ;  because  they  know  that, 
whereas  the  functions  of  the  intestinal  system  can  be  suspended 
for  from  twenty  to  thirty  days  without  causing  death,  the  suspen- 
sion of  the  functions  of  the  kidney  system  will  cause  convulsions 
and  death  in  almost  as  many  hours. 

Well  might  it  be  said  that  the  early  appearance  of  this  system 
in  the  lower  organisms  showed  it  to  be  "of  great  physiological 
importance."  It  is  not  equalled  by  any  other  system  in  the  body 
in  point  of  necessity  and  importance.  The  general  belief  is  that 
the  intestinal  system  is  the  greatest  excretory  power  of  the  body. 
This  is  not  correct;  the  skin,  which  is  closely  related  to  the  kidney 
system,  far  exceeds  the  bowel  system  in  importance  as  an  excretory 
agent.  This  intimate  relation  of  the  skin  and  kidneys  is  proved, 
by  the  investigations  of  Mr.  Haeckel,  by  the  fact  of  the  kidneys 
having  evolved  from  the  outer-skin  sensory  layer.  The  every-day 
experience  of  almost  all  adults  proves  this  relationship  between  the 
skin  and  kidneys;  for  where  the  pores  of  the  skin  have  become 
inactive  by  reason  of  chill  or  cold,  the  kidneys  act  for  them  and 
throw  off  an  increased  amount  of  waste  material,  and  this  action 
is  carried  on  vice  versd. 

That  the  nerves,  brain,  and  kidneys  have  originated  from  the 


1204  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

same  source — that  is,  by  evolution — is  proved,  not  only  by  Mr. 
Haeckel's  observation,  but  by  the  facts  and  experiences  of  life ;  by 
the  joint  indications  and  signs  of  all  these  functions  in  the  bodies 
of  human  beings.  The  finer  and  clearer  the  skin,  the  finer  the 
grade  of  mentality  is  found  to  be.  Compare,  for  example,  the 
texture  of  "Sitting  Bull's"  skin  with  the  finely-organized  cuticle 
of  Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning,  the  grand  poetess.  Another  proof 
of  their  common  origin  is  found  in  the  fact  that  a  finely-organized 
skin  assists  in  carrying  off"  the  waste  and  impurities  of  the  body, 
thus  assisting  the  kidneys  in  excreting  impurities  which  lead  to 
immorality  where  they  are  not  discharged;  whUe  at  the  same  time 
this  finely-organized  skin  is  an  indication  of  purity  of  thought, 
which  characterizes  all  who  have  a  fine  quality  of  brain,  or  where 
the  brain  and  nerve  system  predominates  over  all  other  systems  of 
the  organism;  thus  proving  my  theory  that  Conscientiousness  is 
related  to  the  kidney  system.  I  do  not  think  that  this  position 
can  be  controverted  except  on  the  old  theological  and  metaphysical 
basis  that  mind  is  something  apart  from  the  body,  and  governed 
by  a  "soul,"  the  location  and  qualities  of  which  have  never,  to  my 
knowledge,  been  ascertained. 

The  next  point  of  resemblance,  and  corroboration  of  my  sign 
for  the  size  of  the  nostrils  and  lungs,  and  the  corresponding 
strength  and  vigor  of  the  blood-circulating  system,  are  found  in 
the  simultaneous  appearance,  in  the  low  fish  organisms,  of  these 
three  organs  and  systems.  Every  indication  of  the  human  face 
and  body  proves  the  correctness  of  these  signs.  Wherever  the 
nostrils  are  wide  and  large,  or  round  and  large,  the  lungs  correspond 
in  size  and  shape.  The  heart,  also,  must  necessarily  be  of  large 
size,  and  of  powerful  action,  in  order  to  receive  all  the  blood  which 
large  lungs  oxygenate.  Thus  these  systems  are  naturally  and 
necessarily  correlated,  and  mutually  condition  each  other.  In  this 
another  proof  of  my  theories  is  afforded. 

Let  us  proceed  still  further  in  our  examination  of  evidence. 
One  of  the  strongest  corroborations  of  scientific  physiognomy  that 
I  haA'e  received  is  in  the  showing  of  the  correlation  of  the  functions 
of  the  muscular  system  with  those  of  the  brain  and  nerves.  As 
Mr.  Haeckel  has  told  us,  the  eff'orts  of  the  amphibia  to  accommo- 
date itself  to  terrestrial  life  advanced  greatly  the  power  and  capacity 
of  the  muscular  system;  hence,  of  the  mental  powers.  Thus  it 
will  be  seen  tliat  these  operations  are  correlated;  that,  in  fact, 
muscular  movements  are  in  themselves  mental  to  a  degree;  not  so 
highly  specialized,  it  is  true,  as  the  faculty  for  pure  abstract 
reasoning,  although  I  believe  this  faculty  will  eventually  be  proved 
to  have  an  intimate  relation  in  the  brain  with  the  muscular  and 


APPENDIX   TO   PART   I.  1'205 

fibroid  systems.  The  increased  activity  of  the  muscles  necessitates 
increase  in  the  size  of  the  skeleton  or  osseous  system ;  also,  in  the 
power  of  the  nerves  and  size  of  the  brain;  hence,  of  mental 
activity  and  higher  intelligence;  for,  the  anatomy  of  the  higher 
animals  (dogs  and  apes,  for  example)  shows  that  the  power  of 
speech  is  denied  them  solely  on  the  ground  that  they  have  not 
that  development  of  the  larynx,  tongue,  and  lips  essential  to  the 
quality  of  speech,  which  is  found  among  the  lowest  human  races, 
even,  and  the  latter  do  not  possess  that  perfection  of  the  muscular 
system  which  gives  the  power  for  perfected  speech,  such  as  is  found 
in  European  races,  for  example.  Speech  is  thus  shown  to  be  a 
physiological  gift,  as  Mr.  Haeckel  observes — not  a  "divine"  one; 
that  is  to  say,  not  in  the  sense  in  which  that  word  is  commonly 
used.  I  believe  every  created  thing  to  be  divine,  and  emanating 
from  the  Creator,  whetlier  it  be  an  oyster  or  an  ape ;  and  the  reason 
why  neither  of  them  speak  is  not  from  a  lack  of  divinity,  but 
because  of  the  absence  of  a  suitable  physiological  development, 
each  step  of  which  is  just  as  divine,  one  as  another;  the  first  step 
in  evolution  illustrating  the  power  of  the  Creator  as  much  as  the 
last  one.     AH  are  divine,  infallible,  and  unerring. 


SUMMARY   OF   THE   ORIGIN  AND   EVOLUTION   OF   THE  VISCERAL  ORGANS 
AND   FACIAL   FEATURES. 

The  beginnings  of  all  life,  vegetable  and  animal,  are  similar 
in  their  operation  and  in  progressive  development.  Up  to  a  certain 
stage  nutriment  for  the  purposes  of  growth  is  of  a  fluid  nature, 
but  after  animal  life  has  manifested  itself  as  such,  then  more  solid 
foods  enter  into  the  composition  of  bodies,  even  in  the  lowest  forms 
of  animal  life ;  as  in  the  polyp,  slight  particles  of  solid  nutriment 
are  sought  from  the  passing  waters. 

Cell-life  is  characteristic  of  the  earhest  formations  of  vegetable 
growth,  as  well  as  of  the  first  stages  of  animal  life.  Man  at  the 
commencement  is  simply  a  minute  speck  of  protoplasmic  substance 
without  form,  and  is  then  entirely  in  a  chemical  condition,  formless, 
shapeless,  of  a  semi-fluid  nature  without  organs  or  any  appearance 
of  them ;  yet  all  the  potencies  of  life,  of  talent,  and  of  genius  are 
comprised  within  this  minute,  homogeneous  speck.  If  undisturbed 
this  germ  is  acted  upon  by  the  resistless  force  of  evolutionary  law, 
and  thenceforth  develops  until  birth.  Tjie  embryo  remains  till 
that  time  in  a  chemical  condition  mainly  ;  its  blood  is  uncolored, 
its  mental  faculties  not  yet  awakened,  only  a  few  of  its  physical 
functions  in  action.  The  cerebrum,  the  liver,  the  heart,  together 
with  certain  subordinate  organs,  among  which  are  the  supra-renal 


1206  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

capsules,  performing  nearly  all  the  labor  of  the  organism.  The 
heart  is  not  yet  divided,  nor  working  through  its  proper  channels, 
for  respiration  not  having  commenced  the  evolution  of  man  is  not 
complete ;  the  spleen,  the  stomach,  the  true  kidneys,  the  bladder, 
and  the  ureters  have  not  been  called  into  action.  Up  to  this  point 
the  organs  of  man  have  passed  through  all  the  changes  which  are 
characteristic  of  vegetable  and  animal  organisms  as  they  have 
evolved  successively  in  the  innumerable  tribes  of  vegetable,  worm, 
fish,  reptile,  bird,  and  beast.  The  order  observ^ed  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  foetus  in  utero  as  a  whole  and  of  its  organs  separately, 
as  observed  by  countless  skillful  anatomists,  is  precisely  the  order 
which  follows  the  evolutionary  development  of  the  organs  sepa- 
rately in  all  the  lower  forms  of  life,  from  the  cell-life  of  the 
plant  to  the  animal  life  of  the  perfected  human  being  as  he  ap- 
pears at  birth.  The  human  animal  goes  through  all  the  changes, 
in  the  nine  months  of  his  foetal  life,  which  the  lower  animals  pass 
through  in  their  evolution  from  the  simplest  form  of  life  as  a  speck 
of  jelly-like  substance  (simpler  even  than  the  cells  of  vegetable 
organisms) ;  yet  more — every  organ  of  the  human  body,  every  fea- 
ture of  his  face,  and  every  limb  follows  precisely  the  same  method 
and  order  of  unfoldment  which  is  observed  in  the  upward  progress 
and  evolution  of  the  successive  lower  animal  organisms,  commenc- 
ing with  the  lowest  forms,  such  as  the  ascidian  and  amphioxus ; 
thence,  coming  along  up  the  scale  of  advancing  functions  and 
faculties  until  the  perfected  human  being  is  reached.  If  we  follow 
the  course  of  animal  development  we  observe  that  physical  func- 
tions and  mental  faculties  appear  simultaneously,  and  that  every 
function  sustains  and  is  accompanied  by  a  mental  power  of  a  kind 
suited  to  its  degree  of  development  and  to  the  necessities  of  the 
animal  in  which  any  marked  advance  appears.  One  of  the  most 
noticeable  advances  of  function  with  faculty  is  observed  in  am- 
phibia, particularly  in  the  metamorphoses  which  take  place  in  the 
development  of  the  tadpole.  Within  a  short  period,  in  this  crea- 
ture, life  may  be  observed ;  the  evolution  of  {he  lungs  and  heart. 
The  lungs  are  evolved  from  external  gills  or  branchiae,  and  the 
heart  develops  from  a  two-chambered  organ,  consisting  of  one 
auricle  and  one  ventricle,  to  a  three-chambered  organ.  While 
these  changes  and  modifications  are  taking  place  other  functions 
come  into  existence.  The  fore  legs  are  first  evolved,  later  the 
hind  legs  are  developed,  and  at  last  the  tail  disappears,  and  the 
result  is  the  transformation  of  a  tadpole  into  a  perfect  frog. 

Along  with  the  appearance  of  these  prehensile  and  locomotory 
members  the  mental  powers  requisite  for  the  searching  and  seizing 
of  prey  came  into  existence ;  thus  illustrating  the  co-creation  of 


APPENDIX   TO   PART   I.  1207 

mental  faculty  with  physical  function  as  low  down  in  the  scale  of 
creation  as  the  tadpole. 

The  heart  of  the  human  embryo  undergoes  precisely  the  same 
modifications  as  the  heart  of  this  reptile.  The  human  embryo 
exhibits  at  an  early  stage  of  its  existence  a  heart  consisting  of  a 
single  chamber  which  develops  into  two  chambers ;  later  a  third 
compartment  makes  its  appearance,  but  it  is  not  until  birth  and 
air  is  inhaled  that  the  fourth  division  of  the  heart  takes  place. 
Until  this  time  the  heart  of  the  human  embryo  remains  imperfectly 
developed  as  to  its  fourth  compartment ;  that  is  to  say,  in  the  con- 
dition in  which  the  tadpole  is  found  when  it  emerges  from  its 
fish-life  and  becomes  a  dweller  upon  land  as  well  as  an  inhabitant 
of  the  water.  The  human  embryo  before  its  birth  dwells  in  a 
fluid  or  watery  home ;  not  until  its  birth  is  it  capable  of  a  life 
upon  land.  The  parallel  at  this  stage  of  evolution  between  the 
reptile  and  the  human  embryo  is  most  striking.  All  the  facilities 
for  tracing  the  evolution  of  organs,  organisms,  features,  and  facul- 
ties are  in  existence  and  within  reach  of  most  persons  in  civilized 
life.  The  evolution  of  the  human  family  from  the  lowest  species 
of  the  race,  from  the  wretched,  undeveloped  Austmlian  or  Hotten- 
tot to  the  most  perfected  Caucasian,  can  be  also  observed  and 
studied  and  the  science  of  evolution  justified  and  proven. 

The  evolution  of  the  visceral  organs,  which  I  claim  are  re- 
lated to  the  mental  faculties  and  exhibited  by  the  facial  features, 
have  been  studied  by  the  most  skillful  and  eminent  anatomists  .and 
scientists,  and  to  their  researches  am  I  indebted  for  the  proofs  and 
verifications  of  most  of  the  positions  I  take  upon  the  subject  of 
human  physiognomy.  Most  emphatically  does  the  evolution  of 
man  prove  by  its  orderly  progress  the  order  which  I  have  observed 
in  the  arrangement  of  the  signs  in  the  face  of  the  visceral  organs 
and  their  accompanying  mental  signs.  A  most  striking  and  con- 
vincing circumstance  in  regard  to  the  arrangement  of  these  signs 
is  that  I  had  discovered  and  located  them  years  before  I  knew  any- 
thing about  evolution  as  a  systematized  science. 

These  two  sciences  thus  confirm  and  corroborate  each  other; 
evolution  bringing  an  ovenohelming  mass  of  evidence,  commencing 
with  the  most  minute  beginnings  of  animal  hfe  and  forms,  while 
scientific  physiognomy  furnishes  the  crowning  proofs  in  the  human 
face,  the  most  perfected  portion  of  the  most  perfect  of  the  animal 
series, — man.  I  once  read  a  thrilling  description  of  the  construc- 
tion of  the  Mont  Cenis  tunnel  through  the  Alps,  and  was  greatly 
interested  in  the  part  which  described  the  supreme  moment,  when 
the  approach  was  made  from  opposite  sides  of  the  mountain  with 
the  view  of  ascertaining  if  the  calculations  of  the  engineer-in-chief 


1*208  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

were  correct,  and  if  the  perforations  from  either  side  would  meet 
at  a  common  centre.  I  imagined  the  breathless  suspense,  the 
intensity  of  the  pent-up  emotions  with  which  the  engineer-in-chief 
listened,  straining  every  fibre  of  the  auditory  nerve  to  catch  the 
fliintest  click  of  the  hammer  as  it  approached  the  desired  spot,  and 
when  the  accuracy  of  his  mathematics  was  proven  beyond  any 
'jliadow  of  doubt  by  the  light  of  the  lanterns  streaming  through  a 
faint  chink  in  the  rock,  I  can  enter  fully  into  the  thoughts  and  feel- 
ings of  this  man  at  this  moment;  for,  I  believe  I  must  have  gone 
through  a  similar  experience  when  Haeckel's  "Evolution  of  Man" 
first  met  my  gaze,  and  I  attempted  to  read  it.  Directly  I  did  so,  I 
saw  the  proof  of  my  long  years  of  research  verified  from  a  source  the 
most  eminent,  and  my  agitation  was  such  that  I  was  unable  to 
calmly  read  the  work  for  several  days.  The  reason  why  I  have 
given  sucli  extensive  quotations  from  Haeckel  is,  that  it  affords  most 
decided  corroboration  of  my  methods  of  relating  faculty  to  function, 
and  of  my  system  generally,  and  because  I  did  not  wish  the  reader 
to  accept  the  unsupported  assertions  of  one  so  unknown  to  the 
scientific  world  as  myself 

I  should  like  here  to  give  a  detailed  account  of  the  methods 
pursued  by  Nature  and  described  by  scientists  in  the  evolution  of 
the  human  face,  but,  as  the  study  of  evolution  is  not  contemplated 
in  this  work,  I  shall  be  obliged  to  content  myself  with  referring 
my  readers  to  the  "  Evolution  of  Man,"  by  Ernst  Haeckel. 

The  proofs  of  physiognomy  are  more  plentiful,  pronounced, 
decided,  and  clear  than  those  pertaining  to  any  other  science. 
The  vain  and  foolish  self-love  or  viciousness  of  the  many  may  im- 
pede the  spread  of  this  knowledge,  but  the  truth  will  eventually 
triumph,  and  the  application  of  this  knowledge  will  become  the 
most  potent  factor  in  the  scientific  breeding  of  the  race.  Natural 
selection,  which  is  always  a  very  slow  method  of  evolution  or 
progress,  will  be  superseded  by  scientific  selection,  and  thus  the 
advance  of  humanity  to  greater  heights  of  strength,  purity,  and 
nobility  will  be  more  rapid  and  satisfactory  than  the  present  in- 
stinctive method, — a  method  which  does  not  call  into  activity  the 
highest  powers  of  the  mind,  but  the  very  lowest,  the  instinctive ; 
or,  as  is  oflen  the  case,  mercenary  motives  control  reproduction. 
In  the  endeavor  to  reproduce  finer  types  of  animals  man  makes 
use  of  his  reason,  observation,  judgment,  and  positive  experience 
of  the  traits,  forms,  colors,  and  powers  which  he  seeks  to  perpet- 
uate in  the  animal, — a  knowledge  confirmed  by  experience  and 
experiment.  He  understands  that  certain  developments  of  bone, 
muscle,  form,  size,  color,  and  quality  in  the  horse,  for  example,  in- 
dicate certain  tendencies,  and  he  has  learned  how  to  combine  these 


APPENDIX    TO   PART  I. 


1209 


in  the  parents  in  order  to  produce  certain  desired  effects  in  the  off- 
spring. Is  human  offspring  less  worthy  our  highest  consideration? 
It  is  true,  that  self-love  and  malice  do  not  control  the  dawn  of  life 
in  the  reproduction  of  animal  types,  and  herein  lies  our  power  for 
systematic  reproduction. 

Lavater  declared  "that  the  opposition  of  the  vicious  to 
physiognomy  proceeds  from  a  secret  belief  in  its  power."  We 
must  be  prepared  for  this  opposition,  and  also  for  that  which  pro- 
ceeds from  the  more  universal  form  of  human  weakness, — self-love. 
To  he  honest  with  ourselves  is  often  a  heroic  act.  We  must  cul- 
tivate in  our  children  a  love  for  absolute  truth.  The  study  of  the 
natural  sciences  will  do  this  and  reward  them  not  only  with  truth, 
but  will  unfold  more  wonderful,  fascinating,  and  attractive  fields  of 
knowledge  than  all  the  fairy  stories  and  works  of  fiction  that 
were  ever  written. 


TABULATED  SUMMARY  OF  THE  ORIGIN  AND  EVOLUTION  OF  THE  ORGANS. 


Systematic  Survey,  According  to  Age  of  the  Human  Organ  Systems — 
Evolution  of  the  Skin  and  Intestinal  Systems. 


FmsT  Stage, 
Second  Stage, 

Third  Stage, 

Fourth  Stage, 
Fifth  Stage, 


Sixth  Stage, 


Nerve  System, 


Muscle  System, 

Seventh  Stage,  . 

Primitive  kidney-canals, 
Primitive  kidneys, 

Permanent  kidneys. 


Homogeneous  protoplasm  (chemical). 

Cell-life,  the  same  in  plant  and  animal  (archi- 
tectural). 

Division  of  cells  into  fixed  numbers  by 
geometrical  progression  (mathematical). 

Skin  and  intestinal  systems. 

Stomach-intestine  and  gill-intestine,  which 
later  evolves  into  the  lung  system,  and 
this  produces  the  first  facial  feature, — 
the  mouth. 

Nerve  and  muscle  systems  appear  simul- 
taneously. 

Eyes  and  nose-pits ; 

Evolution  of  three  facial  features, — eyes, 
nose,  and  mouth ; 

Differentiation  also  produces  upper  throat- 
ganglia  ; 

Simple  medullary  tube,  spinal  marrow,  and 
brain. 

Skin-muscles,  side-muscles,  trunk-muscles. 

Kidney  and  vascular  sj'stems. 

Simple  body-cavity  (coeloma). 

Dorsal  and  ventral  vessels. 
(  Heart  composed  of  part  of  the  ventral  vessel. 
\  Heart  with  auricle  and  ventricle. 


1210 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


Eighth  Stage, 

Skeleton  System, 

Sexual  System, 


Evolution  of  the  skeleton  and  sexual  sys- 
tems. 
Simple  notochord ; 
Cartilaginous  primitive  skull ; 
Gill-arches,  ribs,  limbs ; 
Limbs  witli  five  digits. 

Simple  hermaphrodite  glands ; 
Distinct  testes  and  ovaries ; 
Seed-duct  and  oviduct ; 
Phallus. 


In  the  preparation  of  this  table  I  have  made  use  of  the  table 
in  Haeckel's  "Evolution  of  Man,"  vol.  ii,  p.  367.  This  statement 
gives  in  detail  the  manner  of  succession  of  the  several  organ 
systems  as  they  have  evolved  in  the  the  lower  animals  through 
the  successive  ages  of  creation.  It  also  discloses  the  order  in 
which  they  make  their  appearance  in  the  human  embryo,  proceed- 
ing first  from  the  simple  speck  of  protoplasmic  substance  contained 
in  the  ovum  and  spermatozoa;  from  these  two  minute  specks  arise 
by  differentiation  the  entire  complex  mechanism  observed  in  the 
human  infant  at  birth,  proving  what  Professor  Haeckel  states, 
viz. : — 

That  the  same  series  of  multifariously  diverse  forms  through  which 
our  brute  ancestors  passed  in  the  course  of  many  million  years  has  been 
traversed  by  every  man  during  the  first  forty  weeks  of  his  individual  exist- 
ence within  the  maternal  body.* 

*  The  Evolution  of  Man,  Ernst  Ha«ckel,  vol.  ii,  p.  5. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


Andrews,  S.  P.,  . 
Bain,  Alexander,  LL.D., 
Bastian,  H.  Charlton, 
Beeton,  William  M.,. 
Bell,  Sir  Charles,     . 


Blackwell,  Antoinette  Brown, 

Browne,  Sir  Thomas.  M.D., 

Carpenter,  William  B.,  M.D.,  . 

Chambers,  . 

Chandler,  Lucinda  B., 

Clement,  Mrs.,   . 

Comt6, 

Cousin,  Yictor,  . 

Cross,  John,  M.D., 

Cutter,  C,  M.D., 

Dalton,  John  C,  M.D., 

Dana,  J.  B., 

Dante,  Alighieri, 

Darwin,  Charles, 

De  Quatrefages,  M.,  . 

Desarte, 

Desdarolles,  a., 

Draper,  John  William,  M.D., 

Emerson,  R.  W., 

esquirol,    . 

Ferrier,  David,  M.D., 
Fowler,  O.  S.,    . 

Galton,  Francis, 

Gray,  Henry,     . 

Grimes,  J.  Stanley,  . 

Haeckel,  Ernst, 

Harrisson,  Robert,  M.D., 

Harsha,  D.  a.. 

Hooker, 

HURLT,  J.  M., 

Jebb,  R.  C, 

Kirby,  E.  M., 

Lavater,    . 


PUBLICATION. 

Basic  Outlines  of  TJniversology. 

Mind  and  Body. 

Tiie  Brain  an  Organ  of  tlie  Mind. 

Universal  Biograph}'. 

The  Anatomy   and    Philosophy  of  Ex- 
pression. 

Sexes  Throughout  Nature. 

Religio  Medici. 

Mental  Physiology. 

Information  for  the  People. 

Motherhood. 

Painters  and  Sculptors. 

Positive  Philosophy. 

Philosopliy  of  the  Beautiful. 

An  Attempt  to  Establish  Physiognomy 
on  a  Scientific  Basis. 

Phj'siology  for  Schools. 

Treatise  on  Human  Physiology. 

Manual  of  Mineralogy. 

The  Vision. 

Origin  of  Species. 

The  Human  Species. 

System  of  Oratory. 

The  Mysteries  of  the  Hand. 

Human  Pathology. 

English  Traits, 
j  Mental  Maladies. 
(Illusions  of  the  Insane. 

Functions  of  the  Brain. 

Human  Science. 
(Hereditary  Genius. 
(Inquiries  of  the  Human  Faculties. 

Anatomy. 
( Mysteries  of  the  Hand  and  Heart. 
(  Phreno-Geology. 
(Evolution  of  Man. 
(History  of  Creation. 

Practical  Anatomy. 

Orators  and  Statesmen. 

Human  Physiology. 

Dental  Independent. 

Greek  Literature. 

Vocal  and  Action  Language. 

Essays. 

(1211) 


1212 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


Lewes,  G.  H., 

Lindsay,  J.  Lauder,  M.D., 
LiTCH,  Wilbur  F.,  M.D., 
Maudsley,  Henry,  M.D., 
McLeod,  Alfred, 

NOTT  AND  GlIDDON,       . 

RiBOT,  T.  H., 

Smiles,  Samuel,  . 

Smith,  Robert  Meade,  M.D., 

Spencer,  Herbert, 

Stillman,    . 

SWEDENBORG,  EmANUEL, 

Taine,  H.,  . 
TuKE,  D.  Hack,  M.D., 
Tyndall,  John,  Professoe, 
Webb,  R.  C,  M.A.,     . 
Wells,  Samuel  R.,     . 
Willis,  A.  E.,  Professor, 

Winckelmann,    . 
Wood,  J.  G.,  Reverend, 
Yogt,  Carl, 

YOUMAN, 


PtTBI^ICATlON. 

JPhj^siology  of  Common  Life. 
Comte's  Philosophy  of  the  Sciences. 
Biographical  History  of  Philosophy. 
.     Mind  in  the  Lower  Animals. 
.     American  System  of  Dentistry. 
.     Body  and  Mind. 
.     The  Voice. 
.     Types  of  Mankind. 
.     The  Diseases  of  Memory. 
.     Men  of  Industry  and  Invention. 
.     Physiology  of  the  Domestic  Animals. 
.     Biology. 

.  ^  First  Principles  of  Philosophy. 
.     Animal  Kingdom. 
.     Philosophy  of  Art. 
.   •  Influence  of  the  Mind  upon  the  Body. 
.     On  Sound. 
.     Greek  Literature. 
.     New  Physiognomy. 
.     A  Treatise  on  Human  Nature  and  Physi- 
ognomy 
.     Ancient  Art. 

(New  Illustrated  Natural  History. 
*  (Man  and  Beast,  Here  and  Hereafter. 
.     Lectures  on  Man. 
.    New  Chemistry. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


Book  of  Wisdom. 
British  Medical  Journal. 
German  Composers. 
L'Art  de  Connaitre  les  Hommes  par 
la  Physiognomic. 


Medical  Almanac. 
Popular  Science  Monthly. 
Races  of  the  Old  World. 


GLOSSARY. 


A  priori.    From  the  beginning. 
^Hthetic.    Pertaining  to  the  beautiful. 
Atllnitize.    Creating  affinity  or  attraction. 
Agg^regated.    (Collected  into  a  mass. 
Albuminoid.    Resembling  albumin  or  the  white 

of  an  egg. 
Altruistic.    Unselfish  ;  benevolent. 
Alveolar.    Relating  to  the  socket  of  a  tooth. 
Amoeba.    A  minute  animal  having  the  power  to 

change  its  form. 
Am.phlbia.    Animals  capable  of  living  on  land 

and  water. 
Anaemic.    Deficiency  in  blood,  either  general  or 

local. 
Analogous.    Similar ;  like. 
Anatomy.    Description  of  the  form,  structure, 

and  relations  of  the  l)ody. 
Angularity.    Having  angles. 
Animalculie.    Microscopical  animal  forms. 
Animus.    Temper ;  intention ;  purv^ose. 
Anomalous.    Irregular  ;  not  typical. 
Anterior.    In  front ;  before. 
Antliropoid.    Man-like  ;  resembling  mankind. 
Antliropologist.    One  versed  in  the  study  of 

man. 
Aplome.    A  variety  of  crystallized  garnet. 
Appendages.    Additions  to ;  something  added. 
Apropos.    Oi)portunely  ;  to  the  purpose. 
Arborean.     Climbing;  tree-climbing  animals. 
Arcana.    A  secret ;  a  mystery. 
Arcliaeologists.    Antiquarians  ;  those  versed  in 

antiquity. 
Arclietype.    First  form ;  the  original  type. 
Atavism.    A  going  back  to  the  original  type. 
Audition.     Hearing  ;  the  power  to  hear. 
Automaton.    A  figure   self -moving    by   clock- 
work or  other  mechanism. 

Bilateral.    Having  two  sides. 

Bisexual.    Double-sexed  ;  having  both  sexes. 

Buccal.    Pertaining  to  the  cheek. 

Calorific.  Possessing,  producing,  or  giving  off 
heat. 

Centrifugal.    Moving  from  a  centre. 

Centripetal.    Moving  toward  a  common  centre. 

Chlorine.  A  yellowish-green  gas  of  a  suffo- 
cating odor. 

Cliylopoietic.    Making  or  forming  chyle. 

Ciliated.    Having  tine  hairs  or  cilia. 

Clinoid.    Like  a  bedstead. 

Coccyx.    The  small  bones  at  end  of  spine. 

Coclilea.    The  spiral  cavity  of  the  ear. 

Coeval.    Of  the  same  age  ;  existing  with. 

Co-ordinate.  Being  of  equal  value ;  harmoni- 
ous. 

Commissure.  The  line  of  union  between  two 
parts. 

Conclia.    The  shell  of  the  strombus. 

Configuration,     FJxternal  form. 

Conglobate.    Formed  into  a  globe  or  ball. 

Congrnlties.    Harmonies ;  fitness. 

Contractile.    Having  the  power  to  contract. 

Cornea.    The  front  i»art  of  the  eye. 

Corpuscles.    Minute  bodies  in  the  blood. 

Corrugator.  A  muscle  that  contracts  or  is  con- 
tractile. 

Cribriform.  Pierced  with  holes;  having  the 
form  of  a  sieve. 

Crura.    Belonging;  to  the  leg. 


Deglutition.    The  act  of  swallowing. 

Depilatory.    A  preparation  to  remove  hair. 

Diagnosis.    Dotormhiation  by  distinct  signs. 

Diaphragm.  Muscles  .separating  cavity  of  chest 
from  al)d()men. 

Difl'erentiation.  Evolution  producing  divers 
parts. 

Dipsomania.  Disease  in  which  one  ci-aves  in- 
toxicants. 

Dodecaliedron.  A  solid  having  twelve  equal 
faces. 

Dorsum.    The  back  ;  the  ridge  of  a  hill. 

Duodenum.  The  upper  portion  of  the  intes- 
tines. 

Dura  mater.    The  outer  membrane  of  the  brain. 

Dynamics.    The  science  treating  of  forces. 

£filuvia.    Odors ;  unpleasant  odors. 
Kgotism.     ISelf-praise  or  comment. 
Emasculation.    Unmanly  weakness  ;  castration. 
Kmbryon.    The  young  before  birth. 
Kmpirical.     Dependent  upon  observation  not 

scientific. 
En  passant.    In  pa.ssing  ;  current. 
En  rapport.     In  ugreement  with. 
Eiicephulon.    The  brain. 

Endogenous.    Increasing  by  internal  growth. 
Entity.    Essence ;  a  real  being  m  thought  or 

fact. 
Environment.    Surroundings. 
Epicureanism.    Love  of  pleasure,  especially  of 

eating. 
Equilateral.    Of  equal  sides. 
Esoteric.    Havinga secret  meaning;  private. 
Ethmoid  bone.    The  bone  in  the  nose  through 

which   the  olfactory  nerves  pass  and  upon 

which  they  are  mainly  distributed. 
Ethnic.    Raci:d  ;  l)elongnig  to  races  or  tribes. 
Ethnology.    The  science  which  treats  of  races 

of  the  human  family. 
Evolution.    Development ;  the  science  treating 

of  development. 
Exogenous.    Growing  by  successive  layers  of 

tissue. 

Femur.    The  Uiigh-bone. 

Fission.    A  cleavmg ;  a  splitting. 

Flexion.     A  bending ;  the  part  bent. 

Flexor.    A  muscle  which  by  contracting  bends 

the  limb  or  part  on  which  it  acts. 
Formative.    Giving  or  imparting  form. 
Fossa.    A  depression,  furrow,  or  sinus. 
Fulcrum.    A  support. 

Ganglia.    Ma.'sses  of  nerve-tissue. 
Gemmation.     A   budding  out;   increasing   by 

buds. 
Gestation.    Carrying  young  before  birth. 
Glands.      Collections   of    cells   in  the   human 

anatomy. 
Globose.    Round,  spherical ;  like  a  globe. 
'Glottis.    The  narrow  opening  between  the  vocal 

cords. 
Graminivorous.    Subsisting  on  gra.s8  or  grain. 
Gullet.     Thej|>ass;ige  to  the  stomach. 
Gustatory.    Pertaining  to  taste. 

Herbivorous.    Subsisting  on  herbs. 
Hexagonal.    Having  six  sides  and  six  angles. 
Hydatid.    A  parasitic  sac. 


(1213) 


1214 


GLOSSARY. 


Hydrocephalas.    Dropsy  of  the  brain. 

Hydropult.    A  water-pump. 

Hydrostatics.    The  science  which  investigates 

the  properties  of  fluids,  etc. 
Hypertrophy.    Increase  in  size  of   a  part  by 

increased  nutrition. 
Hypothesis.    Supposition  ;  a  position  assumed. 

Ideality.  Imagination  ;  taste ;  love  of  the  beau- 
tiful. 

Ideation.  The  power  of  constructing  ideas  or 
tliouglit. 

Iliac.  Relating  to  the  ilium,  the  largest  bone  »f 
the  pelvis. 

In  extenso.     Extended  ;  spread  out. 

Incandescence.    State  of  being  at  a  white  heat. 

Incongruities.    Opposites  ;  inconsistencies. 

Increment.  A  growing  in  bulk,  quantity,  or 
value. 

Incubated.     Hatched. 

Incus.    One  of  the  small  bones  of  the  ear. 

Infinitesimal.    Kxceedingly  small. 

Infusoria.  Microscopical  animals  found  in 
liquids. 

Inheres.    Fixes  ;  remains  fixed. 

Inorganic.    Not  organized  ;  irregular. 

Insalivation.    Mingling  witli  saliva. 

Interrelated.     Mutually  related  or  connected. 

Intonation.     Musical  modulation  of  the  voice. 

Intuition.     Penreption ;  consciousness. 

Iridescent.  Showing  a  play  of  colors,  like  the 
ram  bow. 

Labial.    Relating  or  belonging  to  the  lips. 

Liachrymal.    Relating  to  or  secreting  tears. 

Lacteals.    Ducts  conveying  milk  or  chyle. 

liaryngeal.  Relating  to  or  belonging  to  the 
larynx. 

Larynx.  The  upper  part  of  the  trachea  or  wind- 
pipe constitutmg  the  organ  of  speech. 

Iiecnerous.    Lustful  ;  lewd. 

Lepidoptera.  Insects  with  four  wings,  as  but- 
terflies, moths,  etc. 

Levator  menti.  The  muscle  raising  the  lower 
lip. 

Iiithium.    An  alkaline  metal. 

Locale.    Place ;  location. 

Locative.    Able  to  locate. 

Longitudinal.    Extending  in  length. 

Lucubration.     Study  at  'ught. 

Luminosity.    liumirious  ;  brightness. 

Lymphatics.    Glands  conveying  lymph. 

Macrocosm.    The  greater  world,  or  universe. 

Maestros.  Masters  ;  leaders  (usually  applied  to 
musicians). 

Malleus.  The  outermost  of  the  chain  of  bones 
in  the  ear. 

Meatus  auditorius.  The  canal  leading  to  the 
inner  ear. 

Median.    Running  through  the  middle. 

Medulla.    The  upi)er  part  of  the  spinal  cord. 

Medullary.    Relating  to  the  medulla. 

Miasmatic.    Malarial. 

Microcosm.    A  miniature  world. 

Mobility.    Ability  and  capacity  to  move. 

Mollusk.    An  animal  havuig  a  soft,  fleshy  body. 

Morbific.    Causing  disease. 

Morphic.    Pertaining  to  form. 

Morphological.    Relating  to  morphology. 

Morphology.  The  science  which  describes  the 
actual  or  ideal  forms  of  parts  or  organs  in 
plants  or  animals. 

Motor.  A  class  of  muscles  and  nerves  control- 
ling motion. 

Neuroses.    Diseases  of  the  nervous  system. 

Nictitating  membrane.  The  third  eyelid  of 
the  bird. 

Nomenclature.  The  technical  words  in  a  sci- 
ence or  laiiguage. 

Normalcy.  The  condition  of  being  orderly  and 
regular. 

Nostalgia.    Homesickness. 

Nucleated.  Collected  or  formed  round  a  nucleus 
or  centre. 

Nnclens.  A  body  or  centre  about  which  any- 
thing is  formed  or  collected. 


Occipito-frontalla.    The  muscle  which  wrinkles 

the  forehead. 
Occult.    Invisible  ;  hidden  ;  not  apparent. 
UCsophagus.    The  gullet. 
Olfactory.    Having  the  function  of  smell. 
Optics.    The  science  of  the  projjcrties  of  light. 
Orbicularis.    A   circular   muscle   surrounding 

the  eye  or  month. 
Orbits.    Cavity  of  the  eye;  paths  described  by 

planets  in  their  revolution. 
Organic.    Exercising  some  function  ;  relating  to 

the  organism. 
Organism.    Part  of  a  living  being. 
Oniate.    Ornamental. 
Ova.    The  egg  ;  the  life-principle. 
Ovoid.    Shaped  like  an  egg. 
Osseous.    Bony  ;  composed  of  bone. 

Palpebrarum.    Relating  to  the  eyelids. 

Pancreas.    A  digestive  gland ;  the  sweet-bread. 

Papillary.  Containing  minute  elevations ; 
warty. 

Pari  passu.  Side  by  side  ;  progressing  equally 
and  together. 

Parotid.    The  salivary  gland. 

Percipient.  Perceiving;  having  the  power  of 
perception. 

Periodic.    Happening  at  fixed  times. 

Peripheric.    Pertaining  to  the  periphery. 

Periphery.    The  border  of  a  circle  or  inelosure. 

Peristaltic.  A  wavy  or  worm-like  movement  of 
the  intestines. 

Perpetuate.    To  preserve  from  extinction. 

Personnel.  The  body  of  persons  or  things  em- 
ployed or  referred  to. 

Perspicacity.    The  state  of  being  quick-sighted. 

Perspicuity.    Cleamrss  of  reason. 

Phalanx.  One  of  the  rows  of  bones  of  toes  and 
fingers. 

Philologist.    One  versed  in  the  study  of  words. 

Physicist.    One  versed  in  natural  sci'enee. 

Pistil.  That  |)art  of  a  plant  containing  the  ovary 
or  seed-vessel. 

Pneumogastric.  Pertaining  to  the  nerves  of 
the  lunm  and  stomach. 

Polarity.    Tendency  to  the  pole. 

Polyp.    A  simple  form  of  animal  life. 

Pons.    A  bridge  of  tissues. 

Posited.    Placed  in  position. 

Posthumous.    After  death. 

Potencies.    Powers ;  strength. 

Prehensile.    Seizing ;  grasping. 

Prenatal.    Before  bnth. 

Previsional.    Having  foresight  or  knowledge. 

Progenitor.    A  forefather  ;  an  ancestor. 

Prognathous.    Having  projecting  jaws. 

Prognosis.  The  act  of  toretelling  the  course  of 
a  disease. 

Prognosticate.    To  foretell. 

Protean.  Having  the  power  of  assuming  dif- 
ferent shapes. 

Protoplasm.    The  first  vital  substance. 

Prototype.  An  original  type,  after  which  any- 
thing IS  formed  or  copiecl. 

Psendopodia.  A  genera  of  aninialculae  with 
false  legs. 

Psychical.    Relating  to  the  soul. 

Psychology.    The  science  of  the  soul,  or  mind. 

Pylorus.  The  orifice  of  the  stomach  leading 
into  the  intestines. 

Pyriform.    Pear-shaped. 

Quadratoid.    Square-like. 

Racial.    Pertaining  to  a  race  or  tribe. 
Rami.    Branches  from  a  common  ganglion. 
Ramify.    To  branch  out. 
Ramus.    A  branch  of  an  organ. 
Ratiocination.    Reasoning  from  premises. 
Rationale.     Explanation. 
Recession.    A  withdrawing. 
Recondite.    Hidden;  alistrnse. 
Regurgitated.    Re-swallowed  ;  re-absorbed. 
Resonance.    Prolongation  of  sound. 
Respiration.    The  act  of  breathing. 
Reticulation.    Net-work  ;  like  a  net. 
Retroactive.    Alfecting  what  has  past. 
Retrous8ee.    Turned  up  j  elevated. 


GLOSSARY. 


1215 


Retroversion.    A  falling  or  turning  backward. 
Klilzupods.    timall  animals  with  shells;  a  pro- 

tozDon. 
Bhoinb.    An  equilateral  parallelogram. 
Rhoinboidal.    Fornied  liKe  a  rhomb. 
Kodeuts.    Gnawiug  animals. 

Sacrain.    The  posterior  bone  of  pelvis. 

Salivary.    Containing  saliva. 

Sarcomatous.    Of  or  pertaining  to  a  sarcoma ; 

a  fleshy  tumor. 
Sclerotic.    The  white  outer  coat  of  the  eye. 
Secretory.    Performing  the  function  of  secre- 
tion. 
Sectionizlng.    Cutting  or  placing  in  sections. 
Segment.    A  portion  or  part ;  a  section. 
Sella  turcica.    The  Turkish  saddle  ;  a  hollow  in 

the  sphenoid  bone. 
Sepals.     A  leaf  or  division  of   the   calyx  of  a 

plant. 
Septum.    A  division  ;  a  partition. 
Sinistrality.    Wrong  ;  perverse  ;  left-handed. 
Sodium.     A  metallic    element  soft  and  waxy, 

lighter  than  water. 
Sophistical.  Not  sound  ;  imitation  ;  not  founded 

on  reason. 
Spatulate.    ^Shaped  like  a  spatula  or  knife-blade. 
Spermatozoon.     The  livi)ig   principle  of    the 

seed. 
Sphenoid.    Resembling  a  wedge  ;  wedge-like. 
Sphincter.    A  circular  muscle  that  contracts  or 

shuts  an  orifice. 
Stamens.    The  male  organs  of  flowers. 
Stapes.    The  innermost  small  bone  of  the  ear. 
Statics.    That  brani'h  of  mechanics  which  treats 

of  the  equilibrium  of  forces. 
Stethoscope.    An  instrument  by  which  one  can 

hear  the  internal  sounds  of  the  chest  and 

judge  of  its  condition. 
Stimulus.    That  which  stimulates. 
Strontium.    A  metal  burning  with  a  red  color. 
Subdominant.     Not  dominant,  secondary,  etc. 
Summation.    A  summary  ;  a  sumuiing  up. 
Supererogation.    More  than  necessary  ;  redun- 

dancv. 
Supernal.    Higher ;  highest ;  heavenly. 
Sa»tentation.    The  act  of  sustaining  or  holding 

or  bearing  up. 


Sutures.    Seams ;  joints. 

Symbolism.    Nomenclature  ;  a  system  of  repre- 

sentiit.on. 
Sympathetic.      Acting  in  sympathy;    having 

svmpaihy  for. 
Symptomatic.    According  to  the  symptoms. 
Synchronous.    Acting  at  the  same  time. 
Synthesis.    A  placing  together  of  components. 

Tactile.    Pertaining  to  the  touch. 

Tangible.  Readily  realized  by  the  mind;  per- 
ceptible to  the  touch. 

Temporo-maxillary.  Relating  to  the  junction 
of  the  temporal  bone  and  the  maxilla. 

Tentative.    Trial ;  essay. 

Terminology.    Nonienclature  ;  table  of  terms. 

Terraqueous.    Consisting  of  land  and  water. 

Testes.    The  seminal  glands  of  the  male. 

Tetragonal.    Having  four  angles  and  four  sides. 

Thoracic.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  thorax,  or 
chest. 

Trachea.    The  windpipe. 

Triceps.     Muscles  having  three  roots. 

Turbinated.    Spiral ;  wreathed  conically. 

Typical.    Emblematic  ;  of  the  nature  of  a  tyi)e. 

Ulna.    The  largest  bone  of  the  forearm. 
Undissipatedly.    Not  dissipated ;  not  scattered. 
Unicellular.    Having  one  cell. 

Valvular.    Pertaining  to  valves. 
Vaporization.    The  state  of   being   converted 

into  vapor. 
Vibrissa).    The  stiff  hairs  in  the  nostrils. 
Virescent.    Of  a  greenish  hue. 
Viscera.    Contents  of  the  great  cavities  of  the 

body. 
Viscid.    Havingaropyor  glutinous  consistency. 
Viscus.    Any  of  the  great  internal  organs. 
Visual.    Relating  or  belonging  to  sight. 
Visualizing.    Seeing  ;  making  easier  to  see. 
Vocality.    liesonance,  utleiableness. 

Zygomaticns.  The  muscle  rising  from  the  cheek- 
bone and  inserted  into  the  angle  of  the  mouth. 


INDEX. 


Acquisitive  constructiveness  in  animals, 

537 
Acquisitiveness,  definition  of,  534 

description  of,  535 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  534 

faculty  of,  534 

in  combination  with  other  faculties, 
543 

in  different  classes  of  people,  538 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 136,  534 
Action  of  certain  traits,  theories  of  the 

mode  of,  239 
Actors  and  singers,  Approbativeness  in, 

245 
Air,  pure,  the  best  cosmetic  and  medicine, 

127,  142,  400 
Albinos,  color  in,  253 
Alimentiveness,  or  digestion,  348 

definition  of,  348 

dependent  upon  the  intestinal  system, 
165 

description  of,  348 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  348 

faculty  of,  348 

in  animals,  349 

the  mouth  an  indicator,  351 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 348 
Amativeness,  or  love  of  the  sexes,  177 

analysis  of,  243 

children  should  be  trained  to  a  right 
knowledge  of,  359 

definition  of,  355 

description  of,  355 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  355 

faculty  of,  355 

in  connection  with  other  faculties, 
242,  361 

the  eye  an  indicator,  358 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates. 355 
Analysis,  definition  of,  493 

dependent  upon    the  action  of  the 
liver,  189 

description  of.  493 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  493 

faculty  of,  493 

in  animals,  499 

in  combination  with  other  faculties, 
498 

of  the  glandular  system  and  olfactory 
ganglion,  191 


77 


Analysis,  what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of, 

indicates,  493 
Ancient  methods  of  studying  the  mind,  8 
Anger,  analysis  of,  255 

eflFect  of,  upon  the  system,  357 
Animal  development,  order  observed  in 
the  lowest  forms  of,  84 

kingdom,  form  in  the,  123 

world,  law  of  color  in  {he,  130 
Animals,  acquisitive-constructiveness  in, 
537 

Alimentiveness  or  digestion  in,  349 

Analysis  in,  499 

Approbativeness  in,  382 

Cautiousness  in,  481 

comparison    between    the  bony  and 
vegetative  system  in,  88 

compensatory  structure  of,  144 

Conscientiousness  in,  311 

Economy  in,  323 

Firmness  in,  313 

Form  and  Size  in,  101 

Friendship  in,  391 

Human  Nature  in,  528 

Jealousy  in,  245 

Mental  and  Physical  Imitation  in,  505 

Modesty  in,  449 

Prescience  in,  595 

Resistance  in,  467 

Sanativeness  in,  434 

Secretiveness  in,  470 

Self-esteem  in,  440 

signs  for  Quality  in,  the  same  as  in 
human  beings,  114 
Approbativeness,  definition  of,  878 

description  of,  379 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  379 

faculty  of,  378 

in  actors  and  singers,  245 

in  animals,  382 

perversion  of,  382 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 379 
Architectural  division  of  the  face,  15-21 

faculties  in  the,  division  of  the  face, 
92 
Arterial  artd  glandular  system,  faculties 
in  the,  408 

system  (see  the  glandular  and  arterial 
system) 
Artists,  advice  to,  496 

creative  features  of,  444 

imitative  features  of,  443 

(1217) 


1218 


INDEX. 


Artists  should  possess  a  fine  quality  of 

muscles,  78 
Author's  theory  or  philosophy  of  mind, 

151 

Banker,  the    systems    and    faculties    re- 
quired by  a,  1169 
Basic  principles  of  Form,  27 

of  scientific  physiognomy,  7 
Basilar  laws  of  all  lower  creations  find 
illustration  in  man  and  his  face,  14 
Beard,  1008 

texture  of  the,  1013 

the,  a  feature  of  great  physiognomic 

significance,  1009 
the  long  and  full  dark-colored,  sign 
of  vigor,  1010 
Benevolence,  a  definition  of,  335 

dependent  upon  the  glandular  system, 

169 
description  of,  335 
different  kinds  of,  336 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  385 
faculty  of,  835 
in  combination  with  other  faculties, 

337 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  leads 
to,  335 
Bibativeness,  definition  of,  339 
description  of,  341 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  340 
faculty  of,  339 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 340 
Birds,  color  in,  413 
Ideality  in,  524 
Self-will  in,  572 
Blushing,  449 
Body,  fluid  system  of  the,  343 

how,  without  losing  strength,  to  re- 
duce the  size  of,  1109 
signs,  in  woman,  of  beauty  of  the,1092 
of  health  and  disease,  strength  and 
weakness,  beautv  and  ugliness,  in 
the,  1085 
of  strength  in  the,  1086 
the  effect  iyf  compression  of  the  fe- 
male v^.^Mstupon  the,  1090 
the  eff  >;    from  moderate  lacing,  upon 

tf"  1091 
the,  djjpendent  for  its  form  upon  the 
ii  rerior  organs,  1089 
Body  andfi-nind  indivisible,  152 
Bone,  remedy  for  an  excess  of,  92 
Bones,  an  indication  of  honesty,  102 
classification  of  the,  86 
composition  of,  86 
kind  of  food  necessary  for  good,  87 
necessary  for  honest  work.  89 
Bony  system,  characteristics  of  the,  85 
diseases  which  attack  the,  93 
evolution  of  the,  83 
faculties  in  the,  91 
in  the  animal  world,  88 
prominent  men  in  which  the,  predom- 
inated, 90 


Bony  system,  signs  for  the,  91 
Brain,  and  muscular  system  (see  Muscular 
and  brain  system) 
and  nervous  system,  94 
diseases  incident  to  the,  99 
evolution  of  the,  95 
faculties  derived  from  the,  209-233 
Intuition  dependent  upon  the,  234 
Mental  Order  dependent  upon  the, 

209 
signs  for  a  predominance  of  the,  98, 
285 
composition  of  the,  98 
not  the  only  mental  organ,  22 
system,  faculties  derived  from  the,  227 
Brains,  celebrated  people  with  small,  106 
large  and  heavy,  104 
weight  of,  105 

Calculation,  definition  of,  705 

dependent  upon  the  muscular  system, 
213 

description  of,  707 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  706 

in  animals,  714 

music  based  on,  712 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 706 

why  the    muscular  form    in    excess 
gives  the  combination  for,  707 

why  the  muscular  system  is  the  base 
of.  216 
Causality,  definition  of,  715 

derived  from  the  brain  system,  227 

description  of,  718 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  716 

in  animals,  725 

in  combination  with  other  faculties, 
724 

the  cultivation  of,  721 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 716 
Cautiousness,  definition  of,  479 

description  of,  479 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  479 

faculty  of,  191,  479 

in  animals,  481 

in  combination  with  other  faculties, 
483 

its  connection  with  the  liver,  191 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 135,  479 
Character,  gestures  significant  in  disclos- 
ing, 299 

location  and  description  of  signs  of, 
in  the  face.  297 

the  method  to  pursue  in  reading,  1114 

voice  an  indicator  of,  299 
Cheeks,  848 

abnormal  form  of,  864 

dimples  in  the,  1044, 

signs  of  weakness  in  the,  1097 

the  concave,  or  consumptive.  860 

the  concave,  or  dyspeptic,  860 

the  criminal,  862 

the  dimpled,  or  beautiful,  856 


INDEX. 


1219 


Cheeks,  the  embryonic,  851 

the  globose,  or  infantile,  852' 

the  gluttonous,  853 

the  normal  upi)er,  863 

the  oval,  or  artistic,  855 

the  rectangular,  or  conscientious,  856 

the  two  divisions  of  the,  850 

wrinkles  in  the  lower,  1037 
Chemical  division  of  the  face,  15 
Children,  correct  ways  of  traininsr,  483 

gymnastic  training  for,  460,  568 

hygienic  remarks  for,  353 

precocious,  189 

Self-esteem  in,  441 

sensitive,  nervous,  140 

should  be  trained  in  sexual  morality, 
35!) 
*    training  of,  370,  373 
Chin,  dimples  in  the.  363,  1043 

forms  of  the,  778 

signs  of  weakness  in  the,  1097 

the  dimpled,  777 

the  "  feminine,"  780 

the.  forms  of  the  centre  of,  775 

the  signs  in  tiie,  769 

the  tliree  general  forms  of  the,  771 

the  three  positions  of  the,  773 

what  the,  indicates,  315 

wrinkles  in  the,  1033 
Civil  engineer,  the  systems  and  faculties 

required  by  a,  1165 
Classification  of  the  bones,  86 
Clergyman,    the    systems    and    faculties 

essential  to  a,  1151 
Coffee  and  tea,  injurious  effect  of,  345 
Color,  125 

a    controlling    influence    upon    lan- 
guage, 656 

aids  toward  cultivating  the  sense  of, 
413 

analysis  of,  206 

and  heat  synonymous,  127 

blindness,  129 

causes  of  a  deficiency  of,  416 

cultivation  of,  a  religious  duly,  253 

definition  of.  408 

description  of,  409 

designation  and   classification   of,  of 
the  several  complexions,  413 

facial  and  bodily  signs  of,  409 

faculty  of,  408 

how  it   is  received  into  the  system, 
207 

in  albinos,  253 

in  birds,  412 

lack  of,  128 

law  of,  in  the  animal  world,  130 

of  service  in  determining  what  degree 
force  will  be  exhibited,  461 

original  source  of,  125 

peculiarities    of   people    of   varying 
shades  of,  414 

primary  uses  of,  126 

shows  i)ower,  419 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 409-416 


Color,  what  the  combinations  of,  in  the 

human  form  indicate,  420 
Comedian,  the  systems  and  faculties  es- 
sential to  a.  1130 
Commander,    the    systems  and   faculties 

needed  by  a,  1158 
Comparison,  between  the  bony  and  vege- 
tative system  in  animals,  88 
definition  of,  726 

derived  from  the  brain  system,  227 
description  of,  730 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  727 
in  combination  with  other  faculties, 

735 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 726 
Compensation,  144 

law  of.  as  regards  the  human  organ- 
ism physiologically.  145 
of  faculties,  145 
Compensatory  structure  of  animals,  144 
Complexion,  characteristics  of  the  differ- 
ent colors  of  the,  1099 
designation  and  classification  of  the 

colors  of  the,  413 
the,  an  indicator  of  moral  as  well  as 
intellectual  and  physical  signifi- 
cation, 1098 
Conscientiousness,  analysis  of,  158 
definition  of,  302 
dependent  upon  the  kidneys,  158 
description  of,  305 
facial  and  bodily  signs  of,  303 
faculty  of,  302 
in  animals,  311 

in  connection  with  other  faculties,  311 
indicates  the  condition  of  the  kidneys, 

158 
large  in  bony  people,  306  ^ 

located  in  the  vegetative  system,  71 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 302-306 
Constructiveness,  definition  of.  544 
description  of,  545 
facial  and  bodily  signs  of,  544 
faculty  of,  544 

in  connection  with  other  faculties,  552 
Contempt  and  scorn,  arT*  lysis  of,  265 
Contrariness,  analysis  (i\,  t.'y_f> 
Cook,  the  systems  and  facii    ies  required 

by  a,  1117 
Coquetry,  the  language  of,  1    55 
Correlation  of  organs,  14 
Cosmetic,  pure  air  the  best,  127 
Cranium,    no  proper    race   form  of   the, 

106 
Credenciveness,  definition  of,  678 

derived  from   the   muscular  system, 

W8 
description  of,  197,  579 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  579 
faculty  of,  578 
great  works  that  this  faculty  has  in- 

fiuenced.  581 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 578 


1220 


INDEX. 


Digestion,    faculty   of   (see   Alimentive- 

ness) 
Digestive  apparatus,  mental  power  of  the 

nerves  of  the,  166 
Dimples,  in  the  cheelis,  1044 
in  the  chin,  363,  1043 
the  mirthful,  1044 
the  signification  of,  1043 
Disease,  a  temporary  return  of  abnormal 

or  perverted  types,  51 
Dishonest  people  can  never  appear  honest, 

310 
Disproportions,  way  to  reduce,  of  various 

kinds,  134 
Dress-maker    or    designer    of    women's 

fashions,  tlie  systems  and  facul- 
ties essential  to  a,  1117 
Drink,  intoxicating,  eflfect  of,  upon  the 

system,  161 
Drug  medication,  143 

Ear,  1015 

color  of  the,  1035 

defective  positions  of  the,  1021 

forms  of  the,  1036 

position  of  the,  1081 

the  abnormal,  1031 

the,   an    exponent  of  the  muscular 
system,  284 

the  commercial,  1030 

the  courageous,  1030 

the  external  and  inteinal,  1028 

the  generous  versus  stingy,  1030 

the  musical,  1026 

the  oratorical,  1039 

the  refined,  1031 

the  signification  of  the  forms  of  the, 
1018 

the  timid,  1030 

the  unmusical,  1028 

the  uni-efined,  1031 

three  divisions  of  the,  1024 
Eccentricity,  53 
Economy,  Acquisitiveness  not,  322 

analysis  of,  171 

definition  of,  318 

description  of,  319 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  318 

faculty  of,  318 

in  animals,  323 

in  combination  with  other  faculties, 
323 

of  Nature,  319 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 318 
Editor,  the  systems  and  faculties  essential 

to  an,  1175 
Egotism,  264 

Engineer,    the    combination    of   systems 
and  faculties  required  for  an,  1119 
Enthusiasm,  analysis  of,  267 
Evolution  of  the  bony  system.  83 
Executiveness,  definition  of,  561 

description  of,  561 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  561 

£&culty  of,  561 


Executiveness,  in  connection  with  other 
faculties,  569 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 561 
Eye,  936 

abnormal  type  of  the,  953 

an  indicator  of  language,  660 

artistic  expression  of  the,  962 

artistic  type  of  the,  947 

brutal  expression  of  tlie,  963 

double  obliquity  of  the,  950 

expression  of  tlie,  961 

forms  of  the,  943 

gluttonous  expression  of  the,  964 

licentious  and  unprincipled  form  of 
the,  9r)l 

magnetic  expression  of  the,  963 

nictitating  fold  of  the,  967 

observant  expression  of  the,  963 

politic  type  of  the,  948 

reflective  type  of  tlie,  947 

shallow  and  passionate  expression  of 
tlie.  964 

size  of  the,  957 

the,  an  indicator  of  character,  936 

the  linguistic,  948 

the  normal,  953 

the,  of  animals,  941 

the  secretive  and  acquisitive,  952 

the  three  general  forms  of  the,  945 

the  truthful,  952 

untruthful  type  of  the,  948 

upward  obliquity  of  the,  950 
Eye  and  hair,  what  the  color  of  the,  indi- 
cates, 423 

brightness  of   the,   an    indicator    of 
quality,  96,  113 

the,  an  indicator  of  Amativeness,  357 
of  muscular  development,  78 
Eyebrows,  974 

colors  of  the,  987 

forms  of  the,  977 

movements  of  the,  984 

normal  position  of  the  inner  termini 
of  the,  978 

position  of  the  middle  of  the,  980 

position  of  the  outer  termini  of  the, 
981 

the  aesthetic,  983 

the  arithmetical,  981 

the  artistic,  981 

the  conceited,  978 

the  credulous,  980 

the  deceptive,  983 

the  delicate,  984 

the  impractical,  980 

the  inventive,  983 

the  observing,  979 

the,  situated  far  apart,  an  indicator  of 
quality,  976 

the  use  of  the,  a  protection  for  the 
eyes,  974 
Eyelashes,  969 

artistic  interciliary  space  of  the,  971 

superstitious  type  of  the,  973 

the,  an  indicator  of  character,  969 


INDEX. 


1221 


Eyelashes,  the  interciliary  space  of  the, 
971 
the,  primarily  for  purposes  of  protec- 
tion, 969 
Eyelid,  950 

the  observing,  950 
Eyes,  diseases  of  the,  1103 

mirthful  wrinkles  at  the  outer  corners 

of  the,  1040 
the,  ^show  the  condition  of  the  fluid 

system,  347 
what  they  indicate,  273 
wrinkles  under  the,  1041 

Face,  bilateral  symmetry  of  the,  1106 
characteristics  of  color  in  the,  1099 
faculties,    practical    or    mechanical, 

601 
features    of    the,    as    revelators    of 

strength  and  beauty,  1093 
five  general  outlines  of  the,  756 
five    practical    subdivisions    of    the, 

275-287 
glandular  formation  of  the,  754 
location  and  description  of  signs  of 

character  in  the,  297 
mental  signs  of  character  in  the,  287 
muscular  mechanism  of  the,  751 
nervous  distribution  of  the,  753 
osseous  formation  of  the,  752 
practical  divisions  of  the,  601 
signs  of  health  and  disease,  strength 
and  weakness,  beauty  and  ugli- 
ness ill  the,  1085 
summary  to   the   five   practical   sub- 
divisions of  the,  292 
the,  combines  and  illustrates  all  the 
primary  elements  of  Form,  18 
indicative  of  the  condition  of  the 

internal  organs,  276 
Greek,  or  profile,  131 
the  human,  in  outline,  motion, feature, 

expression,  and  color,  749 
the  lines  of  the,  1032 
three  grand  divisions  of  the,  15 
three  natural  and  primitive  divisions 

of  the,  273 
what  the  color  of  the,  indicates,  414- 

420 
wrinkles  of  the,  1034 
Facial  features,  how  the  visceral  organs 
shape  the,  281 
signs  for  lactation,  78 

for  the  brain  and  nerve  system,  285 

for  the  glands,  278 

for  the  kidneys,  279 

for  the  liver,  280 

for  the  lungs  and  heart,  280 

for  the  muscular  or  motive  systems, 

283 
for  the  nervous  system,  288 
for  the  osseous  system.  284 
for  the  reproductive  system,  278 
for  the  visceral  organs,  277 
for  truthfulness,  304 
of  a  good  physician  or  surgeon,  435 


Faculties,  combination  of,  for  trades  and 

professions,  1111 
dependent  upon  the  thoracic  system, 

77 
derived   from  the   intestinal  system, 

165 
in  the  architectural  division,  21 
mathematical  division  of  the  face,  21 
vegetative  division,  21 
many  people   possess  a  combination 

of,  1113 
mental,  organs  from  which  the,  derive 

their  powers,  236 
the   combination  of,  required  for  an 

engineer,  1119 
the   combination   of,    required   for  a 

farmer,  1118 
the   combination    of,    required   for  a 

mechanic,  1116 
the   combination   of,    required   for   a 

printer,  1116 
the    combination   of,    suitable    for  a 

hotel  or  boarding-house  keeper, 

1115 
the,  essential  for  a  painter,  1121 
the,  essential  to  a  clergyman,  1151 
the,  essential  to  a  comedian,  1130 
the,  essential  to  a  dress-maker  or  de- 
signer of  women's  fashions,  1117 
the,  essential  to  a  lawyer,  1154 
the,  essential  to  a  player,  1127 
the,  essential  to  a  poet,  1124 
the,  essential  to  a  sculptor,  1139 
the,  essential  to  a  society  belle,  1133 
the,  essential  to  an  editor,  1175 
the,  essential  to  an  inventor,  1156 
the,  essential  to  merchants,  1119 
the,  essential  to  the  orator,  1146 
the,    necessary   for  an    opera-singer, 

1133 
the,  necessary  to  a  philologist.  1173 
the,  necessary  to  a  scientist,  1162 
the,  necessary  to  a  tragedian,  1129 
the,  needed  by  a  commander,  1158 
the,  required  by  a  banker,  1169 
the,  required  by  a  civil  engineer,  1165 
the,  required  by  a  cook,  1117 
the,  required  by  a  philanthropist,  1171 
the,  required  by  a  physician,  1141 
the,  required  by  a  writer  of  fiction, 

1177 
the,  required  for  a  speculator,  1120 
the,  required  for  a  statesman,  1181 
the,  required  for  a  surgeon,  1143 
the,  requisite  for  a  musical  composer, 

1136 
Farmer,  the  combination  of  systems  and 

faculties  required  for  a,  1118 
Fat  in  excess  not  honest,  89 
Finger-nails  an  indicator  of  quality,  117 
Firmness,  analysis  of,  164 

difi'erence  between,  and  Self-will,  575 

definition  of,  312 

description  of,  312 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  312 

faculty  of,  312 


1222 


INDEX. 


Firmness,  in  animals,  313 

wliat  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 312 
Fluid  system  of  the  body,  343 
Force,    color  of  service    in  determining 

what  degree  of,  will  be  exhibited, 

461 
definition  of,  454 
description  of,  454 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  454 
faculty  of,  454 

gives  to  the  voice  clearness,  461 
in  combination  with  other  faculties, 

463 
mental  uses  of,  456 
should  be  cultivated  in  children,  459 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 454 
Forehead,  987,  1103 

diff'erent  kinds  of,  1104 

the  basic  laws  of  form  apply  with  the 

utmost  certainty  to  the,  987 
the  infantile.  989 
the  mechanical,  990 
the  parts  of  the,  indicate,  1103 
the  practical,  988 
the  projecting,  989 
the  scientific  and  mechanical,  990 
wrinkles  on  the,  1041 
Form,  119,  766 

all,  has  meaning  and  character,  11 
among  the  animals,  101 
an  indicator  of  character,  60,  120 
and  being,  normal  factors  in  nature, 

art,  and  science,  57 
and  Size,  101 

basic  principles  of,  27,  607 
basilar  or  primitive,  122 
crookedness  of,  indicative  of  slyness, 

124 
definition  of,  602 
dependent  upon  the  osseous  system, 

603 
description  of,  603 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  602 
fundamental  principles  of,  301 
in  animals,  607 
in  combination  with  other  faculties, 

609 
in  the  vegetative  and  animal  kingdom, 

123 
laws  of,  17 

motion  the  basis  of,  27 
number  basis  of,  35 
the  angle  of,  768 
the  basic  elements  of,  as  exhibited  in 

the  features,  766 
the  cube  of,  769 
the  curve  of.  768 
the  line  of,  768 

the  "point"  or  least  element  of,  767 
the    "sphere    or    globe"    the    most 

primitive  of,  767 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 602 
Friendship,  definition  of,  385 


Friendship,  dependent  upon  the  intestinal 
system,  185 

description  of,  186,  386 

different  modes  of  action,  388 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  385 

facult}'  of,  885  * 

in  animals,  391 

in   connection    with  other  faculties, 
390 

selfish  and  unselfish  action  of,  386 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 385 
Functions,  five  diff'erent  systems  of,  20 

Generation  of  the  race,  right,  26 
Gestures,  759 

congenital  criminals  use  few,  760 
the,  indicative  of  character,  759 
Glands,  facial  signs  for  the,  278 
Glandular  and  arterial  systems,  faculties 
derived  from  the,  206,  408 
power  of  the  entire  system,  the  lower 

lip  the  facial  index  of  the,  169 
system,  analysis  of  the,  and  olfactory 
ganglion,  191 
Benevolence  dependent  upon  the, 

169 
Economy  derived  from  the,  171 
faculties  derived  from  the,  169 
Hospitality  derived  from  the,  173 
Love  of  Home  dependent  upon,  175 
Mirthfulness  derived  from  the,  181 
Patriotism  derived  fiom  the,  176 
Greek  face,  the,  or  profile,  131 
Gums,    color  of  the,  as  an   indicator  of 
character,  1052 
the,  important  as  a  significator  of  char- 
acter, 1050 
Gymnastics,    children    should    be    thor- 
oughly trained  in,  460,  568 

Hair,  quality  or  texture  of  the,  999 
quantity  of  the,  1000 
the  cause  and  cure  for  baldness,  1007 
the  evolution  of  the,  997 
the  remedy  for  gray,  1003 
the  straight,  1005 
various  colors  of  the,  1000 
various  sorts  of  curly,  1004 
Hair  and  eyes,  what  the  color  of  the,  indi- 
cates, 423 
Hands,  1067 

brain  class  of  the,  10T8 

color  of  the,  1082 

construction   and    divisions    of    the, 

1069 
lines  of  the,  1071 
mental  type  of  the,  1078 
muscular  class  of  the,  1073 
artistic  type  of  the  (round  muscles), 

1074 
commercial  type  of  the,  1073 
executive  type  of  the,  1074 
spatulate  type  of  the,  1073 
superstitious    type   of   the   (round 
muscles),  1074 


INDEX. 


Hands,  muscular  class,  of  deceit  and  dis- 
honesty, 1075 
muscular  class  (No.  II)  of  the,  1075 

artistic  type  of  the,  1075 
osseous  class  of  the  (square  bones), 
1076 
mechanical  type  of  the,  1076 
scientific  type  of  the,  1077 
philosophical  type  of  the,  1077 
position  of  the,  1071 
texture  of  the,  1081 
tiie  beautiful,  1079 
the  mixed,  1078 

the  vegetative  or  infantoid,  1072 
useful  type  of  the,  1079 
various  types  of  the,  1080 
Head,  998 

lar<?e  tersus  small,  108 
people  of  large,  104 
size  no  indication  of  superior  intelli- 
gence, 103 
the  form,  size,  and  appendages  highly 
indicative  of  mentality,  993 
Health,  basis  of  good  character  must  be 

founded  upon,  137 
Hearing,  284 

Heart  and  lungs,  facial  signs  for  the,  280 
Heat  and  color  synonymous,  127 
Hebrews,  Sublimity  very  strong  in,  510 
Home,  Love  of  (see  Love  of  Home) 
Hope,  connection  between  liver  and,  489 
definition  of,  486 

dependent  upon  the  liver,  154,  183 
description  of,  487 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  486 
faculty  of,  486 

how  to  cultivate  this  faculty,  486 
in  connection  with  other  faculties,  492 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 486 
Hospitality,  analysis  of,  178 
definition  of,  392 
dependent  upon  the  glandularsystem, 

173 
description  of,  393 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  392 
faculty  of.  393 

its  connection  with  other  faculties,  174 
its  relation  to  other  faculties,  398 
ways  in  which,  will  be  exercised  de- 
pend upon  quality,  396 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 393 
Hotel  or  boarding-house  keeper,  the  com- 
bination of  systems  and  faculties 
suitable  for  a,  1115 
Human  face  the  index  of  all  Natare,  15 
Nature,  beneficial  uses  of  this  faculty, 
532 
definition  of.  525 
description  of,  525 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  526 
faculty  9f,  525 
in  animals,  528 

in  combination  with  other  faculties, 
533 


Human   Nature,   what      .    — ^-.^  <'i    dc 
ficiency  of,  indicates,  525 
organization  composed  priuciii;;    y  m 
water,  341 
law  of  compensation  as  regariir,  llir, 
145 
race,  right  way  of  regenerating  the, 
240 
Hypocrisy,  the  language  of,  1066 


Ideality,  definition  of,  514 

description  of,  515 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  515 

faculty  of,  514 

natural  allies  of,  522 

wliat  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 514 
Insane  people,  a  knowledge  of  undevel- 
oped or  weak-minded  and,  not  to 
be  ignored  in  the  study  of  mental 
science.  9 
Instinct  in  children  and  animals,  1113 
Intestinal  system,  digestion  or  Aliment 
iveness  derived  from  the,  105 

faculties  derived  from  the,  165-185 

Friendship  dependent  ui)on  the,  185 
Intuition,  children  ]>ossess  a  high  devel- 
opment of,  746 

definition  of,  737    "        ,. 

dependent  ujion  the  brafn  8,114?  .lOrvoi"; 
system,  233 

description  of,  738 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  737 

has  a  physical  base,  740 

in  the  animal  kingdom,  746 

the  action  of,  not  confined  to  geniuses, 
744 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 737 

women  possess  a  more  general  and 
universal  endowment  of,  744 
Inventor,  the  system  and  facultiefi  essen- 
tial to  an,  1156         •  *• 

Jaw,  crafty  and  witty,  786 

curved  or  artistic,  788 

embryotic  lower,  783 

forms  of  the,  781 

the  angular  or  contrary,  791 

the  consumptive,  786 

the  dramatic,  788 

the  dyspeptic,  784 

the  infantile.  784 

the  lower,  781 

the  prognathous,  792 

the  square,  moral,  mechanical,  scien- 
tific, 790 

the  upper,  781 

the  weak  or  negative.  785 
Jealousy,  analysis  of,  244 

in  animals,  245 

Kidney  system,  the,  158 

effect  of   intoxicating  drinks  t 
the,  161 


■^ 


224 


INDEX. 


idney  system,  faculty  of  Conscientious- 
ness indicates  the  condition  of 
the,  158 

idneys,  facial  signs  for  the,  219 

ictation,  signs  for,  278 
tnguage,  analysis  of  form  of  develop- 
ment of,  224 
Color  a  controlling  influence  upon, 

656 
definition  of,  652 
dependent  upon  the  muscular  system, 

220 
'description  of,  223,  652 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  652 
faculty  of,  654 
in  animals,  664 
in  combination  with  other  faculties, 

663 
lack  of  linguistic  ability,  652 
the  eye  an  indication  of,  660 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 652 
ughter,  different  kinds  of,  1054 

tlie  physiognomy  of,  1054 
vater,  not  a  scientific  physiognomist,  10 
restored  pbysiognomy  to   its   former 
rank,  11 
ws  of  physioi^i.omy,  established,  146 
TRy^ifilie' systems  and  faculties  essen- 
tial to  a,  1154 
ziness,  analysis  of,  269 
gs,  crooked,  121 
),  infantile  lower,  803 
.the  amative  upper,  822 
the  benevolent  or  sympathetic  lower, 

806 
the  criminal  lower,  809 
the  destructive  lower,  813 
,the  embryonic  lower,  803 
the  embrj'onic  upper,  815 
the  gustatory.  804 
tl>P(.ii)i';riiive  upper,  819 
"^'due  linguistic  lower,  805 
the  lower,  799 
the  mirthful  upper,  824 
the  mode'^*^  upper,  818 
the  normal  upper,  823 
the  philoprogenitive  upper,  817 
the  secretive  lower,  808 
the  secretive  upper,  820 
j  the  self-estimative  upper,  821 
the  sociable,  805 
the  stupid  lower,  812 
the  undeveloped  lower,  811 
the  undeveloped  upper,  816 
the  upper,  795 

divisions  of,  814 
•^the  witty  lower,  806 
wrinkles  of  the  lower,  1037 
wrinkles  of  the  upper,  1038 
signs  in  the,  795 
rns  of  weakness  in  the,  1097 

lower,  tlie  facial  index  of  the 
glandular  po  -  of  the  entire 
vstem,  169 


Liver,  the,  182 

analysis  dependent  upon  the,  187 
condition  of,  indicated  by  the  faculty 

of  Hope,  183 
facial  signs  for  the,  280 
Hope  dependent  upon  the,  154,  182, 

489 
influence  of  over  mental  states,  184 
Locality,  definition  of,  635 

dependent  upon   the    muscular  sys- 
tem. 206 
description  of,  637 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  635 
faculties  of,  636 

in  connection  with  other  faculties,  640 
in  the  animal  kingdom,  637 
the  cultivation  of,  641 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 635 
Locke's  method  of,  in  investigating  the 

mind,  9 
Logical   reasoning  should   be  taught  to 

cliildren,  232 
Love  of  Home,  definition  of,  324 
description  of,  324 
facial  and  bodily  signs  of,  324 
faculty  of,  324 

liow  it  can  be  cultivated,  328 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi 
cates,  324 
Love  of  Young  (see  Young,  Love  oO 
Lungs  and  heart,  facial  signs  for  the.  280 
keenness  of  scent    and  activity  de 

pendent  upon  large,  404 
large,  create  cheerfulness,  403 

Man,  not  more  intellectual  than  woman. 
298  * 

the  dominant  systems  of  his  organism 
control  his  acts  and  capacities,  81 
Mathematical  division  of  the  face   15-21, 
680 
faculties  in  the.  21,  680 
Mechanic,    the   coml)inations  of  systems 

and  faculties  suitable  for  a,  1116 
Memory,  1099 

description  of,  625 
different  kinds  of,  1099 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  625 
faculties  of,  634 
how  to  cultivate  the,  1101 
in  animals,  634 

of  Events,  a  great,  no  indication  of 
superior  intellect,  202 
cultivation  of  202 
definition  of,  200,  624 
dependent  ujion  the  muscular  and 
brain  systems,  201 
the,  contains  as  many  parts  as  there 

are  faculties,  1099 
tobacco  and   alcoholic  drinks  a  d    _. 
moralizing  effect  upon,  1101        .j 
what  V       xcess  or  deficiency  o'' 

ca        ')25 
when  \       c.  how  it  can  V 
ene     327 


INDEX. 


1225 


Men,  prominent,  in  which  the  bony  sys- 
tem predominated,  90 
Mental  faculties,  rationale  of,  and  physical 
functions  and  their  signs  in  the 
face,  149 
local  signs  for  the,  288 
imitation,  definition  of,  499 
description  of,  511 
facial  and  bodily  signs  of,  500 
faculty  of,  499 
in  animals,  505 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 500 
power  of  the  nerves  of  the  digestive 

apparatus,  166 
quality,  texture  of  the  skin  significant 

of,  96 
science,  a  knowledge  of  undeveloped 
or  weak-minded  and  inSane  people 
not  to  be  ignored  in  the  study  of,  9 
our  knowledge  of  the  history  of,  8 
signs  of  character  in  the  face,  287 
status.  Influence  of  the  liver  over,  184 
Merchants,  the  system  and  faculties  essen- 
tial to,  1119 
Metaphysical  tlieories,  relation  between, 

and  physiognomy,  8 
Mind,  ancient  methods  of  studying  the, 
or  physiognomy,  8 
and  l)ody  indivisible,  152 
author's  theory  or  philosophy  of,  151 
inheres  in  the  whole  organism,  62 
locale  of  the,  23 

Locke's  mannerof  investigating  the,  9 
physical  basis  of  the,  23 
progress  made  in  the  knowledge  of, 
150 
Mineral  forms,  17-19 

each,  has  a  distinct  shape  of  its  own,. 
18 
Minerals,  i)roperties  of,  18 
shapes  of,  28 

the  original  source  of  color,  125 
Mirth  fulness,  definition  of,  373 

dependent  upon  theglandularsystem, 

181 
description  of,  374 
facial  and  bodily  signs  of,  373 
faculty  of,  373 
mental  uses  of,  377 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 373 
Modesty,  blushing  not  a  sign  of,  449 
defitiilion  of,  445 
dependent   upon   the   nerves   of   the 

skin,  190 
description  of,  190,  445 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  445 
faculty  of,  445 
in  animals,  449 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates. 445 
Morality  and  organic  perfection,  connec- 
tion between,  138 
dependent  upon  a  healthy  organism, 
156-159 


Morality  and  organic  perfection,  mode  of 
discerning  the   grade  of  sexual, 
308 
observations  concerning,  865 
sexual  training  in,  359 
Motion,  283,  757 

centre    of  the   primitive   system   of 

functions,  273 
the  basis  of  Form,  27 
the,  ofwalkinii',  etc.,  reveal  the  mind 
of  the  individual,  757 
Mouth,  837 

centre   of  the    primitive   system   o,f 

functions,  273  "^ 

the,  an  indicator  of  the  quality  of  a 

person,  352 
the  artistic,  840 
the  common  sense,  843 
the  conversational,  840 
the  criminal,  846 

the  destructive  or  carnivorous,  846 
the  economical,  844 
the  graminivorous,  839 
the  line  of  closure,  837 
the  meditative,  842 
the  oratorical,  841 
the  orderly,  844 
the  singing,  839 
Movements,  762 

dependent   upon   the    differenc  " 
the  form  of  the  internal  oi 
"763  f,  in^ 

the  mouth  presents  an  infinity  o 
Muscles,  combinations  of,  76  gjog 

two  general  divisions  of  the,  75 
Muscular  and  brain  systems,  faculti<evel' 
r  rived  from  the,  200 

and  osseous  system  (see  Osseous 

muscular  system) 
system,  75 
Calculation   dependent   taum^-Hfle 

213-216 
Credenciveness  derived   from   the 

196 
diseases  which  assail  the,  81 
faculties  that  depend  upon  the,  89 

195 
Language  dependent  upon  the,  22 
Localitj'  dependent  ui)()n  the,  206 
Magnetism  a  jiiirt  of  the,  89 
mechanical    and    artistic  principle 

in  the  action  of  the,  79,  547 
Memory  of  Events  dependent  upo 

the,  201 
Music  dependent  upon  the,  216 
or  motive  system,  facial  signs  fc 

the,  383 
Self-will  derived  from  the,  195 
signs  for  tlie,  75 

weight  dependent  upon  the,  204 
Music,  analysis  of,  217 
definition  of,  ()()5 
derived   from   the   muscular  syst 

216 
description  of,  667 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  666 


1226 


INDEX, 


Music,  in  animals,  668 

in  combiuiition  with  other  faculties, 

677 
musical  forms  of,  description  of,  218 
physiological  basis  of.  671 
what  an  excess  or  deficieucy  of,  indi- 
cates, 065 
Musical  composer,  the  systems  and  facul- 
ties requisite  for  a,  1136 

Nails,  color  of  the,  1083 

differences  of  form,  size,   color,   and 

quality  iij  the,  1082 
tue  texture  of  the,  disclose  character, 
1082 
Nature,    finest    products    of,    relatively 
small,  110 
the  human  face  the  index  of  all,  15 
l^eck.  1057 

the  aged,  1066 
the  amative,  1060 
the  attentive,  1061 
the  avaricious,  1066 
the  gluttonous,  1066 
the  graceful,  1063 

the,  is  one  very  great  aid  toward  the 
comprehension  of  character,  1057 
the  language  of  coquetry  in  the,  1065 
the  Janguagc  of  hypocrisy  in  the,  1066 
I        the  language  of  V^eneraliou.  1066 
»        the.  of  Self-esteem,  1061 
^       the  sagacious,  1063 
the  willful,  1059 
Mie  youthful,  1066 
wrinkles  of  the,  1042 
\  c  ami  brain  sj'stem  (see  Brain  and 

nerve  system) 
vesof  the  digestive  apparatus,  mental 
power  of  the,  166 
^^   of  the  skin,  faculties  derived  from,  190 
PP    modesty  dependent  upon,  190 
Nefv^Uft  and  osseous  systems,  (see  Os- 
seous and  nervous  systems) 
system,  facial  signs  for  the,  283 
Nose,  the,  405,  866 

abnormal  type  of  the,  933 

acts ;  as  a  sentry.  479 

an  exponent  of  character,  289,  294 

an  intlicator  of  both  lungs  and  heart, 

1094 
an  indicator  of  power,  110 
argumentative  type  of  the.  922 
artistic  type  of  the,  910 
athletic  type  of  the,  918 
commercial  type  of  the,  923 
constructive  type  of  the,  917 
convex  class  of  the,  osseous  system 
dominant,  ])ositive  character,  919 
critic's  type  of  the,  913 
crooked  or  convex,  121 
dishonest  type  of  the,  928 
V      dramatic  type  of  the,  915 
i     embryotic  tj-pe  of  the,  894 
A    idiotic  type  of  the,  896 
P\  indicates  the  condition  of  thestomach. 


Nose,  indicative  of  the  condition  of  the 

internal  organs,  273" 
infantoid  type,  of  the,  895 
literary  type  of  the,  913 
lower  division  of  the,  mental  signs, 

artistic  and  literarj",  880 
mechanical  type  of  the,  9H2 
melancholy  type  of  the,  927 
poetic  tyjie  of  the,  910 
philosophic  type  of  the,  913 
pug  type  of  the,  898 
retroussee  type  of  the,  899 
scientific  type  of  the,  980 
singing  type  of  the.  901 
snub  type  of  the.  897 
straight  class  of  the    (passive   ( liar- 

acter),  903 
subdivision  of  the,  878 
the    anatomical     formation    of    the, 

877 
the  concave,  or  immature,  of  the  adult, 

negative  character  of  the,  892 
the  evolution  of  the,  866 
the  physiology  of  the,  872 
the  three  basilar  forms  of  the,  891 
upper  division  of  the,  mental   sign, 

executive,  887 
wrinkles  on  the,  1038 
Nostrils,  the  three  geuei-al  outlines  of  the, 

891 
Number,  basis  of  Form,  35 

science  of,  related  to  logic  or  reason, 

46 

Observation,     analyzing    the    grade    or 
quality  of, ■6'22 
cultivation  of.  624 
definition  of,  617 
dependent    upon    the     osseous     and 

nervous  systems,  199 
description  of,  618 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  618 
faculty  of,  620 
in  the  animnl  kingdom,  623 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 618 
Obstinacy,  analysis  of,  269 
Olfactory  ganglion,  analysis  of  the,  and 

glandular  system.  191 
Opera-singer,    the  systems  and    faculties 

necessary  for  an,  1133 
Orators,  the  electric  class  of  1146 
the  magnetic  class  of  1148 
the  systems  and  faculties  essential  to, 
1146 
Order,  closely  connected  with  Time,  690 
definition  of,  695 
description  of.  696 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  696 
in  animals,  703 
in  combination  with  other  faculties, 

70) 
mental,   dependent    upon   the    brain 
and  nervous  system,  209 
derived  fi-om  the  brain  and  osseous 
system,  695 


INDEX. 


1227 


Order,  physical,  209 

derived    from    the    muscular    and 
thoracic  systems,  695 
squareness  of  the  osseous  system  an 

indication  of,  697 
system  is,  698 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 695 
Organ  systems,  the  five,  which  create  form 

and  character,  59-61 
Organic  perfection,  connection  between 

morality  and,  138 
Organism,    Mind   inheres   in   the  entire, 

62 
Organized  bodies,  the  structure  of,  62 
Organs  and  functions  from  which  mental 
faculties  derive  their  powers,  236 
Osseous,  or  bony  system,  83 

and  muscular  system,  Executiveness 
derived  from  the,  194 
faculties  derived  from  the,  194 
and  nervous  system,  faculties  derived 
from  the,  199 
Observation  dependent  upon  the, 
199 
facial  signs  for  the,  284 
faculties  derived  from  the,  192 
Veneration  dependent  upon  the,  192 

Painter,  the  systems  and  faculties  essen- 
tial for  a,  li21 

Patriotism,  definition  of  329 

derived  from  the  glandular  system,  176 

description  of,  330 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  330 

faculty  of,  329 

in   connection   with   other   faculties, 

323 
what  an  excess   or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 329 

People,  young,  selecting  trades  for,  91 

Perversion,  the  law  of  scalenism,  or,  50 

Philanthropist,  the  systems  and  faculties 
required  by  a,  1171 

Philologist,  systems  and  faculties  neces- 
sary to  a,  1173 

Phrenologists  are  physiognomists  to  a 
large  degree,  115 

Physical  functions,  rationale  of,  and  men- 
tal faculties  and  their  signs  in  the 
face,  149 

Physician,  facial  signs  of  a  good,  435 

the  systems  and  faculties  required  by 
a,  1141 

Physiognomical  sensation  common  to 
people,  300 

Player,  the  systems  and  faculties  essential 
to  a,  1127 

Poet,  the  systems  and  faculties  essential 
to  a,  1124 

Printer,  the  combination  of  systems  and 
faculties  required  for  a,  1116 

Professions,  the  combination  of  faculties 
for,  1111 

Physiognomists,  phrenologists  are,  to  a 
large  degree,  115 


Physiognomy,  ancient  methods  of  study- 
ing, 8 

basic  principles  of  scientific,  7 

definition  of,  7 

established  laws  of,  146 

how  the  discoveries  in  scientific,  were 
made,  13 

practical,  273 

relation   between,  and  metaphysical 
tlieories,  8 

restored  to  former  rank  by  Lavater,  11 

sub-basic  principles  of,  101 

teaches  us  to  live  in  accord  with  hy- 
gienic law,  488 

theory  of  practical  and  scientific,  11 

what  a  study  of,  reveals,  11,  136,  157 
Physiological  organs  and  functions,  facial 

signs  of  the,  276 
Pneumativeness,  definition  of,  897 

description  of.  398 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  398 

faculty  of,  897 

how  to  remedy  defective,  408 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 397 
Precocious  children,  139 
Prescience,  definition  of,  588 

description  of,  589 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  588 

faculty  of,  588 

in  animals,  595 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 588 
Principles,   basic,   of  scientific  physiog- 
nomy, 7 
Proportion,  law  of,  or  harmonious  devel- 
opment, 131,  183 

Quality,  112 

the  eye  an  exponent  of,  113 

the  finger-nails  an  indicator  of,  117 

the  skin  an  indicator  of,  113 

Rationale  of  physical  functions  and  men- 
tal faculties,  and  their  signs  in  the 
face,  149 
Reason,  dependent  upon  the  brain  system, 

227 
Reasoning,  logical,  should  be  taught  to 

children,  232 
Regeneration  of  the  race,  right  way  of,  240 
Reproduction,    scientific,   among   human 

beings,  55 
Reproductive  system,  278 

Amativeness  dependent  upon  the,  177 
faculties  derived  from  the,  177 
Love  of  Young  dependent  upon  the, 
179 
Resistance,  definition  of,  463 
description  of,  463 
facial  and  bodily  signs  of,  468 
faculty  of,  463 
in  animals,  467 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 468 
Revenge,  analysis  of,  247 


1228 


INDEX. 


Sanativeness,  a  primitive  function,  429 
deflnitiou  of,  427 
description  of,  428 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  427-435 
faculty  of,  427 
in  animals,  434 

what  a  deficiency  of,  leads  to,  427 
Scalenism  or  perversion,  law  of,  50 
Scent,  acuteness  of,  dependent  upon  large 

lungs,  414 
Science,  mental,  our  knowledge  of  the 

history  of,  8 
Scientific   physiognomy,  basic  principles 
of,  7 
how  the  discoveries  in,  were  made, 

13 
theory  of  practical  and,  11 
reproduction  among  human  beings,  55 
Scientist,  the  systems  and  faculties  neces- 
sary to  a,  1162 
Scorn  and  contempt,  analysis  of,  365 
Sculptor,  the  systems  and  faculties  essen- 
tial to  a,  1139 
Secretiveness,  analysis  of,  249,  263,  437 
definition  of,  409 
description  of,  470 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  469 
faculty  of,  4(i9 
in  animals,  470 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 4'>0-472 
Self-conceit,  analysis  of,  263 
Self-esteem,  analysis  of  437 
definition  of,  436 
descriittion  of,  437 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  436 
faculty  of,  436 
in  animals,  440 
in  children,  441 
in  combination  with  other  faculties, 

442 
in  creative  artists,  444 
what  an  excess  or  deficiencj'  of,  indi- 
cates. 135,  436 
Self-will,  difference  between,  and  Firm- 
ness, 575 
definition  of,  569 
derived  from   the   muscular  system, 

195 
description  of  570 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  571 
faculty  of,  569 
how  to  cultivate,  577 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 569 
Selfishness,  analysis  of  259 

effect  of,  on  the  system,  261 
Sensation  not  limited  to  the  action  of  the 

special  senses,  12 
Sensitive,  nervous,  children,  140 
Shyness,  484 
Size,  609 

definition  of,  609 

dependent  upon  the  osseous  system, 

613 
description  of,  610 


Size,  facial  and  bodily  signs,  609 
faculty  of.  613 
how  to    reduce    the,   of  the    body, 

1109 
in  combination  with  other  faculties, 

615 
of  the  head,  103 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 609 
Skin,    texture   of,    sicnificant   of  mental 

quality,  96,  113 
Smiles,  different  kinds  of,  1054 
the  physiognomy  of,  1054 
Society  belle,  the   systems  and  faculties 

essential  to  a,  1133 
Speculator,  the  systems  and  faculties  re- 
quired for  a,  1120 
Statesman,  the  systems  and  faculties  re- 
quired by  a,  1181 
Stimulants,  the  use  of,  1102 
Stomach,  condition  of  the,  indicated  by 
the  nose,  193 
facial  signs  for  the,  282 
Strength,  deficiency  of  Color  indicates  a 

lack  of,  128 
Structure  of  organized  bodies,  62 
Sub-basic  principles  of  physiognomy,  101 
Sublimity,  definition  of,  507 
description  of.  507 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  507 
faculty  of,  506 
in  combination  with  other  faculties, 

512 
very  strong  in  Hebrews,  510 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 506 
Surgeon,  facial  signs  of  a  good,  435 
Surgeons,  1143 

the  systems  and  faculties  required  for, 
1143 
Suspicion,  theory  of,  253 
Systems,    faculty   derived  from  the  five 
superior,  210 
Time  dependent  upon  the,  210 

Tea  and  coffee,  injurious  effects  of  345 
Teeth,  1045 

animal  type  of  the,  1050 
breadth  of  the  ciicle  of  the,  1048 
curving  of  the,  1048 
form  and  size  of  the,  1048 
narrowness  of  the  circle  of  the,  when 

extreme,  1048 
physiosrnomical  significance    of  the, 

1045 
the  form,  size,  color,  texture,  and  rela- 
tive  position  of  the,  present  dis- 
tinct meanings,  1045 
Temper,  analysis  of  255 

effect  of,  upon  the  body,  257 
Texture  of  the  skin  significant  of  mental 

quality^  96 
Theories  of  the  mode  of  action  of  certain 
traits,  239 
metaphysical,  relation  between,  and 
physiognomy,  8 


INDEX. 


1229 


Theory  of  practical  and  scientific  physi- 
ognomy, 11 
Thoracic  system,  description  of  the,  71 
diseases  whicli  assail  the,  73 
faculties  dependent  upon  the,  72 
peculiarities  of  people  in  which  the, 

is  dominant,  72 
signs  for  the,  73 
Thorough-bred  persons,  1108 

facial   indications  of  those  who  are 

not,  1109 
the  conventional  marks  of,  1108 
the  indications  of,  1108 
Time,  closely  connected  with  Order,  696 
comprised  in  the  five  systems  of  func- 
tions, 681 
definition  of,  681 

derived   from   the  five  superior  sys- 
tems, 210 
description  of,  683 
different  kinds  of,  210 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  682 
in  animals,  694 

motion  the  prime  factor  of,  688 
the  faculty  of  Color  has  considerable 

effect  upon,  693 
the  principle  of,  adapted  to  eternity, 

691 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 681 
Tobacco,  its  effects  upon  memory,  1101 
Tongue,  1052 

the,    reveals   the   internal   state  and 
condition  of  the  digestive  tract, 
1053 
Touch,  287 

Trades,  the  combinations  of  faculties  for, 
1111 
selecting,  for  young  people,  91 
Tragedian,   the  faculties  necessary  to  a, 

1129 
Truthfulness,  facial  signs  for,  304 

Vegetative  division,  signs  for  the  organ 
systems  within  the,  70 
kingdom.  Form  in  the,  123 
state,  description  of  the,  68 
system,  67 
Conscientiousness  located  in  the,  71 
diseases  incident  to  the,  69 
functions  in  the,  21 
how  to  reduce  the,  69 
productive  of  certain  faculties,  21 
Veneration,  definition  of,  553 

derived  from  tlie  osseous  and  muscu- 
lar systems,  124 
description  of,  553 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  553 
faculty  of,  553 
its    connection    with    the    stomach, 

192 
the  language  of,  1066 
uses  of,  558 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 553 
Ventilation  of  buildings,  74 


Visceral  organs,  facial  signs  for  the,  377 
how  the  facial  features  are  shaped 
by  the,  281 
Vision,  283 

Vocations,  choice  of  the,  1111 
Voice,  825 

a  large  degree  of  Force  gives  clear- 
ness to  the,  461 
a  proper  pitch  of  the,  should  be  culti- 
vated in  children,  836 
elements,  features,  and   factors  con- 
cerned in  the,  825 
intensity  of  motion  is  best  expressed 

by  the,  825 
knowledge  of  human   character  de- 
rived from  the,  825 
significant    in    disclosing    character, 

299 
the  construction  and  evolution  of  lan- 
guage  taken  in  connection  with 
evolution  of  the,  831 
the,  related  to  the  ear,  825 
the,  reveals  the  dominant  system  or 
systems  of  the  organism,  836 

Water,  the  human  organization  composed 

principally  of,  341 
Weight,  definition  of,  643 

dependent  upon  the  muscular  system, 
204.  643 

description  of  644 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  643 

in  animals,  650 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates,  643 
Will,  analysis  of  255 

effect  of,  upon  the  system,  357 
Woman,  as  intellectual  as  man,  398 

signs  of  beauty  in  the,  1092 
Wrinkles,  1034 

the  amative,  1038 

the  approbative,  1037 

the,  at  the  outer  corners  of  the  eyes, 
1040 

the  conscientious,  1039 

the  executive,  1039 

the  general,  1042 

the  malicious  or  knavish,  1089 

the  mirthful,  1037 

the  miserly,  1037 

the  observing,  1040 

the,  of  the  neck,  1042 

the,  on  the  forehead,  1041 

the  persevering,  1039 

the  talker's,  1036 

the,  under  the  eyes,  1040 
Writer  of  fiction,  the  systems  and  faculties 
required  by  a,  1177 

Young,  Love  of,  faculty  of,  367 
analysis  of,  179 
definition  of,  3(57 
description  of  368 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  367 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
ites,  367 


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